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THVLTP Final PDF
THVLTP Final PDF
THVLTP Final PDF
H thng bi th nghim
PHN TCH
CU TRC THC PHM
Mn hc: Vt l thc phm
PHN 1
GII THIU C S
CA PHNG PHP
PHN TCH CU TRC THC PHM
Bng 1.1: Bng phn loi thuc tnh cu trc theo mt s tc gi [30]
Tc gi
Phn loi
Thuc tnh c
hc
nh ngha
S bin i ca nguyn
liu di tc dng ca sc
cng v ng sut
Thuc tnh hnh 1) Nhng thuc tnh hnh
hc
dng v kch thc.
Szczemiak,
2) Nhng thuc tnh hnh
1963
dng v nh hng.
Nhng thuc
tnh khc
Loi 1
Shermann,
1969
Loi 2
Loi 3
Jowitt,
1974
Thuc tnh cu
trc chung
S bin i ca
nguyn liu
di tc dng
ca sc cng,
V d
Loi 1: cng, c kt.
Loi 2: gin, mc
nhai (chewiness).
Trn, nhn hay cng,
c sn.
Mm nho, d tch
thnh tng mnh, tinh
th.
Trn nh c du, bo
ngy.
n hi, nht,
dnh.
snh, cng,
gin, ln nhn.
cng, chc, mm
ng sut
Kt cu ca
nguyn liu
Cm gic ming
Mn, nhiu nc
D tch thnh tng
mnh, x
Nhiu nc, mm xp
sut cao, mang tnh khch quan v php o cu trc bng thit b thng c pht trin
vi mc ch thay th phng php phn tch cm quan [30].
Phn loi: phng php cng c c th c chia thnh 3 loi
Phng php c bn (fundamental methods): bao gm vic o nhng thuc tnh
vt l c nh ngha r rng, c nn tng khoa hc cht ch, m nhng thuc tnh
ny nu c o mt cch chnh xc th c lp vi phng php o. Nhng thng s c
bn chung nh: Youngs modulus, nht [7]
Phng php thc nghim (empirical methods): ch o cc thuc tnh vt l ca
thc phm. o nhng bin s khng c nh ngha r rng c ch ra theo kinh
nghim thc hnh c lin quan n cu trc c trng. Pht trin da trn kinh nghim v
quan st, thiu nn tng khoa hc cht ch. Trong phng php ny c cc thit b nh :
my o m xuyn o bng cch m xuyn qua sn phm, o kh nng chng li ca sn
phm i vi lc m xuyn v/hoc tng su m xuyn; my nn o kh nng
chng li ca sn phm i vi lc p; v dng c ct ghi li lc cn thit ct sn
phm c kim tra m xuyn, ct x, nn p, n y [7, 30]
Phng php m phng (imitative methods): m phng theo hot ng khi n
ca con ngi, ging nh qu trnh nhai. Php o m phng c thit k m phng
mt qu trnh ging nh khi n thc phm. Mt trong nhng k thut ni ting ca nhm
php o m phng l phng php c gi l texture profile analysis (TPA). Phng
php TPA m phng hot ng nhai ca rng. tng chnh ca phng php ny l mt
lng mu thc phm tng ng vi ming cn c p hai ln lin tip. Kt qu thu
c mt ng cong th hin quan h gia lc v thi gian. Mt vi thuc tnh cu trc
nh cng, c kt, nht, n hi c th c nh gi t ng cong ny.
phng php TPA ging nh mt qu trnh nhai tht s, ngi ta bi trn gia vng tip
xc ca mu v thit b. Nhng cht bi trn (v d du thc vt th) c s dng bt
chc s chuyn ng trong ming. Ngoi ra, mt hm rng nhn to v s chuyn ng
theo khng gian ba chiu cng c lp vo thit b o TPA to ra mt phng
php hin thc hn [7, 30].
Cc phng php thng dng phn tch cu trc bnh [14, 17, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28]
Trong phn tch cu trc bnh biscuit thng s dng cc phng php thuc nhm
phng php thc nghim nh: m xuyn (puncture), nn p (compression), ba im un
cong (the three-point bending test), ba im ph v (three-point break).
Cc phng php ny u tc dng lc ln bnh, nhng cch thc tc dng li khc
nhau (hnh 1.1), i vi phng php m xuyn cng gn ging nh phng php nn
p nhng tr tc dng lc ch l mt que c tit din nh.
7
a)
b)
Hnh 1.1. M t cch tc dng lc ca phng php ba im v phng php nn
p. a Phng php ba im, b Phng php nn p.
Ty thuc vo mc ch ca nghin cu, c th s dng mt hoc nhiu hn trong
nhng phng php trn. V cch thc tc dng lc khc nhau nn mi phng php s
cho kt qu khc nhau. Chng hn, phng php ba im un cong c dng xc
nh Youngs modulus, failure stress, failure strain, o lc ph v (fracture); cn phng
php m xuyn, phng php nn p o lc ph v ri tnh ton t l gia lc v s ph
v (force/deformation), hay phng php ba im ph v li dng xc nh lc ph v
(break-strength). Ngoi ra, phng php m xuyn cung cp nhiu thng tin c ch v s
thay i cu trc trong cng mt mu bnh biscuit bng vic m nhng v tr khc
nhau m khng th thc hin c bng phng php ba im un cong.
1.4. Quan h gia phng php phn tch cm quan v phng php phn tch
bng thit b
C th con ngi cm nhn cu trc qua cc gic quan nh thnh gic, th gic v
xc gic. Vic cm nhn cu trc thc phm ca con ngi thng qua cc c quan t bo
da, cc dy thn kinh t do. Trong , khi cm nhn bng ming, ng vai tr quan trng
l nhng c quan t bo xc gic trong vm ming cng v mm, li, li v mng bao
quanh rng; c cc dy thn kinh v cng quan trng trong nhng c v khp ming.
Nhng tn hiu t nhng dy thn kinh ny cung cp thng tin v v tr quai hm ming,
s cng v chiu di c.
Trong khi , cc thit b phn tch da vo b chuyn i chuyn nhng s o
lng vt cht, vt l thnh nhng tn hiu in hoc tn hiu c th nhn thy; nhng tn
hiu ny c th thu c ngay hoc cung cp cho thit b ghi nhn d liu. Thit b o c
ph thuc vo loi phng php kim tra s dng. iu quyt nh loi phng php
kim tra c p dng l tnh cht hnh hc ca mu kim tra v vic mu c gi nh
th no. Cc php kim tra thc hin trn nguyn liu rn hoc dai th thng c lm
di lc p, trt, xon v cng.
Bng 1.2: Bng so snh u v nhc im ca hai phng php phn tch [2]
u v
nhc im
u im
- n gin
- C li v mt kinh t
- Cho kt qu nhanh
chng
- Hot ng lin tc
(khng hn ch s lng
mu kim tra)
- Chnh xc
- tin cy cao
- Hiu qu
- Kt hp c vi cc
thit b khc nh my vi
tnh.
- i hi thi gian
- Chi ph tn km
- C s nh hng ca cc yu t mi
trng, tnh cm ln phn ng ca
ngi th.
- Anh hng ca cc xu hng thin
lch, cc yu t tm sinh l ln nhng
kt qu ca sn phm.
Nhc im
- C th thiu s chnh xc v tin
cy
- Hi ng c hin tng mt mi,
bo ha khi nh gi lu.
- Cn x l, gii quyt cc yu t c
nhn nh hng n qu trnh hot
ng ca chng trnh cm quan (v
d: bnh tt, s di chuyn, x dch)
- Mt vi c tnh cha
c k thut thit b o
- Trong mt vi trng
hp, thiu mi tng quan
gia phng php cm
quan v phng php
phn tch bng thit b,
hay ni cch khc cc
thit b ny khng c kh
nng lin quan hay d
on tnh cht cm quan.
Cc thit b khng c kh
nng o cng mt lc
nhiu thuc tnh ca mt
sn phm nh nh gi
cm quan.
10
11
PHN 2
CC BI TH NGHIM GI
12
BI 1
O BN CT CA SN PHM XC XCH
5. Dng c thit b i km
BI 2
1. c tnh thit b
Cc a gn trn thit b ngn cn
nhng mu th nghim hnh trn ln
khi v tr trong qu trnh kim tra.
Cc a c lm bng thp khng g
chng n mn v d dng v sinh.
Cc a phi phng khng c vt try
xc.
Cc a c gi trong c cu nng
, v khay ln xung.
2. M t cng vic
Cc a lm bng thp khng r s
dng cng vi que m thng hoc e
nn. B a thp gm 1 a phng v 3
a c l trn . Cc a c l trn s
dng o cc mu tri cy c khuynh
hng xoay trn trn mt phng. Cc
l cng h tr trong vic nh v trung tm i vi que m thng hoc e nn
mu.
Nhng a ny c thit k s dng vi c cu nng v khay di chuyn.
Loi catalog s 2830-012 l ming thp ln c m crom gn vi khay . Cc
a ny c ng knh t 25 mm n 50 mm c cc rnh ng tm gip t
mu ng v tr tng i vi que m thng hoc e nn.
3. Nguyn tc vn hnh
Cc a c thit k gi mu trong sut qu trnh nn hoc m xuyn mu s
dng que m xuyn hoc e nn. a phng s dng trong cc php kim tra
sn phm pho mt, ko, ko cao su, mu dng gel v nhng loi thc phm
khng c hnh trn. a 2 c khot l gi nhng mu hnh trn nh nho, to trt
khi kim tra. a 3 c hnh vut nhn gi mu c kch thc nh nh s ri,
du trt ra ngoi khi th mu. a 4 c vng trn ln ngoi l c hnh vut
nhn. Vng vut nhn c thit k ngn tri cy lch khi v tr khi kim tra
.
4. Phm vi ng dng
Cc php th m xuyn
Cc php th mc bin dng
Php th ph v cu trc
Cc php th nn p ln bao b ng gi
15
5. Dng c i km
16
BI 3
c tnh thit b
- Que m xuyn phng s dng cho
php th m xuyn
- Que m xuyn Magness-Taylor s
dng cho rau qu
- Ba ngm khng kha nhm gn v
thay i que m xuyn.
- Cc que m xuyn c lm bng
thp c ph nikel hoc thp khng g
trnh s n mn
- Que m xuyn hnh cu hoc hnh
cn s dng cho cc vt liu khc
nhau.
M t thit b
Thit b catalog s 2830-005 l mt b
bao gm u d hnh tr c y phng cho php th m xuyn. ng knh
ca u d t 1.57 mm n 12.7 mm.
u d di 152 mm c lm t hp kim c nickel tng bn v chng n
mn. Loi catalogue 2830-015 l b u d Magness-Taylor. B que m xuyn
ny gm 2 que d c ng knh 7.9 mm v 11.1 mm. Mi que d c rnh
khong 8.8 mm tnh t v tr cui cng xc nh m su. Que d 7.9 mm
c bn knh cui khong 4.95 mm. Que d 11.1 mm c bn knh cui l 8.8 mm.
C que d vi gc cn khc nhau v hnh cu c trong b thit b. Nhm c
catalog s 2830-036 c 3 ngm nhm mc vo que m xuyn gn vo h
thng. Ngm c th cm su vo que m xuyn n 13 mm theo ng knh.
Kiu thit k khng c ngm bm tin li cho thay i que m xuyn.
Nguyn tc vn hnh
Cc que m xuyn (y phng) to ra ng sut nn ln mu kim tra. Lc cn
thit to ra s bin dng khi que m xuyn m thng mu lin quan n
tnh cht cu trc nh cng v chc ca mu. Cc que m xuyn
Magness-Taylor c s dng o tnh cht cu trc ca tht qu. Tuy nhin, v
mu c loi b v lc cn thit o a que m xuyn ti su 8.8 mm
c ghi nhn l ng sut d sinh hc (bioyield force)
Cc que m xuyn hnh cn to ra s bin dng trn mu chy song sn vi v
mt cn. Lc cn thit cho qu trnh ny lin quan n cu trc ca mu bn rn
nh kem, b, pho mt.
17
Phm vi ng dng
-
B v margarine
Pho mt
Ko cao su
Ko dng gel
Ko do
C, kem, rau qu
Dng c i km
18
19
BI 4
20
Dng c i km
21
22
24
25
Tht heo
Bt m, bt bp
Nc
Cht mu v mi
Vit bo co
26
YU CU BI BO CO
1. Mc ch th nghim
Nu r mc ch tin hnh ca bi th nghim
L do chn mu th nghim
27
Phng php:
1. Phng php m xuyn
2. Phng php ct
3. Phng php TPA
Lu :
y l th nghim phn tch do cng nh cc th nghim phn tch i hi tnh
chnh xc v mc tin cy ca th nghim thc hin. lm tt cng tc chun
b mu, yu cu sinh vin:
c k yu cu ca bi th nghim ( ti cho th nghim, phn ny sinh vin t
chn hoc gio vin a ra yu cu)
Thng tin v mu chun b phi ghi c th (v thng tin ny l c s gii thch
kt qu th nghim)
Chn phng php v cch thc tin hnh
Gii thch v a ra c s khoa hc v kt qu thu c
28
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30
Mc lc
PHN 1 GII THIU C S CA PHNG PHP PHN TCH CU TRC ..................... 1
PHN 2
CC BI TH NGHIM GI ........................................................................... 12
BI 1
BI 2
BI 3
BI 4
31