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Hyperbola S
Hyperbola S
x2 y2
1.
In the last section, we graphed ellipses of the form:
a2 b2
x2 y2
1
a2 b2
y2 x2
1
b2 a2
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1
Hyperbolas
Definition: A hyperbola is the collection of all points in the plane the difference of
whose distance from two fixed points called the foci is a positive constant.
(0,c)
vertices
(-c,0)
(-a,0)
(a,0)
(c,0)
vertices
(0,b)
foci
(0,-b)
(0,-c)
foci
A hyperbola which opens left and right has a horizontal transverse axis. A
hyperbola which opens up and down has a vertical transverse axis. The midpoint
of the transverse axis is the center.
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Hyperbolas
1
a2 b2
c2 and
a2 b2.
where the vertices are (-a,0) and (a,0), and the foci are at (-c,0) and (c,0),
The hyperbolas shape will also be determined by two asymptotes. The equation
of these asymptotes are the lines:
b
y x
a
Some instructors will require you to state the equations of these asymptotes and
other instructors may not. The equations of the asymptotes are simple to state when
the center is at the origin. If the center is not at the origin, the equation of the
asymptotes are:
b
y x h k
a
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Hyperbolas
Example 1. Find the vertices, the foci, and sketch the hyperbola
x2 y2
Compare to the standard form 2 2 1 to determine a and b.
a b
Plot all four of these points (-3,0), (3,0), (0,2) and (0,-2).
x2
y2
1.
9
4
Center: (0, 0)
a2 9 and b2 4
then a 3 and b 2
c2 9 4
c 13 3.6
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Slide
Hyperbolas
x2
y2
1.
4
16
Answer
Hyperbolas
Standard Equation: Hyperbola with Transverse Axis on the y Axis
(Opens up and down)
The standard equation of a hyperbola with its center at (0,0) and its transverse
2
y2 y xaxis
axis on the
2 1is
2
b
a
where the vertices are (0,-b) and (0,b), and the foci are at (0,-c) and (0,c),
c2 and
a2 b2 .
The hyperbolas shape will again be determined by two asymptotes. The equation
b
of these asymptotes are still
the
y
lines:
x.
a
It may seem confusing to determine if the branches open left and right or up and
down. Once the hyperbola is in standard form, the vertices from which the branches
open will be on the axis that comes first in the equation, which will have a positive
coefficient.
x is positive:
opens left and right
x2 y2
1
a2 b2
y2 x2
2 1
2
b
a
y is positive:
opens up and down
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6
Hyperbolas
Example 2.
y2 x2
Compare to the standard form 2 2 1 to determine a and b.
b a
y2
x2
1.
4
9
Center: (0, 0)
b2 4 and a2 9
then b 2 and a 3
Plot all four of these points (-3,0), (3,0), (0,2) and (0,-2).
The vertices are (0,-2) and (0,2).
c 9 4
c 13 3.6
2
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Hyperbolas
y2
x2
Find the vertices, the foci, and sketch the hyperbola
1.
16
1
y
Answer:
vertices: (0,-4), (0,4)
foci: 0, 17 and 0, 17
Hyperbolas
Find the vertices, the foci, and sketch the hyperbola x2 4y2 4.
2
2
x
4y
4
To obtain the standard form, divide both sides by 4 and
4
4
4
simplify to obtain a 1 on the RHS.
Example 3.
x2
y2
1
4
1
a 2 and b 1
Determine a and b.
Plot all four of these points (0,-1), (0,1), (2,0) and (-2,0).
The vertices are (-2,0) and (2,0).
y
c 41
2
c 5 2.2
The foci lie on the x axis. Therefore the coordinates
of the foci are 0, 5 and 0, 5 .
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Hyperbolas
Your Turn Problem #3
Find the vertices, the foci, and sketch the hyperbola 9y2 25x2 225.
Answer:
foci: 0, 34 and 0, 34
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Hyperbolas
Hyperbolas whose center is not at the origin.
The standard form for a hyperbola where the center is at (h, k) is:
x h
2
y k
2
or
y k
b2
x h
a2
1
y2 is positive.
x is positive.
(h,k+c)
(h,k+b)
(h-c,k)
(h-a,k)
(h,k)
(h+a,k)
(h+c,k)
(h,k-b)
(h-a,k)
(h,k)
(h,k+b)
(h+a,k)
(h,k-b)
(h,k-c)
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11
Hyperbolas
Example 4. Find the center, vertices, foci, and sketch the hyperbola:
y 3
16
x 2
a2 4 and b2 16
then a 2 and b 4
2,3 2 5
Plot all four of these points (0,-3), (4,-3), (2,1) and (2-7).
(2,1)
Now, create the dashed box using the four points and
draw the asymptotes through the corners. Then
sketch the hyperbola.
(0,-3)
(2,-3)
c2 4 16
(4,-3)
c 20 2 5 4.5
(2,-7)
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2,3 2 5
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Hyperbolas
x 1
25
y 2
center: (-1,2)
vertices: (-6,2), (4,2)
Answer:
(-1,5)
1,
1 34,2
(-6,2)
34,2
(4,2)
(-1,2)
(-1,-1)
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Hyperbolas
The hyperbola in the previous example was given in standard form.
If the hyperbola is given in general form,
ax2 by2 cx dy e 0
or
ay2 bx2 cx dy e 0,
Factoring and completing the square will be necessary to obtain the standard
form:
x h
a2
y k
b2
or
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y k
b2
x h
a2
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Hyperbolas
Example 5.Write the given equation of the hyperbola in
standard form:
4x2 9y2 8x 54y 113 0
Group the x terms separately from the y
terms and move the constant to the RHS.
4x2 8x 9y2 54y 113
Factor out the 4 from the first pair
and the -9 from the second pair.
Leave a space at
4 x2 2x 1 9 y2 6y 9 113 4 81
4 x 1
9 y 3
36
36
Answer :
x 1
9
36
36
y 3
4
Write each perfect square trinomial as a binomial squared and add the constants on
the
RHS.
Finally,
divide by 36 on both sides and simplify to obtain the hyperbola in standard
form.
Your Turn Problem #5
Write the given equation of the hyperbola in standard form:
x 5
4
y 3
5
1
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Hyperbolas
Example 6. Find the center, vertices, foci, and sketch the hyperbola:
2x2 9y2 8x 18y 19 0
1st write in standard form using completing the square.
2x 8x 9y 18y 19
2 x 4x 4 9 y 2y 1 19 +8 - 9
2
2 x 2 9 y 1 18
2
x 2
9
y 1
2, 1 2
11, 1
(-1,1)
(2,1)(5,1)
a 3 and b 2 1.4
2, 1 2
2
11, 1
c2 9 2
c 11 3.3
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16
Hyperbolas
center: (-3,1)
vertices: (-3,3), (-3,-1)
- 3, 1 2 2
(-3,3)
(-5,1) (-3,1)
(-3,-1)
foci : 3, 1 2 2 , 3, 1 2 2
(-1,1)
3, 1 2 2
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