islamuri xelovneba

islami msoflios erT-erTi udidesi monoTeisturi religiaa, romelic ax.w VII saukunis
pirvel mesamedSi aRmocenda semituri warmoSobis arabi tomebiT dasaxlebul
hijazSi (arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi mdebare mxare) da male metad
vrcel

teritoriaze

naxevarkunZulis

centraluri

CaTvliT

aziidan

gavrcelda.

Crdilo-dasavleT

amJamad

islami

afrikisa

da

saxelmwifo

iberiis
religias

warmoadgens aziisa da afrikis kontinentebis mraval qveyanaSi atlantikis okeanidan

wynar okeanemde, muslimTa sakmaod mravalricxovani Temebi arsebobs evropisa
da amerikis qveynebSic, islamis mimdevrebs vxvdebiT msoflios TiTqmis yvela
regionSi. Ggavrcelebis arealisa da mimdevarTa raodenobis mixedviT (sxvadasxva
monacemebebiT, amJamad msoflioSi 1,2 miliardidan 1,5 miliardamde muslimi
cxovrobs), Tanamedrove islami meore msoflio religiaa qristianobis Semdeg.
islamis aRmocenebis epoqaSi (VII s.) arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobis
nawili oazisebsa da qalaqebSi cxovrobda, misdevda xelosnobas, vaWrobasa da
miwaTmoqmedebas; nawili ki momTabarul cxovrebas eweoda. savaWro-saqaravno
gzebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebda xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebs,
samxreT

da

dasavleT

naxevarkunZulze

aziasa

gadioda,

rac

da
xels

aRmosavleT
uwyobda

afrikas,

misgan

swored

arabeTis

Crdilo-dasavleTiTa

da

aRmosavleTiT mdebare udidesi imperiebis bizantiisa da sasanianTa iranis

mniSvnelovan kulturulsa da ekonomikur zegavlenas aq mcxovreb mosaxleobaze.
hijazis mniSvnelovani

arabuli qalaqi-oazisi

meqa am gzaTa Sesayarze mdebare

sakvanZo punqti iyo da aq mosaxle kuraiSis warCinebuli arabuli tomi did sargebels
naxulobda aseTi adgilmdebareobiT. amave dros, islamamdel xanaSi qalaqi meqa
saerToarabul sakulto centrsac warmoadgenda, radgan aq mdebare qaabas taZari
uZvelesi droidan warmarTi (kerpTayvanismcemeli) arabebis umniSvnelovanesi
salocavi da sapiligrimo adgili iyo. warmarTi arabebis gverdiT aq saxlobdnen
qristianTa da iudevelTa Temebic, romlebmac Tavisi wvlili Seitanes adgilobriv
kulturaSi da romelTa monoTeisturma mrwamsma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina
islamis Camoyalibebaze.
islamis fuZemdebeli da mqadagebeli, alahis mociquli (rasul allah) da
winaswarmetyveli (nabi) muhamadi swored qalaq meqaSi cxovrobda. igi daibada
570 wels meqaSi da warmoSobiT ekuTvnoda kuraiSis warCinebuli arabuli tomis erT1

erT did gvars haSimianTa gvars. meqaSive daiwyo man 610 wels Tavisi axali
monoTeisturi religiuri moZRvrebis islamis qadageba da erTgul mimdevarTa pirveli
jgufebic gaiCina, magram kuraiSelTa zedafena da sxva meqeli warCinebulebi, iseve
rogorc adgilobrivi warmarTi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili, mas daupirispirda. daiwyo
muhamadisa da misi mimdevari muslimebis Seviwroveba da devna.

muhamadi

iZulebuli gaxda 622 wels TanamoazreebTan erTad meqis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaq
medinaSi (iasribi) gadasuliyo. am gadasvla-gadasaxlebas hijra ewodeba, rac
Semdgom muslimuri welTaRricxvis sawyis TariRad iqna miCneuli. muhamadis
religiur-mqadagebluri da politikur-samxedro moRvaweoba or periodad iyofa: pirveli
periodi moicavs 610-622 wlebs (meqis periodi), meore ki 622-632 wlebs (medinas
periodi).

622

wlidan

medina

muhamadis

TavSesafrad

iqca.Aaq

mas

axali

mxardamWerebi da mimdevrebi gamouCndnen ausisa da xazrajis adgilobrivi arabuli

tomebidan,

romlebmac

medinaSi

gadasaxlebuli

winaswarmetyveli

da

misi

TanamebrZoli meqeli muslimebi Seifares, cnes muhamadi alahis mociqulad da rjulis

moZRvrad.
MmedinaSi muhamadi axali ZaliT Seudga Tavisi ideebis qadagebas. aq misi
qadagebebi sistematur xasiaTs iRebs da mwyobr religiur moZRvrebad yalibdeba.
aqve dRiTidRe izrdeba da Zlierdeba mis mier dafuZnebuli muslimTa religiuri Temi
(umma), ixveweba da mkafiod yalibdeba misi mowyobis sistema. Mmuhamadis mier
Seqmnili Temi

warmoadgenda axal zetomobriv Teokratiul organizacias, romlis

wevrebs muhajirebs (muhamadis meqeli mimdevrebi, romlebic masTan erTad

gadasaxldnen meqidan medinaSi) da ansarebs (muhamadis medineli mimdevrebi)
aerTianebda ara sisxliT naTesaoba, aramed erTi sarwmunoebisadmi islamisadmi
kuTvnileba. muhamadi iyo mis mier dafuZnebuli am axali religiuri Temis
umaRlesi

sasuliero,

ise

saero

meTauri.

medinidanve

iwyeba

rogorc

muhamadis

warmatebuli saomari moqmedebani arabTa tomebis gaerTianebisa da axal religiaze

moqcevisaTvis

alahis

saxeliT,

misi

brZola

arabul-muslimuri

saxelmwifos

SeqmnisaTvis. sabolood muhamads damorCilda meqac (630 wels, islamis qadagebis

dawyebidan 20 wlisa da hijridan 8 wlis Semdeg, muhamadi Zlevamosili dabrunda
meqaSi), romelic axali religiis islamis uwmindes da umTavres adgilad iqca. am
droidan islamis yvela mimdevrisaTvis meqaSi Casvla da wminda adgilis qaabas
taZris Tayvaniscema (warsulSi arab kerpTayvanismcemelTa es mTavari taZari
muhamadma
2

muslimTa

mTavar

salocavad

aqcia)

erT-erTi

mTavari

religiuri

movaleobaa. Mmeqaze gamarjvebis Semdeg muhamads damorCilda da axal

sarwmunoebaze moeqca arabeTis tomebis didi nawili.
islamSi (arab. Aal-islam niSnavs morCilebas, alahisadmi Tavis micemas)
sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba e.w. xuT burjs (ruqn, mr. r. arqan,
arqan ad-din, arqan al-islam), romelTa aRiareba da Sesruleba savaldebuloa yvela
mahmadianisaTvis. islamis es burjebia: 1. Sahada muslimuri rwmenis aRiareba
Semdegi

monoTeisturi formuliT: ara ars RmerTi Tvinier alahisa da muhamadia

alahis mociquli; 2. salaTi (sinonimi: namazi) yvela muslimisaTvis savaldebulo

yoveldRiuri xuTjeradi kanonikuri locva; 3. savmi yvela muslimisaTvis savaldebulo
marxva ramadanis TveSi; 4. zaqaTi savaldebulo mowyaleba, savaldebulo
gadasaxadi

RaribTa

sasargeblod

da

muslimuri

Temis

moTxovnaTa

dasakmayofileblad; 5. haji piligrimoba meqaSi. maT zogjer emateba agreTve jihadi

omi sarwmunoebisaTvis islamis gavrcelebis mizniT da mis dasacavad, muslimTa
saRvTo omi

urwmunoTa da rjulgandgomilTa winaaRmdeg. islamis ZiriTadi

dogmatebia: rwmena erTaderTi RmerTis (alahis), rwmena muhamadis samociqulo

misiis, saRvTo werilis, angelozebisa da demonebis, gankiTxvis dRisa da bedisweris.
islami arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan saocari siswrafiT gavrcelda

uzarmazar

teritoriaze da arabTa mier VII saukuneSi Seqmnili muslimuri imperiis _ saxalifos

sazRvrebSi male ukve moqceuli iyo erayi, siria, mesopotamia, egvipte, CrdiloeTi
afrika, irani, Sua azia, kavkasiis mniSvnelovani nawili da espaneTi. am regionebis
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili gamahmadianda.
xangrZilivi istoriis ganmavlobSi islamurma kulturam mniSvnelovani Sedevrebi
Seqmna, romlebic am religiuri mimdinareobis specifikuri da amave dros, ukidegano
dapyrobili teritoriebis kulturebis sinTezis safuZvelze miiRo Tavisi saboloo saxe.
islamuri saxviTi

xelovnebisa

da arqiteqturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia

garkveuli

saxeebis, nagebobebis tipebisa da mxatvruli principebis erTianoba da amave dros,

maTi saocari mravalferovneba, rac yovelTvis dafuZnebuli iyo mravalferovan kulturul
tradiciebze.
islamurma

xelovnebam

mniSvnelovani

arqiteqturuli

religiuri

da

saero

nagebobebi Seqmna, amave dros, ganviTarda xelovnebis yvela dargi mniatiuruli

xelovnebidan dawyebuli kedlis mxatvrobiT damTavrebuli, gansakuTrebul ayvavebas
islamur samyaroSi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba ganicdis _ iseTi dargebi,
rogoricaa keramikis, liTonmqandakeblobis, qsovilebis, minis, xaliCebis warmoeba
3

droisa

da

geografiuli

arealis

mravalferovnebis

miuxedavad

saocari

mravalferovnebiTa da maRali ostatobiT gamoirCeva, radganac islamuri esTetikis

mixedviT ar arsebobs pirvelxarisxovani da meorexarisxovani xelovnebis darebi,
yvela mcire Tu didi zomis nivTSi RvTaebrivi SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi Tanabari siZlieriT
aris gamovlenili da Semqmneli ostati mxolod ama Tu im RvTiuri nebisa da ideis
ganmxorcielebelia.

arqiteqtura
muslimTa mTavari siwminde da salocavi _ qaaba, ukve maSin yvela arabuli
tomebis wminda salocavi iyo, romelsac martivi kubis forma hqonda (10X12X15 m)
da Zeluri gadaxurviT iyo gadaxuruli.
istoriuli tradiciis mixedviT aq jer kidev adamma aago salocavi Savi qviT
miniSnebul adgilas. Savi qva arabebis warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT
maradiulobis erT-erTi adreuli simboloa. islamuri tradiciiT Tavdapirvelad is TeTri
iagundi yofila, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianebis codvebis gamo gaSavda.
igi samoTxidan gamoZevebul adams alahma aCuqa. Semdeg es qva adamma Tavis
mier meqaSi aSenebul samlocvelos kedelSi CaaSena. samlocvelos warRvnis dros
dangrevis Semdeg qva specialur samalavSi gadamales da abrahamis mier
samlocvelos ganaxlebis Semdgom kvlav qaabas gare kedlis aRmosavleT kuTxeSi
Caamagres.
qaaba agebulia nacrisferi qviT, romelic im adgilebSi moipoveba. misi zomebia:
simaRle: - 15 m,

sigrZe - 12 m da sigane-10 m. qaabas karebi fasadis Crdilo-

dasavleT kedelze, misi zedapiridan 2 m-is simaRlezea moTavsebuli da roca taZarSi

Sedian, mas kibes adgaven. Crdilo-dasavleT kedelTan aris naxevarwriuli marmarilos
kedeli, romelTanac tradiciiT muslimTa mamamTavari ismaili da misi deda hajari
(agari) arian dakrZalulni. qaabas karebis mopirdapire mxares aris qva, romelzec
ibrahimi (igive abraami) idga qaabas mSeneblobisasa da am qvaze misi fexis
naterfalia aRbeWdili. Savi qvis mopirdapire mxares ki zimzimis wminda wyaroa,
romelic saswaulebrivad moevlina ismailsa da hajars maTi udabnoSi xetialis dros.
Signidan qaaba marmarilos filebiT aris mopirkeTebuli, interierSi aris sami
maRali boZi, romlebsac Zeluri gadaxurva eyrdnoba. aq mravali oqrosa da vercxlis

Sandlebi da unikaluri yuranebis koleqcia inaxeba, romlebsac saukuneebis manZIlze

qaabas wiravdnen.1
muhamedis axalgazrdobaSi qaabaSi idga meqis warmarTuli mTavari RvTaeba
hubali da mis garSemo 360 kerpi, romlebic muhamedma Semdgom gaanadgura.
taZris kedlebze iyo freskebi bibliuri da saxarebis siujetebiT, romlebic daaxloebiT 600
wels

qaabas

saremonto

samuSaoebis

dros

bizantiel

ostatebs

SeusrulebiaT.

savaraudod Tavad qaabas rekonstuqciaSi eTiopel qristian mSeneblebs miuRiaT

monawileoba, radganac qaabas arqitetonika Zalze hgavs imdroindeli mezobeli
qveynis -qristianuli eTiopiis ariqteqturas. cnobili faqtia, rom rodesac 630 wels
muhamedma

meqa

daikava

da

qaabaSi

kerpebisa

da

gamosaxulebebis

ganadgureba brZana, man xeli daafara mariam RvTismSobelisa da qristes

gamosaxulebas da ubrZana yvelaferi gaenadgurebinaT garda am gamosaxulebisa.
kidev erTi wminda adgili muslimebisTvis aris ierusalimi, saidanac maTi
rwmena warmodgenebis mixedviT muhamedi cad amaRlda. ierusalimi maTi pirveli
qibla - locvis mimarTuleba iyo, sanam 624 wels muhamadma Tavad ar Secvala igi
meqiT.
jer kidev xalifa umarma daipyro ierusalimi da iq pirveli mSeneblobebi
wamoiwyo, Tumca maTi mTavari salocavi wminda adgili aris kldis taZari, romelic
dResac ierusalimis muslimur nawilSi dgas. igi ramodenime mniSvnelovan faqtTan
aris dakavSirebuli qristianuli, iudaistur da islamur tradiciebSi. 1 es aris adamis
saflavi, 2 am adgilias swiravda RmerTs abraama Tavis pirmSos isaaks (islamuri
tradiciiT ismails) 3. am adgilias iyo aRmarTuli solomonis taZari, romelic romaelebma
daangries da misi mxolod dasavleTis kedeli datoves 4, muhamedis mirajis adgili:
zRaprul cxenze -burakze amxedrebuli muhamedi angelozebis dasis TanxlebiT zecaSi
amaRlda da iqidan wminda qalaqi ierusalimi dainaxa.
kldis taZari wriuli nagebobaa ormagi wriuli garSemosavlelebiT, romlebic gars
akravs centralur kldovan nawils, sadac muhameids nafexuria aRbeWdili. uSualod
kldis momijanave wre oTxi didi TaRovani svetebiT aris garSemortymuli, maT Soris,
damatebiT sam-sami svetiT, xolo gareTa rvakuTxa garSemosavleli (oqtogoni) rva
ZiriTadi da or-ori Sualeduri svetebiT aris Sedgenili. damaTariRebeli warwera
oqtogonis garSemosavlelis gareTa kedelzea moTavsebuli. iwyeba TaRedis Tavze samxreTis kuTxidan

da ikiTxeba saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, teqsti rozetebiT eqvs

1 das. naSr. 192.

nawilad aris gayofili. pirveli xuTi nawili yuranis surebia da RmerTisadmi aris
miZRvnili,

meeqvse

mimarTulebiT

nawili

grZeldeba

ki

Seicavs

romelic
taZris

samxreTidan
agebis

samxreT-aRmosavleTis

TariRsa

da

amgebis

saxels.

dResdReobiT igi ikiTxeba RmrTis mona mamuni, morwmuneTa winamZRoli, agebs

am gumbaTs RmerTis nebiTa da wyalobiT 72 wels, amin, RmerTo adide da iloce
misTvis,, Tumca cnobilia, rom abasidma xalifa mamunma umaiani abd al-maliqis
saxeli TavisiT Caanacvla am warweraSi.
kdlis taZari qristianul samyaroSi kargad cnobili kiboriumis nagebobaTa tips
ganekuTvneba,

romelic

wminda

adgilebze

Sendeboda,

arsebobs

wminda

anastasiusis taZari kesariaSi, romelsac kldis taZari zustad imeorebs. igi ara mxolod
erTian zomebSi emTxveva mas, aramed gumbaTis yelis zomebiT, proporciebiT,
aseve Sida kolonebis ganlagebiT. oqros foniani mozaikebi taZars amkobda Signidan
da

garedanac,

Tumca

osmalTa

sulTnis

suleiman

brwyinvalis

brZanebiT

ganxorcielebuli rekonstruqciis Semdeg, romelic 1552 wels ganxorcielda, gareTa

Tavdapirveli morTuloba dakargulia.
kldis taZris interierebis qveda nawilebi mdidrulad aris

Semkuli sxvadasxva

jiSisa da feris marmarilos filebiT. xolo misi zeda nawilebi oqrosfoniani mozaikebiT
aris Semkuli. mozaikis ZiriTadi Temebi aris fantastikuri peizaJebi, mcenareebi, xili,
aseve frTebiani da Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli gvirgvinebi. mecnierTa varaudiT es
samoTxisa da fantastikuri peizaJebi, aseve damarcxebuli bizantiisa da sasanianTa
imperiebis, da wmidaTa wminda adgilis simboluri gamosaxulebebia.
meCeTi

muslimanTa

MmTavari salocavi nagebobaa,

sadac

isini

locvas

aRvalenen. mas arabulad masjid ewodeba, Tumca es termini ara mxolod specifikuri
muslimTa salocavis, aramed zogadad salocavi nagebobebis (iudevelTa, warmarTTa
da qristianTa) aRsaniSnavadac ixmareboda jer kidev yuranSi. Tavad sityva masjid ki
nabatevelTa enidan aris Sesuli arabulSi. pirveli meCeTebis mSenebloba muhamedis
saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli: rodesac igi meqadan gadavida, mas pirveli salocavi
ukve kubaSi daxvda, sadac ansarebi (medinas mcxovreblebi, romlebic muhamads
exmarebodnen) da misi sxva mimdevrebi loculobdnen. Semdgom muhamedma
meCeTi medinaSi im adgilas aago, sadac erTi tradiciiT, misma aqlemma daiCoqa.
meore tradiciiT muhamadi abu aiubis saxlSi gaCerda da ramodenime xnis Semdgom
patrons sTxova es adgili misTvis daeTmo garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod. mesame
tradicia medinas meCeTis aSenebis miniSnebas mTavarangeloz gabriels miawers,
6

romelmac muhamads RvTis saxlis ageba ubrZana. DdRes am adgilas medinas

meCeTia aRmarTuli - masjid al - nabi (winaswarmetyvelis meCeTi),

aq aris

dakrZaluli muhamadi da aqve iyo misi saxli, romelic meCeTebis modeli gaxda. am
pirveli

salocavi

mixedviTac

meCeTis

muslimanTa

mxolod
pirveli

gviandeli
sakrebulo

aRwerebia
adgili

SemorCenili,

warmoadgenda

nagebobas, romelic aliziT iyo nagebi, hqonda Sida ezo,

romelTa
oTxkuTxa

samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT

portikebiT iyo SemosazRvruli, romlebic palmis rtoebiT ixureboda raTa arabeTis

mcxunvare mzeSi mlocvelebs Tavi SeefarebinaT CrdilSi. am nagebobas ukve hqonda
is sami

ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, romelic SemdgomSi tipiuri xdeba mahmadianTa

religiuri salocavebisaTvis:
1. samlocvelo adgili
2. miniSneba meqas mimarTulebiT - kibla.
3. gadaxuruli adgili mlocvelebisaTvis.
islamis gavrcelebasa da misi mimdevrebis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad sakrebulo
anu paraskevis meCeTis agebis aucileblobac gaCnda, sadac muslimebs erTiani locva
unda

aRevlinaT

alahis

winaSe.

radganac

muhameds

ar

hqonda

mkacrad

gansazRvruli da aRwerili, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo sakrebulo meCeTi, Tavdapirelad

muslimebi amisTvis xSirad iyenebdnen sxva Senoba-nagebobebs: zogjer yofil
qristianul taZars, zogjer iyofdnen Senobebs qristianebTan. zog adgilebSi ki axal
Senobebs aSenebdnen muhamedis saxlis gegmis mixedviT: mravalsvetiani salocavi
darbaziT (peristili), Sida ezoTi da mis garSemo portikoebis rigebiT. marTalia,
winaswarmetyvelis meCeTi (masjid al-nabi) medinaSi SesaZloa sakrebulo meCeTis
koncefciis modeli iyo, magram misi kanonikuri formebis SemuSaveba mxolod
winaswarmetyvelis

Semdgom

periodSi,

umaianebis

taxtze

asvlamde,

marTlmorwmune xalifebis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda. am drois arqeologiuri

masala Zalze mwiria, Tumca naTlad Cans rom qubas (50/670 w ), al-vaziTis (84/705)
da al-aqsas ( 40 /660 w.) meCeTebi ukve garkveul kanonikur tradicias misdeven.
Zalze mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom

pirveli aramuslimuri wyaro, romelSic

meCeTia naxsenebi aris VII saukunis qarTuli wyaro, sadac laparakia imaze, rom - alaqsas meCeTi (mizgiTi) ierusalimSi aigo patriarq sofroniusis dros, romelic 639-640
ww.-Si gardaicvala.2

2 Fiusin, les premier constuction musulmain

102.

....

i. abulaZe, ioane mosxi, limonariumi, Tbilisi, 1960, 100-

oTxi marTlmorwmune xalifadan, romlebmac winaswarmetyvelis Semdgom

Caibares Zalaufleba, mxolod xalifa umars (634-44) miawers muslimuri tradicia
mravalricxovani meCeTebis agebas msoflios sxvadasxva adgilebSi. kerZod, man
auSena meqas salocavs (harami) zRude, gadaakeTa da gaafarTova medinas
winaswarmetyvelis meCeTi, aago pirveli sakrebulo meCeTi ierusalimSi - al-aqsas
meCeTi, aseve aaSena meCeTebi basraSi, fustafSi, qufaSi. mis mier SemoerTebul
qalaqebSi aleqsandriaSi, damaskoSi, mosulSi mas asobiT meCeTis agebas miawers,
rac

raodenobrivad

aRemateba.

mxolod

amrigad,

winaswarmetyvelis

ukve

hijris

pirvel

aRmSeneblobiTi

saukuneSi

saqmianoba

meCeTebi

gavrcelda

muslimTa mier dapyrobil teriotirebze. miuxedavad mravali msgavsebisa gegmebSi,

dekoraciebSi, calkeul konstruqciebSi dapyrobili qveynebis salocavebTan (ebrauli
sinagogebi,
garkveuli

qristianuli bazilikebi da arabuli warmarTuli taZrebi), yvela meCeTi

standartiT

igeboda,

rac

sakrebulo

meCeTis

ZiriTad

koncefcias

warmoadgenda: yvela es meCeTebi mravalsvetiani darbazebisagan Sedgeboda,

romlebsac peristili (mravali sveti) ewodeba, misi locvis mimarTuleba iyo da dResac
aris qaaba. es mimarTuleba yovelTvis miniSnebulia gansakuTrebulad morTuli niSiT mihrabiT, romelic ZiriTadad naxevarwriuli formisaa, gareTa kedelze anu fasadze es
mimarTuleba miniSnebulia damatebiTi dekoratiuli elementebiT da mas qibla
ewodeba. meCeTis sivrceSi mihrabis gverdiT yovelTvis dgas samkuTxa formis
amaRlebuli kibe - minbari, saidanac locva da
mTavari

Sesasvleli

TiTqmis

yovelTvis

qadageba aRevlineboda. meCeTis

gadaxuruli

derefnebiT

(portikoebiT)

SemosazRvrul SeidaezoSi gamodis, romlis centrSic wylis didi rezervuari, an auzi

mdebareobs, sadac mlocvelebi salocavSi Sesvlamde ganibanebian. meCeTis es
ZiriTadi elementebi ukve marTlmorwmune xalifebisa da sabolod umaianTa periodSi
Camoyaliba da maTi saxe TiTqmis ar Secvlilia, Tumca VIII saukuneSi maT daemataT
kidev erTi aucilebeli elementi - minareTi, romleic maRal koSkura nagebobas
warmadgenda, saidanac molebi mlocvelebs locvisken mouwodeben.
sakrebulo meCeTis yvelaze adreuli srulad SemorCenili nimuSia damaskos didi
meCeTi. meCeTi abd al-maliqis Svilis al-validis (705-715) mieraa aSenebuli.
meCeTma 1893 wels momxdari xanZris Semdeg adreuli dekoris mniSvnelovani
nawili dakarga. meCeTis adgilas Tavdapirvelad iupiterisadmi miZRvnili warmarTuli
taZari iyo, bizantiur periodSi igi qristianul taZrad gadakeTda, Semdgom iseve,
rogorc ierusalimSi, damaskoSic, muslimebi qristianuli eklesiis nawils iyenebdnen
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locvisaTivis. abd-al maliqis Svilis al-validis dros, rodesac damaskos mahmadianuri

mosaxleobis ricxvi gaizarda,

didi sivrcis aucilebloba gaCnda. warmarTuli da

Semdgom qristianuli taZari moqceuli iyo kedlebiT garSemortymul sivcreSi (150 X

100 m). muslimebma es kedlebi gamoiyenes meCeTisaTvis. isini maRali TaRovani
galereebs warmoadgens, romlebic gars Semouyveba mTavar ZiriTad salocav
darbazs.
meCeTis salocavi darbazi masiuri svetebiT sam sivrced aris dayofili, centraluri
navi qiblasken aris mimarTuli. meCeTi Zeluri gadaxurviT aris gadaxuruli. Tavdapirveli
saxiT centraluri navi ramdenime xis gumbaTiT iyo damSvenebuli. erT-erTi gumbaTi
axlac SemorCenilia da igi interieris im nawilis Tavzea aRmarTuli, sadac mTavari
ceremoniali tardeboda, an sadac umaRlesi ierarqiis xelisufalni idgnen paraskevis
xutbis dros, am sivrces maqsura ewodeba da igi umainTa meCeTebis erT -erTi
damaxasiaTebeli niSnia. maqsuras sivrceSi aseve Sedioda minbari - safexuriani
piupitri-adgili, saidanac xutba aRevlineboda. umainaTa periodSi amas Tavad xalifebi
akeTebdnen, es tradicia muhamadis memkvidreebis marTlmorwmune xalifebis
drosac gagrZelda, Semdgom amas religiuri pirebi asrulebdnen.
taZari,

damaskos

meCeTic

mdidrulad

iyo

mopirkeTebuli

iseve, rogorc kldis

Zvirfasi

masalebiT:

nagebobis qveda iarusebi sxvadasxva xarisxis marmarilos filebiT, xolo zeda nawilebi
smaltis mozaikiT iyo morTuli. warwerac mozaikaSi iyo mocemuli. gamosaxulebebi
didi panelebiT iyo dafaruli, romlebzec fantastikuri peizajebi iyo gamosaxuli
mdinareebiT, tyeebiT, saxlebiTa da sxvadasxva zomis pavilionebiT. rogorc Cans, es
mozaikebic samoTxis peizaJebs gadmocemda, rogorc es yuranSi iyo aRwerili, sadac
morwmuneni gardacvalebis Semdeg moxvdebodnen.
sakrebulo meCeTis gverdiT xalifas rezidencia mdebareobda. igi aguriT iyo
naSeni da aseve brwyinvaled morTuli gumbaTi amSvenebda. rezidencia uSualod
emijneboda sakrebulo meCeTs, raTa xalifa pirdapir gadasuliyo Tavisi sacxovreblidan
meCeTis maqsuraSi. xalifas arc erT rezidencias Cvenamde ar mouRwevia Tu ar
CavTvliT haram al-Sarifis teritoriaze al-aqsasa sakrebulo meCeTis gverdiT sasaxlis
naSTebs, romelic uSualod emiJneba meCeTis qiblas kedels.
muslimTa kanonikuri saRvTo wigni yurani 114 Tavisagan (sura) Sedgeba.
TiToeuli sura, rogorc aRvniSneT, muhamedisadmi RmerTis gamocxadebis Sedegad
Cawerili sityvebia. surebi meqasa da medinis periodebad iyofa. yurani ZiriTadad
muslimTa mTavari dResaswaulis ramadanis dros ikiTxeba sakrebulo meCeTSi
9

Tavidan bolomde. igi 30 nawilad aris dayofili da ramadanis (30 dRe) TiToeul dRes
TiTo sura ikiTxeba. yurani aseve SeiZleba Svid nawilad iyos dayofili kviris dReebis
mixedviT. Cvenamde yuranis adreuli Canawerebis asobiT nimuSma moaRwia. isini
ZiriTadad pergamentzea Sesrulebuli. erT-erTi aseTi uZvelesi yuranis fragmentebi
sisxlis laqebis kvals atarebs da tradiciis mixedviT xalifa usmans ekuTvnis, romleic
656 wels wminda wignis kiTxvisas mokles.
arc erT am adreul yurans ar aqvs TariRi - isini or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa, pirveli
jgufi es aris vertikaluri formatis yuranis fragmentebi, Tumca isini SedarebiT iSviaTia,
da sul axlaxan aRmoCnda iemenis adreuli sakrebulo meCeTis saxuravSi. isini 30X20
sm is zomis pergamentis furclebia, romlebzec melniT 20-25 striqoniani yuranis
teqstebia Sesrulebuli. es damwerlobis stili gansxvavdeba qufuri arabulisagan, igi ar
aris or horizontal xazs Soris Sesrulebuli arabuli, aramed e.w. daxrili anu hijazis
arabuli, romelic dasavleT arabeTSi anu meqasa da medinas teritoriebze iyo
gavrcelebuli. am adreul damwerlobaSi ar gamoiyeneboda arc diakrituli niSnebi, arc
Tavebisa

da

sityvebis

gamyofebi,

rac

am

damwerlobiT

Sesrulebuli

yuranis

fragmentebis siZveleze miuTiTebs.

meore, ufro gavrcelebuli - horizontaluri formis yuranis furclebia, romlebmac
aTasobiT moaRwia dRemde. maTi zomebi icvleba jibis formis patara fragmentebidan
didi

zomis

yuranebamde,

romlebic

sazogado

adgilebSi

ZiriTadad

sakrebulo

meCeTebSi ideboda da ikiTxeboda. mecnerebs miaCndaT, rom adreuli yuranebis

horizontaluri formati imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom muslimebs igi gamoerTCiaT
oTxTavisagan, romelic vertikaluri formatis iyo da Torasagan, romelic gragnili iyo.
Tumca adreuli yuraniebi formis Sesaxeb es Teoria sagrZnoblad Seirya mas mere rac,
iemenSi hijazis xelweriT Sesruelebuli vertikaluri formatis yuranebis fragmentebi
aRmoCnda, romlebic imave qronologiuri periodiT TariRdeba, rac horizontaluri
yuranebi.
wignis miniatiuruli gaformeba islamuri xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi dargia.
misi yvelaze cnobili nimuSebi saero literaturuli Zeglebis ilustraciebs warmoadgens
rogoricaa firdousis Sah-name (mefeTa wigni), sxva avtorebis sagmiro da sasiyvarulo
poeziis nimuSebi, aseve saTavgadasavlo,

istoriuli saxis nawarmoebebi xSirad

ilustraciebiT imkoboda. masalad aRmosavlur miniatiuraSi gamoiyeneboda qaRaldi,

romelic CineTidan Sedis, isini specialur saxelosnoebSi (qiTabxanebSi) mzaddeboda;
jer iwereboda teqsti kaligrafis mier da Semdeg xdeboda specialurad datovebuli
10

adgilebis miniatiurebiTa da sxva morTulobiT Semkoba, miniatiurebs specialuri

ganaTlebis mqone mxatvrebi da ara igive kaligrafebi asrulebdnen. Semdeg sabolood
wigni an tyavis tvifrul (gamosaxulebebiT Semkul), an laqis ferwerul ydaSi ismeboda.
miniatiurebi yovelTvis teqsts misdevda, an masSi iyo carTuli, an calke furcelze
sruledeboda.

aRmosavluri

miniatiurisaTvis

feradovneba,

dekoratiuloba,

JReradi

damaxasaiTebelia

koloriti,

sasuraTe

gansakuTrebuli

sibrtyeze

moqmedi

personaJebis Tanabrad ganawileba mTavari da meorexarisxovani detalebis gareSe,

xedvis sxvadasxva ZiriTadad zedxedi wertili, detalebisadi gansakuTrebuli interesi.
mwvervals miniatiuruli xelovneba

XV-XVI saukuneebSi aRwevs. evropisaken

swrafvis tendenciebTan erTad ilsamur xelovnebaSi XVII saukunidan Semodis ferweris

iseTi

dargebic,

rogoricaa

dazguri

da monumenturi

kedlis

mxatvroba. aseTi

xelovnebis nimuSebi ZiriTadad sefianTa iranis axal dedaqalaqSi isfahanSi samefo

sasaxleebis morTulobebSi gvxvdeba.
sruliad

gamorCeulia

islamuri

dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi

xelovnebis

iseTi

dargebi, rogoricaa liTonis vercxlisa da oqroTi inkurstacia, minis warmoeba, romelmac

didi gavlena iqonia sayovelTaod cnobili veneciuri minis

erT-erTi nairsaxeobis

warmoebaze. aseve cnobilia islamuri brolis damuSaveba, romelTa faseuloba xSirad

oqros utoldeboda da dRemde inaxeba msoflios cnobil saganZurebSi.
muslimanurma samyarom keramikuli nawarmis ramodenime nairsaxeobas
daudo safuZveli. marTalia, aq ar iyo faifurisaTvis saWiro nedleuli - kaolini da aseTi
nawarmi CineTidan SemohqondaT, iranSi Zvirfasi lurjis saRebavis -kobaltis (igive
lazuritis) didi sabadoebi iyo, saidanac es Zvirfasi nedleuli mTels msoflioSi
gaedineboda. lurji saRebaviTa da oqroTi (laJvardina), Sesrulebuli moxatuloba, liTonis
bzinvarebis imitirebuli e.w. liustriani keramika, da minanqris saRebavebiani e.w.
minais teqnika is siaxleebia romlebic mahmadianma ostatebma Seitanes keramikuli
warmoebis istoriaSi.
qsovilebisa da xaliCebis warmoeba muslimuri xelovnebis erT-erTi mTavari
dargia.

jer

kidev

adreul

periodebSi

aq

specialur

saxelosnoebSi

ierarqiisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri qsovilebi (tirazi) iqsoveboda

umaRlesi

zed amoqarguli

xalifebis saxelebiT. xSirad am saxelosnoebSi mniSvnelovani SekveTebi mzaddeboda

sxva religiuri mrwamsis damkveTebisTvisac. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ki xaliCur
nawarms eniWeboda, romlebic iwireboda meCeTebSi, imkoboda sasaxleebi da aseve
didi raodenobiT gadioda evropaSi. niSandoblivia, rom adreuli XV-XVI saukuneebis,
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ZiriTadad

osmaluri

xaliCebis

gamosaxulebebs

pirvelad

aRorZinebis

epoqis

xelovnebis ZeglebSi vxvdebiT da xSirad am xaliCebis saxelebic swored mxatvrebis

saxeleb ukavSirdeba. mag. lotos, holbeinis, memlingis xaliCebi. mahmadianma
ostatebma xaliCebis specialuri tipic - salocavi xaliCebi SeimuSaves, romlebzec
morwmuneebi dRis ganmavlobaSi loculobdnen. samlocvelo xaliCebze ZiriTadad
mihrabis niSaa gamosaxuli pampiT SuagulSi da igi locvis dros meqisken unda iyos
mmarTuli. aseTi xaliCebi mzaddeboda

sxvadasxva masalisgan - bamba, Sali,

abreSumi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis xaliCebi aseve imkoboda oqrosa da vercxlis

ZafebiT.

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