Notes4 Sparams

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4
2Port Parameters
Two-ways of describing device:
A. Equivalent - Circuit-Model
Physically based
Includes bias dependence
Includes frequency dependence
Includes size dependence - scalability
Ideal for IC design
Weakness: Model necessarily simplified; some errors. Thus, weak for highly resonant
designs
B. 2Port Model
Matrix of tabular data vs. frequency

Need one matrix for each bias point and device size
Clumsy huge data sets required
Traditional microwave method
Exact
2 Port descriptions
These are black box (mathematical) descriptions.
I1
+
V1
I2
port
1
port
2
+ V
2
Inside might be a transistor, a FET, a transmission line, or just about anything.

The terminal characteristics are V1 V2 I1 & I2 there are 2 degrees of freedom.
Rev.11/07
Prof. S. Long/ECE/UCSB
Admittance Parameters
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
=
I2 Y21 Y22 V2
Example: Simple FET Model
Cgd
gmVgs
+
V
gs
Cgs
Rds
By inspection:
Y=
j Cgs + jCgd
gm j Cgd
j Cgd
Gds + jC gd
Easy!
Y11 =
I1
V1 V
2 =0
Rev.11/07
Y12 =
I1
V2 V
1 =0
Impedance Parameters
V1 Z11
=
V2 Z21
Z12 I1
Z22 I2
Example
R1
R2
R3
By inspection
Z=
Z11 =
V1
I1
R1 + R3
R3
R3
R2 + R3
Z 21 =
I2 =0
V2
I1
I2 =0
But, y, z, and h parameters are not suitable for high frequency measurement.
Problem:
How can you get a true open or short at the circuit terminals? Any real short is
inductive. Any real open is capacitive.
To make matters worse, if you are trying to measure a high freq. active device, a
short or open can make it oscillate!
Solution:
Use termination in Z0 instead!

Broadband.
Not very sensitive to parasitic L,C
Kills reflections.
Redefine parameters to use fwd. and rev. voltage waves.
Measurement can use directional couplers.
Rev.11/07
SParameters
Z0
Z0
a1
b1
Zo
a2
b2
z=0
Zo
z=0
input reflection coeff
rev. transm. gain
a2 =0
a1 =0
b1 S11 S12 a1
b2 = S21 S22 a2
fwd transm. gain
output
a2 =0
a1 =0
Note that Z0 must be defined. We dont really need transmission lines.

Our objective now is to de-mystify S-parameters they are easy!
Recall
+
V(x) = V (x) + V (x)

I(x) =
V + (x) V (x)
Z0
Z0
phasor quantities.
amplitude, not rms values.
We can normalize the amplitude of waves to Z0:

V + (x)
a(x) =
Z0
b(x) =
V (x)
Z0
forward wave
reverse wave
1
*
a(x)a (x) = power in forward wave.
2
if a = 1.414 then power in wave is 1 watt.
(or arms = 1 )
Why?
Rev.11/07
So that
likewise, b(x)b*(x)/2 is the power in the reverse wave

So, in terms of total voltage V(x) and current I(x),
v(x) =
V(x)
= a(x ) + b(x)
Z0
i (x) = Z0 I (x) = a(x) b (x)

or,
1
[v( x ) + i( x )] = 1 [V ( x ) + Z 0 I ( x )]
2
2 Z0
1
1
[V ( x ) Z 0 I ( x )]
b( x ) = [v ( x ) i ( x )] =
2
2 Z0
a( x) =
Reflection
So, how is defined in terms of the S parameters? At port 1,
1 =
b1
a1
But,
b1 = S11a1 + S12a2
We need to eliminate a2. How?
a
If ZL = Zo, L = 0 = 2 so, therefore a2 = 0 if port 2 is terminated in Zo.
b2
1 =
b1
a1 a
= S11
b2
a2
= 2
2 =0
Same with at port 2 with S22:
S22 =
Rev.11/07
a1 = 0
Transmission
b2 = S21a1 + S22 a2
So, the forward transmission S21 can be found by setting a2 = 0 (terminate output)
S21 =
b2
a1
a2 = 0
Reverse transmission, similarly, is found by setting a1 = 0 (terminate input in Zo)
b1 = S11a1 + S21a2
S12 =
Rev.11/07
b1
a2
a1 = 0
Some comments on power measurement:

Power can vary over a large range, therefore it is often specified on a logarithmic scale. There
must be a point of reference on the scale; the power measurements are usually with reference to
1 mW.
The unit is called dBm meaning dB relative to 1 mW of power. Thus,
0 dBm = 1 mW
10 dBm = 10 mW
-10 dBm = 0.1 mW
etc.
To convert mW to dBm:
dBm = 10 log10 (P)
To convert dBm to mW:
P = 10dBm/10
What is the difference between dB and dBm?
dB is a power ratio used to describe a gain or loss for example.
G = 10 log10 (Pout/Pin)
dB
Return Loss = - 20 log10 || dB
But, dB says nothing about the absolute power level. Dont confuse their usage!
Rev.11/07
Now, define available power:

PAVS = max power output from a source with impedance Zs that can be absorbed into a load.
*
let Z S = Z 0 , ZL = ZS = Z0
(in this case)
because maximum power transfer occurs when we have a conjugate match
Z0
Vgen
Vgen/2
Z0
generator
load
2
Pload = PAVS
1 Vgen
=
8 Z0
Or, in terms of a and b:
a1
b1 +
Z0
Vgen
Z0
b =0
V+
a1 =
and b1 = 0;
Z0
Z 0 Vgen
V + = Vgen
and V = 0
=
2
Z0 + Z0
So,
2
Pload = PAVS
Rev.11/07
Vgen
1
= a1a1* =
2
8Z 0
We see that the available power is independent of load impedance. Even if the load is
not matched, available power remains constant. Actual power in the load is reduced
however.
Generator output power is calibrated and displayed as available power.
Actual Load Power
PLoad =
1 2 1 2 1 *
a1 b1 = Re I1V1
2
2
2
or
2
PLoad = PAVS (1 S11 )
b1 = a1 S11
Reflected Power
PR =
S11
Power reflected from input b1

=
= 2
Power incident on input
a1
2
S22 =
Similarly,
Rev.11/07
1 2 1 2
2
2
b1 = a1 S11 = PAVS S11
2
2
Power reflected from network output b2

=
Power incident on output
a2 2
1 2
a2
2
= Power incident on output
1 2
b1
2
= Power reflected from input port
1 2
b2
2
= Power incident on load from the network
= Reflected power from load
a1
10
a2
b1
b2
Pload
= GT even if
Pavs
load isnt matched to network and
input of network not matched to generator
Also, by definition, transducer gain =

1.
2.
Here, PLoad = b2 (1 L )
S21 is defined in terms of transducer gain for the special case of where ZL = Z0 :
2
S21 =
b2
a1
2
2
a2 = 0
1 2
b2 = power incident on load (and is absorbed since L=0)
2
1 2
a1 = source available power
2
2
S21 = transducer gain with source and load Z0

Similarly,
2
S12 = reverse transducer power gain
Rev.11/07
11
Reference Planes
E
Microwave transistor in package
On board:
C
S11
[S] = S
21
S12
S22
connection to instruments
here
defining
= 0 ports
here.
Define
x = 0 at zboth
Defining the reference planes differently changes the S-parameters.
Rev.11/07

phase shifts!
50 microstrip transmission lines
S e j 21
S12 e j (1 +2 )
S = 11j +
j 2
(
)
S22e 2
S21e 1 2
a2
b1
x1 =
12
a1
b2
x1 = 0
x2 =
x2 =0
1 = 2
2 = 2
connections to instruments here
1 = x1 =
2
2 = x2 =
S e 21
11
S =
S e j (1+ 2 )
21
'
S12 e j (1+ 2 )
S 22 e j 2 2
The reflection parameters are shifted in phase by twice the electrical length because the incident
wave travels twice over this length upon reflection. The transmission parameters have the sum
of the electrical lengths, since the transmitted wave must pass through both lengths.
Rev.11/07
13
Comment on electrical length:

The microwave literature will say a line is 43 long at 5 GHz . What does this mean?
fref
Electrical length = E =
ref
360
Recall f = v so f ref ref =
E=
v / fref
360 =
fref 360
E = T fref 360
a line which is 1 ns long has an electrical length E = 360 at f ref = 1 GHz
and
an electrical length E = 36 at Fref = 100 MHz
Why not just say = 1 ns ?
you should be conversant with both terminologies.
Converting to physical length
f ref = v p
ref =
thus: physical length =
E (deg)ref
360
vp
f
= Electrical length (in wavelengths)
ref
or:
Rev.11/07
14
How to Calculate S-Parameters Quickly

First Comment
S11 =
b1
a1 a
2 =0
b1 = S11a1 + S12 a 2
(We must kill a2 in order to measure or calculate S11)
L
S
ZL
b2
a2
if ZL = Z0 , then L is zero
and so a2 = L b 2 = 0 .
So
S11 =
So if we say that Zin Z
L = Z0
b1
a1 Z
L = Z0
is the input impedance with Z0 = ZL
then
S11 =
Zin Z
Z0
Zin Z
+ Z0
L = Z0
L = Z0
= in
or:
Zin Z
L = Z0
1 + S11
1 S11
The same comment clearly applies for S22 . The Smith Chart is often used to plot S11 , S22 .
Rev.11/07
15
Example:
4
Given Z0 = 50 , what is S11 ?

4
50
Zin Z
L = Z0
= 54
S11 =
Similar arguments give S22 =
54 50
4
=
54 + 50 104
4
.
104
Find S21
S21 =
b2
| a =0
a1 2
S
ZS = Z0
~ V
gen
Rev.11/07
a1
b1
a2
b2
ZL = Z0
16
What is a1 in this case?
We know that:
V1+
a1 =
Zo
and
V1+ =
Vgen
2
So,
a1 =
Consider the load:
Vgen
2 Zo
V
b2 = out
Z0
Why?
b2
ZL
Vout
a2 = Lb2
But, L = 0 because ZL = Z0 , so a2 = 0 .
Vout = V+ + V = Z0 a 2 + Z0 b2
= Z0 b2
Now, calculate Vout/Vgen:
Vout = Z 0 b2 = Z 0 (S 21a1 + S 22 a2 )
But, a2 = 0 because the load impedance = Z0, so

Vout = Z 0 S 21 a1
Substitute for a1:

a1 =
Vgen
2 Z0
so,
Z 0 S 21
Vout
S
=
= 21
V gen
2
2 Z0
Rev.11/07
thus, S 21 =
2Vout
Vgen
17
when ZL = ZS = Z0
Why the factor of 2?
Z0
Vgen
Vgen/2
Z0
generator
load
We see that the generator voltage is split between the source and load in the matched case. Here,
we see that Vout/Vgen = , but the transducer gain must be equal to 1. (PLOAD/PAVS). |S21|2 is
the transducer gain in this situation. If we insert an amplifier into the network, the signal has
been increased by an amount S21.
Z0
Vgen
Z0
generator
Rev.11/07
Vout = S21 Vgen/2
load
18
So, |S21|2 is the FORWARD INSERTION GAIN or FORWARD TRANSDUCER GAIN in a

system of impedance Z0.
EXAMPLE:
Find S21
50
Vgen
S21= 2 Vout/Vgen
50
Vout/Vgen = 50/104 = 0.48
S21 = 0.96
OR, we could let Vgen = 2. Then, S21 = Vout.

What about a reference plane extension?
X1 = - l1
X2 = 0
X1 = 0
50
X2 = - l2
Vgen
S21= 2 Vout/Vgen
50
i = 2 li /
S11 = S11 e2j1
S11 = IN(0)
S22 = OUT(0)
S22 = S22 e2j2
and
1 =
2 =
S'21 = S21 e j( 1 + 2 ) = S21 e2 j( 1 +
Rev.11/07
2 )/
19
EXAMPLE: Find the 4 S parameters of the following circuit:
Z0
Vgen
Z0
S11: Find Zin (with ZL = Z0), then calculate input reflection coefficient.
Z IN |Z L = Z 0 = 1 / ( sC + 1 / Z 0 )
Z IN
1
Z IN Z 0
Z0
=
S11 =
Z IN + Z 0 Z IN
+1
Z0
turning the crank,
S11 =
jCZ 0 / 2
1 + jCZ 0 / 2
S22 will be the same due to symmetry. Note that we calculated ZIN with port 2 terminated in Z0.
This is part of the definition of S11 so is essential.
Rev.11/07
20
Now find S21: first use Thevenin Norton transformation:
Vout
Z0
Z0
Vgen/Z0
C
Vout =
S 21 =
Rev.11/07
Vgen
Z0
1
2
Z0
+ sC
= I/Y
2Vout
1
=
= S12
Vgen 1 + jCZ 0 / 2

Notes4 Sparams

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ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Matrix of tabular data vs. frequency

Inside might be a transistor, a FET, a transmission line, or just about anything.

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Example: Simple FET Model

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Use termination in Z0 instead!

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

input reflection coeff

rev. transm. gain

Note that Z0 must be defined. We dont really need transmission lines.

V(x) = V (x) + V (x)

We can normalize the amplitude of waves to Z0:

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

likewise, b(x)b*(x)/2 is the power in the reverse wave

i (x) = Z0 I (x) = a(x) b (x)

Same with at port 2 with S22:

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Reverse transmission, similarly, is found by setting a1 = 0 (terminate input in Zo)

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Some comments on power measurement:

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Now, define available power:

(in this case)

because maximum power transfer occurs when we have a conjugate match

Or, in terms of a and b:

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

PLoad = PAVS (1 S11 )

Power reflected from input b1

Power reflected from network output b2

= Power incident on output

= Power reflected from input port

= Power incident on load from the network

= Reflected power from load

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Also, by definition, transducer gain =

S21 = transducer gain with source and load Z0

S12 = reverse transducer power gain

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Microwave transistor in package

Defining the reference planes differently changes the S-parameters.

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

50 microstrip transmission lines

connections to instruments here

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Comment on electrical length:

Recall f = v so f ref ref =

a line which is 1 ns long has an electrical length E = 360 at f ref = 1 GHz

Converting to physical length

thus: physical length =

= Electrical length (in wavelengths)

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

How to Calculate S-Parameters Quickly

So if we say that Zin Z

is the input impedance with Z0 = ZL

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

Given Z0 = 50 , what is S11 ?

Similar arguments give S22 =

ECE145A/218A Notes Set #4

What is a1 in this case?

Consider the load:

Now, calculate Vout/Vgen:

But, a2 = 0 because the load impedance = Z0, so