Samvid 5

ISSN 2393-980X
Shodh Samvid
vad 5] tqykbZ 2016
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iz/kku laiknd
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An International Registered and Refereed Research Journal

www.shodhsamvid.weebly.com
E-mail : shodh.samvid@gmail.com
Shodh Samvid
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chief Editor :
Patron :
Prof. Rambachan Roy

Former Head , Deptt. of Hindi,
Patna University, Patna.
At Present : Member of Legislative
council, Bihar
Managing Editor :
Mr. Anup Kispotta

Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. Telani Meena Horo,

Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Political Science,
Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
Editor :
Dr. Rupam,
Chief Editor, Satraachee (ISSN 2348-8425)
Faculty, Deptt. of B.S.W / PGD / Sociology
Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. Bipin Kumar Tripathy, Professor, Deptt. of Physics, IIT, Delhi.
Prof. A.K. Paricha, Emeritus fellow, Deptt. of Political Sceince, Berhampurr University, Odisa.
Prof. (Dr.) Shashi Sharma, university Prof., Deptt. of Political Science, Magadh
Mahila College, P.U, Patna.
Dr. Avinash Kr. Jha, Asso. Prof., History, J.N.L. College, Khagaul, Patna.
Dr. Anand Murti, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Com., College of Commerce, Patna.
Dr. Beena Tiru (Horo), Asso. Prof., History, R.W. C, Ranchi, R.U. Ranchi.
Mr. Rakesh Raman, Editor, Kanan, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. Shalini Menon, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of P.E. & Sports, G.G..V, Bilaspur (CG)
Dr. Paraveen Sultana, Asst. Prof., Eng, Ranchi Women's College, Ranchi
Dr. Kumari Aruna, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, M.M. College, Patna.
Dr. Pushpanjali Khare, Deptt. of Botany, M.M.C, P.U, Patna.
Vijeta Minakshi Tiru, Faculty Member, Deptt. of Pol. Sc., St. Xavier College, Ranchi
University, Ranchi.
Dr. Suman Paswan, Deptt. of Zoology, U.R. College, Rosra, Samastipur, Bihar.
MANAGING COMMITTEE
Mr. Amarjeet Kumar, Research Scholar, Deptt. of Pol. Sc.. P.U, Patna.
vad 5
tqykbZ 2016
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eqnz.k %
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laiknd vkSj ys[kd dh vuqefr ds fcuk izdkf'kr lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh rjg ds mi;ksx
dh vuqefr ugha gksxhA
ewY; % ,d izfr 250 #i, ek=k

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E-mail : shodh.samvid@gmail.com
: meenammc03@gmail.com
: dr.rupam.satraachee@gmail.com
Mob No. : 09955950162, 09470738162
fdlh uLy dk euksHkko ;qx ds euksHkko ds vuqdwy gksuk pkfg, ysfdu eSa mUgsa
psrkouh Hkh nsuk pkgrk gw fd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh f;k vk/kqfudrk dh cukoV Hkj gS] tSls
fd dkO; dyk dfork dh cukoV Hkj gSA ;g foMacuk ds vykok dqN ugha gSA ewy dh rqyuk
esa cukoV dk 'kksj&'kjkck T;knk gS vkSj ;g cgqr vf/kd uhjl gSA gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk
gksxk fd ftuesa vk/kqfudrk dh lPph Hkkouk gS] mUgsa vk/kqfud gksus dh t:jr ugha iM+rh]
tSls fd tks lPps ohj gksrs gSa] os ;FkkFkZ esa Mhax ugha ekjrsA vk/kqfudrk ;wjksfi;u iks'kkd
esa ugha gS vFkok mu Hk;kud <kapksa esa ugha gS] tgk muds cPps i<+us ds fy, dSn jgus dks
foo'k gSa vFkok mu pkSdksj ?kjksa esa Hkh ugha gS ftudh nhokjsa likV o lh/kh gksrh gSa vkSj
bUgha ds lekukarj ftuesa f[kM+fd;k cuh jgrh gSa & ;s os ?kj gSa ftuesa yksx vkthou can
jgus ds fy, etcwj gaS( fuLlansg vk/kqfudrk budh efgykvksa dh Vksfi;ksa esa Hkh ugha gSa ftuesa
<sjksa vlaxrrk, fNih jgrh gSaA ;g lc dqN vkkqfud ugha gS] ek= ;wjksfi;u gSA lPph
vkkqfudrk rks cqf) dh Lora=rk gksrh gS] u fd Lokn dh xqykehA ;g fopkj o deZ ls eqDr
gksrh gS] u fd ;wjksfi;u Ldwy&ekLVjksa ds vfHkHkkodRo esa gksrh gSA ;g ,d rjg dk foKku
gS ysfdu thou esa bldk xyr iz;ksx ekU; ugha gS] u gh gekjs foKku ds v/;kidksa dk
vuqdj.k ekU; gS tks va/kfo'okl o vlaHko iz;kstuksa esa csgwnxh dh gn rd bls vfuok;Zrk
esa cny Mkyus dks rRij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
dsoy foKku ij vk/kkfjr thou ds izfr] dqN gh yksxksa dk] vkd"kZ.k gksrk gS
D;ksafd blesa f'kdkj dh lHkh fo'ks"krk, gksrh gSaA blesa xaHkhjrk dk Nykok rks gksrk gS ysfdu
xgjkbZ ugha gksrhA tc vki f'kdkj ij tkrs gSa] rks eu esa n;k ftruh de gks] mruk gh
vPNkA vkidk rc ms'; gksrk gS f'kdkj dk ihNk dj mls ekj fxjkuk] ;g vuqHko djuk
fd vki dgha vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh tkuoj gSa] fd vkidk u"V djus dk <ax lE;d rFkk
oSKkfud gSA foKku dk thou lrgh thou gksrk gSA ;g lQyrk ds ihNs dkS'ky ,oa lE;drk
ls Hkkxrk gS vkSj ekuo dh mPp izfr dks dksbZ egRo ugha nsrkA mu yksxksa dh cqf)
vifjiDo gh ekuh tk,xh] tks bl /kkj.kk ij viuk thou fu;ksftr djrs gSa fd ekuo ek=
f'kdkjh gS vkSj mldk LoxZ f'kdkjh dk LoxZ gS& ,sls yksxksa dh psruk dadkyksa rFkk [kksifM+;ksa
dh ^VkWfQ;ksa* ds chp gh txrh gSA
& johUnzukFk VSxksj
vuq e
laikndh;
1- izks- jkeopu jk;
fcgkj ls lektokn dk liQj
2- txeksgu flag
yhykkj txwM+h % ledkyhu dfork ds l'kDr gLrk{kj
3- ekq eatjh
".kk lkscrh ds miU;klksa ds izeq[k ukjh pfj=kksa dk vkRela?k"kZ
4- lq"kek pkScs
e`.kky ds ys[ku esa O;kolkf;d i=kdkfjrk vkSj lkfgfR;d laLdkj
5- jes'k dqekj
HkkjrsUnq ,oa Hkh"e lkguh ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vh;rk
6- vf'ouh dqekj
^jke&jghe* miU;kl esa ukjh leL;k
7- fodk'k dqekj
deys'oj ds miU;klksa esa O;Dr jktuhfr ,oa lekt % ,d ewY;kadu
8- fo'oeksgu dqekj
jktsUnz ;kno ds miU;klksa esa fpf=kr e;oxZ dk euksoSKkfud lanHkZ
9- jfo dqekj
lar jSnkl ds nk'kZfud fopkj
10- Le`fr dqekjh
ukjh l'kDrhdj.k vkSj nfyr ukjh
11- vejthr dqekj
egkRek xkkh ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fopkj
12- ukxe.kh dqekj
xzkeh.k usr`Ro ds mHkjrs izfreku % vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa
13- vk'kk
thou dk vafre izgj
07
09
13
19
27
31
35
38
40
46
50
54
58
62
Research Paper
14. Archana Gupta
Emily Dickinson: The Poet and Philosopher
69
15. Bandana Singh

Women in Informal Sector
76
16. Deepika Taterway

Role of Family in Eradication of Juveline Delinquency
86
17. Sanjukta Nayak

India-Russia Response to Nontraditional Security Issue Under BRICS
Forum
90
18. A.K. Paricha, Pushpanjali Mishra

Regional Cooperation in SAARC Summits: Role of India
99
19. Pushpa Sinha

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJY) - An Innovative Scheme for
Financial Inclusion
108
20. Suman Paswan

Epidemiological Studies of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) (Kala-Azar) in
Samastipur and Muzaffarpur Districts of North Bihar
115
qqq
laikndh;
nfyr foe'kZ esa xk/khokn dh izklafxdrk dk loky
nfyr foe'kZ esa egkRek xkkh dh izklaxfdrk dks udkjus dh dksf'k'k 'kq: ls jgh gSA blds ihNs
tks rdZ fn, tkrs gSa] mlesa izeq[k rdZ xk/h dk lo.kZ gksuk gSA vkSj blfy, LokuqHkwfr ls mitk gqvk
rh[kkiu muesa ugha gSA vFkkZr~ nfyr eqk xk/hth ds vkanksyu dk eq[; eqk ugha gS vkSj vkEcsMdj dk
gSA ;g ckr fcydqy lgh gSA vkEcsMdj vkSj xkkh dh izkFkfedrk, vyx FkhaA vkEcsMdj dh fpark ds
dsUnz esa ns'k ugha Fkk] tcfd xkkhth ns'kfgr dks loksZifj ego ns jgs FksA muds }kjk pyk, x, vkanksyuksa
dk ,dek=k ms'; Fkk] jk"Vh;rk dk fodklA jk"Vh;rk ds fodkl ls leLr Hkkjr ,drk ds lw=k esa ck
ldrk Fkk vkSj blls Lora=krk dh yM+kbZ nenkj gks tkrhA vxjst+ ns'k dh ,drk dk lkeuk ugha dj ikrs
vkSj varr% ?kqVus Vsd nsrsA nwljh rjiQ vkEcsMdj dks dsoy nfyrksa dh fpark FkhA mudh uhfr;k] fparu
vkSj xfrfofk;k ns'kfgr ls vkxs tkdj nfyrksa ds fy, lefiZr FkhaA ns'k dh Lora=krk dh txg os nfyrksa
dh eqfDr pkgrs FksA bl lanHkZ esa mUgsa dksbZ ns'knzksgh dguk pkgs rks dg ldrk gSA ;gh og fcanq gS] tgk
xkkhth vkSj vkEcsMdj ,d nwljs ls Vdjkrs gSaA ysfdu bl VdjkgV esa xkkhth nfyrksa dks NksM+dj ugha
pyrs_ cfYd muds fodkl vkSj lEeku dks jk"Vh; vkanksyu ls tksM+dj vxjstk+sa ds lkeus ,d ubZ pqukSrh
izLrqr djrs gSaA xkkhth lkekftd o lkaLfrd vkanksyu dh 'kfDr dks tkurs FksA muds lkeus ,d fo'kky
ns'k Fkk] mldh lkaLfrd fojklr Fkh vkSj ,d ,slh turk Fkh tks keZ ,oa tkfr&O;oLFkk esa vlhe vkLFkk
j[krh FkhA ;gh bl ns'k dh lcls cM+h rkdr Fkh vkSj detksjh HkhA xkkhth ;g Hkh tkurs Fks fd ns'k
dh lkekftd lajpuk esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djus dk iz;kl izR;sd fLFkfr esa vliQy gksxk_ D;ksafd
turk blds fy, rS;kj ugha FkhA bl iz;kl esa vxjstksa dh fLFkfr gh etcwr gksrhA vr% xkkhth us ekStwnk
lkekftd&lkaLfrd lajpuk dks cuk, j[kuk gh mfpr le>kA ysfdu bl O;oLFkk esa jk"Vh;rk ds fodkl
dh laHkkouk de FkhA bldk ,d gh mik; Fkk] fofHk tkfr;ksa ,oa laiznk;ksa esa ekuoh;rk ds ro dks
mtkxj djukA xkkhth us vius vkanksyu ds ek;e ls ;gh fd;kA mUgksaus L=kh] nfyr] vYila[;dksa ds
fgr dks lkeus j[kkA vkSj muds fgr ds fy, iwjh bZekunkjh ls ekuoh;rk ds vkkkj ij yM+kbZ yM+hA ;g
mudh ,d cM+h rS;kjh Fkh] tks Lora=krk dh izkfIr ls igys t:jh FkhA ;g mudh lw{e n`f"V Fkh] ftls
u le> ikus ds dkj.k vU; kafrdkfj;ksa us xkkhth dks vius jkLrs dk dkVk le>k vkSj muls foeq[k
gq,A vkEcsMdj Hkh muesa ls ,d FksA
vkEcsMdj nfyrksa dks ,d i`Fkd laiznk; ds :i esa LFkkfir djuk pkgrs FksA Bhd mlh rjg tSls
eqfLye] fl[k] bZlkbZ vkfn FksA vr% mUgksaus vius leqnk; ds fy, jktuhfrd vkSj laoSkkfud vfkdkj
dh ekax dks lokZfkd ego fn;kA vxjst+ksa ds fy, vkEcsMdj dh ekax vkSj uhfr;k vuqdwy FkhaA
ifj.kker% os mUgsa lg;ksx djus yxssA vxjstksa ds bl lg;ksx dk eryc xkkhth tkurs FksA blfy, mUgksaus
psrkouh nsrs gq, dgk] vius ns'k ls izse djus okyk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vxj vius ns'kHkkb;ksa ds rqPN ls
rqPN oxZ dh Hkh mis{kk djrk gS] rks og vius ns'k dks loZekU; :i ls vkxs ugha c<+k ldrkA blfy,
czk.ksrj tkfr ds tks yksx ljdkj dks fj>kus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSa os vius&vkidks vkSj vius jk"V dks
ljdkj dks csp jgs gSaA

xkkhth dks ;g Li"V irk Fkk fd vxjst+ nfyrksa dks fj>kdj vkSj mUgsa fo'ks"k vfkdkj nsdj
vius i{k esa bLrseky djuk pkg jgs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa xkkhth us vkEcsMdj ds iz;klksa dks [kkfjt djokus
ds fy, kjus dk lgkjk fy;k rks og LokHkkfod FkkA nwljh rjiQ] ;fn vkEcsMdj nfyrksa dks Lora=k lainz k;
ds :i esa LFkkfir dj ikrs rks vkt+knh ds ckn dj fganqokn vU; laiznk;ksa dh Hkkafr nfyr laiznk; dks
Hkh vius fu'kkus ij ysdj lkewfgd ujlagkj ds ek;e ls [kRe djus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrk FkkA vxj
,slk gksrk rks nfyr lainz k; dHkh izfrjks/ ugha dj ikrkA D;ksfa d og vU; Hkkjrh; lainz k;ksa dh rjg izfrjksk
dh {kerk esa dkiQh detksj vkSj Hkh: FkkA
dqy feykdj xkkhth us tks dqN nfyrksa ds fy, fd;k] vkSj ftl jkLrs ls fd;k] og mfpr
FkkA cfYd] mlls vkEcsMdj ds iz;klksa dks ,d okrkoj.k feykA vxj vkEcsMdj xkkhth dks viuk 'k=kq
u ekurs rks nfyrksa dks mudk gd fnykus esa os vkt dh vis{kk dgha T;knk liQy gq, gksrsA bldk izek.k
mUgsa 47&48 dh fokku lHkk esa gh fey tkrkA vkEcsMdj LokuqHkwfr ds ftl rh[ks izHkko esa vkdj fu.kZ;
ys jgs Fks] og tYnhckth dk Fkk] tcfd xkkhth lkekftd fodkl dh izf;k dh xfr ls okfdiQ FksA
blfy, mUgksaus izR;{k jktuhfr dh vis{kk lkekftd&lkaLfrd gfFk;kj dks jk"Vh;rk ds lanHkZ esa
vis{kkr vfkd ego fn;kA mUgksaus jk"V dh vokj.kk dks cgqtkrh;rk dh varoZLrq ls lacfyr fd;kA
;g mudh lcls cM+h nsu gSA
bl rjg xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj vius&vius <ax ls ekuork dh yM+kbZ yM+ jgs FksA ysfdu rjhds
esa iQdZ Fkk] ftlds dkj.k os ,d nwljs ds fojksk esa [kM+s gq,A jktuhfr esa fojksk dk ego vis{kkr
vfkd gSA blls cgl vFkok laokn dh fLFkfr curh gS] ftlls dqN gkfly u Hkh gks rks tu&tkx`fr
ds fy, i;kZIr okrkoj.k fey tkrk gSA xkkhth us vius fojksk ls vkEcsMdj ds iz;klksa dks u dsoy lgh
fn'kk nh] cfYd muds O;fDrRo dks cM+k vkdkj fn;kA ldjkRed fn'kk esa bl ckr ij xkSj fd;k tk;
rks bl ckr dks le>us esa nsj ugha yxsxhA xkkh dk fojksk LokuqHkwfr vFkok lgkuqHkwfr ds vkkkj ij u
djrs gq, muds bZekunkj iz;klksa ,oa n`f"Vdks.k dks ;ku esa j[kdj djuk mfpr gSA bl ckr dks Lo;a
vkEcsMdj Hkh ,d gn rd vius vafre fnuksa esa le>us yxs FksA vkt] tcfd nfyr foe'kZdkjksa dk fparu
vkEcsMdj ls vkxs fudyus okyk gS] xkkhth ds izfr vkks'k dk dksbZ eryc 'ks"k ugha jg tkrkA ge
vcrd Hkys mUgsa vizklafxd ekurs jgs gSa] ysfdu vc mUgsa izklafxd cukus ds rdZ ryk'kus gksaxsA vxj ge
,slk djus ls drjk,axs rks ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nfyr&foe'kZ detksj iM+ ldrk gSA
& rsykuh ehuk gksjks
fcgkj ls lektokn dk liQj

q
izks- jkeopu jk;
fcgkj ges'kk ls jktuhfrd psruk ds izlkj dk dsUnz jgk gSA pkgs oS'kkyh dk izkphu x.kra=k gks]
egkRek xkkh dk paikj.k esa fdlku vkanksyu vFkok ts-ih- dk 74 vkanksyu esa laiw.kZ kafr dk vkku &
lcdk jktuhfrd lans'k ns'k&ns'kkarj rd igqpk vkSj lekt vkanksfyr gqvkA blh rjg ns'k esa lektoknh
fopkjkkjk dks jktuhfrd vkanksyu dk laxfBr :i nsus dk dke Hkh fcgkj esa gh 'kq: gqvkA 17 ebZ] 1934
bZ- dks vatqeu bLykfe;k gkWy esa vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso dh v;{krk esa ns'k ds izeq[k lektoknh] fopkjdksa
vkSj usrkvksa dk ,d lEesyu gqvk ftlesa fofkor lektoknh ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ oSls vktknh dh yM+kbZ
esa lc yksx dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lkFk feydj dke dj jgs FksA ml le; dkaxzsl gh izeq[k jktuhfrd ikVhZ
Fkh vkSj xkkhth ds usr`Ro esa lcdh vkLFkk FkhA blfy, fofHk eqksa ij vyx&vyx jk; j[kus okys yksx
Hkh xkkhth ds O;fDrRo ds izHkko esa ,d lkFk dke dj jgs FksA fcgkj rks 1917 bZ- ls gh egkRek xkkh
ds paikj.k fdlku&vkanksyu dh jktuhfrd lf;rk dk xokg FkkA fdarq lektoknh lksp vkSj izxfr'khy
fopkj ds yksx khjs&khjs dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj gh vyx xqV ds :i esa viuh igpku cukus yxs FksA
;g lgh gS fd dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj vyx&vyx dbZ jkT;ksa esa ;g lektoknh&lewg dke dj jgk
FkkA lcls igys fcgkj esa ;g 1931 bZ- ls lf; FkkA fcgkj lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds bl laxBu esa t;izdk'k
ukjk;.k] iwQyu izlkn oekZ] ckck nkeksnj nkl (jkgqy lkaR;k;u)] vCnqy ckjh] xaxk 'kj.k flag] vfEcdk
dkar flUgk vkfn 'kkfey FksA ukfld ds dsUnzh; dkjk esa 1932&33 bZ- ls bldk Lo:i lkeus vk;k vkSj
fiQj egkjk"V ds vU; LFkkuksa ij blds dbZ NksVs&NksVs lewg dk;e gq,A mkjizns'k esa 1933&34 bZ- esa
lektoknh lewg lkeus vk;kA blh rjg ,d lewg 1933 bZ- esa cacbZ esa ehuw elkuh dh v;{krk esa dke
dj jgk FkkA iatkc esa Hkh lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gks xbZ Fkh] ftlds usrk Fks izks- c`tukjk;.k] thou
yky diwj bu lcdks ,dtqV djus dh vko';drk Fkh rkfd dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj lektoknh fopkjksa dk ,d
izHkkodkjh ncko cuk;k tk ldsA blh ms'; ls 17 ebZ] 1934 bZ- dks iVuk ds vatqeu bLykfe;k gkWy
esa ns'k Hkj ds bu lektokfn;ksa dk lEesyu cqyk;k x;k vkSj lcdks ,d lkFk tksM+dj dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV
ikVhZ (lh-,l-ih-) dk xBu gqvkA lEesyu esa ml le; ds lHkh cM+s lektoknh usrk Mk- jkeeuksgj
yksfg;k] t; izdk'k ukjk;.k] vP;qr iVoZu] v#.kk vkliQ vyh] ;qlqiQ esgj vyh] v'kksd esgrk&fHkuw
elkuh vkfn 'kkfey gq,A dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dks dkaxzsl ls vyx ,d Lora=k
ny ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k tk;A fdarq vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso blls lger ugha FksA vius v;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa
iwoZ v/;{k] fganh foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A laizfr % lnL;] fcgkj fo/kku ifj"kn A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 9
mUgksaus dgk fd ge ml jk"Vh; vkanksyu ls] tks fczfV'k lkezkT;'kkgh ds fo# py jgk gS vkSj dkaxzsl
mldk izrhd cu xbZ gS] vius dks vyx ugha djuk pkgrs gSaA vkpk;Zth ds fopkjksa ij lgefr cuh vkSj
lektoknh ,drk ds vkkkj ij tks laxBu cuk mldk uke j[kk x;k & dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ (lh-,lih-)A
vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa lektokfn;ksa us dkaxzsl ds lkFk daks ls dakk feykdj dke fd;kA cfYd
42 dh vxLr kafr esa lcls vfkd izHkkodkjh Hkwfedk lektokfn;ksa dh FkhA 9 vxLr 42 dh lqcg
esa gh xkkhth vkSj dkaxzsl dk;Zlfefr ds usrkvksa dks fxjrkj dj fy;kA xkkhth dk iwuk ds vkxk [kk
iSysl esa vkSj dk;Zlfefr ds lnL;ksa dks vgenkckn fdys esa j[kk x;kA dkaxzsl ds vU; lHkh cM+s usrk
fxjrkj gksdj tsy esa can FksA vr% bl vkanksyu dks ns'k Hkj esa iSQykus dk dke lektoknh usrkvksa us
fd;k_ ftuesa Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] vP;qr iVoZu] v#.kk vkliQ vyh] ,u- thxksjs vkfn dh izeq[k Hkwfedk FkhA oLrqr% 7 vkSj 8 vxLr] 1942 dks cEcbZ esa dkaxzsl dfeVh dh tks cSBd
cqyk;h xbZ Fkh] ftlesa ^vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ks* dk izLrko ikfjr gqvk vkSj xkkhth us ^djks ;k ejks* dk ukjk
fn;k] ml cSBd dk izLrko xkkhth ds dgus ij vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso us fy[kk FkkA vkpk;Z th dh fo}rk
vkSj muds uSfrd O;ogkj ,oa fu"Bk ls xkkhth cgqr izHkkfor FksA tokgj yky th Hkh vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso
dh fo}rk vkSj ckSfd {kerk ds dk;y FksA tsy esa ^fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k* fy[krs le; mUgksaus vkpk;Z
th ls dkiQh lgk;rk yh FkhA
cEcbZ egkuxj esa dkaxzsl dfeVh ds bl ,sfrgkfld lEesyu ds vk;kstu esa Hkh lektokfn;ksa dh
egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA bldh cM+h otg ;g Fkh fd ;gk lektokfn;ksa dk vfkd izHkko FkkA cEcbZ
E;qfufliy dkWjiksjs'ku ij dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk dCtk FkkA ;wlqiQ esgj vyh cEcbZ ds es;j FksA
v'kksd esgrk vkSj vP;qr iVoZu cEcbZ ds izeq[k Jfed usrk FksA vr% dkaxzsl dfeVh dh cSBd vkSj
vfkos'ku dh liQyrk ds fy, lektokfn;ksa us iwjs egkuxj dks >afM;ksa vkSj rksj.k }kjksa ls ltk fn;k FkkA
bl izdkj 42 dh vxLr kafr dh Tokyk dks lqnwj xzkeh.k bykdksa rd igqpkus rFkk vxjst+h 'kklu&lkk
dks >d>ksjus dk lkgliw.kZ dk;Z lektokfn;ksa us lai fd;kA fcgkj esa bldk lcls izHkkodkjh :i lkeus
vk;k FkkA xkkhth ds lkFk izeq[k usrkvksa dh fxjrkjh ds ckn fcgkj ds fofHk ftyksa esa vkanksyu dh vkx
iSQy xbZA 11 vxLr] 1942 dks iVuk esa foLiQksVd fLFkfr iSnk gks xbZA vkanksyudkfj;ksa dk ,d cM+k lewg
ftlesa Nk=kksa dh la[;k vfkd Fkh] iVuk lfpoky; ij frjaxk iQgjkus igqpkA Hkkjh la[;k esa l'kL=k iqfyl
dh ?ksjkcanh FkhA fiQj Hkh lfpoky; dh Nr ij frjaxk iQgjk fn;kA rsjg&pkSng p xksfy;k pyha ftlesa
lkr Nk=k 'kghn gq,A fokku eaMy ds lkeus fLFkr 'kghn Lekjd vkt Hkh vxjst+h gqdwer dh wjrk vkSj
ns'k&izse ds fy, Nk=kksa ds vkRe cfynku dh dgkuh dgrk gSA
vxys fnu 12 vxLr ls bl ?kVuk dh izfrf;k iwjs fcgkj esa gqbZA txg&txg VsfyiQksu ds rkj
dkVs x,] jsy ykbuksa dks {kfrxzLr fd;k x;k] Mkd?kj tyk, x,] Fkkuksa ij geyk gqvk] ljdkjh bekjrksa
esa rksM+&iQksM+ gqbZ vkSj laiw.kZ iz'kklu&ra=k dks Bi dj fn;k x;kA iVuk] eqtiQjiqj] Nijk] gkthiqj] vkjk]
eqaxsj] Hkkxyiqj] iwf.kZ;k] lgjlk] te'ksniqj] jkph] kuckn vkfn 'kgjksa vkSj ogk ds xzkeh.k bykdksa rd esa
vkanksyu dh vkx kkd mBh FkhA ;gh le; Fkk tc t;izdk'k ukjk;.k gtjhckx tsy ls vius dqN
lkfFk;ksa ds lax Hkkxdj ckgj vk x, Fks vkSj Hkwfexr jgdj vkanksyu dks rst djus esa lf; FksA fcgkj
ds vU; lektoknh usrkvksa esa lwjtukjk;.k flag] jkeuanu feJ] clkou flag] diwZjh Bkdqj] cS|ukFk >k]
HkwiUs nz ukjk;.k eaMy] jkeo`{k csuhiqjh] xaxk 'kj.k flag] jkekuan frokjh vkfn vkanksyu dks xkoksa rd ys tkdj
bls tu&vkanksyu dk :i nsus yxs FksA kafrdkfj;ksa dk ,d lewg tks t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dks viuk usrk
10 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 5] tqykbZ 2016
ekurk Fkk] fcgkj dh mkjh lhek ij usiky dh rjkbZ esa ^vktkn nLrk* uked laxBu pyk jgk Fkk tks
uo;qodksa la?k"kZ ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsrk FkkA blesa cztfd'kksj izlkn flag] Mk- cS|ukFk >k] dkfkZd izlkn]
';ke lqanj izlkn vkfn 'kkfey FksA fuR;kuan flag vktkn nLrk ds eq[; izf'k{kd FksA ts-ih- Hkwfexr jgdj
;gha ls vkanksyu dk lapkyu dj jgs FksA
nwljh rjiQ 9 vxLr] 1942 dks cEcbZ esa dkaxzsl ofdx dfeVh ds lHkh usrkvksa dh fxjrkjh
ds ckn dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds vfkdka'k usrk Hkwfexr gks x, FksA Mk- yksfg;k us v#.kk vkliQ vyh
vkSj vP;qr iVoZu ds lg;ksx ls Hkwfexr vkanksyu dh j.kuhfr cuk;h vkSj dkaxzsl jsfM;ks dh LFkkiuk
dj mlls izlkj.k 'kq: fd;kA cEcbZ dsUnz ls yxkrkj 90 fnuksa rd izlkj.k dj turk esa Lora=krk vkanksyu
dk lans'k fn;kA blh e esa yksfg;k fcgkj vk, vkSj usiky dh rjkbZ ls ts-ih- ds lkFk feydj dkaxzsl
jsfM;ks dk izlkj.k 'kq: fd;k rFkk vktkn nLrs ds lapkyu esa gkFk cVk;kA fdarq dqN fnuksa ds ckn gh
vxjst+ ljdkj ds vkns'k ij yksfg;k vkSj ts-ih- ds lkFk vktkn nLrs ds muds ikp lkfFk;ksa dks fxjrkj
dj usiky ds guqeku uxj iqfyl gokykr esa can dj fn;k x;kA ijarq FkksM+s gh fnuksa ckn fuR;kuan flag
vkSj lwjt ukjk;.k flag us vktkn nLrk ds lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk feydj guqeku uxj tsy ij geyk dj fn;k
vkSj igjsnkj larjh dks dCts esa ysdj ts-ih- vkSj yksfg;k dks dSn ls NqM+k fy;kA ckn esa nksuksa fiQj fxjrkj
gq,A ^yksfg;k dks igys cEcbZ tsy esa j[kk vkSj fiQj ,d eghuk ckn ykgkSj tsy Hkst fn;k tks [krjukd
dSfn;ksa ds fy, [;kr FkhA bl tsy esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k Hkh Fks] ij nksuksa dks ,d nwljs dh tkudkjh ugha
FkhA ;gk nkuksa dks vekuoh; ;kruk, nh xbA nl fnuksa rd yksfg;k dks lksus ugha fn;k x;kA Ng eghus
ckn mUgsa vkxjk tsy Hkst fn;k x;kA ;gha ls mUgksaus izfl jktuhfr&foKkuh vkSj yscj ikVhZ ds rRdkyhu
v;{k izks- gsjkYM ykLdh dks ,d yack i=k fy[kk ftlesa fczfV'k&'kklu dh wjrk] neu uhfr vkSj
vekuoh; O;ogkj dk mYys[k fd;kA ,slk gh ,d i=k mUgksaus ok;ljk; ykWMZ fyufyfFkxks dks Hkh fy[kkA*
dqy feykdj lu~ 42 dh vxLr kafr us ns'k esa ,d ,slh gypy iSnk dh] ftlls vktknh dh vkgV
Li"V lqukbZ iM+us yxhA bldk lcls T;knk Js; lektoknh usrkvksa dks tkrk gS] ftuij xkkhth dks cgqr
vfkd Hkjkslk FkkA
fdarq vktknh ds ckn lektoknh [ksek dkaxzsl ls vyx gks x;kA vc lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ,d Lora=k
jktuhfrd ny ds :i esa dke djus yxhA Lora=krk vkanksyu esa viuh lf; Hkwfedk ls lektoknh usrkvksa
dk mRlkg pje ij FkkA ysfdu mudks lcls cM+k kDdk vktknh ds ckn 1952 esa gq, izFke vke pquko
esa yxkA dkaxzsl ls vyx gksus ds ckn ikVhZ us yksdlHkk pquko esa 264 mEehnokj [kM+s fd, Fks] ftuesa
ek=k 12 dks liQyrk feyhA Mk- yksfg;k vkSj t;izdk'k ugha yM+s FksA ysfdu ikVhZ dh ijkt; ls
lektokfn;ksa esa ?kksj fujk'kk gqbZA [kkldj v'kksd esgrk vkSj t;izdk'k ukjk;.k vfkd fopfyr gq,A tsih- rks ckn esa lf; jktuhfr ls vyx gksdj loksZn; esa pys x, vkSj v'kksd esgrk dkaxzsl ds lkFk gks
x,A blds ckn gh lektokfn;ksa esa VwVus vkSj tqM+us dk flyflyk 'kq: gqvkA Mk- yksfg;k us ^fujk'kk ds
dkZO;* dk ,d n'kZu lkeus j[kk vkSj cgqr gn rd lektoknh tekr dks tksMu+ s dk iz;Ru djrs jgsA muds
iz;kl dks lcls cM+h liQyrk 1967 bZ- esa feyh tc fokku lHkk pqukoksa esa 8 jkT;ksa esa xSj dkaxzslh ljdkj
cuhA ysfdu Mk- yksfg;k ds vlkef;d fuku ds ckn fc[kjko dk nkSj 'kq: gqvk vkSj vfkdka'k xSj dkaxl
sz h
ljdkjsa viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha dj ldhaA
ysfdu bruk lp gS fd Mk- yksfg;k lfgr igyh ih<+h ds lektokfn;ksa us tks la?k"kZ fd;k mlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa nwljh ih<+h us lektoknh ekspkZ laHkky fy;kA lu~ 1977 esa jk"Vh; Lrj ij tks
jktuhfrd ifjorZu gqvk mldh i`"BHkwfe esa lektoknh psruk gh dke dj jgh FkhA ;g lq[kn la;ksx Fkk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 11
fd bl ifjorZu dk usr`Ro igyh ih<+h ds ofj"B lektoknh yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us fd;kA fcgkj
esa diwjZ h Bkdqj vkSj mkj izns'k esa Jh jkeujs'k ;kno eq[;ea=kh cusA dsUnzh; jktuhfr esa jfo jk;] ekqfye;s]
,l-,e tks'kh] jktukjk;.k] ekqnaMors] tkWtZ iQukMhl] iq#"kkske dkSf'kd] izfeyk naMors] e`.kky xksjs vkfn
lektokfn;ksa dh Hkwfedk c<+ x;hA ysfdu Jh eksjkjth nslkbZ ds usr`Ro esa pyus okyh ;g dsUnz ljdkj
Hkh viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha dj ldhA bruk lp gS fd 77 ds ckn mkj Hkkjr ds vusd jkT;ksa esa
jktuhfrd ifjorZu dh tks gok pyh mlesa lektokfn;ksa dh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; jghA jktuhfrd lkk
ij eqyk;e flag ;kno] ykyw izlkn vkSj uhrh'k dk dkfct gksuk ml lektoknh kkjk dk foLrkj gSA fcgkj
esa eq[;ea=kh dk nkf;Ro laHkkyus ds ckn uhrh'k dqekj us ml iqjkus feFkd dks Hkh xyr lkfcr dj fn;k
fd lektoknh yksx ,d lkFk ugha jg ldrs vFkok os fdlh dke dks iw.kZrk rd ugha igqpk ldrs ;k
fd os fliZQ dYiuk dh nqfu;k esa fopjrs gSa] ;FkkFkZ ls mudk dksbZ okLrk ugha jgrkA fcuk fdlh ?kks"k.kk
;k 'kksj&'kjkcs ds uhrh'k dqekj us xkkh] yksfg;k vkSj ts-ih- ds fopkjksa dks vius dk;Zeksa ds ek;e ls
ewkZ :i nsdj lektoknh kkjk dks iz'kLr fd;k gSA lektokn dks tks liQj 1934 bZ- esa fcgkj ls 'kq:
gqvk Fkk] og fdu jkgksa ls gksdj dgk rd igqpk gS] bldks vk'oLr djus okyh rLohj vkt fcgkj esa
fn[k tk,xhA
lanHkZ %
1- eq[rkj vuhl] Hkkjrh; lektokn ds f'kYih] lektoknh v;;u ,oa 'kksk laLFkku] 3@297 fo'kky [kaM xkserh
uxj] y[kumQA
2- Mk- ih-,u- pksiM+k] DohV bafM;k eqoesaV] ifCyds'ku Mhohtu] fnYyhA
3- izks- fouksn izlkn flag ,oa Mk- lquhye] lektoknh vkanksyu % ruko dk nkSj] izfri{k izdk'ku] fnYyhA
qqq
yhykkj txwM+h % ledkyhu dfork ds l'kDr gLrk{kj

q
txeksgu flag
ledkyhu dfork dh vo/kj.kk le; lkis{k gSA lekt esa ?kV jgh vekuoh; ?kVukvksa ds fojks/
esa tu&tkx`fr mRiUu djus ds fy, tc dfo dk n; vdqykgV ls Hkj tkrk gS] rHkh ledkyhu dfork
dk mn~Hko gksrk gSA le;kuqlkj blesa mrkj&p<+ko vkSj cnyko nss tk ldrs gSaA vkt ftl ifjos'k esa
dfork fyh tk jgh gS mldk ewy Loj yksdthou ds reke la?k"kks dks uSfrdrk] bZekunkjh vkSj xaHkhjrk
ds lkFk vfHkO;kQ djuk gSA vkt dk dfo vius vkl&ikl ds ifjos'k ls vR;f/d Hkkfor gks dfork
dk l`tu dj jgk gSA ledkyhu dfo cqnijLr ugha gSaA mUgsa irk gS fd leL;k, igys ls dgha vf/d
isfpnk gks xbZ gSaA vkt dh dfork, jk"Vh; vkSj varjjk"Vh; Lrj dh <sjksa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq,
vius vfLrRo dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, yM+ jgh gSaA mu reke pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn dfork viuh
las"k.kh;rk vkSj ekSfydrk ds dkj.k vkxs c<+ jgh gS] u;h jkg cuk jgh gS] u;h jkg fnk jgh gSA gj
NksVh ls NksVh rFkk cM+h ls cM+h ?kVukvksa ds fr vkt dh dfork lpsr gSA ledkyhu dfork ls ;g
vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd dfo dk fparu eksgxzLr u gksA ;fn ,slk gqvk rc dfork dsoy mins'kkRed o`fk
dk tkek vks<+ ysxh vFkok cdokfnrk ds vfrfjkQ dqN ugha jg tk,xhA Lo;a dfo vkRe&la?k"kZ dk f'kdkj
gks tk;sxkA mlesa og ckr ugha jg tk;sxhA vkt dh dfork vkRe&la?k"kZ] fujk'kk] eksgHkax] uDly la?k"kZ]
ckt+kjokn] HkweaMyhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k] nfyr vkUnksyu] L=kh&foe'kZ] ikfjokfjd fo?kVu] foLFkkiu] ijek.kq
vL=kksa dh va/h nkSM+ vkSj vkradokn dh leL;k ls tw> jgh gSA ewY;foghu gksrs le; esa vkt dh dfork
vius vf/dkjksa ds lkFk ekuo fgrksa dh j{kk djrs gq, fujarj xfr'khy gSA MkW fo'oaHkj ukFk mik;k; dgrs
gSa] ledkyhu dfork esa tks gks jgk gS (fcdfeax ) dk lh/k qyklk gSA bls i<+dj orZeku dky
dk cks/ gks ldrk gS_ D;ksafd mlesa thrs] la?k"kZ djrs] yM+rs] ckSykrs] rM+irs] xjtrs rFkk Bksdj kdj
lksprs okLrfod vkneh dk ifjn`'; gSA vkt dh dfork esa dky vius xR;kRed :i esa gS Bgjs gq, ^{k.k*
;k ^{k.kkal* ds :i esa ughaA ;g ^dky{k.k* dh dfork ugha] ^dkyokg* dh] vk?kkr vkSj foLiQksV dh
dfork gSA1
ledkyhu 'kCn dk ;ksx dc ls vfLrRo esa vk;k] fuf'pr rkSj ij dqN dguk eqf'dy gSA
rFkkfi 20oha 'krh ds lkrosa n'kd esa bldk pyu gks x;k Fkk vkSj fganh vkykspuk esa blus LFkku xzg.k
dj fy;k FkkA 1960 bZ- ds ckn ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dbZ mrkj&p<+ko gq,A lkekftd vFkok jktuhfrd /jkry
ij mFky&iqFky blh le; kjaHk gqvkA lu~ 1962 ls lu 1971 dk le; fo'ks"k ifjorZu dk jgkA lu
'kks/kizK] fganh foHkkx] fo'oHkkjrh] 'kkafrfudsru] if'pe caxkyA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 13
1962 esa phuh vke.k Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds bfrgkl esa vfoLej.kh; gknlk gSA bl gknls ls fons'k uhfr
esa la'kks/u dh ckr mHkjdj vkbZA le;kuqdwy D;k cnyko fd;k tk, ;g ckr Hkh mHkjhA jgh lgh dlj
1971 bZ- ds Hkkjr&ikd ;q us iwjh dj nhA blh ;q ds ckn fo'o bfrgkl ds f{kfrt ij ckaXykns'k dk
mn; gqvkA blh chp yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh] tokgj yky usg: rFkk yksfg;k tSls egku O;fkQ fnoaxr gks
x;sA okeiaFkh nyksa dk vkked 'kfkQ ds :i esa mn; vkSj fiQj fcjko blh le; gqvkA uDlyoknh
leL;k mHkjhA mPp oxZ vkSj fuEu oxZ ds chp nwfj;k blh le; vkSj xgjkbA fuEu oxZ iwthifr;ksa dk
r nkl cuk jgk vkSj e;oxZ us MqIyhdsV lqfo/kHkksxh thou dks viuh fu;fr Lohdkj fy;kA ;g oxZ
Hkhrj ls O;oLFkk dk i{k/j cuk jgk vkSj ckgj ls fuEuoxZ dk 'kqHkfpard cudj rqPN lqfo/kvksa ds fy,
fcdrk jgkA blh le; bZ'oj dh e`R;q dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ vkSj euq"; ds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k] fdUrq
ifjfLFkfr;k tl dh rl cuh jghaA vk/qfud ;qx esa bZ'oj dks udkj dj Hkh vusd O;fkQ Kku&foKku
ls laiUu gksdj iqjkrurk ls tqM+s gSaA /eZ ds fr rdZ;qkQ n`f"Vdks.k mHkjk vo'; ij vk/qfud Hkxokuksa
us vius iap vkSj Hkko dks lkekU; tu ls ysdj mPpoxZ rd lkfjr dj fn;kA2 iQyLo:i /eZ esa
iqjkru ekU;rkvksa dk tky tl dk rl cuk jgkA dguk gksxk fd lu 1960 ds ckn dk ;g le; ewY;ksa
dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k ifjorZu dk jgk gSA ijaifjr ewY;ksa dks ,d dkj ls xgjk vk?kkr igqpk FkkA fe=krk
dh dlkSVh cnyh FkhA HkkbZ&pkjs vkSj iM+kslhiu dh vo/kj.k esa ifjorZu vk;k FkkA bl mFky&iqFky Hkjs
okrkoj.k us gh ledkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dhA dfo;ksa us vius rsoj cnysA muds Loj esa
vkks'k] xqLlk vkSj O;aX; xgjs :i esa O;aftr gqvkA jk"Vh; psruk dk Loj u, :i esa lkeus vk;k vkSj
,d ckj fiQj Hkkjroklh ;g lkspus dks foo'k gq, fd gesa ,dtqV gksdj ns'k dh j{kk djuh gSA blh nkSj
esa ,d ds ckn ,d yhyk/j txwM+h dh jpuk, dkf'kr gqb] ftlus ledkyhu dfork dh /kj dks vkSj
iSuk fd;kA
ledkyhu dfork esa yhyk/j txwM+h dk LFkku fof'k"V gSA ledkyhu dfork ds fodkl esa
lqnkek ik.Ms; /wfey vkSj yhyk/j txwM+h nks ,sls uke gSa ftUgksaus ;qx ifjos'k vkSj vkneh dks dfork dk
fo"k; cuk;k gSA lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh lgh rLohj budh jpukvksa esa O;aftr gqbZ
gSA ;s dfo ,d ubZ psruk ds i{k/j dfo gSaA yhyk/j txwM+h dh dfork, /wfey dh dforkvksa dks Hkh
iNkM+us esa l{ke gSaA budh dforkvksa esa ,d fojks/ dk Loj lqukbZ iM+rk gSA dforkvksa dks i<+dj ,d
'kfkQ feyrh gSA blesa vkst gSA jkQ esa mcky ykus dh 'kfkQ gSA fopkj/kjkvksa dks eFkus dh Hkh 'kfkQ
gSA vc rd dkf'kr buds dkO;&laxzg gSa & ^'kaeqh f'kjksa ij* (1964)] ûkVd tkjh gS* (1972)]
^bl ;k=kk esa* (1974)] ^jkr vc Hkh ekStwn gS* (1976)] ^cph gqbZ i`Foh* (1976 )] ^?kcjk;s gq, 'kCn*
(1981)] ^Hk; Hkh 'kfkQ nsrk gS * (1991) ] ^vuqHko ds vkdk'k esa pkn* (1994)] ^bZ'oj dh v;{krk
esa* (1999) vkfnA yhyk/j txwM+h dks fdlh ,d okn vFkok fopkj/kjk esa cka/dj foosfpr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA budh jpuk/feZrk cgqvk;keh gS] dfork ds fofo/ lanHkZ gSaA txwM+h dh viuh ,d vyx
lkFkZd igpku gSA ;g igpku oS;fkQd] ikfjokfjd] tkrh;] oxhZ;] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd /jkry ij
cuh gSA ;gh ugha ekuo ewY;ksa dk friknu budh jpukvksa esa lgt :i ls mtkxj gqvk gSA dgha&dgha
budk Loj rhk gS rks dgha Lrqfr esa rh{.k O;aX; gSA txwM+h us viuh dforkvksa esa ledkyhu lanHkks
,oa egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dh lkadsfrd vfHkO;fkQ dh gSA3 blh dkj.k budh jpukvksa esa jk"Vh; leL;kvksa
ds lkFk&lkFk varjjk"Vh; leL;k, Hkh mHkjdj vkbZ gSaA R;sd laxzg vius dF; dks Lrqr djus esa
ladYic gSA ûkVd tkjh gS* ls txwM+h us viuh vkokt dks vkSj eqj fd;k gSA ,slk yxrk gS mudh
dfork vke tuekul ls laokn dj jgh gS] muds lq&nq% dh lgpjh gSA
yhyk/j txwM+h dh dforkvksa esa vke vkneh dh eqfkQ dh NViVkgV Li"V lqukbZ iM+rh gSA os
tu&thou dh leL;kvksa ds fr lpsr O;oLFkk pkgrs gSa rFkk lkk esa lgh cnyko ds i{k/j Hkh gSaA
blfy, budh eqk vkks'kiw.kZ gks xbZ gS] Loj rh{.k gks x, gSa] Lrqfr foksg/ehZ gks xbZ gSA vke vkneh
O;oLFkk ds cks> rys fdl lhek rd nc jgk gS bldh liQy vfHkO;fkQ txwM+h dh dforkvksa esa gqbZ
gSA vke vkneh vius thou dks cks> le>us yxk gSA lHkh dqN Bhd gksus dh ckr feF;k fl gks pqdh
gS] bartkj vc csekuh gSA njvly dfo us mu 'kks"kdh;] vekuqf"kd] O;oLFkk/ehZ ijaijkvksa dh cf;k
m/sM+h gS] ftUgksaus lkekU; O;fkQ ds vkRelEeku dks dqpy dj mls vlgk; dj fn;k gSA nj&nj dh
Bksdj kus dks etcwj dj fn;k gSA txwM+h kafr/ehZ psruk ds lkfgR;dkj gSaA mudh dfork ml balku
dh vfHkO;fkQ gS tks canwdksa ds xksnke ls vukt dh bPNk O;kQ djrk gS ;k ml vk dh igpku gS
ftlesa vklw Hkjs gq, gSaA txwM+h dh dforkvksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] /kfeZd] lkaLfrd]
jk"Vh; vkSj varjjk"Vh; igyw ,d lkFk mHkjdj vk, gSaA
yhyk/j txwMh+ dh dfork lkekftd fofr;ks]a fowirkvks]a varfoZjks/kRed okQO;ks]a xR;kojkskd
;kstukvksa vkSj 'kks"k.kewyd gFkdaMksa ds fo# rhoz frf;k O;kQ djrh gSA mudk dguk gS fd lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa leLr vkn'kZ] thouewY; vkSj freku yksdeaxy dh Hkkouk ij fVds gksus
pkfg,A blfy, os cSy gkadus okys dk psgjk iwth cukus okys ds psgjs ls feykus dh ckr dgrs gSa] xko
dk cSy gkadus okyk psgjk @ iQly dh iwth cukus okys ls feykuk gSA4
vkt laca/ksa dk vk/kj Lusg ;k Jk ugha cfYd vFkZ eq[; gSA ifj.kkeLo:i vkilh lacakksa
esa fcjko mRiUu gks x;k gSA ifr&iRuh ds laca/ksa dh /qjh vkilh fo'okl] leiZ.k vkSj R;kx ij fVdh
gksrh gS] ijarq vkt muesa lkspus dk joS;k cny x;k gSA txwM+h fnkoVh joS;s dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq,
dgrs gSa] bl laLfr ds ps lius gSa @ lc gkfnZd gS @ ysfdu nsus ij Hkhxs dkSos @ vkSj ifr @ csgn
fnd gSA5
vkfFkZd ttZjrk ds dkj.k gh ifr&iRuh ds chp og lsokHkko] fo'okl] leiZ.k ugha gS tks muds
laca/ksa dks jle; cukrk gSA txwM+h dgrs gSa] fd rqe jkst T;knk ikxy gks jgs gks @ yks diM+s cnyksA6
vkilh fj'rksa dh xfjek dks txwM+h us pqukSrh nh gS vkSj ;g Hkh dgk] ek @ cfgu choh @ ;s
lc fjLrs ifo=k gSa D;ksafd eqag tckuh gS7
vkt vke vkneh esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk O;kIr gks xbZ gSA mlesa vfo'okl dh Hkkouk ?kj dj
xbZ gSA og vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk ls O;kdqy gks mBk gSA txwM+h vke vkneh dh rukoxzLr ekufldrk dks
mtkxj djrs gq, dgrs gSa] ckj&ckj mHkjrk gS @ ,d Mj @ ifjokj dks NksM+saxs @ ?kj ds Hkjksls @ ysfdu
fdlds Hkjksls ij NksM+saxs ?kj \8
vkt vke vkneh onhZ okyksa ls gh vR;f/d vlqjf{kr eglwl dj jgk gS] D;ksafd onhZ okys
vuko';d fxjrkfj;k djrs gSa] dgha euekus vR;kpkj djrs gSa] dgha >wBk dsl cukdj vke vkneh dks
iQalkus dk "kM;a=k jprs gSaA ^jkr vc Hkh ekStwn gS* laxzg esa onhZ okyksa dh cf;k m/sM+rs gq, txwM+h dgrs
gSa] iqfyl gal jgh gS ! iqfyl gal jgh gS ! dgrk gqvk og yM+dk ogha ij <sj gks x;k @ esjh cxy
ls ,d pk; ihrs] uedhu krs vkneh us xksyh pyk nh Fkh @ lkys] Hksn ksyrs gksA9
lkankf;drk dh Hkkouk us lekt ds <kps dks fdl rjg pjejk fn;k gSA bldk qyklk txwM+h
viuh dforkvksa ds ek;e ls djrs gSAa tkr&ikr ds vk/kj ij lkankf;d mio gksrs jgrs gS]a blls vkckn
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 15
cfLr;k mtM+ tkrh gSa] jk"Vh; ,drk aM&aM gksdj pdukpwj gks tkrh gSA ;gh ugha blds nwjxkeh Hkko
Hkh iM+rs gSaA lkaLfrd xfrfof/;k Hkax gks tkrh gSaA yhyk/j txwM+h vke turk dh ihM+k dks xgjkbZ ls
vuqHko djrs gq, dgrs gSa] dksbZ ;dhu djs ;k u djs @ cktkj ls FkksM+k fganqRo ysdj @ gj ckj ne rksM+rs
gq, @ fdlh dh nhokjksa ij iM+ jgh gS @ Nr @ esjs fnekx ij iM+ jgh gSA10
f'kf{kr O;fkQ gh fu.kZ;&vfu.kZ; dh igpku lgh rjhds ls dj ldrk gSA vf'k{kk esa ?kksj vakdkj
dk okl gksrk gSA laLfr] /eZ] Kku&foKku vkSj dyk dk leqfpr fodkl 'kSf{kd xfr ij gh vkkkfjr
gksrk gS] ijarq dbZ ;kstukvksa ds pyk;s tkus ds ckotwn Hkh lHkh dks f'k{kk ns ikus dk ladYi v/wjk gh
jgk gSA gj txg Hkz"V O;oLFkk dk cksyckyk gSA txwM+h tc vYio;Ld yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks twBs
crZu eyrs gq, nsrs gSa] rc muds n; esa O;oLFkk ds fr rhoz vkks'k mcy iM+rk gSA ûkVd tkjh
gS* fr esa txwM+h dgrs gSa] ewy vf/dkj % ,d fo'ks"krk @ ;gh dksbZ nloka @ X;kjgoka lky @ vkSj <sj
lh irsfy;ka @ HkkX;Hkkx njkjnkj @ gksuk Fkk ftUgsa Ldwyh gFksfy;ka @ rhu lkS fipkuos /kjk,a @ VwVh gqbZ IysVsa
@ lafo/ku dh ekSr ij uukrh gSaA11
vkt lkk/kjh usrkx.k] mPpkf/dkjh] O;kikjh oxZ] m|ksxifr] nqdkunkj] ljdkjh deZpkjh] f'k{kd
vkfn lHkh dk vkpj.k vkRe dsfUr gks x;k gSA foKku dh n`f"V ls jk"V ftruk le` gqvk gS] pkfjf=kd
n`"Vh ls og mruk gh fxjk gSA dgha Hkh vuq'kklu ugha gSA lHkh txg LokFkZ dk cksyckyk gSA LokFkZ dh
HkhM+ esa ekuo xqe lk x;k gS] ekxZ HkVd x;k gSA txwM+h dgrs gSa] nqfu;k est Hkj ph @ isV Hkj xgjh
gks x;h @ NksVk fliQZ vkneh gqvk gS @ ,slk djrs gSa fd bl ns'k dk ,d uD'kk cukrs gSaA12
/eZ lHkh euq"; dks vkil esa tksMr+ k gSA ;g ,d lewgxr vkpj.k gSA blls R;sd lekt fodkl
dh vkSj c<+rk gSA okLro esa /eZ vius ewy :i esa rstkse; HkqouHkkLdj gS tks relko`r i`Foh dks
vakdkj;qkQ dj LofxZd lq"kek ls vfHkf"kkQ djrk gSA13 ijarq tc /eZ esa dqjhfr;ksa dk clsjk gks tkrk
gS] nfd;kuwlh fopkj/kjkvksa dk cksyckyk gks tkrk gS rc ;g ekxZ HkVdk cu tkrk gSA rc /eZ dsoy
Hkhrjh Hk; dk :i xzg.k dj ysrk gSA vkLFkk Hk; dk Lo:i /kj.k dj ysrh gSA ^?kcjk;s gq, 'kCn* esa
yhyk/j txwM+h dgrs gSa] ;g flk;k x;k Fkk eq>s @ fd n; gS rsjk ?kj @ ij blesa D;ksa Hkjs gq, gSa
@ brus lkjs Mj \ @ fd dksbZ Hkh esjh tku fudky ldrk gS @ gs bZ'oj ! rw fpark u dj @ rw rks jgsxk
gh jgsxk @ D;ksafd esjs Mj rq>dks cuk, jsaxs vejA14
txwM+h ml bZ'ojh; 'kfkQ ds fr vukLFkk dV djrs gSa tks eafnj esa fojkteku gS] ftldh iwtk
djus dk vf/dkj dsoy /uoku O;fkQ;ksa dks gSA ûkVd tkjh gS* esa dfo dgrs gSa] eafnj ds yxHkx
esa ?kqlk gqvk @ bZ'oj @ chl #i, rd okyk bZ'oj @ eq>ls ugha [kjhnk tk ldsxkA15
txwM+h bZ'oj dh rqyuk esa euq"; ds vfLrRo dh igpku djkus ij vf/d cy nsrs gSaA mudk
dguk gS fd euq"; gh nsork dh igpku djrk gS] mlds :i dks lkdkj tkek igukrk gSA blh dkj.k
euq"; ls c<+dj dqN ugha gSA ^bZ'oj dh v;{krk esa* dfo dk dguk gS] tks Hkh gks bZ'oj dHkh Hkh
bZ'oj dk frfuf/Ro ugha djrk @ ;g euq"; gS tks vius cuk;s gq, dk ftEek ysrk gS @ ;g euq"; gS
tks ges'kk bZ'oj dk frfuf/Ro djrk gS @ vkSj ;gh otg gS fd bZ'oj Hkh ges'kk euq"; dh fpark djrk
gqvk fnrk gS16
txwM+h euq"; ds vkRecy ds le{k bZ'oj dks rqPN Bgjkrs gq, dgrs gSa] esjk bZ'oj eq>ls ukjkt
gS @ D;ksafd eSaus nqh u jgus dh Bku yh @ esjk nsork ukjkt gS @ D;ksafd tks t:jh ugha gS @ eSaus R;kxus
dh dle k yh gSA17
txwM+h dh dfork esa Hkz"V O;oLFkk ds fr foksgh rsoj ns tk ldrk gSA os 'kks"k.kdkjh lkk
ds fr viuh vkokt eqj djrs gSaA feF;k vk'okluksa ds frdwy Hkko dks nsdj dfo ds n; esa
vdqykgV gSA ;gh vdqykgV mudh dfork dks jrk nku djrh gSA os ekurs gSa fd vuojr gks jgs
mRihM+u] vekuoh; 'kks"k.k] vieku cks/ ls rHkh eqfkQ fey ldrh gS tc ;qok ih<+h le;ksfpr fu.kZ;
ysdj foksg dh fn'kk esa c<+sA ûkVd tkjh gS* esa txwM+h Li"V rhs Loj esa dgrs gSa] lc jkst yM+uk
,d ;q @ firk dh cUnwd ls laHko ugha gksrk @ iQkSth nLrs dh rjg va/sjs esa @ ,d Hkk"kk kb;ka cny
jgh gS @ vkSj 'kCnksa dks xksfy;ksa dh @ txg Hkj jgh gSA18
^jkr vc Hkh ekStwn gS* fr esa dfo jktuhfrKksa ds LokFkZ&dsfUr] vkReiks"kh] iapiw.kZ O;ogkj
ij O;aX; djrs gq, Hkz"V vkpj.k dk fpVBk bl rjg ksyrs gS]a (D;ksfa d ftlus tc Hkh fn;k @ vk'oklu
fn;k @ vkSj vxj ^;ku* ns fn;k @ rks jgk gh D;k vius ikl ) gksrk gS jktuhfr esa blh rjg gksrk gS
@ ;ku dk iru @ D;ksafd vki ifrr ls ifrr yksxksa rd igqpuk pkgrs gSaA19
yhyk/j txwM+h ledkyhu dfork ds mu gLrk{kjksa dk frfuf/Ro djrs gSa ftUgksaus Hkz"V O;oLFkk
ds fr] fj'orksj iqfyldfeZ;ksa ds fr] lkk/kfj;ksa ds Hkz"V vkpj.k ds fr viuh ysdh; nkf;Ro
dk fuokZg fd;k gSA os dsoy dksjh cdokfnrk ugha djrs gSaA mudh dfork esa yydkj gSA uotkxj.k dh
yyd gS] lks;s gq, dks txkus dh rhoz mRdaBk gSA Lrqr iafkQ;k bl ckr dh xokg gS]a lkspks @ esjs fykiQ
gh lkspks @ pkgs rqe esjh dfork dks u"V dj nks @ ysfdu eSa pkgrk gw @ rqe vius fuekZ.kk/hu Hkfo";
ds ckjs esa mB M+s gksvks @ eSa pkgrk gw] rqe ;g crk nks fd gkSlyk Re ugha gqvk gS @ vkSj rqe vc
Hkh @ ftldks ugha pkgksxs u"V dj ldrs gksA20
dqy feykdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ledkyhu dfork ds l'kkQ gLrk{kjksa esa yhyk/j txwM+h
dk vfoLej.kh; LFkku gSA mudh dfork feh ls tqMh dfork gS ftlesa lkSa/h q'kcw fo|eku gSA
le;kuqlkj muds laxzgksa esa vkSj fukj] dlko tueqfkQ ds fr lpsr ladYi/ehZ yksd psruk nsh tk
ldrh gSA vkt tc ;qok ih<+h ledkyhu dfork dks fuR; lokj] fukj mls vkSj vf/d j cuk jgk
gS] yhyk/j txwMh+ dh igpku tl dh rl cuh gqbZ gSA ftu ;qok ih<+h us vkt viuh dforkvksa ds ek;e
ls tuekul dks ,d lw=k esa fijksus dk ;kl fd;k gS] mudh leL;kvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djus dk ;kl
fd;k gS] tu&tkx`fr ykus dk ;kl fd;k gS] muesa eq gSa & ftrsa JhokLro] ;rha feJ] ohjsu
Maxoky] v#.k 'khrka'k] dqekj ohjsa] dqekj eqdqy] iadt prqoZsnh] fu'kkar] sepan xk/h] iou dj.k]
gjsdk'k mik;k;] joha LofIuy tkifr] psru kafr] jkgqy >k] vP;qrkuan feJ] euqLokeh] vk'kqrks"k
nwcs] nsosa dqekj] jatuk JhokLro] fLerk >k] jatuk tk;loky] euh"kk >k] fueZyk iqrqy] vuhrk oekZ vkfnA
bu ;qok ihf<+;ksa ds le{k txwM+h dh jpuk/feZrk vkSj j gks mUgsa vkf'kokZn Lo:i ekuks ;g dg mBrh
gS] esjh dfork ,slh txg tkdj jgrh gS @ tgk cqjkbZ ?kVkbZ rks tk ldrh gS @ gVkbZ ugha tk ldrh @
esjh dfork Hkk"kk ugha thHk gks tkrh gS @ esjh dfork esa cgqr dqN xM+cM+ gS @ eSa cqjkb;ksa ls <ds le;
dk vukn'kZ dfo gw @ eSa lkjh nqfu;k dks vkus nsrk gw @ viuh vkRek esaA21
lanHkZ %
1- jktiky] MkW- gqdqe pUn] ledkyhu dfork ds rhu iM+ko] v#.k dk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B la[;k- 18
2- 'kekZ] MkW- czteksgu] ledkyhu dfork vkSj yhyk/j txwM+h] ukyank dk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] Fke laLdj.k] 1993]
i`"B-16
3- jktiky] MkW- gqdqe pUn] ledkyhu dfork pfpZr ifjfpr psgjs] ukyank dk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] Fke laLdj.k]
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 17
1997] i`"B-12
i`"B- 48
5- ogh] i`"B- 48
6- ogh] i`"B- 48
7- ogh] i`"B- 49
8- ogh] i`"B- 50
10- ogh] i`"B- 51
11- ogh] i`"B- 50
12- ogh] i`"B- 54
13- ogh] i`"B- 52
14- ogh] i`"B- 52
15- ogh] i`"B- 52
16- txwM+h] yhyk/j] bZ'oj dh v;{krk esa] jktdey dk'kku] ubZ fnYyh] Fke laLdj.k] 1999] i`"B- 94
17- ogh] i`"B- 13
i`"B- 62
19- ogh] i`"B- 64
20- ogh] i`"B- 70
21- txwM+h] yhyk/j] vuqHko ds vkdk'k esa pkn] jktdey dk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] Fke laLdj.k] 1994] i`"B- 139
& 140
qqq
".kk lkscrh ds miU;klksa ds izeq[k ukjh pfj=kksa dk vkRela?k"kZ

q
ekq eatjh
Lokra=;kskj fgUnh miU;kldkjksa esa ".kk lkscrh dk egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA efgyk&ys[ku dks fof'k"V
igpku fnykus esa budh mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk jgh gSA 1950 ds n'kd ds ckn fy[ks x, vfkdka'k miU;kl
O;fDrokn ds vkxzgh gSa] vkSj budk dsUnz fcUnq gS ukjh& ^ôg ukjh ugha tks ijaijkxr xzkeh.k lekt la;qDr
ifjokj dh jh<+ gS vkSj ftlds ukjhRo dh lkFkZdrk ekr`Ro esa gSA vfirq uxj dh og f'kf{krk e;oxhZ;k
ukjh tks O;fDr curh tk jgh gS vkSj iq#"k ds led{k [kM+h gks jgh gSA1 fgUnh dFkk&lkfgR; esa blds
vusd mnkgj.k gaSA ysf[kdkvksa us vkt dh ukjh dh fu;fr vkSj ekufldrk dks cM+h xgjkbZ ls mHkkjk gSA
u rks ;s ysf[kdk, ys[kdksa dh rjg ukjh dks efgekfUor djrh gSa vkSj u mUgsa udyh :Ik esa ihfM+rA viuh
lewph ifj.kfr;ksa ds lkFk ,d fo'ks"k nk;js dh vkt tks ukjh gS mldh igpku ;s mHkkjrh gaSA ;s fo'ks"k
nk;jk gS& i<+k fy[kk e/;oxZA2
oLrqr% lu~ 70 ds ckn L=kh&ys[ku esa vfLerk dh ryk'k dk tks Loj eq[kj gqvk] mlesa ".kk
lkscrh dk uke fuLlangs lcls vOoy gSA ;g le; fgUnh miU;kl esa efgyk ys[ku ds fodkl vkSj mldh
ubZ laHkkoukvksa dh igpku dk FkkA budh jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dh foo'krk iw.kZ lkekftd fLFkfr] eqfDr
dh NViVkgV ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr gqbZ gSA rsth ls cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ".kk lkscrh ds rsoj Hkh
rsth ls cnyrs jgs gSaA
".kk lkscrh us viuh jpukvksa esa cnyrs le; dk ifjn`'; fofokrk vkSj lexzrk ls izLrqr fd;k
gsSA ^Lokkhurk izkfIr ds ckn Lokkhurk ds liuksa ds eksgHkax dk nkSj FkkA ifjokj ds Hkhrj cnyrs gq,
'kfDr&lary
q u vkSj laca kksa ds lehdj.k dks lekt esa vkrs gq, cnykoksa dk :id cuk;k tk jgk FkkA la;Dq r
ifjokjksa ds tekus dk eqf[k;k dqN nhu&ghu vkSj cspkjk cu dj mHkj jgk FkkA VwVrs nkEiR; ds n`';
cgqrk;r esa FksA*3 izse ds f=kdks.k vkSj }U} rFkk ifjokj esa vkthfodk&jr L=kh dk izos'k Hkh blh n'kd dh
?kVuk gSA ".kk lkscrh cnys gq, lekt es aO;fDr dh Lora=krk fo'ks"k :Ik ls L=kh dh Lora=krk dks js[kkafdr
djrh gSA
lkscrh th dh yxHkx izR;sd jpuk esa Ô;fDrxr* dk vtZu djrh O;fDr curh L=kh ds n'kZu
gksrs gSaA ;s fL=k;k ijaijk dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+rh gqbZ] vius vfLrRo dks izekf.kr djrh gqbZ] Lora=k :i ls
fu.kZ; ysrh gqbZ] izse vkSj nkaiR; dks u, utfj;s ls ns[krh gqbZ vkRela?k"kZjr fL=k;k gSaA
".kk lkscrh ds izFke miU;kl ^Mkj ls fcNqMh+ * dh ukf;dk ik'kks ,d Hkksyh&Hkkyh vYgM+ ;qorh
gSA [ksyus [kkus dh mez ls gh og ekj [kkrh] rkus lgrh ;qok gks tkrh gSA viuh ufugky esa jgdj Hkh
rnFkZ f'kf{kdk] fganh foHkkx] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 19
mldh ;g nqn'Z kk fliQZ blfy, gksrh gS fd mldh ek us eqlyeku 'ks[k ds lkFk Hkkxdj ,d t?kU; vijkk
fd;k FkkA bl vijkk dh ltk eklwe ik'kks dks Hkqxruh iM+rh FkhA ik'kks dh ek dk ?kj ls tkuk iwjs ifjokj
dh n`f"V esa ,d vijkk Fkk] tcfd ik'kks dh n`f"V esa mUeqfDr dk ,d mnkgj.kA
fcuk xqukg ds xqukgxkj cuh ik'kks ds eu esa bl vksjh dSn ls eqfDr dh bPNk cyorh gks tkrh
gS vkSj bl vksjs esa vk'kk dh fdj.k gS [kkstksa dh gosyh tks vc mldh ek dk Hkh ?kj FkkA viuh lkjh
ihM+kvksa vkSj izrkM+ukvksa dk mik; mls viuh ek dk ?kj gh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
eqaMsj iQkan iM+ksfl;ksa dh Nr ij mrjh rks ,d gh ckr eu esa vkbZ ^[kkstksa dh gosyh nkSM+ pyks
nkSM+ pyks*A4
'ks[kksa ds ?kj tkdj Hkh mldk nq[k nwj ugha gksrk izR;qr ,d 'kk'or lR; dh rjg nq%[k vkthou
mlds lkFk gksrk gSA ogk ekeqvksa dh vk[kks esa ks/kkfXu Fkh] ;gk ek dh vk[kks esa tyrs lokyA
Ikk'kks dh ek ds }U} dk lgt vkSj izkekf.kd fp=k.k fd;k gS ysf[kdk usA dHkh og ik'kks dh
nqnZ'kk dk ftEesokj Lo;a dks ekurh gS vkSj dHkh ek cudj iq=kh ds eq[k ls ml vijkk dh LohdkjksfDr
pkgrh gS tks mlus fd;k gh ughaA nq%[kh ik'kks ds ekSu dks lp le>dj mls dkslus Hkh yxrh gSA ogha
Mwc ejrh vjh rw vius ijk;ksa dh cSfju cu dj D;ksa ?kj ls fudy iM+hA vius ohj jktkvksa dh ir mrkjus
okyh eSa gh D;k de FkhA5
ml le; dk lekt ijaijkoknh vkSj :f<+xzLr lekt FkkA fdUrq ,sls ifjos'k esa th dj Hkh fonzksg
dh Hkkouk fL=k;ksa ds Hkhrj FkhA ,d rjiQ muds eu esa iq#"k /ku lekt dk [kkSiQ Fkk rks nwljh rjiQ
Lo;a dks bu csfM+;ksa ls eqDr djus dh vkdka{kk HkhA bl dgkuh dh dsUnzh; ik=k ik'kks :f<+xzLr lekt
esa tdM+h gqbZ gS] fiQj Hkh HkVd tkrh gSA ,sls lekt esa ukjh LoHkko dh dksey Hkkoukvksa dk 'kks"k.k mls
xyr jkLrs ij HkVd tkus dks foo'k djrk gSA vius gj ;kl esa mls viuh ukuh dh lh[k Lej.k gks vkrh
gSA lHkydj jh ,d ckj dk fFkjdk gqvk iko ftUnxkuh kwy esa feyk nsxkA vkSj ,slk gh gksrk Hkh gSA
Ikk'kks dk pfj=k bl jpuk dh lcls cM+h miyfCk gSA vkjaHk ls var ik'kks dk pfj=k blfy, ikBd
ds eu ij Nk;k jgrk gS fd og fujk'kktud ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mEehn ugha [kksrhA og lnSo fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds Hkojtky esa Hkh jkLrk <w<us dk iz;kl djrh gSA Ikk'kks ds ek;e ls bl miU;kl esa :f<+xzLr lekt
esa tdM+h ukjh ds eu dh vk'kk&vkdka{kkvksa ds u"V gks tkus ls mRiUu fu%'kCn var}ZU} dk eeZLi'khZ fp=k.k
gqvk gSA
^fe=kks ejtkuh* dh fe=kks ds :Ik esa ysf[kdk us ftl fuHkhZd n`<+] okpky fdUrq dksey ukjh ds
pfj=k dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS og fgUnh lkfgR; dh ,d miyfCk gh gSA ".kk lkscrh us fe=kks ejtkuh esa
lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj /kfeZd laLFkk esa vkLFkk u j[kus okyh ;qorh dh egRokdka{kkvksa dk ;FkkFkZoknh
<ax ls fp=k.k fd;k gSA ysf[kdk us fcuk fdlh nqjko fNiko ds dkedqafBrk] laLdkjh] Hkz"Vk] leFkZ ;qorh
ds dker`fIr iz;Ruksa dks dykRed la;e ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k gSA6
fe=kks ,d ,slh ;qorh gS ftls vius ;kSou dh vfeV I;kl gSA fookg ds Ik'pkr Hkh mldh ;g
I;kl feVrh ughaA LoPNan okrkoj.k esa iyh&c<+h fe=kks la;qDr ifjokj dh cgw cuus ds iQyLo:Ik nksuksa
fLFkfr;ksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir ugha dj ikrhA ckgj Hkhrj ,d&lk fn[kuk mlds pfj=k dh fo'ks"krk gSA Ikfr
}kjk yxkbZ xbZ rksger ds tksjnkj [kaMu esa mldk pfj=k gh mtkxj gks tkrk gS] lTtuksa ! ;g lp Hkh
gS vkSj >wB HkhA---- lp rks ;w tsB th fd nhu nqfu;k fcljk eSa euqD[k dh tkr ls gl [ksy ysrh gwA >wB
;w fd [kle dk fn;k jkt ikV NksM+ eSa dksBs ij rks ugha tk cSBhA7 ^fe=kks* ok.kh dh mPN`[ky gS] ijarq
mldh ok.kh unh dh vfofPNUu /kjk dh Hkkafr gS] mlesa <ksax ik[kaM dk ys'kek=k Hkh lekos'k ugha gSA
esjk ;g cs vDy enZtuk ;g ugha tkurk gS fd eq> lh nfj;kbZ ukj fdl xqj ls dkcw esa vkrh gSA ------------vkSj ftlus ukj&eqfV;kj dks lk/us dh i<+kbZ ugha i<+h] og bl ckyksa dh cywxM+h dks D;k l/k,xk
\8
tsB th viuh tsBkuh ds rqY; rks eSa dgk ij ,d utj b/j Hkh------A
fe=kks dh ljl eqgtksjh Hkh mldh mke dke&fiiklk dk t;?kks"k gh gSA L=kh ds Hkhrj lks,
>jus dk xguksPpkj gS ftlds izfr T;knkrj ys[ku mnklhu gh jgk gSA9 ^fe=kks dk O;fDrRo fojks/h rF;ksa
ls Hkjk gqvk gSA og fliQZ vius vkpj.k ls ifjokj dks nq%[kh o vkgr ugha djrh oju~ vius vrÌr ekr`Ro
ls Lo;a Hkh nq%[kh gksrh gSA dHkh fdlh vkosx ls Hkjdj ifr ls brj izkf.k;ksa dk Hkh laxlkFk dj ysus
okyh vdqaB fe=kks lkekftdrk ds fu"d"kZ ij [kjh ugha mrjrh] D;ksafd og ifr dh rjg vxk/ vkSj nqnZE;
gSA lke&nke&naM&Hksn tSlh lkekU; j.kuhfr;k mls lk/us ls jghA viuh gh dksbZ var% izsj.kk jax yk,xh
rks varo`Zf"V :dsxhA10
Ckdyksy nwYgs dh jlixh nqygu] /eZHkh: x`gLFk ?kj dh rjaxkf;r cgw fe=kks fgUnh euh"kk ds
lkps esa fiQV cSBus okyh pfj=k ugha gSA ,slh vthcks&xjhc pfj=k dk l`tu lpeqp gh dfBu dk;Z gSA
fe=kks okLro esa lefiZrk vkSj xzghRok nksuks gh gSA varj dsoy bruk gS fd var esa tkrs&tkrs mldh ogh
leiZ.k Hkkouk izcy gks tkrh gSA vc mls vkn'kZ dgsa ;k Hkkjrh; laLdkjksa vkSj ijEijk dk izHkkoA11 fe=kks
dks fdlh ckr dk nq%[k ;k fdlh ckr dh deh gS rks cl mlds ifr ds lax lkFk dhA viuh bPNk u
iwjh gksus ds ckotwn og vius cPps ds ls ikjn'khZ ykx yisV ls eqDr f'k'kq&;qDr vius ifr dks NksM+rh
ugha] mlds lkFk yxh jgrh gS vkSj varr% ifr ds gkFk ls fudy tkus dh dher ij ru&eu dh I;kl
cq>kus dk lq[k Hkh mls dkE; ughaA ;g foosd fe=kks dk gS fd ;fn ifr dk ,d i{k nqcZy gS] blls og
,dne R;kT; ughaA ;g Hkkius dh nqfu;knkjh Hkh mlesa gS fd cq<+kis esa Bgjh naMh HkV~Vh dk okyh okfjl
ugha gksrk] blhfy, viuk ?kj NksM+dj tkuk Js;"dj ughaA
^jfrdk jkt flag* miQZ jkh ".kk lkscrh ds miU;kl ^lwjt eq[kh vksjs ds* dh izeq[k ukjh ik=k
gSA jkh ds :Ik esa ,d ,sls pfj=k dk l`tu bUgksaus fd;k gS tks cewYk ekufld xzafFk dk f'kdkj gSA ;g
xzafFk cpiu esa gq, gknls dk ifj.kke gSA bl gknls us jkh ds eu esa ;g Hkko Hkj fn;k gS fd og gksdj
Hkh dqN ugha gS---- jkh vPNh yM+dh ugh] jkh dksbZ vkSjr ughaA og fliQZ xhyh ydM+h gSA tc Hkh tysxh
fliQZ kqvk nsxhA fliQZ kqvkA12 cpiu esa f'keyk ds gok?kj esa gqbZ ;g nq?kZVuk mlds fy, dkyk tgjhyk
{k.k gS tks mldh Le`fr&iVy ij ckj&ckj mHkjrk jgrk gS& ;g jfDrdk viuh utj esa ,d fpFkM+k gS
vUnj ls xqtjrh fdlh lM+d dk vkf[kjh Nksj gS D;ksafd mls lewph vkSjr cuus ls igys gh fonh.kZ vkSj
vkgr dj fn;k x;k gSA viw.kZrk ds blh Hkko us mlds eu esa xzafFk dk :Ik kkj.k dj fy;k gS] tks mls
ykxkrkj ihM+k nsrh jgrh gSA
".kk lkscrh us ,d NksVh lh ?kVuk dks iwjs dFkko`r dk dsUnz cukdj euksfo'ys"k.kkRed <ax ls
;g miU;kl izLrqr fd;k gSA ,d furkar fHkUu Lrj dks ysdj pyus okyk ;g ,slk miU;kl gS ftldh
igpku vius fof'k"V dF; vkSj f'kYi ds dkj.k Hkh gSA ;g miU;kl vkkqfud Hkkocksk dh ihfBdk ij
euksfoKku dh xw<+re igsfy;ksa dks lknxh ls vkad dj lkscrh th us ,sls o;Ld ek;e vkSj f'kYi dh
LFkkiuk dh gS tks ,d LkkFk ijEijkxr f'kYi vkSj ewY;ksa dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA bl miU;kl dh ukf;dk jkh
ds cpiu ds ,d dM+os lp us mldk cpiuk Nhu dj mls xzfa FkxzLr cuk fn;kA mlds lkFk ?kVh cykRdkj
dh ?kVuk us mls vkked cuk fn;k FkkA gemez fe=kks }kjk fd;k x;k migkl] f'kdk;r] vkSj O;fDrRo
ij dh xbZ pksV ls jkh vkSj Hkh [kwa[kkj gks mBrh gSA mlds fe=k mls fp<+kdj NksVk cukus dh dksf'k'k djrs
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 21
gSa vkSj jkh mUgsa ihVdj cM+h gks tkrh gSA ekrk&firk Hkh fe=kor u gksus ds dkj.k gemez fe=kks tSls izrhr
gksrsA ,dek=k vln HkkbZ vkSj mudh vkik ,sls O;fDr Fks ftuls yM+&>xM+ dj vkSj MkV lqu dj Hkh lgt
vkSj izlUu jgrh FkhA
,d efyu {k.k dh 'kks"kd Le`fr ds fo# thou Hkj ekufld la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA fHkUu&fHkUu
iq#"k mldh ;k=kk ds iM+ko ga]S vkSj gj iM+ko dk viuk ,d vuqHko gSA gj vuqHko dh ifj.kfr bl vglkl
ds lkFk gksrh gS fd ^mldh iqjkuh nsg esa rki ugha gSA og iFkjhyh vgY;k gS tks u fi?kyrh gS u VwVrh]
u NksVh gksrh vkSj u gh cM+hA* mlds vkarfjd }a} ls mls dksbZ mckj ugha ikrk& jksfgr] t;ukFk] jktu
;k Jhir dksbZ ughaA jkh dks ftl dkys tgjhys {k.k us dSn dj j[kk gS] m".k fuosnu ds le; blh dkys
tgjhys {k.k dh nLrd mls dkB cuk nsrh gSA lPpkbZ rks ;g gS fd jkh ds eu esa Hkh uosyh lkk Nydrh
gS] exj fVd ugha ikrhA jkh dh psruk esa cpiu dh ml ph[k us ?kj dj fy;k Fkk vkSj gj izlax esa mlds
vpsru esa cSBh ph[k dh iqujko`fk mls vlgt cuk nsrh gSA
cpiu esa cykRdkj fd, tkus ij og nsg ls mkstuk ghu BaMh ;k fizQt gks xbZ gS] mldk O;ogkj
o vkpj.k vlkekU; gks x;k gSA ekufld Lrj ls ;kSu lca/kas ds fy, lf; jgrs gq, Hkh og 'kkjhfjd
Lrj ij dkB gks xbZ gSA13 jfrdk dh dqaBk dks Lusg ls [kksyk gS fnokdj usA mldh teh gqbZ vuqHkwfr;ksa
dh ciQZ dks lEeku dh xjekgV ls fi?kyk;k gSA Lusfgy laosnu dh vkp ls mlds vanj teh ciQZ fi?ky
tkrh gSA fnokdj dh n`f"V esa Lo;a ds fy, lEeku ns[kdj og dg mBrh gS& rqeus esjk 'kki /ks fn;k
gS fnokdjA fnokdj ls lgt lkgp;Z esa jfrdk dk vkwjkiu lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj og HkkoukRed :Ik
ls rÌr gks mBrh gSA
".kk lkscrh dk ,d vU; miU;kl ^,s yM+dh* dh ukf;dk ,dkdh vkSj vfookfgr jgus dk
fu.kZ; ysus okyh n`<+ vkSj lkglh ;qorh gSA lkscrh th ds yxHkx lHkh miU;klkas esa izk;% lHkh ukjh ik=kksa
esa vk|ar vkkqfudrk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA ;s ik=k le; dh /kjk ds lkFk&lkFk cgus okys] le; dh ekx dks
le>us okys] iqjkuh yhd ij u pydj d"V u lgdj] caku dks rksM+dj] Lora=k okrkoj.k esa fopj.k
djus okys gSaA bu ik=kksa dk vkRe la?k"kZ js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA bl miU;kl dh ,d izeq[k ukjh ik=k o`}k
vEew ,d okpky pfj=k gSA ejus tk jgh ,d L=kh dh thoarrk bl iwjs ?kj dks thoar j[krh gSA ckrsa
djrs&djrs mudk okrkZyki ,dkyki gks tkrk gS] vkSj bl ,dkyki esa foxr thou dh miyfCk&vuqiyfCk]
fglkc&fdrkc] lq[k&nq[k] fu;e&dk;ns] vkn'kZ] iq=kh dh fgrfpark] lykg] ulhgrsa] lh[k lcdqN 'kkfey
jgrk gSA vius ,dkyki tSls okrkZyki esa og tSls lkjs vuqHko viuh csVh dks ns Mkyuk pkgrh gSAa yM+dh]
Hkksj cM+h lEink gS] ftlus lksdj bls xok;k mlus cgqr dqN [kks fn;kA vaks us jkr vkSj u fnu dk feyu
ns[kk vkSj u mudk vyx gksukA iaNh tc pgpgkrs gS& m"kk dh yykbZ esa rks iwjh l`f"V xwt mBrh gSA lqcg
dk mBuk cM+k eaxydkjh gSA14
vius thou dh rqyuk pk; vkSj pk; ds I;kyksa ls djus okyh og ,d ftankfny vkSjr izrhr
gksrh gSa] esjh mez ds igys mBkjg cjl fudky nksA rc rd rks ihrh jgh nwkA mlds ckn fnu esa pkj
I;kyksa ds fglkc ls xq.kk dj ;g fudky yks fd bl vkSjr us dqy fdrus I;kys pk; ihA15 lqcg dh
pk; muds fy, laxhr dh ehBh y;] lqj tSlh gSA bl o`}k dks vius thou ds vafre fnuksa esa viQlksl
gS rks bl ckr dk fd Lo;a mUgksaus iq=kh] iRuh ek vkSj ekyfdu cu dj ftu lq[kksa dk miHkksx fd;k]
mudh csVh mlls oafpr gSA og ckj&ckj viuh csVh dks ,glkl djkrh gS fd og bl lq[k ls oafpr gS]
yM+dh ,d lq[k ls gh dbZ lq[k mitrs gaSA ugh feyk u rqEgsaA og fpafrr gksdj viuh iq=kh ls dgrh
gSa rqe viuh bdgjh ;k=kk ls D;k izekf.kr djksxhA lax&lax thus esa dqN jg tkrk gS vkSj dqN cg tkrk
gSA vdsys esa u dqN jgrk gS u dqN cgrk gSA

ijarq ;gh vEew viuh n`<+ fu'p;h iq=kh ds izfr vk'oLr blfy, gS fd og mudh larku gS]
ftldh jx&jx ls og okfdiQ gS] ^^rqEgkjs fy, fuf'par gwA u rqe lrkbZ tk ldrh gks vkSj u fdlh dks
lrkrh gks---- rqe lh futdkjh xwt ds fy, cM+k vkdk'k vkSj cM+h /jrh pkfg,A NksVh ckrksa dk ;ku ugha
djukA rqe fdlh ds v/hu ugha gks] Lokkhu gksA yM+dh dh ;g rkdr gS] lkeF;Z gS] 'kfDr gSA vEew
dh ;g iq=kh okdbZ ,d rkdr] lkeF;Z vkSj 'kfDr ls ifjiw.kZ gSA og iq=kh dh rjg ugha iq=k dh rjg viuh
ek dh lsok djrh gSA viuh ek }kjk O;Dr fd, x, la'k; ds tokc es n`<+ fu'p; >ydrk gS ogh ".kk
lkscrh ds ik=kksa dh vkkqfudrk vkSj fo'ks"krk gSA ek ds iwNs tkus ij fd lkspdj crkvks t:jr iM+us
ij fdls vkokt nksxh\ og mkj nsrh gS fd eSa fdlh dks ugha iqdkjrh tks eq>s vkokt nsxk eSa mls tokc
nwx hA16
vEew vius thoukuqHkoksa ds dqN fcUnqvksa ij viuh iq=kh dks Lo;a ls dgha csgrj fLFkfr esa ikrh
gaS] u Hkh gks nqfu;knkjh okyh pkS[kV rks Hkh rqe vius vki esa rks gksA yM+dh vius vki esa vki gksuk
ije gS] Js"B gSA o`}k vEew ds ek;e ls ".kk lkscrh bl miU;kl esa bl vFkZi.w kZ rF; dks js[kkafdr djrh
gSa fd ,dkdh L=kh vlgk; vkSj viw.kZ ugha oju ije~ vkSj Js"B gaSA bl miU;kl esa nks fL=k;ksa ds ek;e
ls nks ;qxksa dk varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ijarq nksuksa pfj=kksa esa ,d leku ckr ;g gS fd nksukas uohu thou ewY;ksa
dk Lokxr djus okys pfj=k gSA
ftanxhukek iatkc ds ,d vapy esa jgus okys yksxksa dh ftanxh dk thoar bfrgkl gSA eerkyq
'kkguh vkSj vkd"kZd jkc;k bl miU;kl ds nks izeq[k L=kh ik=k gSaA 'kkguh dk thou x`gLFkh dh ifjfk
esa gS tks cgqr dqN :f<+;ksa ls vkPNUu gSA ;g :f<+;ksa dh csfM+;k ugha] cfYd e;kZnk dh y{e.k js[kk gSA
'kkguh e;kZfnr Hkh gS vkSj eerkyq HkhA fokok czk.kh vkSj jkc;k nksuksa ds gh lanHkZ esa ^'kkguh dk ijaijkxr
e;kZnkoknh vkn'kZ n`f"Vxr gksrk gSA fokok czk.kh dk fdlh lS;ntkns ls izse djus vkSj xHkZorh gksus dks
og e;kZnkfo# ekurh gS vkSj vkxs c<+dj mls jksdrh le>krh gS vkSj pkph egjh ds lg;ksx ls mldk
xHkZikr djokrh gSA ijaijk dh jkg ij pyus okyh 'kkguh dh n`f"V esa ;g ckr vijkk gS] iki gSA
jkc;k dks 'kkguh cM+s I;kj vkSj Lusg ls vius ?kj esa LFkku nsrh gSA jkc;k 'kkgksa ds ?kj esa izos'k
djus ds lkFk&lkFk gj enZ ds fnyksa esa Hkh izos'k djrh gSA cM+h eUurksa ds ckn tUesa muds iq=k dh ns[k&js[k
jkc;k gh djrh gSA fdUrq tc 'kkgth ds n; esa txg cuk ysrh gS rks 'kkguh ijEijk vkSj e;kZnk ds fo#
fdlh vugksuh dh vk'kadk ls dkIk tkrh gS& esjs nkrk ;g lax lacak fdlh rjg ugha tqM+rk curkA tkuh
tku ,d ltjh ek nwth dkph ckyM+hA ;g [ksy u f[kykuk jCc thA17
ij ;g lR; gS fd jkc;k us 'kkgth ls izse fd;k gSA og mUgsa NksM+ dj tk ugha ldrh u th
ldrh gS] 'kkgth dks rks mlus og LFkku ns j[kk gS tks HkDr vius vkjk; ;k bZ"V dks nsrk gS& ^^'kkg
lkfgc eSusa vkidks fny esa ,sls kkj fy;k gS tSls Hkxr eqjhn vius lkbZa dks kkj ysrs gSA18
^ftanxhukek dh thou kkjk esa izse esa Ny] izfr'kksk vkSj gR;k ds lekukarj ;g ekqj dksey Tokj
ijEijkxr e;kZnk ls vko`r O;fDr eu ds lkSUn;Z dh T;ksfr gSA blh izdkj fnyksnkfu'k miU;kl fnYyh ds
,d vapy dh dFkk gSA Hkkjr esa eqfLye lekt ds le; ,d feyh&tqyh laLfr fodflr gqbZ Fkh]
ftldk izHkko dk;LFk jbZlksa rFkk vU; tehankjksa ds [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] os'kHkw"kk ij iwjh rjg FkkA ".kk
lkscrh us bl ifjos'k vkSj mlesa dsafnzr ,d O;fDr dh my>h gqbZ ftanxh dk gosyh vkSj iQjk'k[kkus ds
}U} dk] vfHk'kIr lekt ds ikfjokfjd vkSj uSfrd }U} dk] fo'oluh; vkSj ekfeZd fp=k.k fd;k gSA
bl dkj odhy lkgc ds nks ifjokj gSa] ;k ;w dgsa fd nks ifRu;k gSa] ,d lekt }kjk Lohr
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 23
nwljh ifjfLFkfro'k Lo;a }kjk LohrA ikukjk;.k dh ik nksuksa ifjokjksa ij gksrh gS dqVqacI;kjh ij
dkZO;o'k vkSj egdckuksa ij izse ds o'khHkwr gksdjA
gosyh dk frfuf/kRo djus okyh dqVqacI;kjh vkSj iQjk'k[kkus dk frfufkRo djus okyh
egdckuksa nksuksa ds vadu esa ".kk lkscrh us vnHkqr jpuk'khyrk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA egdckuksa dk
ifjfLFkfrxr ekufld }U} vkSj iRuh dk vfkdkj gkfly djus esa yxh dqVqacI;kjh ds }U} vkSj bu nksuksa
ds chp >wyrs ik ukjk;.k ds }U} dh kkjnkj vfHkO;fDr ds dkj.k ;g miU;kl rRdkyhu fnYyh dh
ewy laLfr dh igpku dk izrhd cu x;k gS] ftlesa bl ifjos'k ls tqM+h laosnukvksa] rdyhiQksa] my>u
Hkjh eu%fLFkfr;ksa vkSj euksHkkoksa dk Loj eq[kfjr gSA
dqVqacI;kjh ftUgsa ikukjk;.k dh iRuh gksus ds ukrs lekt rFkk ?kj esa ;Fkksfpr fr"Bk feyh gqbZ
gS] fiQj Hkh yk[k dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn og odhy lkgc dks iwjh rjg vius o'k esa dHkh ugha dj ikrhA
gkj dj vius ifjokj dh lq[k 'kkafr ds fy, fdlh lkkq ckck dk lgkjk ysrh gS tks muds pfj=k dh
detksjh dks mtkxj djrk gSA nwljh rjiQ egdckuksa foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls la?k"kZ djus okyh efgyk gSA
og gkykr ls yM+dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vius vuqdwy cukrh gSA lkscrh th egdckuksa ds ek;e ls L=kh
vfLerk ds i{k ij dk'k Mkyrh gSaA
eklwe lyhdkean] [kkeks'k vkSj xqyke dh rjg viax rKrk dh eqnzk esa odhy lkgc ds le{k
fcNh fcNh lh egdckuksa tc rd utj vankt djrh tkrh gS& dqVqacI;kjh vkSj muds cPpksa dh xkfy;ksa]
?kj dh iQVsgkyh] vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk nh{kk vkSj muds Hkfo"; ls odhy lkgc dh cs[kcjh] mudh
vuqifLFfr vkSj cs[k;kyh ds yacs ?ksjs] viuh ek ds dherh xguksa dh fiVkjh ij odhy lkgc dk
vkfkiR;] jaxhu jtkb;ksa] eVdSuksa dh jcM+h&fiLrs dh ykStksa vkSj xje xqykc tkequksa ds ne ij hrnklh
dh rjg iQkWjxzkaVsM j[kus okyk mudk O;ogkj] cn: ds tUe ij feys daxu ij mudh iRuh dk >iV~Vk]
lc dqN Bhd Bkd pyrk jgrk gS] ij tc khjs&khjs egd ds lcz dk ck/k VwV tkrk gS vkSj dqaMfyuh
dh rjg lksbZ iM+h mldh vfLerk [kk lkgc ds ewd Lusg laj{k.k dh vkp ij tx tkrh gS& phtsa ;Fkkor
ugha jg ikrh vkSj eghu fir`lkkd odhy lkgc ,dne pjejk tkrs gSaA19
^le; ljxe* nks xfjeke; o`ksa ds thou ds vafre v;k; dh dFkk gS ftldh viuh y;]
rky vkSj lqj gSA le; ds bl ljxe dh fo'ks"krk gS fd og 'kkar vkSj xaHkhj gSA bl 'kkar vkSj xaHkhj laxhr
dks lkscrh th us vkSiU;kfld Lo:Ik iznku fd;k gSA izLrqr miU;kl bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrk gS fd
^ôgh Js"B gS tks vius thus vkSj jgus ds ikl gS] fudV gSA vdsysiu dks mRlkg ls thrh bl miU;kl
dh izeq[k ukjh ik=k vkj.;k dh lksp Hkh ubZ gS& ^êsjs gksus dk vFkZ esjs fudV esjs vius gS-------- esjh
vfuok;Zrk esjs vius fy, gS] D;ksafd eSa gw vius vki esaA20
bZ'kku vkSj vkj.;k nksuksa ckSfd izk.kh gaSA ij thou ds izfr nksuksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa FkksM+k lk varj
gSA ;g varj LoHkkoxr Hkh gSA dbZ voljksa ij bZ'kku xaHkhj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa fdarq vkj.;k esa ;qokvksa tSlh O;xzrk
vkSj cPpksa tSlh papyrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA [kkus&ihus dk ekeyk gks ;k ?kweus dk vkj.;k dh papyrk ns[krs
curh gSA diM+ksa ds jaxksa dk pquko gks ;k cksyus ds le; 'kCnksa dk lq?kM+ pquko] vkj.;k dh ltxrk
mYys[kuh; gSA ckfj'k esa Nrjh ysdj jsudksV igudj ?kwe ysus dh bPNk mls o` ugha gksus nsrhA mldk
'kjhj izHkkfor gksrk gS ij eu ughaA
vkj.;k ,d ,slh L=kh gS tks thou Hkj pyrh vkSj thrh gS] vdsysA og bZ'kku dks ilan djrh
gS] ij vius O;fDrRo dh dher ij ughaA og L=kh Lora=krk dh izcy i{kkj gSA og bZ'kku ls dgrh
gS&^^bZ'kku eq>s esjk viukiu fujarjrk dk vglkl nsrk gSA fut dk ;g viukiu vkj.;k ds O;fDrRo
dh igpku gSA og vius O;fDro dks fo?kfVr gksrk gqvk ugha ns[k ldrh] Hkys gh mls viuk izse rd
[kksuk iM+sA vkj.;k dk ,d Lora=k O;fDrRo gS vkSj mls viuh futrk csgn fiz; gSA mls vius thou esa
bZ'kku ls T;knk pk; dh ryc gksrh gSA
bZ'kku dh rqyuk esa vkj.;k dk O;frRo lw{e vkSj l?ku gSA mez esa cw<+h gksus ds ckotwn vkj.;k
eu ls ;qok gS] cq<+kis ls cs[kcjA cq<+kis ls ,slh cs[kcjh mlds O;fDrRo dh tku gS vkSj ;gha ;qok cksk
ikBdksa dks vk"V djrk gSA ,d ckSfd lkglh efgyk vkj.;k us vius thou esa vdsysiu dk pquko
Lo;a fd;k gSA mldk vdsykiu mls Mjkrk ugha] cfYd lkgl nsrk gSA ,slk ugha gS fd mls fdlh dk
lkFk ilan ugha] ij vius O;fDrRo dh dher ij mls dqN Hkh Lohdk;Z ughaA
".kk lkscrh us txg&txg vkj.;k ds O;fDrRo ds tfj, Hkkjrh; ckSfd ukjh ds LokfHkeku]
niZ] lkgl vkSj vkReltxrk dks cgqr /kjnkj <+ax ls vfHkO;fDr nh gSA bl miU;kl esa cw<+ksa dh ftthfo"kk
dks vkj.;k ds ek;e ls le>k tk ldrk gSA vkj.;k ds cgkus ".kk lkscrh th us ;g fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k
dh gS fd cq<k+ ik vfHk'kki ugha] cfYd fodYi cu ldrk gSA cw<h+ vkj.;k esa cPph] fd'kksjh] ;qok vkj.;k
dh >yd ;nk&dnk feyrh jgrh gSA bldk ,dek=k dkj.k mlds eu dk ;qok gksuk gSA lkscrh us 'kk;n
igyh ckj fgUnh miU;kl esa cqtxks dh se nqfu;k ds can dikV [kksyus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA mez dh ljgn
ds ckgj tkdj lhekghu ljgnksa dks Nwus dh dksf'k'kA njvly ;g euq'; dh [kksbZ gqbZ vkRek dk ljxe
gS ftls nsg gh ugha ifjosk esa Hkh ctuk pkfg,A21 vkj.;k tSlh tq>k: O;fDrRo okyh L=kh bl ctrs
gq, ljxe dk izrhd gSA
".kk lkscrh ,slk ekurh gSa fd ukjh vc pSrU; gks mBh gS] ^ôg Hkh ekuoh; tkfr dk mruk
gh egRoiw.kZ vax gS ftruk mldk lkFkh iq#"k------ i<+s&fy[ks O;fDr ds :Ik esa L=kh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj cjkcjh
dk lek/kku ,slh ekuoh; Hkk"kk dk oSpkfjd fodkl djsxk tks ekuoh; ifjokj ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gksxkA
lkfgR; dh foLr`r lhekvksa esa vki L=kh] nfyr vkfn tkfr vkSj detksj oxksZa dks dc rd niZ vkSj naHk
ls iNkM+rs jgsaxsA mls oDr nhft, vkSj ekr`Ro ds O;olk; ds vkxs nwljs dk;Zdykiksa vkSj dk;Z {ks=kksa esa
vius dks izekf.kr djus nhft,A gesa mUgsa oDr nsuk gksxk fd og vkids lkFk [kM+h gks ldsA22 bl rjg
".kk lkscrh ds miU;klksa ds ukjh pfj=kksa dk vkRela?k"kZ lerk&ewyd ubZ lkekftd psruk dk mn~?kks"k djrk
gSA
lanHZ k %
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MkW jkenjl feJ] fgUnh miU;kl % ,d var;kZ=kk] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`-&112
".kk lkscrh] ys[kdh; lafgrk vkSj cqfu;knh ewY;] okxFkZ] vad&17] vxLr&1996] i`- 12
panzdkar okfnoMsdj] vkkqfudrk vkSj fgUnh miU;kl] i`- 12
".kk lkscrh] Mkj ls foNqM+h] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 20
mifjor] i`- 30
MkW fxfj/j 'kekZ] fgUnh miU;klksa dk euksfo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u] i`"B&258
.kk lkscrh] fe=kks ejtkuh] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 35
mifjor] i`- 30
vukfedk] var% izKk dk ,sfUnzd foLrkj] okZeku lkfgR;
mifjor~ A
MkW- ?ku';ke e/kqi] fgUnh y?kq miU;kl] i`- 176
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 25
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".kk lkscrh] lwjteq[kh&vksjs ds] jktdey izdk'ku] i`- 16

dqekj foey] ".kk lkscrh] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 102
".kk lkscrh] ,s yM+dh] jktdey izdk'ku] i`- 23
mifjor~] i`- 25
mifjor~] i`- 55] 56] 57
".kk lkscrh] ftUnxhukek] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 327
mifjor~] i`- 419
vukfedk] miU;kl ys[ku esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] gal] tuojh&1999] i`- 70
vukfedk] le; ljxe] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 121
vjfoan f=kikBh] le; ljxe vkSj jkx vkeksn] gal] tqykbZ 2000] i`- 88
".kk lkscrh ls vukfedk dh varjax ckrphr] okxFkZ vad & 84 tqykbZ &2002
qqq
e`.kky ds ys[ku esa O;kolkf;d

i=kdkfjrk vkSj lkfgfR;d laLdkj
q
lq"kek pkScs
lkfgR; vkSj i=kdkfjrk vyx fo/k gS] ysfdu nksuksa esa ,d leku ckr ;g gS fd nksuksa gh ys[ku
ls lacaf/r gSa vkSj nksuksa l`tkukRed gSaA ;fn i=kdkfjrk ?kVukvksa ds :Ik esa dFkk&lkexzh miyC/ djkrh
gS] ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds tfj, ,d n`f"Vcks/ fufeZr djrh gS] lelkef;d psruk txkrh gS rks
lkfgR;dkj ?kVuk] lelkef;d cksk dk vk/kj ysdj dYiuk'khy lkfgR; dk l`tu djrk gSA nksuksa esa blh
laca/ ds dkj.k gekjs izk;% cM+s lkfgR;dkj i=kdkfjrk ls tqM+s jgsA
,d i=kdkj ds :Ik esa e`.kky us ,d ftEEksnkj] larqfyr] lpsru ,ao izcq fpard dh Hkwfedk
fuHkk;h gSA ,sls cqfthoh] fu%LokFkZ ,oa fuHkhZd i=kdkjksa dh la[;k vkt csgn de gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
vkt fu%LokFkZ ,oa fuHkhZd i=kdkjksa dh la[;k vkt csgn de gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt îhr i=kdkfjrk*
'kCn kM+YYks ls vkus yxs gSA dqN ikus dh mEEkhn esa ;k rks os ljdkj ds gkFkksa fcd tkrs gSa ;k viuh
yksdfiz;rk ds fy,] eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr Hkh cuk nsrs gSaA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa mudh dye dh 'kfDr Nhtrh
gSA mudh bZekunkjh ,oa lPpkbZ ij Hkh izz'u mBrs gaSA
lekt ,oa ns'k ds fy, ,d i=kdkj dk nksgjk mkjnkf;Ro gSA ,d rks lgh ckr dks lgh <ax ls
og ljdkj vkSj lekt ds chp j[k lds vkSj nwljk og ekxZ&n'kZu djsaA
vktknh ds ckn Hkh f'k{kk dk {ks=k lokZf/d misf{kr jgk gS vkSj f'k{kk fdlh Hkh x.kra=k dh jh<+
dh gM~Mh dgh tk ldrh gSA
vkt nqfu;k esa oSKkfud] vkS|ksfxd] vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa mUUkfr gqbZ gS] fdUrq dyk&lkfgR; vkSj
laLfr dk e'k% voewY;u gh gqvk gSA lk{kjrk c<+h gS] fdUrq ekuork dk kl gqvk gSA O;kolkf;dRkk
dh gksM+ esa dyk] lkfgR;] laLfr Hkh mlesa >ksad nh x;h gSA fgalk] ;kSu&vR;kpkj vkfn luluh [kst
lekpkjksa esa gekjs i=kdkj O;Lr gaSA
jk"Vh;&vUrjjk"Vh;] fdlku&etnwj] lkfgR;&n'kZu] /eZ&lekt vkfn fo"k;ksa ij vkt dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vf/d xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk i=kdkj&lkfgR;dkj dk nkf;Ro gks tkrk gSA
vkt iztkra=kh; 'kklu ifr esa gekjs fopkj LoRka=k gSA fopkjksa ls vkt ge tuer rS;kj djus
esa iw.kZr% liQy gksrs gSA fopkj Lokra=; dk izdk'ku i=k&if=kdkvksa vkSj lekpkj&i=kksa ds ek;e ls gh gksrk
gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa i=dkfjrk fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ gks mBh gSA
$2 f'kf{kdk] ckYMfou ,dsMeh] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 27
,d vksj blls ljdkj dh vkykspuk dj ge mlds vkyL; vkSj detksfj;ksa dks nwj djrs gSa rks
nwljh vksj ljdkjh uhfr dks Hkh ns'k&fons'k dh turk rd igqpkrs gSaA
i=kdkfjrk esa fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr nks :iksa esa laHko gS& fu"i{k vkSj i{kikriw.kZA fu'p; gh
fu"i{k i=kdkfjrk ls gekjk jk"V lcy gksxk] lR; vkSj vknj dh izfr"Bk gksxh] fdUrq i{kikriw.kZ i=kdkfjrk
ls pkVqdkfjrk rks iQSysxh gh] nyxr vlarks"k] foHksn] vf'k"Vrk] vukSfpR; vkfn dks izJ; feyus dk Hk;
Hkh lnk cuk jgsxkA
rF; xzg.k dh 'kfDr] larqyu cuk, j[kus dh {kerk] mfpr fu.kZ; nsus dk Kku] izpfyr fopkj
/kjkvksa dk lE;d~ Kku i=kdkjksa ds fy, vko';d gSA
tc i=kdkj ;k i=kksa dk iz'ku mBrk gS rks lcls igys i=kksa dh Lok/hurk dk loky mBk;k x;k
gSA fczVsu esa LVqvVZ dky esa ftl le; fdlh rjg dh Lok/hurk ;kuh ukxfjd Lok/hurk fczVsu dh iztk
dks miyC/ ugha Fkh] ml le; izfl dfo tkWu fe"Vu us fy[kk Fkk& êq>s tkuus dh vkSj viuh vkRek
ds vuqlkj cksyus dh rFkk Lok/hurkiwod
Z cgl djus dh LOkk/khurk nhft,A ;g lc Lok/hurkvksa ls ij
gSA*
fe"Vu us gh ugha lalkj ds vU; fopkjdksa us Hkh blh izdkj ds Hkko izdV fd, FksA i=kdkfjrk
ds nkf;Ro ds laca/ esa Jherh bafnjk xk/h dk fopkj gS fd i=kdkfjrk ,d m|ksx ls T;knk dgha
tu&lsok gSA mldk ije y{; [kcjksa dks ,d=k djuk] mUgsa Nkiuk vkSj izlkfjr djuk gSA ;g dke mls
iwjk] lgh lgh vkSj tgk rd laHko gks] fu%LOkkFkZ Hkkouk ds lkFk djuk pkfg,A mldk y{; gksuk pkfg,
fd og yksxksa dks vf/d tkudkjh nsdj vf/d vPNs rjhds ls tkp vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk iznku
djsA vius dke dh cnkSyr ,d i=kdkj LoHkkor% turk vkSj jktuhfr dh nqfu;k esa jgrk gSA mlds ekxZ
esa dbZ izyksHku vkrs gaSA dbZ ck/k, vkrh gaSA ;fn mls turk dh lsok esa bZekunkjh vkSj n`<+ izfrKk dk :[k
viukuk gS rks mls bu izyksHkuksa vkSj ck/kvksa dk eqdkcyk djuk iM+sxkA ,d i=kdkj ds fy, mldh
vUrj&vkREkk gh lPps vFkksZa esa mldk iFk&izn'kZd gksrh gSA i=kdkj gh og O;fDr gksrk gS tks jkstkuk ds
gkykr dks ns[krk gS] fo'ysf"kr djrk gS] O;k[;k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa izHkkfor djrk gSA
egkRek xk/h ys[kuh dks jk"V dh tkx`fr dk ,d vax dgk djrs FksA
e`.kky ,d izcq] ofj"B i=kdkj gSa] blfy, mudh n`f"V loZO;kid gSA LOka; mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa&
ge lHkh vkSipkfjd vukSipkfjd ;kstuk, cukus okyh ljdkjh xkSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ls vihy djrs gS
fd os [ksrh vkSj ckgjh dkeksa esa gekjh cguksa ds Bksl vonku dks igpkusa vkSj mudh lgh {kerk ij[k
dj mUgsa u, fo"k;ksa dh ,slh Bksl Vsfuax nsa] tks muds ifjos'k ls] mudh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh ls lkFkZd :Ik
ls tqM+s vkSj mUgsa vkfFkZd :Ik ls vkRe fuHkZj cuk ldsaA gekjs 'kgjksa] xkoksa esa yxHkx ux.; lk/uksa ls tks
fL=k;ksa vius ifjokjksa dks gj rjg dh gkM+&rksM+ esgur djds iky jgh gS mudh LokHkkfod cqf] xzg.k
{kerk vkSj dkfcfy;r ij Hkjkslk fd;k tk, vkSj ek=k cqukbZ&flykbZ dVkbZ dk ;g ikjaifjd fdarq vDlj
iQkyrw <ksy lgk;rk ds uke ij muds xyksa esa ckj&ckj u ck/k tk,A blls fL=k;ksa dk le; vkSj laLFkkuksa
dk iSlk nksuksa gh cjckn gksrs gSa vkSj lekt esa O;kIr bl ikjaifjd xyriQgeh dks cy feyrk gS fd L=kh
ds fy, vkfFkZd LOkra=krk u rks laHko gS vkSj u gh mruk t:jh ftruh fd iq#"k ds fy,A ;fn ge lPPks
eu ls fL=k;ksa dks cjkcjh dk ntkZ fnykuk pkgrs gSa rks fL=k;ksa ds fy, lgh O;oLkk; dSls gksa bl iwjs loky
dks gesa nksckjk lgh rjg tkpuk gksxkA1
vkt dgus dks rks ge izxfr iFk ij gj jkst c<+rs tk jgs gS] ijUrq vkt Hkh lekt esa efgykvksa
dh fLFkfr iq#"kksa ds led{k ugha gSA blds fy, Loa; ekrk&firk Hkh ftEEksokj gaSA ekrk&firk ds fy, rks
yM+dk vkSj yM+dh nksuksa gh larku gSA fiQj Hkh mudh n`f"V viuh csfV;ksa ds izfr lkiQ ugha gSA ekrk&firk
ds fy, ;s vfuok;Z gS fd os vius cPPks esa vkn'kZokn vkSj dfBu R;kx ds laLdkj MkysaA bUgha fopkjksa
dks e`.kky us ;ksa O;dRk fd;k gS& D;k dgha ge gh tkus vutkus mUgsa iq#"kRo dh ,saB] fL=k;ksa esa] vYi
la[;dksa dks nks;e ntsZ dk balku le>kus vkSj fdlh Hkh dher ij nqfu;k esa liQy gksus dh og nqfu;knkj
f'k{kk ugha nsrs tk jgs] ftlus jk"V dh tM+ dks ?kqu lk dqrj [kk;k gSA2
vktknh ds brus fnuksa ckn Hkh fgUnh dh vfLerk vius gh nsk esa ladV esa gSA izk;% ^vaxszth
okyksa dks FkksM+k vf/d lEeku feyrk gSA ,sls le; esa fgUnh i=kdkjksa ds fy, Hkh ltxrk dh vko';drk
gSA e`.kky us fgUnh i=kdkfjrk ij viuk fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, fy[kk gS& ;g Hkh ,d LOkLFk ckr gS fd
b/j fgUnh i=kdkfjrk ds dqN egRoiw.kZ iz[kaMksa esa bl t:jr dks u, fljs ls vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd
fgUnh i=kdkfjrk dh viuh 'kCnokyh] vius lanHkZin] Hkk"kk;h ekud] lekpkjksa vkSj fopkjksa dk oxhZdj.k
rFkk izLrqfr fodflr fd, tk,A dyk gh ugha] foKku rFkk vFkZtxr~ dh ppkZ djrs oDr ;g viuh Hkk"kk
ds eqgkojksa esa ckr djs fliQZ vaxzsth ds vViVs vuwfnr iz;ksxksa ls mits m/kj ds eqgkojksa esa ughaA ;g nqjkxzg
fuf'pr gh gesa ugha ikyuk pkfg, fd fgUnh i=kdkfjrk] fons'k uhfr] vFkZ txr~ lkfgR;] foKku tSls xaHkhj
fo"k;ksa ij vxj vaxszth esa dqN cgqr csgrjhu lkezxh miyC/ gS rks Hkh mls ugha ysxhA ysfdu blh ds lkFk
;g Hkh t:jh gS fd mu fo"k;ksa ij fuUnh esa fy[kus okyksa ds fy, ,d tk;t vkSj Lora=k tehu i=kdkfjrk
alLFkkuksa ls ysdj v[kckjksa ds vius lekpkj d{kksa rd esa cukbZ tk,---] ns'k esa vaxzsth dk Kku t:jh ugha]
fdUrq i=k lEiknu esa ge vaxzsth dh vksj nqyZ{; ugha dj ldrsA og lEiknu dyk ds ek;ds dh Hkk"kk
gSA dk;kZy;kssa esa mls tkuus okyksa dh cM+h jkf'k jguh pkfg,A--- vaxst
z h i=k dgrk gS Kku esa esjh lerk djA
D;k ge bl pqukSrh dk tokc u nsaxs \ D;k ge vius ikBdksa dks ;g dgus nsxsa] ^HkkbZ eSa bu ckrksa dks
D;k tkuw \ eSus vaxzsth ugha i<+hA (ek[ku yky prqosZnh ds 1927 esa Hkjriqj i=kdkj lEesyu esa fn,
x, Hkk"k.k lsA)
gekjs yksdra=k esa tu&Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dk vkt ,d cgqr cM+k lalkj gS vkSj fgUnh i=kdkfjrk dh
mlesa ,d vfuok;Z txg gS& dgha turk ds n; fnekx vkSj vkRek rhuksa ds cgqr iklA dHkh&dHkh ;g
txg bruh vfHkUu gksrh gS fd ikBd mldk egRo ugha Lohdkj dj ikrs] ysfdu D;k grkHkj Hkh fgUnh
dk v[kckj u i<+&ikuk gekjs Hkhrj ,d vthc uhjlrk vkSj m[kM+kiuk ugha iSnk djrk\
Hkkjrh; yksdra=k ds cgqHkk"kk;h vkSj dksykgy Hkjs Ik;kZoj.k esa fgUnh i=kdkfjrk dh ekStwnxh dh
vfuok;Zrk yksdra=k lkis{k gSA i=kdkfjrk dh lkFkZdrk vkSj mlds vfLrRo ds fy, bruk vk/kj dkiQh gSA3
e`.kky vkxs fy[krh gSa& Hkk"kk ds ge rqPN v;srkvksa ds fy, fiQy oDr ;gh Ik;kZIr gksxk fd
ge ehfM;k ij fgUnqRo dh vksNh yM+kbZ yM+us esa le; u xok,] cfYd viuh Hkk"kk dks jktuhfr ls
;FkklaHko fojsfpr djsAa u, eqgkojs ryk'ksa vkSj vius ys[ku }kjk viuh Hkk"kkvksa ds fy, miyC/ yksdrkaf=kd
laokn dh tehu dks yxkrkj iQSyk, vkSj mls vius ikBdksa dks miyC/ djk,A tulk/kj.k dh og lkekU;
yksx ckrphr djrs gaS] viuh dgrs gSa] nwljs dh lqurs gSa] og ckrphr djrs gSa] viuh dgrh gS]a nwljs dh
lqurs gaS] og gh ekSdk vkus ij nk'kZfud fpUru vkSj mn~cks/u dk lgt ek;e cu ldsxh] vaxzsth ughaaA4
u, i=kdkjksa ds O;fDRkRo fuekZ.k esa iqjkus i=kdkj êhy ds iRFkj* lkfcr gksrs gaSA Bhd mlh rjg
tSls vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh vius u, fgUnh lkfgR;dkjksa ds fy, ,d O;fDr ugha] cfYd ,d laLFkk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 29
lkfcr gq, FksA xaHkhj vkSj lefiZrZ i=kdkjksa ij fogaxkoyksdu djuk gksxk] mldh fueZe leh{kk djuh gksxhA
,slh leh{kk djus ds fy, mUgsa ckSfd izkS<+rk vkSj i=kdkjh; ;ksX;rk dh cqfu;knh t:jr gksxhA
ofj"B i=kdkjksa dh fliQZ ;gh bPNk gksuh pkfg, fd muds laoknnkrk vf/d&ls&vf/d esgur
dj ?kVuk ds ,sls igyqvksa dks lkeus yk, ftUgas fNikus esa jktlkk ;k fdlh lkeF;Zoku dk fgr ;k mudh
fo'sk"k #fp gksA mUgsa fl[kkuk gksxk ?kVuk dh ekuoh;rk dks egRo nsus dh okLrfodrk dks jkspdrk ds lkFk
izLrqr djus ij tksj nsus dhA Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx esa Hkh mUgsa ltx vkSj n{k cukuk gksxkA mlds fy, gesa bu
iafDr;ksa ij ;ku nsuk gksxk& ogh [kcj ugha gS tks yksxks dks pkSdkrh gS] [kcj og Hkh gS tks yksxksa dks
Hkjkslk nsrh gS] fgEer c/krh gS vkSj lekt esa viuh 'kDy dk izfrfcac ns[kus dks nsrh gSA5
Li"Vr;k ge ns[krs gS fd e`.kky dk ys[ku eqfDrdkeh gS tks lhks&lhks ekuork] lekt vkSj
laLfr ds fodkl ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA ;g vlekurk ds fo# lekurk dk ,d nLrkost gSA ,sls ys[kd
lekt rFkk ns'k ds izfr] mlds Hkfo"; ds izfr iw.kZr;k lefiZr gksrs gSaA
lanHkZ %
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Okek] e`.ky ikaMs

Okek] e`.kky ikaMs
e`.kky ikaMs] nSfud fgUnqLrku] 13 vDVwcj] 2002
e`.kky ikaMs] nSfud fgUnqLrku] 26 tudjh] 2003
j?kqohj lgk;
qqq
HkkjrsUnq ,oa Hkh"e lkguh ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vh;rk

q
jes'k dqekj
laf{fIr %
HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz ijra=k Hkkjr ds ukVddkj Fks rks Hkh"e lkguh Lora=kr Hkkjr dsA ifjfLFkfr&fHkrk
ds ckotwn nksuksa ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vh;rk ds izfr xgjk >qdko gSA HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz vius le; vkSj lekt
dks thoar Hkk"kk esa fpf=kr djrs gq, mldh folaxfr;ksa ij yxkrkj izgkj dj jgs FksA /kfeZd ik[kaM]
:f<+okn] csesy&fookg] efgykvksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr] L=kh&f'k{kk dk vHkko] tkr&ikr bR;kfn dh rLohj
muds ukVdksa esa ,d nLrkost dh rjg mifLFkr gSAa oLrqr% vius ukVdksa ds ek;e ls HkkjrsUnq ,d ns'kHkDr
flikgh dk dke dj jgs FksA mudk ;g dke mudh jk"Vh; psruk dk laqnj ifjpk;d gSA Lora=k Hkkjr
ds ukVddkjksa esa mlh jk"Vh; psruk dk ,d mRl Hkh"e lkguh ds ukVdksa esa fodflr gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ
iM+rk gSA lkguh ds ukVdksa esa vxjst+ksa ds tqYe ls VwVrs gq, Hkkjr dh =kklnh dk okLrfod fp=k vafdr
gqvk gSA
fo"k; foospu %
Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr vU/fo'okl feVkus gsrq Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd ijEijk rFkk vkn'kZ ds
iks"kd yksxksa us ns'k esa Hkkjrh;rk dk ukjk yxk;kA jk"V ds mRFkku ds fy, /kfeZd rFkk lkekftd lq/kjoknh
usrkvksa us jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dk chtkjksi.k djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA bls gh jk"Vh; Hkkouk dk lw=kikr
dgk tkuk pkfg,A HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us vius vkl&ikl ds tfVy jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k dks
utnhd ls ns[kk FkkA os leUo;kRed cqf ysdj ukV~; {ks=k esa vorfjr gq, FksA fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
vakkuqdj.k mUgsa ilan ugha vk;kA blhfy, os ns'k] dky vkSj ;qxhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj izkphu Hkkjrh;
ukV~; ifr esa ls vko';d vkSj mi;qDr ro xzg.k dj fgUnh ds uohu ukV~; fo/ku dh LFkkiuk djrs
gSaA HkkjrsUnq ds ukVdksa eas ns'k ds izfr izse Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ôSfndh fgalk fgalk u Hkofr* esa HkkjrsUnq
us cM+h lqanj 'kSyh esa efnjk ihus] ekal [kkus okys rFkk 'kkL=kksa dh nqgkbZ nsus okyksa dh [kcj ysdj ns'k
izse dks Hkh O;aftr fd;k gSA îkposa iSxEcj* esa HkkjrsUnq fuf'par gksdj lks jgs Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks iQVdkjrs
gSaA ns'k ds izfr jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk Hkjus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA fgUnqvksa dks dkslrs gq, dgrs gSa exj esjs
eseus fgUnwvksa! rqedks eSa lc izdkj ls uhp le>waxk] D;ksafd ;g og ns'k gS tks bZ'oj ds ks/ :ih vfXu
ls ty jgk gS---- cqf lh[krs gh ugha] cy uk'k gks pqdk gSA1 ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* esa HkkjrsUnq us mR"V ns'k
izse dk ifjp; fn;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds izkphu xkSjo'kkyh :i dk mn~?kkVu rks fd;k gh x;k gS lkFk&gh
'kks/kizK] fganh foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 31
lkFk ;qxhu nhu&ghu voLFkk dk HkkokRed fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl ukVd ds izFke vad esa ,d
;ksxh vR;ar ekfeZd xhr ds ek;e ls Hkkjr ds izkphu mRd"kZ vkSj orZeku v|%iru dk o.kZu djrk gSA
nwljs vad esa Lo;a Hkkjr iQVsgky fLFkfr esa vkrk gS vkSj vius vrhr dks ;kn dj vklw cgkrk gSA rhljs
,oa pkSFks vad esa Hkkjr nqnSZo tks fd vaxzsth ljdkj dk izrhd gS] lR;uk'k] iQkStnkj] jksx] vkyL;] efnjk]
vgadkj vkfn dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjr dk uk'k djus dh ;kstuk cukrk gSA ikposa vad esa ns'k dh fcxM+rh
gqbZ gkyr ij fopkj&foe'kZ djus gsrq lkr lH; yksxksa dh desVh cSBrh gSA ftlesa lHkkifr] caxkyh]
egkjk"Vh] ,MhVj] dfo ,oa nks ns'kh egk'k; }kjk ukVddkj us yxHkx izR;sd oxZ ;k tkfr ds izfrfuf/
dks 'kkfey dj fy;k gSA ysfdu turk ls fofPNUu ;s cqfthoh dsoy ;kstukvksa esa gh my>dj jg tkrs
gSaA blh le; iqfyl os'k es fMlyki;YVh (jktnzksg neuuhfr) vkdj lcdks idM+ ys tkrh gSA ;gk
vxjst+ksa ds neudkjh uhfr ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA NBs vad esa ,d isM+ ds uhps vpsr iM+s Hkkjr dks Hkkjr
HkkX; vusd izdkj ds mRlkgiwod
Z mn~cks/uksa ls txkus dh vliQy dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj varr% og fujk'k
gksdj vkRegR;k dj ysrk gSA izLrqr ukVd esa caxkyh ds :i esa lkglh ns'kHkDr lkeus vkrk gSA og iqfyl
dks ns[kdj ?kcjkrk ugha cfYd ks/ izdV dj dgrk gS] dkgs dks idM+sxk] dkuwu dksbZ oLrq ugha gSA
lkFk gh fons'kh 'kklu ls yksgk ysus dk mik; crkrk gSA egkjk"Vh Hkh lkglh ns'kHkDr gSA tc iqfyl vkrh
gS rks og dgrk gS idM+ ugha ldrh gedks Hkh nks gkFk nks iSj gSaA pyks ge yksx rqEgkjs lax pyrs gSa]
loky tokc djsaxsA2 bl ukVd dh lcls cM+h rkdr gS izrhd o O;aX;kRedrkA ^fo"kL;fo"kekS"k/e~*
ukVd ds e; Hkkx esa HkkjrsUnq us vxjst+h jkt vkSj muds leFkZd o dBiqryh jktkvksa vkfn ds izfr Li"V
:i ls viuk vlarks"k tkfgj djds mUgsa fo"k ds leku gh ekuk gSA eYgkjjko vius nqjkpj.k ds dkj.k
fo"k ds leku gS] ftuds jkT; esa turk vR;Ur nq%[k >sy jgh gSA eYgkjjko vius vkpj.kksa ds dkj.k lekt
ds fy, fo"k leku ?kkrd Fkk vkSj mldk bykt HkkjrsUnq dh n`f"V esa ^fo"k* vFkkZr~ vxjst+h jkt gh FkkA
fdUrq HkkjrsUnq ds vuqlkj nksuksa gh R;kT; gSAa ^Hkkjr tuuh* esa HkkjrsUnq us Hkkjr ds xkSjoe; vrhr dk xq.kxku
djrs gq, ;qxhu Hkkjr dh nqnZ'kk dk ekfeZd :i izLrqr fd;k gSA bldh izLrkouk esa lw=k/kj dgrk gS]
Hkkjr Hkwfe vkSj Hkkjr larku dh nqnZ'kk fn[kkuk gh bl Hkkjr tuuh dk bfr dkZO; gS vkSj vkt tks og
vk;Z oa'k dk lekt bl [ksy dks ns[kus dks izLrqr gSA mlesa ls ,d euq"; Hkh ;fn bl HkkjrHkwfe ds lqkkjus
esa ,d fnu Hkh ;Ru djS rks gekjk ifjJe liQy gSA3 ukVddkj us bl ukVd ds ek;e ls lks jgs Hkkjrh;
yksxksa dh psruk dks tkx`r djus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA ,sD; vkSj mRlkg ds lkFk fcxM+h gqbZ fLFkfr dks laHkkyus
ds fy, izsfjr fd;k gSA ^gs esjs I;kjs oRlx.k! vc Hkh mBks vkSj /S;Z ds mRlkg vkSj ,sD; ds mins'kksa dks
eu esa j[k bl nqfu;k ds nq%[k dks nwj djus esa ru&eu ls rRij gksA vc rd tks gqvk geus mldk lgu
fd;kA vc rks ,slk mik; djks ftlesa esjk ;g 'kksdun c<+us u ikoSA4 ^va/js uxjh* ds nwljs vad esa cktkj
dk n`'; gSA bl cktkj esa izR;sd oLrq Vds lsj fcd jgh gSA va/sj uxjh vxjst+h jkt dk gh nwljk uke
gSA vxjst+ksa ds gkfde gh ?kklhjke ds pus [kkdj yksxksa ij nwuk VSDl (dj) yxkrk gSA ;gha fgUnqLrku dk
esok&iQwV vkSj oSj Vds lsj fcdrk gSA ;gha tSls dkth oSls ikth gSaA ;gha nkyeaMh gS tgk dh nsfo;k pwju
dh 'kkSdhu gSa vkSj tgk veys pwju [kkdj nwxuk fj'or ipk tkrs gSaA ikposa n`'; esa xkso/Zu nkl dgrk
gS&
/eZ v/eZ ,d njlkbZA jktk djs lks U;ko lnkbZAA
Hkhrj Lokgk ckgj lknsA jkt djfga veys v: I;knsAA
vU/k/qU/ eP;kS lc nslkA ekugq jktk jgr fonslkAA5
bl xhr ds ek;e ls Li"V gS fd HkkjrsUnq ds fy, lkjk Hkkjr gh vxjst+ksa ds pkSiV jkT; esa vaksj
uxjh cuk gqvk FkkA bl izglu dk ,dek=k ms'; ew[kZ jktk dh jkT; O;oLFkk ls yksxksa dks ifjfpr djkuk
gS vkSj lkFk gh vxjst+h jkT; esa iQSyh gqbZ va/sj ls gSA jkefoykl 'kekZ us fy[kk gS] vaksj uxjh vaxzsth
jkT; dk gh nwljk uke gSA6 HkkjrsUnq ds le; dh n`f"V ls rks vxjst+h jkT; dk uke gS gh lkFk&gh&lkFk
orZeku le; ds 'kkldksa ds jkT; dk Hkh uke gSA gesa dguk pkfg, fd nqfu;k esa tgk dgha Hkh lkk yksyqi
fujadq'k lkk/kfj;ksa dh va/O;oLFkk gS] mldk uke va/sj uxjh gSA ûhynsoh* ds ek;e ls HkkjrsUnq
gfj'pUnz us iq#"k gh ugha efgykvksa ls Hkh ns'k dY;k.k esa lg;ksx ekaxk gSA ftl Hkkfr vaxzsth fL=k;k
lkokku gksrh gSa] i<+h&fy[kh gksrh gSa--- viuk LoRo igpkurh gSa] viuh tkfr vkSj vius ns'k dh
lEifk&foifk dks le>rh gSa] mlesa lgk;rk nsrh gSa]--- mlh Hkkafr gekjh x`g nsork Hkh orZeku ghukoLFkk
dks mYya?ku djds dqN mUufk izkIr djsa] ;gh ykylk gSA7 HkkjrsUnq dh bZPNk gS fd gekjs ns'k dh
efgyk, Hkh viuh rkdr dks igpkus vkSj ns'k mRFkku esa lg;ksx djsaA bl ukVd dk ms'; ukjh tkfr dks
tkx`r dj ns'k dh foifk fuokj.k gsrq izsj.kk nsuk gSA HkkjrsUnq pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; efgyk, Hkh fofo/
dykvksa ds }kjk ns'k&dY;k.k esa lg;ksx nsaA ijaijk ds feF;k ca/u esa vius dks u cka/saA
Hkh"e lkguh ds ukVdksa esa Hkh jk"Vh; Hkkouk fpf=kr gSA ^jax ns clarh pksyk* esa fczfV'k
lkezkT;oknh lkk vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk Lora=krk&izkfIr ds iz;kl dh xkFkk gSA ;g ukVd tfy;kokyk ckx
gR;kdkaM ij vk/kfjr gSA izFke vad esa dy gksus okys gM+rky dks jksdus gsrq vxjst+ vf/dkfj;ksa ds lkFk
Hkkjrh; xn~nkj [kkucgknqj vkSj jk; cgknqj cSBd djrk gSA lHkh fpafrr gSa fd dy ve`rlj esa xk/h dk
vkxeu gksus okyk gSA bfox dks ^vkLrhu dk lki* dg dj cSBd esa lEcksf/r djrk gSA rHkh iatkc ds
xoZuj ekbdy vksM~ok;j dks tkudkjh feyrh gS fd xk/h jsyxkM+h ij lokj gksdj ve`rlj ds fy, py
iM+s gSaA og dgrk gS iatkc esa mlds vkus dk D;k eryc gS\ og ;gk D;ksa vkuk pkgrk gS mlds ;gk
vkus dk ,d gh edln gks ldrk gS& xM+cM+h iSnk djukA8 rHkh Hkkjrh; xn~nkj jk;cgknqj lykg nsrk
gS fd xk/h dks jkLrs esa gh fxjrkj dj fy;k tk,A vxys n`'; esa gsejkt tks ,d lPpk ns'kHkDr gS]
og gM+rky dh liQyrk ij cgqr [kq'k gSA og viuh iRuh ls dgrk gS& 'kgj esa eqDdey gM+rky gS]
jkks_ eqdEey gM+rkyA okg] geus f'kdLr&,&iQk'k nh gSA ekbdy vksM~ok;j dh ewN m[kkM+ nh! jkks]
rw ns[krh rks gSjku jg tkrhA ,d nwdku rd dk njoktk ugha [kqyk FkkA9 dqN nsj ckn tfy;kokyk ckx
esa tylk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA ukVd ds nwljs vad esa ekbdy vksMo~ k;j gM+rky dh liQyrk ds dkj.k vkos'k
esa gSA ,d vnZyh bfox dks i=k nsrk gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd xk/h dks iyoy LVs'ku ij xkM+h ls
mrkj fy;k x;k gS vkSj cEcbZ tkus okyh xkM+h esa cSBkdj okil Hkst fn;k x;k gSA vxys n`'; esa ns'kHkDr
MkW fdpyq vkSj MkW lR;iky dks vxjst+ksa ds dCts ls eqDr djkus gsrq tqywl ij xksyh&ckjh dh tkrh
gSA rhljs n`'; esa tujy Mk;j dks irk pyrk gS fd lk;a lk<+s pkj cts tfy;kokyk ckx esa ,d ifCyd
tylk gksus okyk gSA og ipkl fgUnqLrkuh ,oa pkyhl xksj[kk lSfud vkSj nks c[rjcUn xkfM+;k ysdj
tfy;kokyk ckx esa igqp
tkrk gSA pkSFks n`'; esa tfy;kokyk ckx esa tylk py jgk gSA rHkh vxjst+ lSfudksa
}kjk xksyhckjh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA HkxnM+ ep tkrh gSA cgqr ls yksx ekjs tkrs gSaA ckx [kwu ls yFkiFk gks
tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;g ukVd lkezkT;oknh lkk vkSj ekuork ds d#.k nkLrku ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gSA
ukVd dh laosnuk lkezkT;oknh lkk ds ;FkkFkZ vkSj mlds fo# gksus okys Lora=krk vkanksyu ds bZn&fxnZ
?kqerh gSA tfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdkaM vkSj tujy Mk;j dh u`'kalrk dks vk/kj cukdj ukVd dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gS vkSj bUgha lc fLFkfr;ksa ds chp ekuoh; laosnuk dks [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA Hkh"e
lkguh bl vksj Hkh bZ'kkjk djrs gSa fd [kkucgknqj vkSj jk;cgknqj tSls vU; lkearksa us Hkh vxjst+ksa dk lkFk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 33
fn;k vkSj ckj&ckj Lora=krk vkUnksyu dks {kfr igqpkrs jgsA ;fn ns'k esa vxjst+h dh gqdwer vf/d le;
rd dk;e jgh rks bUgha lkearksa ds dkj.kA êqvkots* ds ek;e ls Hkh"e lkguh us fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k
gS fd vkt Hkys gh vxjst+ksa dk 'kklu ugha gS] ge xqyke ugha gS fiQj Hkh ns'k ds iwthifr] m|ksxifr]
vkSj usrkvksa us viuk ncnck dk;e djus ;k vius fdlh fu;e dks ykxw u gksrs ns[k xjhcksa dh >qfXx;ksa
esa vkx yxok nsuk ;k ejok nsuk tSlh djrqrs djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; 'kkld ds :i esa vxjst+ksa ds dkys dkjukes
rks vc Hkh gks jgs gSaA
fu"d"kZ %
HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz ,oa Hkh"e lkguh ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vh;rk Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA HkkjrsUnq us
^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* esa mR"V ns'k izse dk ifjp; gS] rFkk ^Hkkjr tuuh* ds ek;e ls Hkkjrh; turk dh psruk
tkx`r djus dk iz;kl gS rks ûhynsoh* ds ek;e ls iq#"k gh ugha os efgykvksa ls Hkh jk"V dY;k.k esa
lg;ksx djus dh vihy djrs gSaA Hkh"e lkguh ^jax ns clarh pksyk* ukVd esa tfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdkaM
vkSj tujy Mk;j dh u`'kark dks vk/kj cukdj ns'k izse dks gh O;aftr djrs gSaA êqvkots* ds ek;e ls
Hkh"e lkguh ;g fn[kkus dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd vkt Hkys gh vxjst+ksa dk 'kklu ugha gS] fiQj Hkh ns'k ds
iwthifr] m|ksxifr vkSj usrkvksa }kjk vxjst+ksa ds dkys dkjukesa rks vc Hkh gks gh jgs gSaA
lanHkZ %
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HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz xzUFkkoyh&1 % vkseizdk'k flag] izdk'ku laLFkku laLdj.k&2010] i`&76ogh] i`&131ogh] i`&269ogh] i`&280ogh] i`&60HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz vkSj fgUnh uotkxj.k dh leL;k, % jkefoykl 'kekZ jktdey izdk'ku&2010] i`&133HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz xzUFkkoyh&1 % vkseizdk'k flag izdk'ku laLFkku] i`&309lEiw.kZ ukVd] Hkh"e lkguh&lkguh lEiknd&dYiuk lkguh] laLdj.k&2011] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]
i`&443
9- ogh] i`&450-
qqq
^jke&jghe* miU;kl esa ukjh leL;k

q
vf'ouh dqekj
laf{kfIr %
Hkkjrh; lekt ds rhu oxZ & fdlku] ukjh vkSj nfyr [kkl rkSj ls lkekftd O;oLFkk ds
vekuoh; 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj gksrs jgs gSaA blesa d`"kd lekt ds 'kks"k.k&xkFkk dks liQyrkiwoZd izLrqr djus
dk Js; eq'a kh izes pan dks gSA eq'a kh izes pan us vius miU;kl lsoklnu] fueZyk] jaxHkwfe] xcu] izfrKk] izes kJe]
xksnku vkfn miU;kl ds ek;e ls ukjh&'kks"k.k ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk vadu fd;k gSA vkseizdk'k okYehfd
vius dgkuh ds ek;e ls nfyr&'kks"k.k dk foLrkj ls vadu djrs gSaA ogha jktk&lkgc us ^jke&jghe*
miU;kl ds ik=kksa ds }kjk ukjh leL;k ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks foLrkj ls n'kkZ;k gSA
fok; foospu %
^jke&jghe* jktk jkf/dkje.k izlkn flag }kjk jfpr cgqr pfpZr fgUnh miU;kl gSA jktk lkgc
us bl miU;kl esa csyk ds ek;e ls fgUnw lekt esa O;kIr ukjh 'kks"k.k] cky&fookg] vle; vliQy
ekr`Ro vuesy fookg vkfn leL;kvksa dks lgh <ax ls n'kkZ;k gSA ^^csyk ,d lk/kj.k czk.k&x`gLFk dh
yM+dh gS& xksjh vkSj HkksjhA cpiu dh uknkfu;k vHkh NqVh u Fkh fd ubZ nqyfgu cudj] yEcs ?kw?kV dh
e;kZnk dk lcd ysdj] og ladh.kZ llqjky ds kà[kykc fof/&fu"ks/ksa ds nk;js esa tk iM+hA 'kS'ko ds
da/ksa ij lqgkx dk gkj&Hkkj gSA Kku vkSj yTtk ds izFke vkHkkl ls vaxksa esa izk.kksa esa& ,d uohu flgju
dk lapkj 'kq: gh gqvk Fkk fd vpkud ekr`Ro ds ladV us vk ?ksjkA fd'kksjh] ;qorh gksus ds igys] tuuh
gks xbZ! gkFk dk xqM~Mk mrjrs&mrjrs xksn esa ,d thoUr xqM~Mk cu x;kA bl in ds nkf;Roiw.kZ xkSjo dk
vHkh vUnkt Hkh u gks ik;k Fkk fd vpkud iq=k&fo;ksx ds mRdV vk?kkr ls og pdjk xbZA yM+diu ds
[ksy vHkh Hkwys u gksaxs fd tku ij [ksyus ds fnu vk VidsA1 jke&jghe miU;kl ds bl laokn ds }kjk
jktk lkgc cky&fookg vkSj mlds }kjk gksus okyh leL;k] (tSls&vle; ekr`Ro] iq=k&fo;ksx) dks foLrkj
ls ekfeZd <ax ls o.kZu djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkSjrksa ij lcls T;knk vR;kpkj vkSjr ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA csyk tc
fo/ok gks tkrh gS rks mldh lkl vkSj uun ds }kjk oDr&csoDr rjg&rjg ds ykaNu yxk;k tkrk FkkA
^êSyh lkM+h jgrh] rks xanh jgus dh ykaNuk_ kksbZ /ksrh gksrh] rks fo/ok ds iQS'ku dh dqRlk_ edku ds
fiNokM+s dh ckoyh ls ikuh ykus xbZ] rks ;g rkuk fd vk[ks feykus tkrh gS_ ikuh u ykbZ] rks ;g iQcrh
fd jkuh cuh cSBh gS!2
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 35
ukjh dk ;kSu&'kks"k.k vk/qfud lekt dh lcls cM+h leL;k gSA [kkldj Hkkjrh; lekt dk
<kpk ,slk gS ftlesa ukjh iq#"kksa ds }kjk cykRdkj dk lgt gh f'kdkj cu tkrh gSA ^jke&jghe* miU;kl
dh ik=k csyk bl ;FkkFkZ dks lgh rjg ls vuqHko djrh gS vkSj dgrh gS^^?kj esa jgh] rks nsoj dk
vR;kpkj_ ljdkj ds njckj esa xbZ rks ljdkj ds izfrfuf/;ksa dk vR;kpkj_ bZoj ds njckj esa vkbZ rks bZ'oj
ds izfrfuf/;ksa dk vR;kpkj! ?kj ;k ckgj] ,d gh nnZljA ljdkj dh Nkg esa vkbZ ;k xq# dh ckg xghA
dksbZ Hksn ughaA m/j [kklh [kkdh ojnh] b/j jkeukes dk lUnyh mkjh;A /j lj ij >Ccsnkj lkiQk_ bkj
lj ij foYo&i=k'kksHkh f'k[kkA ,d vksj xnZu esa lksus ds rexs] nwljh vksj xnZu esa #nzk{k ds nkusA ,d ds
gkFk esa U;k; dk MaMk_ nwljs ds gkFk esa rqylh dh ekykA mkj U;k; dh irkdk] b/j /eZ dh otkA
exj nksuksa ,d gh xyh ds dqks fudys_ ljklj dke ds dhM+s utj vk;sA nksuksa ds iSrjs Hkh ,d gh FksA
igys gennhZ dh ckSNkj] ckngw ryokj dk okjA3 jktk lkgc csyk ds ek;e ls ;kSu 'kks"k.k dks ;FkkFkZoknh
<ax ls fpf=kr djrs gSaA
x|dkj jktk lkgc ^jke&jghe* miU;kl ds ik=k fctyh dh ek foeyk ds ek;e ls tehankj
?kjkuk ds fL=k;ksa dh leL;k ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA fctyh dh ek foeyk tehankj dh iRuh gksdj Hkh
?kwVu] foo'krk] vieku] ijrU=krk vkSj vlgk; dh ftanxh O;rhr djrh gSA og vius nq%[k dks fdlh ds
lkFk ckV Hkh ugha ldrh gSA og vius vanj ?kqVrh jgrh gSA miU;kldkj us theankj oxZ ds fL=k;ksa ds izfr
viuh lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrs gq, fy[kk gS& ^^tc iQwl dh >ksiM+h dh nqf[k;k jksrh gS rc mldh djkgksa
dh ph[k eqgYys&Vksysokyksa ds dkuksa ij Vdjkrh gS& 'kk;n dysts rd Hkh daik tkrh gSA exj tc egy
dh jkuh jksrh gS] rc tku vUnj&gh&vUnj ?kqyrh jgrh gS_ ml fNnh gqbZ Nkrh ds phRdkj dks iQjh'rs Hkh
ugha lqu ikrsA4 foeyk xjhc ?kj dh cPph FkhA dqN i<+h&fy[kh ugha Fkha ysfdu lqUnj FkhA bl dkj.k
foeyk dk fookg tehankj jk;lkgc ekupUnz ds lkFk gksrk gSA tcrd mlds 'kjhj ij olUr dh yiV
Fkh] rc rd rks ekupUnz fujUrj lqgkx cjlkrs jgs_ ysfdu tc lky&c&lky gey ds geyksa ls og ikeky
gks pyh vkSj mlds xqykch xkyksa dk teky Eyku gks x;k] rc iQwy ds ifjey dk ikxy HkkSajk ml peu
dh D;kjh ls nwj ljd x;kA5 foeyk [kkunku esa jax Hkjus vkbZ Fkh_ jax Hkj pqdhA cl dqy&dkfyanks
ds dkykiu dks xksjh xaxk dh ygj cgk ys xbZA tcrd mlesa xqykc dk jax Fkk] rc rd ml ?kj esa mldk
jax tek jgkA vc rks mlesa u jax gh jgk] u jax Hkjus dh t:jr gh jghA6 foeyk ds :i&jax esa tc
dksbZ mkstuk u jgh rks jk;lkgc Hkh nwj jgus yxsA jk;lkgc dk jax xk<+k lkoyk FkkA og fn[kus esa cnlwjr
FksA foyk;rh jax&:iokyh foeyk ls blfy, 'kknh fd, Fks fd og vius [kkunku dk jax rcnhy dj
ldsA muds cPpsa vaxzstksa dh rjg fn[ksaA ^^foeyk dgykrh rks Fkh ?kj dh ekyfdu] exj cu xbZ fiatM+s
dh cfUnuhA ml vkxu dh pgkj&nhokjh ds ckgj tks fojkV fo'o Fkk] mldh mls [kcj rd u jghA**7
miU;kldkj us foeyk ds }kjk tehankj ?kj dh fL=k;ksa dh foo'krk] ykpkjh vkSj ?kqVu dks ;FkkFkZoknh <ax
ls fp=k.k fd, gSaA
Hkkjrh; lekt esa vuesy fookg ,d izeq[k leL;k gSA jktk lkgc us ^jke&jghe* miU;kl eas
ia fxfj/kjh yky vkSj jek nsoh ds }kjk vuesy fookg dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ia fxfj/kjh yky ds firk us
nku&ngst ds eksg esa iM+dj fd'kksj ia fxfj/kjh yky dks ,d iw.kZ ;qorh ds nkeu esa ck/ fn;k FkkA ftl
oDr mudh 'kknh gqbZ Fkh] ml oDr jek dh tckuh f[ky jgh Fkh] vkSj ia fxfj/kjhyky fd'kksj FksA tc
jek nsoh dk xkSuk gqvk rc ia fxfj/kjh yky laLd`r&Vksy esa nkf[kyk ys pqds FksA fxfjkkjh yky Nchlosa
lky esa ?kj ykSVs rc rd jeknsoh dk ;kSou mrkj ij FkkA jktk lkgc ds 'kCnksa esa& tc Nchlosa lky
os ekfyd gksdj ?kj ykSVs] rc jek dh tokuh mrkj ij Fkh vkSj dU;k ^deyk* ekrk dh xksn ls mkj
pqdh FkhA jek ds fny vkSj fnekx ij Hkwrksa vkSj vokwrksa dk dCtk gks pqdk Fkk vkSj mlds fopkj vkSj
fo'okl&mlds iQsy vkSj veky&n`<+rk ds dwy ij igwp pqds FksA vc os djrs rks D;k djrs \ fl[kkrs
rks D;k fl[kkrs\ vc u og jh> ldrh Fkh] u fj>k ldrh Fkh_ u ukp ldrh Fkh] u upk ldrh FkhA
u ;kSou dh piyrk Fkh] u foykl dh izo.krk! og ,d cksnh vkSj xUnh feh dh izfrek cuh FkhA xguksa
ls ftruh ynrh tkrh] mruh Hkh gksrh tkrhA8 miU;kldkj jktk lkgc us jek nsoh vkSj ia fxfjkkjh yky
feJ ds }kjk lekt esa tks vuesy fookg gksrk jgk gS mlij cM+k izgkj fd, gSaA vuesy fookg ds dkj.k
gh ia fxfj/kjhyky vkSj jek nsoh dj nkEiR; thou nq[ke; gks tkrk gSA
miU;kldkj us bl miU;kl esa fctyh ds ek;e ls ukfj;ksa dh Lora=krk] lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkj dh leL;k dks Hkh mBk;k gSA os fn[kkuk pkgrs gSa fd ,d rjiQ rks ge iqjkuh
e;kZnkvksa vkSj vkn'kks dk ikyu djus okyh fL=k;ksa dks dksbZ Hkh vf/dkj ugha nsrs vkSj nwljh rjiQ if'peh
vkn'kks dh udy djus dh gksM+ esa viuh yM+fd;ksa dks uSfrd vkSj ewY;xr HkVdko dk f'kdkj cuk nsrs
gSaA tehankj jk; lkgc viuh csVh fctyh dks ;wjksih; ysMh ds :i esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] vr% mls bl izdkj
dh lHkh lqfo/k, iznku dh tkrh gSa ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i og igys ,d eqlyeku ;qod lyhe ds lkFk
Hkkx tkrh gS] fiQj mls NksM+dj ,d ucko lkgc ds vad'kkf;uh curh gS vkSj vUrr% os';ko`fk viukrh
gSA jktk lkgc fL=k;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa lq/kj ds iDds leFkZd Fks] ij f'k{kk&nh{kk] vkpj.k vkSj
'khy&fuokZg esa os ;wjksih; efgykvksa dh udy dks ukilUn djrs gSaA
fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^jke&jfge* miU;kl esa miU;kldkj jktk jkfkdkje.k izlkn
flag us ukjh&'kks"k.k ds fofHkUu :iksa dk ltho fp=k.k fd;k gSA bl miU;kl ds ek;e ls fgUnw lekt
esa O;kIr] cky&fookg] vuesy fookg dh leL;k ls voxr djokrs gSaA ,d fo/ok fdl izdkj rkus
lqu&lqu dj ?kqVu dh ftUnxh thrh gS] ,d ukjh dk gj&eksM+ ij bruk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS fd og os';k
cu thou&;kiu djus dks etcwj gks tkrh gSA tehankj ?kjkus dh fL=k;k Hkh ?kqVu] foo'krk] vieku vkSj
vlgk; dh ftUnxh thus dks csol gks tkrh gSaA
lanHkZ %
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^jke&jghe* % jktk jkf/dkje.k iz flag] Jh jkt jkts'ojh&lkfgR;&efUnj] lw;Ziqjk] laLdj.k&1993] i`&1

ogh] i` &3
ogh] i` &249
ogh] i` & 27&28
ogh] i` &21
ogh] i` &28
ogh] i` &27
ogh] i` &97
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 37
deys'oj ds miU;klksa esa O;Dr jktuhfr

,oa lekt % ,d ewY;kadu
q
fodk'k dqekj
jktuhfr euq"; }kjk fodflr Kku dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] ftlesa ekuo thou ,oa lekt dks vfkd
O;ofLFkr rFkk iw.kZ cukus dk iz;ksx ;qxksa ls gksrh jgh gSA vk/qfud jktuhfr fopkj vkSj dk;Z dks lapkfyr
dj O;fDr vkSj lekt dks vius vf/dkj esa dj jgh gSA deys'oj us vius dFkk lkfgR; ds ek;e ls
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj lekt dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k fd;k gSA dqfRlr jktuhfr ds pyrs fdl izdkj lekt esa
/eZ ,oa tkfr ds uke ij yksxks ds chp va/fo'okl vkSj vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk dks c<+kus esa cy nsus dk
dke fd;k gSA orZeku jktuhfr fu"V gks xbZ gSA blesa os yksx vk jgs gSa tks vkijkf/d izo`fk ds gSa vkt
jktuhfr esa vkjksi&izR;kjksi vke ckr gks xbZ gSA jktuhfr esa ,d ny nwljs ny ds xM+s eqnsZ m[kkM+us esa yxk
gSA lekt dk izR;sd oxZ buds bu dkjxqtkfj;ksa ls ijs'kku gSA ;fn dksbZ buds fo# vkokt Hkh mBkus dk
iz;kl djrk gS rks lkk i{k ds }kjk bls nck fn;k tkrk gSA ^,d lM+d lkkou xfy;k* miU;kl eas ljuke
dgrk gS&mu usrkvksa ls yfM+, tks tkfrokn ds uke ij oksV cVksjrs gSaA Hkwnku desVh dh vf/dkfj;ksa ls
yfM+, tks fj'or ys&ysdj tehusa ckVrs gSaA mu dkyh Vksih okys laf?k;ksa ls yfM+, tks ?k`.kk iQSykdj
eqlyekuksa dks pSu dh uhan ugha lksus nsrs] mu ik[k.Mh xk/hoknh usrkvksa ls yfM+, tks usrkfxjh ds uke
ij ipklksa ?kjksa dh yM+fd;ksa dks cjckn dj jgs gSaA1
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj lekt esa tkfrokn iwjh rjg ls gkoh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfrokn dk dks<+
;k rks ijEijkxr gS] ijarq vkt usrkvksa dk mls c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA pquko esa izR;kf'k;ksa dk
pquko mldh O;fDrxr ;ksX;rk ij ugha cfYd tkfr ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA ftl {ks=k esa ftl tkfr dh
cgqyrk gksrh gS ml {ks=k ls [kkl tkfr ds izR;k'kh thrrk gSA tks vkt dh jktuhfr dk Hkh dVq lR; gSA
pquko esa dsoy tkfr gh ugha xks=k dk Hkh ernkrkvksa dks vkdf"kZr djus dk gFkd.Mk gSA dkyh vkkh
esa ekyrh dgrh gS& nsf[k,] ge tkfrokn ds lgkjs pquko ugha yM+saxs ;g ckr lkiQ gSA ij lPpkbZ dks
Hkh nsf[k, pquko eSnku esa bkiQkd ls cfu;ksa dk dksbZ viuk dSaMhMsV ugha gSA ykyk nhukukFk ds [kM+s gksrs
gh lc cfu, ,dtqV gks tk,axs vkSj mudk leFkZu djsaxsA2
vkt dh jktuhfr tksM+&rksM+ dh jktuhfr gS ftlds dkj.k yksdra=k] ykspra=k esa ifjofrZr gksrk
tk jgk gSA volj ikrs gh lkkyksyiq usrk ny cny ysrs gSAa mudk dksbZ flkar ugha gksrkA gksrk gS rks dsoy
lkk lq[k dh yydA dkyh vk/h dh ekyrh Hkh flkar ls ijs dke djrh gS vkSj dgrh gS&tc
lkjs cfu, ykyk nhukukFk ds >.Ms ds uhps tek gks tk;saxs] ml oDr ykyk nhukukFk pquko eSnku esa esjs
f'k{kd] +2 mPp fo|ky;] cjch?kk] 'ks[kiqjk A
iQsoj esa fOkMk djsaxsA le>s vki! vc ,d Hkh cfu;k dgha VwVdj ugha tk ldrkA3
jktuhfr ls lkekU; turk dk eksgHkax gksrk tk jgk gS] D;ksafd jktuhfr ns'k dY;k.k dh Hkkouk
ls izsfjr gksdj ugha dh tk jgh gS] cfYd ;s bLrseky dh pht jg xbZ gS] tgk gj pht dk bLrseky gksrk
gS&tc t:jr iM+s rc vkneh dks ;k fLFkfr;ksa dks bLrseky djks vkSj thr yksA4
jktuhfr gFkd.Mksa ls lekt dk izR;sd oxZ =kLr gSA pquko ra=k fdruk O;;&lk; gks x;k gSA
pquko esa ukjs yxkus okys gqM+nax djus okys rFkk /u yxkus okys Hkh fey tkrs gSaA okZeku jktuhfr
vlkekftd rRoksa dk v[kkM+k cu x;k gSA blesa usd vkSj bZekunkj yksxksa dks ges'kk Hk; lrkrk jgrk gSA
pquko ds volj ij fdl rjg jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk lkEiznkf;d fo}s"k HkM+dk;k tkrk gSA fdl rjg oksV
[kjhnh tkrh gS vkSj fdl rjg izpkj fuEu Lrjh; gksrk gSA bldk fooj.k Hkh deys'oj us fn;k gS&ge
jktuhfrd yksx gSa& dyadksa dks Hkh /ks ysrs gSa ;k T;knk cM+s dyad vkSjksa ij yxkdj vius dyadksa dks
NksVk dj ysrs gSa ;k dfg, fd fdlh gn rd cs'kehZ ls eSnku esa MVs jgrs gSaA5
/eZ vkSj tkr&ikr vkt jktuhfr dk eq[; vk/kj gSA /kfeZdrk dk [kqydj nq#i;ksx jktuhfr
esa gks jgk gSA turk dh /kfeZd Hkkouk dks oksV cSad esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, lHkh ny vius&vius rjhds
ls yxk gSA bldk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k dkyh vk/h miU;kl esa fd;k gS deys'oj us fd dSls volj ikrs
gh mudh /eZ dks vius oksVksa esa ifjofrZr djok ysrs gSa&Hkxoku dk pj.kke`r lk{kh gS] gekjk lkFk nsukA
lkSxa/ gS jketh dh! Hkwyuk erA6
orZeku jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;k fodV gSA ;g fujarj iru dh vksj vxzlj gSA bu gkykrksa dk fp=k.k
deysoj ds miU;kl ^fdrus ikfdLrku* esa ns[k ldrs gSa& rks] iz/kuea=kh th] ;g rks vkids uSfrd iru
dh ijkdk"Bk gS fd tc vkidh ljdkj fxjkbZ xbZ Fkh] rks nwljs gh fnu vkt ns'k dh turk dks lUns'k
nsus ds fy, nwjn'kZu ij ekStnw Fks] ysfdu tc mkjh lhekar ij yhMj vt; dqekj vkgqtk ekjk x;k] ykbV
ysfVusVa ufpdsrk viuh tku dks [krjs esa Mkydj {kfrxzLr tgkt ls dwnk] tc dkjfxy {ks=k esa gh ok;qlus k
dk gsfydkWIVj {kfrxzLr gqvk vkSj pkyd ny ds pkj lnL; ekjs x,] lkFk gh ljdkjh vkdM+ksa dh
fo'oluh;rk lafnX/ gksus ds ckotwn] ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gekjh lsuk ds 29 toku ekjs x;s gSa] 128
?kk;y gSa rFkk 12 ykirk gS]a rc bl nsk dks fo'okl esa ysus ds fy, vkSj mlds ladV vkSj nq%[k esa 'kkfey
gksus ds fy, vkidks nwjn'kZu ij vkus dh t:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA ;g laosnughurk dh bfUrgk gSA7
bl izdkj dg ldrs gSa fd lekt vkSj jktuhfr dk laca/ vVy gSA lekt esa tks lq[k&nq%[k]
ykHk gksrk gSA og vknfe;ksa ij gksrk gSA deys'oj us vius dFkk&lkfgR; ds ek;e ls ;g rLohj izLrqr
fd;k fd gekjs ns'k vkSj /eZ ;k tkfr vkSj jktuhfr ds chp D;k fj'rk gS\ /eZ ,oa tkfr ds vkM+ es fdl
izdkj dh vekuoh; jktuhfr dh tkrh gSA nyxr tksM+&rksM+ dh jktuhfr Hkkjrh; tkfrizFkk ,oa jktuhfr
nksuksa ds fy, ?kkrd gSA
lanHkZ %
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,d lM+d lkkou xfy;k] deys'oj lexz miU;kl] i`&53deys'oj] lexz miU;kl] (dkyh vk/h)] i`&375ogh] i`&375] laLdj.k&2003ogh] i`&370ogh] i`&403ogh] i`&407deys'oj (fdrus ikfdLrku)] i`&15] laLdj.k& 2007] izdk'kd& jktiky ,.M lUlA
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 39
jktsUnz ;kno ds miU;klksa esa fpf=kr

e;oxZ dk euksoSKkfud lanHkZ
q
fo'oeksgu dqekj
laf{fIr %
jktsU ;kno Hkkjrh; fgUnh miU;kl lkfgR; ds izeq[k gLrk{kjksa esa ls ,d gSa A ,slk dguk blfy, Hkh
lkFkZd gS D;ksafd jktsU ;kno th us vius izeq[k miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; lkekftd&ikfjokfjd Lo:i ds
e;oxhZ; :i okys euksoSKkfud igyw dk fnXn'kZu cM+h lgtrk o ljyrkiwoZd djkus dk] lkFkZd iz;kl
fd;k gS A ^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^'kg vkSj ekr*] ^dqyVk*] ^vuns[ks vutku iqy*] ^,d bap eqLdku* vkSj ^m[kM+s
gq, yksx* uked jktsU ;kno ds ,sls miU;kl gS ftuesa miU;kldkj us vius vkSiU;kfld izfrHkk dks
e;oxhZ; thou 'kSyh ds esutj mlesa :ikafdr ik=kksa ds euksoSKkfud igyw dks cM+h gh cqferk ls
mtkxj djus dk 'kkunkj vkSj tkunkj iz;kl fd;k gS A jktsU ;kno th dk oS;fDrd o ikfjokfjd Lo:i
e;oxhZ; oxhZ; thou&o`k dk jgk gS] bldk ewy Lo:i bl :i esa gS fdvkt e;oxhZ; ifjokj
esa ,d firk dk jksy vge gksrk gS A os vius cPpksa ds pyus] cksyus ls ysdj lekt esa vkxs c<+us ds
fy, izsfjr djrk gS A vius blh izdkj ds thou :i dk :ikadu jktsU ;kno th tSls l`tu'khy o
ltx miU;kldkj us dFkk&ik=kksa ds ek;e ls vius miU;klksa ds dFkkRed Lo:i esa HkyhHkkfr l`ftr
fd;k gS A jktsU ;kno th ds tks Hkh miU;kl gekjs v;;u ds ewy esa gS] mu lcksa ds dFkkud esa
e;oxhZ; thou'kSyh dh euksoSKkfud rLohj ds n'kZu gesa lgtrk ls miyCk gksrs gSaA
fo"k; foospu %
izLrqr v;;u ds dsUnz esa ^lkjk vkdk'k* uked miU;kl gS A ;g miU;kl Hkkjrh; fgUnh lkfgR;
ds vkSiU;kfld ifj{ks=k essa csgn iBuh; vkSj fgUnh ds lokZfkd yksdfiz; miU;klksa esa ls gSA ^lkjk vkdk'k*
uked miU;kl viuh izflf dk;e j[kus esa iw.kZr% l{ke gS A viuh izflf esa ;g miU;kl yxHkx lkjh
Hkkjrh; vkSj izeq[k fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa esa rfCny gks pqdk gS] vuwfnr gks pqdk gS A Hkkjrh; fgUnh flusek txr
ds izfl funs'kdksa eas lqekj cklq pVthZ us izLrqr miU;kl ^lkjk vkdk'k* ds dFkkud ds vkkkj ij ,d
o`kfp=k vFkkZr~ lkFkZd dyk fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS A fiQYe ds iq#"k ik=k dk vfLrRo o fdjnkj
izeq[kr% fuEue;oxhZ; ;qod ds vfLrRo ds la?k"kZ dh dgkuh gS A vk'kkvksa] egRokdka{kkvksa vkSj
vkFkd&lkekftd lkaLfrd lhekvksa ds chp pyrs }U} o gkjus&Fkdus vkSj dksbZ jkLrk fudkyus dh
cspSuh dgkuh gS A1 la?k"kZjr fuEue;oxhZ; thou th jgs ;qod ds fdjnkj esa ^lej* uked iq#"k ik=k
vkSj izHkk uked izeq[k L=kh ik=k dh lgHkkfxrk loksZijh :i esa gS A loksZijh :i esa vkSj liQy :i esa og
blfy, Hkh gS fd izLrqr miU;kl dk dFkkud lej vkSj izHkk ds chp dh laoknghurk dks gekjs le{k
mtkxj dj tkrk gS A laoknghurk dk izeq[k dkj.k gS la;qDr ifjokj ds jhfr&fjokt] fjokt&fygkt vkSj
lkekftd&vkFkd ncko ds igyw A bl izdkj ds ncko ds dkj.k ifr&iRuh vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls lhks
laokn dj ugha ikrs A ewy dkj.k ;g gS fd nksuksa fuEue;oxhZ; thou th jgs euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls]
vFkkZr~ ekufld :Xurk ds f'kdkj gS A bldk lhkk&lk vFkZ gS f'k{kk ds de Lrj dk izkIr gksuk lej
vkSj izHkk ds eu esa iqjkru vkSj izkphurk ;k ;ksa dgsa iqjkusiu okys iwoZ ds fopkjksa] Hkkoksa ;k mlds vuqlkj
pyus ;k thou xqtj&olj djus dh izfrcrk A nksuksa ik=kkas dk thou Lo:i] ekufld Lo:i gn rd
nqcZy euksHkkouk dk lPpk izrhd gh rks gS A
gekjs v;;u gsrq fukkZfjr ^'kg vkSj ekr* uked jktsU ;kno jfpr miU;kl dk dFkkRed
Lo:i izLrqr gS A izLrqr miU;kl ds dFkkud esa gesa laosnu'khy ukf;dk lqtkrk dh Mk;jh ds
i`"B&nj&i`"B dk gksuk viuk ,d [kkl vge LFkku j[krk gS A lqtkrk viuh euksHkkoukvksa dks ,d
euksoKS kfud n`f"Vdks.k ls miU;kl ds izR;sd i`"B ij vafdr djrh utj vkrh gS A ge vius 'kkskijd n`f"Vdks.k
ls tc miU;kl dk ewY;kadu djrs gSa rks ;g lgt :i esa ikrs gSa fd'kg vkSj ekr* ,d 'kq
euksoSKkfud miU;kl gS A blesa nks O;fDr;ksa ds izfr rhljs O;fDrRo (;kuh lqtkrk) dh izfrf;kvksa dk
o.kZu gS A vpjt dh ckr ;g gS fd ns'kdky dh fLFkfr;ksa ls izk;% dksbZ enn u ysrs gq, Hkh ys[kd bl
miU;kl dks ukVdh; vkSj ltho cuk nsrk gS A lqtkrk dh mn; ls lEc fnypLih e'k% vfkd rh[kh
vkSj xgjh gks tkrh gS A ;g fnypLih cgqr dqN ckSfd fdLe dh gS A miU;kl dh ukVdh;rk Hkh ,d
[kkl rjg dk ckSfd euksfouksn djrh gS A miU;kl dh ukVdh;rk vkSj jkspdrk dk ,d ek=k jgL;
mldh euksoSKkfud lw{erk ,oa ;FkkFkZ vuqdkfjrk gS A miU;kl dk izR;sd ik jkspd gS A2 miU;kldkj
jktsU ;kno vius bl miU;kl ds ik=k ds tfj;s viuh euksHkkoukvksa dks Li"V djus ;k izLrqr djus dk
liQy iz;kl djrs gSa A bl miU;kl dk uk;d mn; ukf;dk lqtkrk ls fdlh Hkh ckr dks insZ esa j[krk
gS A vius bl izdkj ds euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds ysdj uk;d mn; [kqn bl ckr dks ysdj i'pkrki
Hkh djrk gS A eu ds ljyre Hkkoksa dks ysdj lqtkrk ds izfr mn; ds n`f"Vdks.k okLro esa lkis{krj gh
rks gS A lqtkrk vius euksHkkoksa ds tfj;s mn; ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr dh Hkkouk dk mtkxj izLrqr miU;kl esa
dj ikrh gS A mn; lqtkrk dks rjthg nsrk Hkh gS vkSj fdlh&u&fdlh ekSds ij og [kqn dks lqjf{kr o
jgLe;h cukus ls xqjst Hkh ugha djrk gS A miU;kldkj vius bl miU;kl esa vius ik=kksa ds tfj;s vius
n`f"Vdks.k dks Lo;a ds euksoSKkfud #i dks lgtrk ls :ikafdr dj tkrs gSa A
vius v;;u ds vxys e esa ge ^dqyVk* uked miU;kl ds ek;e ls izeq[k ik=k estj
rstiky ds euksHkko dks lSfud thou o`fk ls xzflr ns[k ikrs gS A bl izdkj dk euksHkko ,d nq#g xzaFk
dh euksoKS kfud izof` k dk lPpk Lo:i gh rks gS A bl euksoKS kfud vFkkZr~ eu dh Hkkouk esa lSfud thou
dk dM+d :i mlds ikfjokfjd thou dks vkqjk cukus esa viuk ,d vge LFkku j[krk gS A bldk
eqydkj.k ;g gS fd iRuh felst rstiky estj rstiky ds dM+d LoHkko ls xzflr] dqfir o Hk;Hkhr
Hkh jgrh gS A viuh euksHkkouk dks nwljh rjiQ eksM+us gsrq vYlsfl;u MkWx ^fdVh* dk lgkjk ysrh gS] lkFk
esa j[krh gS] lkFk esa Vgyrh gS A ,sls thou ls og lnSo ruko esa] ekufld fLFkfr esa ges'kk vO;ofLFkr
gh rks jgrh gS A vius ifr ds lkFk ikfjokfjd o ?kjsyw thou esa mls fjDrrk dk lk vHkko dk :i cuk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 41
nh[krk gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd vius nqjLr euksoSKkfud n{krk dks viukdj vius thou dk jkLrk vius
okW;yfuLV (ok;yu ctkus ds fy, lh[kkus okyk) ds lkFk thou&liQj dk pquko dj dqaBk] ruko o
Hk; ls lnk ds fy, eqDr gks tkrh gS A ^dqyVk* uked miU;kl ds dFkkRed Lo:i esa ge ikrs gS
fdduZy rstiky ds vuq'kkluc vfHktkr ifjos'k esa laosnu'khy iRuh dk ne ?kqVrk gS] ;kSu lacakksa
ds vlarqyu vkSj lSfud tdM+cUnh ds chp og laxhr esa viuh eqfDr ryk'k djrh gS] vkSj fugk;r
iQVhpj okW;yfuLV ds lkFk ,d fuf'pr Hkfo"; dk pquko dj ysrh gS A3 izLrqr lanHkZZ ls] dFkkRed
Lo:i ls felst rstiky ds euksHkko dks] eu ds :i dks Lo;a ds vuqdwy gkssu tSlk nh[krk eglwl djrs
gSa] ikrs Hkh gSa A ^dqyVk* uked miU;kl ewyr% euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dks ysdj gh ge lqkh ikBdksa] 'kksk
Nk=kksa ds le{k mifLFkr gS A
vius vuojr v;;u ds vkkkj ij gesa ,slk izrhr gksrk gS vkSj ;g ,d ije lR; Hkh gS fd
dykdkj dk O;fDrRo mldk ifjp;] mldk fodkl vkSj mldh izfrcrk lHkh dqN mldh dyk gksrh
gS A4 izLrqr lanHkZ dk ewy n`f"Vdks.k jktsU ;kno tSls ltx l`tu'khy vkSj psru'khy jpukdkj vkSj dykdkj
ls T;knk lanHkr nh[krk lk izrhr gksrk gS A bldk ewy dkj.k og vki vius LoHkko ls fu%'Ny fu"i{k thou
tkrs jgs gSa A vki vius flkarksa ds fy, fcuk fdlh ykyp ,oa Hkze ds yM+rs ,oa thrs jgs gS ftuds ikl
u ysus dk Mj gS u ikus dh ykylk A bl izdkj dh thou o`fk ,oa e;oxhZ; vfHko`fk dks ysdj vki
(jktsU ;kno) ges'kk lps"V cus jgs gSa A vius ^vuns[ks vutku iqy* uked miU;kl esa jktsU ;kno th
tSls euhf"k lkfgR;dkj us e;eoxhZ; ;k ;ksa dgsa fuEue;eoxhZ; thou&o`k ls laca a k j[kus okyh dFkk
ukf;dk fuUuh ds euksHkkokRed Lo:i dks rFkk viuh jpuko`fk dks vuks[kk :i iznku fd;k gS A euksHkkokRed
:i&o&Lo:i esa fuUuh dk ekufld Lo:i cgqr dqN fuf'pr Lo:i dks ik ysus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor
gS A ,slk blfy, fd dykdkj] fp=kdkj o gjiQuekSyk vkVLV n'kZu dk I;kj gh og vuns[ks vutku iqy
gS] ,d ek;e gS ftlds lgkjs ;k ;ksa dgsa ftl ij pydj&p<+dj viuk thou thus dk ekxZ ryk'kuk
pkgrh&lh izrhr gksrh gS A vius eu dh cspuS h dks liQj dk fgLlk ekudj fnu&jkr n'kZu ds Lusg ;qDr
caku dks ik ysus gsrq iz;kljr jgrh gS A tc fuUuh vius cM+s HkkbZ jEeh ds lkFk fnYyh esa mlds nksLr n'kZu
ds ?kj tkrh gS rks og n'kZu ds ljy o feyulkj O;ogkj ls izHkkfor gksrh gS A n'kZu ds lkFk fuUuh esys
esa uqekbZ'k ns[kus tkrh gS A jkLrs esa pyus ds nkSjku nksuksa cl ij lokj gksrs s gS]a lVdj cSBrs gS A cl ds pyus
ds nkSjku&igyh ckj tc n'kZu dk dUkk mlds dUks ls Vdjk;k ekuks lkjs 'kjhj esa ,d djaV nkSj xbZ A
,d u;k vuqHko Fkk] ftldh mls mEehn Hkh Fkh vkSj vk'kadk Hkh A nwljh ckj cl ds eqMu+ s ij mlus (fuUuh
us) tku&cq>dj lHkkyrs&lHkyrs vius dUks vkSj 'kjhj dk gYdk&lk cks> ml ij Mkyk A fiQj bl rjg
f[kM+dh dh rjiQ ljd vkbZ] ekus cl ds >Vds ls vlkokkuh ls ,slk gks x;k gS A ysfdu izrh{kk djrh
jgh mnxz fiQj dUkk Vdjk;k vkSj nsj rd Nwrk jgk A vxys >Vds ij rks ekuks lkFk gh lV x;k A5 bl izdkj
ds fuUuh ds euksHkko dks cM+s gh eukSoKS kfud rjhds ls miU;kldkj us ge lqkh ikBdksa ,oa 'kksk Nk=kksa ds
le{k j[kus dk] miLFkkfir djus dk 'kkunkj iz;kl fd;k gS A
geus vius v;;u ds vxys e esa jktsU ;kno izf.kr ^,d bap eqLdku* uked miU;kl ds
dFkkHkko dks vius utfj;s ls ns[kus&o&le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gS A izLrqr miU;kl ds ys[ku dk;Z esa eUuw
Hk.Mkjh th Hkh viuh ys[kukerk ds lkFk yxh gqbZ gS A brus ij Hkh nksuksa ys[kdksa vFkkZr~ jktsU ;kno
vkSj eUuq Hk.Mkjh dk viuk&viuk Lora=k O;fDrRo gS A nksuksa ifr&iRuh ds ys[ku dk Hkko vyx gS A gesa
,slk yxrk gS fdjktsU ;kno vkSj eUuq HkaMkjh dh jpukvksa dh rqyuk djus dk dksbZ lkekU; vkkkj
ugha gS flok; blds fd os ifr&iRuh gSa A eUuq th dk ys[ku muds O;fDrRo dh rjg gh lknk] ljy vkSj
ikjn'khZ gS ftldh viuk vkReh; izHkko gksrk gS A jktsU th dk ys[ku tfVy] iz;ksxkRed] dykRed vkSj
iBuh; gS A ,d Hkkouk izkku gS] nwljk ckSfd A eUuw th dk ys[ku lhks fny dh xgjkb;ksa esa mrjrk
gS] jktsU ;kno th ds ys[ku dks ipkus ds fy;s fnekx dks e'kDdr djuh iM+rh gS A6 izLrqr lanHkZ
ys[kd&nEifk ds vius&vius vfLrRo o ys[kdh; dkS'ky dh vfHko`fk dks gekjs le{k mtkxj dj tkrk
gS A brus ij Hkh izzLrqr miU;kl ds dFkke esa tks ik=k mHkj dj lkeus vk;s gSa muesa veyk] vej] jatuk
vkSj dSyk'k vkfn dk O;fDrRo dFkk dk vkkkj curk gS A bu lcksa esa veyk dk O;fDrRo O;fDrxr :i
ls uokuk<~; ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe ls tqM+k gS A kuk<~; oxZ ls tqM+h gksus ds dkj.k veyk gj fdlh ij
vius O;fDrRo ls izHkkoh gksuk pkgrh gS A vius euksHkkoksa ls og Lo;a ds vga ;k ;ksa dgsa niZ dk izn'kZu
dj viuk izHkko Mkyuk pkgrh gSS A ,sls esa mldk eqLdku ;k eqLdqjkgV] tqnk&tqnk&lk veyk dk O;ogkj
ckrphr dk utfj;k ;k rjhdk lkjk&dk&lkjk ;fn ,d ikBd ds ukrs dgw rks og ge dguk pkgsaxs fd
;g lc Vkbe ikl djus dk] eu cgykus dk ,d vPNk [kkl utfj;k gh rks gS A dSyk'k dk lkFk vkSj
mldk viuRo igys ls gS ysfdu veyk dh vej ls fe=krk Hkh gS tks dkWyst ds tekus ls gh gS A
vej dk O;fDrRo ,d e;e oxhZ; O;fDr dk Lo:i fy, gh dFkkud esa vkxs c<+rk gS A og veyk
ds ?kj ij viuh LdkWyjf'ki ds fy, b.VjO;w ds flyflys eas vk;k gS A vej ds ewy Lo:i esa mldh
jatuk Hkh rks gS ftldk vej ij fo'ks"k vkSj [kklk vfkdkj gS A yEch&pkSM+h dksBh] ukSdjksa dh iQkSt]
'kku&'kkSdr] ckx&cxhps] vkkk ntZu xkfM+;k ;s lkjh lqfokk, veyk ds fy, gh rks gS vkSj lcds mij
;g veyk A ,sls veyk dk O;ogkj vtwck vkSj eqLdku ;k ;ksa dgsa eqLdqjkgV ek;kfouh ugha gksxk rks dSlk
gksxk \ gesa ,slk yxrk gS fd miU;kldkj dh dYiuk esa izeq[k L=kh ik=k&veyk vkSj mldh eqLdqjkgV
dk utfj;k ^,d bap eqLdku* dk utfj;k gekjs le{k izLrqr dj tkrk gS A veyk ds O;fDrRo ij ;g
eukoSKkfud Lo:i dk vlj gS ;k izHkko gS ftldks vkkkj cukdj og ek;koh eqLdku dk lgkjk ysdj
Ny&cy ls ^nwljs ij izHkko Mkyuk gh mldk edln gS A vej dk O;fDrRo ,d e;eoxhZ; Lo:i
;k O;fDrRo dk&lk izrhr gksrk gS ftls miU;kldkj us [kqn ds e;eoxhZ; O;fDrRo ds vuq:i fijksus
dh lkFkZd dYiuk dks lkfgfR;d :i nsrs gq, ge lqkh ikBdksa ds le{k izLrqr djus dk ,d liQy vkSj
jkspd iz;kl dgsa rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha A
vius v;;ue esa gekjs le{k jktsU ;kno th fyf[kr ^m[kM+s gq, yksx* dk vkSiU;kfld
Lo:i izLrqr gS A bl miU;kl dk ewy Lo:i lkekftd rkus&ckus ls mitk gqvk O;kogkfjd o
euksoSKkfud Lo:i dk gS A bl rF; ls ge Hkyh Hkkfr ifjfpr gS fd ekuo ds lkekftd lacakksa dks
mn~?kkfVr djuk miU;kl dk fof'k"V LoHkko gS A7 lkekftd lacakksa dks mn~?kkfVr djus ds e esa ^m[kM+s
gq, yksx* uked bl miU;kl ds dFkkud esa jktuhfrd ifjn`'; ds Lo:i dks miU;kldkj us mHkkjus dk
iz;kl fd;k gS A lkekftd Lrj esa dsUh; pfj=k 'kjn vkSj t;k dk Lo:i gS] ftlesa e;eoxhZ; euksHkko
dk iqjk izdVhdj.k gks ik;k gS A jktuhfrd vfLrRo dks cuk;s j[kus tuizfrfufk ds rkSj ij ns'kcUkq (,e
ih) dk fdjnkj cM+h gh lgtrk ls viuh fLFkfr ntZ djk ikus esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrk gS A
lkekftd jktuhfrd igyw ds esutj vktkn fgUnqLrku ds usrkvksa dh Nfo dks euksoKS kfud n`f"Vdks.k ls
Lo;a ds O;fDrRo dks izHkkoh cuk;s j[kus esa] ek;koh djkj nsus esa] prqj cus jgus esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg
dj tkrs gS A prqj bl vFkZ esa fd lkekftd ljksdkj ds esutj vius jktuhfrd LokFkZ dks lcls igys
;ku esa j[krs gSa A ns'kcUkq th dk Lo;a dk nnZ gS A og ;g gS fdvkSj blh thou dk] bUgha yksxksa
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 43
dk nnZ gS] tks eq>s fujarj ekuork dh lsok djus dh izsj.kk nsrk jgk gS A vki fo'okl dhft, 'kjn ckcw]
esa pkgw rc Hkh bl thou dks ugha NksM+ ldrk A yksxksa dh tc ;s gkyrsa ns[krk gw rks iqjkuh ;knsa rktk
gks tkrh gSvk[kksa esa vklw vk tkrh gSa bu cspkjksa dh tnxh esa D;k j[kk gS \ eSaus rks [kqn ns[kk gS8 lekt
lsok ds bl Hkko esa eu ds prqjius dk] kwrZius dk LokFkZiw.kZ Lrj cM+s :i dk gS A yksxksa ij vius eukso`fk
dk izHkko Mkyuk ;k NksM+uk bu ?kk?k usrkvksa dk izeq[k euksokafNr xq.k gh rks gS A vketuksa ls feyus ds
e esa [kqn dks Js"B le>uk rFkk oDr vkus ij ckr dks craxj ;k csckr cuk nsuk] fxjfxV dh rjg jax
cny ysuk] ;k cny nsuk bu kwrZ usrkvkas dks fu;fr esa 'kkfey gS A vke pquko ds le; vke turk dks
ekbZ&cki le>us okys] dgus okys ;s usrkx.k thr tkus ij fcYdqy cny tkrs gS A okLro esa ;s lHkh
^m[kM+s gq, yksx* gh gS A igys rks fopkjksa ls m[kM+s gS ckn esa dk;ks ls Hkh m[kM+rs nh[krs&ls tku iM+rs
gS A
jktsU ;kno tSls euhf"k] lkfgR;dkj] miU;kldkj us izLrqr miU;kl ds ek;e ls okZeku
Hkkjrh; lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk phFkM+k mksM+us dk] [kky [khapus dk dke fd;k gS A geus vc
rd ds vius v;;u esa jktsU ;kno iz.khr lHkh N% miU;klksa&^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^'kg vkSj ekr*] ^dqyVk*]
^vuns[ks vutku iqy*] ^,d bap eqLdku* vkSj ^m[kM+s gq, yksx* dk vius foosd] oSpkfjd Hkkouk ,oa es?kko`fk
ds vkkkj ij v;;u&vuq'khyu djus dk dke fd;k gS A v;;u&vuq'khyu e essa geus ik;k gS fd
miU;kldkj dh vkSiU;kfld izfrHkk e;eoxhZ; thou thus okys leLr ik=kksa ds euksokSKkfud igyw dks]
euksHkkoukRed Lo:i dks mtkxj djus esa iw.kZr% liQy lkfcr gqbZ gS A ik=kx.k vius LokHkkfod fdjnkj ds
euksud
q y
w Hkkoksa dks e;eoxhZ; fp=k&o`k ds esutj mtkxj djus esa Js"B fl gq, gSa A
fu"d"kZ %
vius 'kksk&vkys[k jktsU ;kno ds miU;klksa esa fpf=kr e;oxZ dk euksoSKkfud lanHkZ ds
rF;iw.kZ miknkuksa] eq[; foUnqvksa rFkk fofok lkfgfR;d&vkSiU;kfld igywvksa dks geus ;ku eaas j[kk gS A
v;;u ds vkjaHk esa lkj&ladsr esa 'kksk&vkys[k ls laacafkr vius ewy iz;kstu ;k ms'; dks e;oxhZ;
fpk&o`fk okys ik=k fdjnkjksa ds eukSoSKkfud igyw ds esutj izLrqr miU;klksa esa ns[kus&o&le>us dk
ladsr nsus dh lkFkZd lkkuk dh gS A f}rh; foUnq&euksfoKku dh ijLijrk o miU;kl lkfgR; dk vfHkzizk;
ds v;;u e esa euksfoKku ,oa euksfoKku lkfgR; ds ewy :i rFkk Lo:i dks ljyre vkkkj ij le>
ysus dh lkFkZd ps"Vk dh gS A euksfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk Hkh izeq[k fo}ku ds Hkkoukvksa ds esutj ns[kus&o&
le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gS lkFk gh miU;kl lkfgR; ds ewy Lo:i ,oa lkfgfR;d foUnqor izkokkuksa dks
vius v;;u dk vkkkj cuk;k gS A miU;kl ds dFkkRed Lo:i easa euksoSKkfud vokkj.kk dk tks
chtkjksiu miU;kldkj us fd;k gS mls geus r`rh; foUnq&^jktsU ;kno ds miU;klksa esa fpf=kr e;xoxZ
dk euksoSKkfud lanHkZ* ds esutj v;;udj ysuk viuk ije ;s; o izs; le>k gS A ,slk djus ij gh
gekjs v;;u dks ifj.kfr o iw.kZrk dk Hkko izkIr gks ik;k gS A
lanHkZ %
1- lc dqN fiQj ogha] i`"B la[;k&193 A
2- jktsU ;kno (miU;kldkj)^lkjk vkdk'k* (miU;kl) izdk'kd&jkkk".k izdk'kd izkbosV fyfeVsM
7@31] valkjh ekxZ] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] izdk'ku o"kZ&vM+rhlok laLdj.k&2013] i`"B&13 A
3- jktsU ;kno (miU;kldkj)^'kg vkSj er* (miU;kl) izdk'kd&jkkk".k izdk'kd izkbosV fyfeVsM 7@31]
valkjh ekxZ] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] lkrok laLdj.k&2008] igyh vko`fk&2015 i`"B la&miU;kl
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
dk f}rh; dHkj i`"B A

jktsU ;kno^dqyVk* (miU;kl) izdk'kd&jkkk".k izdk'kd izkbosV fyfeVsM 7@3] valkjh ekxZ] nfj;kxat]
ubZ fnYyh&110002] dk'ku o"kZ& igyk laLdj.k&1955] igyh vko`fk&2004 i`"B la[;k miU;kl ds r`rh;
dHkj i`"B ij vafdr miU;kldkj ds fopkj A
izse Hkkj}kt (laiknd)ik[kh≤ dh mM+ku (l`tu'khy lkfgfR;d if=kdk) izdk'kd&bafMisaMsaV ehfM;k
bfuf'k,fVo lkslk;Vh] ch&107] lsDVj&63] uks,Mk&201303 xkSre cq uxj] (m iz) o"kZ&3] vad&12]
flracj&2011] i`"B la[;k&97 A
jktsU ;kno (miU;kldkj)^vuns[ks vutku iy* (miU;kl) izdk'kd jkkk".k izdk'ku izkbosV
fyfeVsM 7@31] valkjhekxZ] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] izdk'ku o"kZ2007] igyh vko`fk&2014 i`"B
la[;k&36 A
izse Hkkj}kt (laiknd)ik[kh≤ dh mM+ku (l`tu'khy lkfgfR;d if=kdk) izdk'kd&bafMisaMsaV ehfM;k
bfuf'k,fVo lkslk;Vh] ch&107] lsDVj&63] uks,Mk&201303 xkSre cq uxj] (m iz) o"kZ&3] vad&12]
flracj&2011] i`"B la[;k&145 A
MkW fnyhi jke (laiknd)vUosf"kdk (fcgkj us'kuy dkWyst] iVuk dh 'kksk if=kdk ) izdk'kd o
eqd&es ukscsYVh ,.M daiuh\ rkjk Hkou v'kksd jktiFk\ iVuk&800004\ vad&2 o"kZ&2] ekpZ&2012 (ISSN
: 2231-0215)] i`"B la[;k&181 A
jktsU ;kno (miU;kldkj)^m[kM+s gq, yksx* (miU;kl) izdk'kd jkkk".k izdk'ku izkbosV fyfeVsM
7@31] valkjhekxZ] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] izdk'ku o"kZ10ok laLdj.k] igyh vko`fk&2014 i`"B
la[;k&54 A
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 45
lar jSnkl ds nk'kZfud fopkj

q
jfo dqekj
laf{kfIr %
^n'kZu* 'kCn ^n`'k* /krq ls cuk gS] ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^ns[kuk*A n'kZu dk ewy vFkZ lk{kkr
vuqHko Hkh gksrk gSA n'kZu&'kkL=k esa ^n'kZu* dks fdlh xw<+ jgL; dks le>us&ij[kus vkSj rkfod <ax ls
vuqHko djuk] ftlds }kjk ro dk lk{kkRdkj gks mls n'kZu dgk x;k gSA eSDlewyj us dgk gS fd Hkkjr
esa n'kZu dk v;;u ek=k Kku izkIr djus ds fy, ugha] oju~ thou ds pje ms'; dh izkfIr ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr esa n'kZu dk ms'; eks{k&izkfIr esa lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA Hkkjr esa n'kZu ,d lkku
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS ftlds }kjk eks{kkuqHkwfr gksrh gSA
fok;&foospu %
n'kZu vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks tkuus ds ckn vc lar jSnkl th dh nk'kZfudrk cz] vkRek] tho]
eks{k] txr] cU/u] ek;k] ds ckjs esa budh fopkj/kjk dks tkusaxsA
cz %
lar jSnkl fo'kq :i ls oS".ko FksA budk eq[; y{; HkfDr Fkk] HkfDr Hkh og tks jkekuqt lEiznk;
ls pyh vk jgh lxq.k HkfDr fiQj Hkh lar jSnkl ds dkO; esa thouksi;ksxh nk'kZfudrk dk lk{kkRdkj gksrk
gSA budh ok.kh esa tho] cz] ek;k] eks{k vkfn nk'kZfud roksa dh Hkh vfHkO;fDr feyrh gSA budk cz
?kV&?kV esa O;kIr gS] ftldk Lo:i cqf }kjk o.kZu djuk vlEHko gS &
vxe vxkspj ;{kj vrjd] fujxq.k vfr vkuankA
lnk vrhr X;ku /u yftr] fujohdkj vfuoklhAA1
lar jSnkl dk cz fu'py] fujkdkj] vuqie] fuHkZ; xfrokyk fuxqZ.k gSA ;g lalkj mlh esa lek;k
gSA lar jSnkl ;g ekurs gSa fd leLr thoksa esa gfj gSA mldh lkk ls fHkUu dqN Hkh ugha gSA larksa us
'kadjkpk;Z th ds v}Sr osnkUr /kjk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA lar jSnkl us cz ds v}Sr :i dks Lohdkj fd;k
gS&
,d gh ,d vusd gksbZ foLefj;k]
vku js vku Hkjiwfj lksbZAA2
lar jSnkl ds jke ek=k n'kjFk ds iq=k u gksdj ijcz gh gSa] tks loZO;kid gSA txr~ ds Lokeh gSa] ysfdu
ml jke dks ogh igpku ldrk gS tks jke HkDr gksA mlh dks mldh okLrfodrk le> esa vk ldrh gSA
ftl izdkj fry esa rsy vkSj nw/ esa ?kh O;kIr gSA mlh rjg ?kV&?kV esa jke gS&
?kV&?kV fovkid jke gS] jkefg cq>s dks;
^jfonkl* cw>S jke dwa] t jke gh gks;AA3
lar jSnkl cz mikld FksA vU; larksa dh Hkkafr ije ro dks fofHkUu :iksa esa O;Dr djus dh
{kerk FkhA jSnkl lxq.k&fuxqZ.k esa leUo; Hkko j[krs FksA MkW cs.kh izlkn 'kekZ dk er gS& Lokeh jkekuUn
ds fof'k"Vk}Srh oS".ko lEiznk; esa ^jka jkek; ue%* ea=k esa jke dk fuxqZ.k lxqu nksuksa :iksa dk vn~Hkqr lkSUn;Z
vkd"kZ.k ,oa leUo; gSA
vkRek %
vkRek dk vfLro pkgs vkfLrd n'kZu gks pkgs ukfLrd n'kZu gks nksuksa us Lohdkj fd;k gSA
dBksifu"kn~ esa vkRek ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd vkRek fuR;oLrq gS] u dHkh ejrh gS] u dHkh nks"kksa dks
izkIr gksrh gSA og gekjh bfUnz;ksa rFkk cqf o eu ls fHkUu gSA 'kjhj jFk gS vkSj vkRek bldk lapkyd gSA
bl izdkj vkRek gh 'kjhj dk Lokeh gSA lHkh bfUnz;k vkRek dh vkKk dk ikyu djrh gaSA bldk fuokl
n; esa gSA vkRek cU/uksa ls eqDr gSA ;g vtj] vej] vukfn vkSj fuR; gSA
lar jSnkl dh lkf[k;ksa esa euq"; dk 'kjhj uk'koku gSA vkRek LFkk;h ro gSA ekuo 'kjhj ewyr%
nks izdkj dk gS & LFkwy 'kjhj vkSj lw{e 'kjhjA LFkwy 'kjhj n`';eku ikFko 'kjhj dks dgrs gSa tks u'oj
gSA lw{e 'kjhj vn`'; gSA ;g ej.kksijkUr Hkh fo|eku jgrk gSA vkRek fujkdkj psru oLrq gSA ;g vkRek
eqDr] vO;;] vfouk'kh lHkh cU/uksa ls ijs gS vkSj blfy, og u tUe ysrk gS vkSj u ejrk gSA lar jSnkl
fof'k"V v}Sroknh gSaA os cz vkSj thokRek esa dksbZ rkfod vUrj ugha ekursA os dgrs gSa fd cz vkSj
tho esa ,slk gh vUrj gS tSls lksuk vkSj lksus dh cuh gqbZ oLrqvksa esa ty vkSj rjax esa ns[kk tkrk gS&
Mky ds rjax ty ekafg lpkbZA
dkfg dkdkS uko /fjvSAA
,sls rks êS* ,d :i gSA
vki.k gh fu[kkfj;SAA
tho %
lar jSnkl ds vuqlkj ^tho* pSrU; Lo:i gSA 'kjhj ds vanj tks dk;ZdkkZ gS] ogh tho gSA ;g
'kjhj/kjh tho tUe ysrk gS vkSj ej tkrk gSA ;g ikp roksa ls cuk 'kjhj gSA tho deks ds o'k esa gksdj
vusd tUe ysrk gSA dHkh e`R;qyksd vkSj dHkh LoxZyksd esa jgrk gSA ;gh dkkZ ,oa HkksDrk nksuksa gSA jSnkl
th tho vkSj cz ds vHksno dk izfriknu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd thokRek vkSj ijekRek rks ,d gh gSaA
fdUrq ge Hkze ds eksg ek;k esa iaQldj bUgsa oSls gh fHkUu le>us yxrs gSa tSls vKkurk ds dkj.k dud
vkSj blls cus vkHkw"k.k esAa lar jSnkl th dgrs gSa fd tho dk cz ls vVwV lEcU/ gSA ;s nksuksa dHkh vyx
ugha gks ldrsA tc rd euq"; dk eu] n; cz esa yxk gqvk gS rHkh rd vkuUn gS vkSj n; esa Kku
dh nhi tyrk gS&
lwjr 'kCn tM+ ,d gh] rm ikgfg ije vkuUnA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 47
^jfonkl* varj nhid tjbZ ?kV mitkfg cz vkuUnAA4

lHkh thoksa esa ,d gh cz fo|eku gSA og lHkh ds n; esa okl djrk gSA lHkh thoksa ds vUnj
ml ,d gh bZ'oj dk okl gSA
jfonkl ,dS cz dk] gksbZ jg;ks leku izlkjA
,d ekVh ds lc ?kV ltS] ,dS lc dw ljtu gkjAA5
blfy, lHkh tho dks lnSo bZ'oj dk xq.kxku djuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr deZcU/u ls NqVdkjk
ikus dk dksbZ nwljk jkLrk ugha gks ldrkA
eks{k %
ekss{k dk vFkZ gS êqfDr*A eqfDr tho ds tUe&ej.k ls ijs gSA tgk u dksbZ nq%[k gS vkSj uk gh
lq[k] u dksbZ ck/k gS_ ogh eks{k gSA eqfDr ikus ds fy, bfUnz; fuxzg] ri] lk/uk ,oa lekf/ }kjk eqfDr
lEHko gSA tho vkSj cz ds ,dkdh Hkko gksus ij eks{k izkIr gksrk gSA blds fy, fpk dh 'kqf vko';d
gSA lar jSnkl dh jpukvksa esa eqfDr dk fu#i.k gqvk gSA mUgksaus eqfDr ij vius fopkj mnkj n`f"V ls izdV
fd, gSaA os eqfDr dh voLFkk dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa&
bd cwan lkS cqf> xbZ tue tue dh I;kl
tUe&ej.k cU/u VwVbZ&Hk;s jfonkl [kyklA6
lar jSnkl us ekuo thou dks liQy cukus ds fy, izHkq 'kfDr dks ,dek=k mik; crk;kA muds
vuqlkj lR; uke ls ijero ds n'kZu gksrs gSa blds n; esa lR; :i lnk gh fojkteku jgsxk ogh ijein
dks ik ldsxk&
tks vkS /j eafg i'kku gS] rks ykS tim lk ukeA
^jfonkl* ije ;n ikbfga] ftUg /fj cfy;k jkeAA7
eks{k dh izkfIr Kku ls gh gks ldrh gSA Kku ds fcuk eks{k lEHko ugha vkSj eks{k ls gh tho dks
'kkfUr feyrh gSA
cU/u %
cU/u dk lk/kj.k vFkZ ^ca/u* gS] tks deks ds vuqlkj cU/u esa cU/rk gSA tSls mlds deZ gksaxs
mldk iQy Hkh oSlk gh gksxkA bl lalkj esa leLr cU/uksa dk dkj.k ,dek=k vfo|k gSA ;gh leLr Dys'kks]a
vfLerk] jkx&}s"k dk dkj.k gSA tUe ls ej.k rd Dys'kksa dk cht vKku esa fufgr gSA vKku gh cUku
dk dkj.k gSA lar jSnkl us viuh ok.kh esa deZ&cU/u dk xEHkhj fpUru fd;k gSA os crkrs gSa fd lkalkfjd
izk.kh vius ikiksa ds dkj.k deZcU/u esa iaQl tkrs gSaA og deZ djrs gSa vkSj iQy dh bPNk djrs gSa ysfdu
iQy rks /eZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mls ;g Kkr ugha fd deZ djuk euq"; dk dkZO; gS vkSj iQy nsuk Hkxoku
dk dk;Z gSA jSnkl th dgrs gSa&
dje cU/u Hkja jfe jg;ks]
iQy rks rtks u vklA
dje euq"; dks /je gS]
lar HkklS jfonklAA8
lar jSnkl dh ok.kh esa deZ vkSj cU/u ij foLrkj ls ppkZ feyrh gS] jSnkl ,d nk'kZfud dfo
gSaA os dgrs gSa fd 'kjhj vkSj txr lc vfuR; gSA bZ'oj vu'oj gSA ;gk 'ks"k lcdqN O;FkZ gSA bZ'oj gh
lR; gSA vr% jSnkl th us euq"; ek=k dks dgk gS fd lkalkfjd HkksX; inkFkks ls ;ku gVkdj ml loZO;kid
dks Lej.k djksA cU/u ls cpus ds fy, loksZke lk/u gSA cU/uksa ds tky ds :i esa vfo|k] deZ vkSj
ek;k rhu phtsa ekStwn gSaA bu rhuksa ls cpuk pkfg,] rHkh cU/uksa ls NqVdkjk ikdj euq"; eqfDr dks izkIr
dj ldrk gSA
ek;k %
ek;k feF;k gS] ek;k dk izlkj Hkh feF;k gSA i`Foh] vkdk'k] ty&Fky lc esa ek;k dk izlkj
gSA bl ek;k us lcdks ck/ j[kk gSA lar jSnkl dgrs gSa fd ;g ek;k izcy gSA ;g ek;k lcdks f=kfo/
rki esa tykdj HkLe dj jgh gS&
>wBh ek;k tx Mgdk;k] rkS frfurki ngS jsA
dgS jfonkl jke tfi jluk] ek;k dkgw ds lax u jgs jsAA
lar jSnkl dgrs gSa fd lk/kj.k euq"; dh rks ckr gh D;k gS] blds lkeus cM+s&cM+s fo}ku] iafMr
;ksxh] riLoh Hkh ugha fVd ikrsA
'kadj ds vuqlkj ek;k dk Lo;ku cz gS] ysfdu cz ek;k ls vNwr jgrk gSA ek;k cz ij mlh
izdkj vkfJr jgrh gS] ftl izdkj uhyk jax vkdk'k ij vkjksfir gksus ij Hkh vkdk'k dks izHkkfor ugha
djrkA ek;k u lR; gS vkSj u gh vlR;A ek;k vLFkk;h gSA ek;k dk var Kku ls gks tkrk gSA lar jSnkl
dk n'kZu 'kadj ds n'kZu ls fcYdqy feyrk gSA
fu"d"kZ %
lar jSnkl dk nk'kZfud fopkj cM+k gh lh/k&lknk gS] tks vui<+ lekt ds fy, Hkh ,d ojnku
fl gqvkA budk n'kZu 'kqk}Sroknh gS] tks osnkUr n'kZu ls iwjh rjg esy [kkrk gSA lar jSnkl dk n'kZu
HkkSfrdokn ls vksrizkrs gS] D;ksfa d vkt dk lekt] n'kZu ds fy, cgqr de le; fudkydj dsoy HkkSfrd
lEink ds ihNs nkSM+ jgk gSA vxj ge vkt buds ^n'kZu* dk vuqlj.k djsa rks lekt dh gj {ks=k esa iSQyh
dqjhfr;ksa ls NqVdkjk fey ldrk gSA budk n'kZu rRdkyhu lekt ds fy, izklafxd gSA
lanHkZ %
12345678-
os.kh izlkn 'kekZ % lar xq# jfonkl ok.kh] lw;Z izdk'ku] ubZ lM+d] fnYyh] la 2035] i` 73
jkekuUn kkL=kh o ohjsUnz ik.Ms; % lar jfonkl vkSj mudk dkO;] izdk'ku&jfonkl vkJe] Tokykiqj] 1955
(gfj}kj)] i` 107
ogh] i` 107
i`Foh flag vktkn (vkpk;Z)] xq# jfonkl] us'kuy cqd VLV bf.M;k] ,&5 xzhu ikdZ] ubZ fnYyh] 1975] i`
77
ogh] i` 71
ogh] lk[kh&44
ogh] lk[kh&22
ogh] lk[kh&103
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 49
ukjh l'kDrhdj.k vkSj nfyr ukjh

q
Le`fr dqekjh
laf{kfIr %
Hkkjr ,dek=k ,slk ns'k gS tgk dh lkekftd O;oLFkk fir`lkkRed gksus ds lkFk&lkFk czk.kh;
fir`lkkRed Hkh gS] ysfdu euq us czk.kh; fir`lkk dks iwjh rjg laLFkkc djds vkSj /kfeZdrk ls tksMd
+ j
lkekftd ekU;rk fnyk nhA bl rjg laLFkkc czk.kh fir`lkk tkfr vkSj tsUMj ls tqMd
+ j nqfu;k dh lcls
?k`f.kr lkekftd O;oLFkk cu xbZ tks nfyr lekt vkSj ukfj;ksa ds 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u dk dkj.k cuk
ftlds dkj.k ;gk dh nfyr L=kh vkt Hkh nksgjh 'kks"k.k dk ekj >sy jgh gSA nfyr L=kh ds l'kDrhdj.k
dh ckr rks tksj&'kksj ls gks jgh gS ysfdu bu ij gks jgh vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk, Fkeus dk uke ugha ys jgh
gSA mldh okLrfod fLFkfr ij utj Mkysa rks gdhdr dqN vkSj gh c;ka djrh gSA gkykafd blds
l'kDrhdj.k dh dksf'k'k gj Lrj ij gks jgh gS ysfdu mls lgh fn'kk vkSj n'kk dh t:jr gSA foMEcuk
gS fd [kqn nfyr vkUnksyu nfyr L=kh dh leL;kvksa dks vuns[kk djrk jgk] tkfr ds loky ls tw>s fcuk
Hkkjrh; L=khokn Hkh L=kh ds neu dks le>us esa dke;kc ugha gks ldrkA
ifjn`'; %
25 tqykbZ] 2016 dSewj (fcgkj) esa pkj ;qodksa }kjk 16 o"khZ; egknfyr ;qorh ds lkFk lkewfgd
cykRdkj dj gR;k dj nsuk] eqtiQjiqj ds ik: xko ds nfyr ;qodksa dks is'kkc fiyk;k tkukA gekjs lekt
esa nfyrksa dh okLrfodrk fl djrh ;g ?kVuk mu lHkh vkUnksyuksa] fopkjksa vkSj izsj.kkvksa ij iz'ufp
yxkrh utj vk jgh gS tks vkt ds vk/qfud lekt ds nfyr ,drk vkSj efgykvksa dh cjkcjh dk eqk
mBkrs gSaA vkt fo'oHkj esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk Madk ct jgk gS ftldh gksM+ esa Hkkjr Hkh ihNs ugha
gSA fdrus vkUnksyu] fdrus NGO efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa vkSj eqksa ij dke dj jgs gSaA gj {ks=k esa
efgykvksa dh mUufr vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ykus gsrq gj lEHko iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA ysfdu tc ckr nfyr
efgykvksa dh vk;s rks iz;kl foiQy gksrs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
18 tqykbZ] 1942 ukxiqj esa efgykvksa ds fo"k; esa Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, ckck lkgc us dgk Fkk fdlh
Hkh oxZ dh mUufr dk vuqeku ml oxZ dh efgykvksa dh mUufr dks ns[kdj gh gks ldrk gSA MkW
vEcsMdj th vius v;;u ds nkSjku if'peh lH;rkvksa vkSj laLfr dk ckjhdh ls v;;u fd;k Fkk]
ml le; 1918 esa fczVsu vkSj 1920 esa vejhdk esa yEcs le; ls py jgs ukjhoknh la?k"kks dks liQyrk
feyh ftlds vUrxZr igyh ckj ukjh dks f'k{kk] lekurk] ,d:irk o fo'ks"kdj er Mkyus dk vf/dkj
'kks/kizK] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
izkIr gqvk FkkA ukjhokn la?k"kZ dh bl liQyrk us MkW vEcsMdj dks vR;Ur izHkkfor fd;k FkkA MkW
vEcsMdj pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh; ukjh dks Hkh ;s lHkh vf/dkj izkIr gks] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lekt esa os ukjh
dh nqnZ'kk dks ns[k jgs Fks] tks nfyrksa ds gh led{k FkhA D;ksafd Hkkjrh; ukjh ij Hkh euq dk fo/ku ykxw
Fkk ftldk mYys[k MkW vEcsMdj us jkbV~l ,.M Lihfpl ds [k.M 7 esa vafdr ys[k ûkjh vkSj izfrkafr*
(The women and the counter Revolution) esa feyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks euq dh nklrk ls vkSj vf/dkj nsus gsrq lafo/ku ds Article - 15 ds
vUrxZr MkW vEcsMdj us fyax&Hksn u ekurs gq, L=kh dks iq#"kksa ds leku cjkcjh dk vf/dkj fn;kA bl
Article ds rgr Hkkjrh; efgyk dks igyh ckj lekt esa Lora=krk o lekurk dk vf/dkj izkIr gqvkA ;gha
ls ckck lkgc MkW vEcsMdj us efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dh uhao j[kh FkhA ysfdu efgykvksa ds vf/dkjksa
dh yM+kbZ yM+uk bruk lgt ugha FkkA euqoknh yksx efgykvksa dks cjkcjh dk gd nsus ds i{k/j ugha FksA
euqoknh lksp dk ifj.kke gS fd ckck lkgc vEcsMdj }kjk ikfyZ;kesaV esa 50 efgykvksa dh fgLlsnkjh
dh ckr j[kh xbZ FkhA oks vf/dkj vktrd efgykvksa dks ugha fey ik;k gSA vkt 10 lky igys ikfyZ;kesVa
esa efgykvksa dh dsoy 33 fgLlsnkjh dk fcy j[kk x;k Fkk tks vkt rd ikl ugha gks ik;k gSA efgykvksa
ds fy, vkj{k.k fcy vktrd vVdk gqvk gSA tcfd lksfu;k xk/h th dh ikVhZ dk 15 lky 'kklu jgkA
,d efgyk gksrs gq, Hkh mls ikl u djok ldhA lp ckr rks ;g gS fd efgykvksa ds vkj{k.k dks gh
lo.kZ iq#"k vklkuh ls Lohdkj ugha djrk] vxj Lohdkj dj Hkh ys rks bl ckr ij fd varr% lo.kZ
efgyk, gh vkj{k.k dk ykHk mBk,A eaMy ls ?kcjk, lo.kZ iq#"k dks ;g ckr Lohdk;Z gh ugha gksrk fd
,d frgkbZ efgyk vkj{k.k esa ls ,d cM+k Hkkx nfyr vkfn fL=k;ksa ds [kkrs esa pyk tk,A L=kh ds izfr
reke d#.kk] n;k vkSj mnkjrk ds ckotwn lo.kZ iq#"k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vkfndky ls ckgj ugha vk ikrkA
og blfy, efgyk vkj{k.k dks ipk ugha ikrkA mls rks ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hk;kog yxrh gS fd nfyr] fiNM+s]
vkfnoklh vkSj eqfLye leqnk; dh L=kh dks fo'ks"k vkj{k.k fey ik,A ;gh lo.kZ viuh fL=k;k dHkh vdcj
ds ikl Hkstrk Fkk tks vcrd cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ds viQljksa ds ikl lg"kZ Hkstrk jgk gSA og L=kh dks
?kwl dh jde ds rkSj ij cM+h [kq'kh ls bLrseky djrk gSA ij L=kh lkk esa vk tk;s rks mls cgqr d"V
gksrk gSA
nfyr L=kh dk nq'eu dkSu gS\ xSj&nfyr L=kh lo.kZ ds lkFk gS ;k nfyr ds\ nfyr L=kh ds
lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLfrd vf/dkj fdlus Nhu fy, gSa\ vktkn Hkkjr esa nfyr L=kh tSlk dksbZ
xqyke bl nqfu;k esa gS ;k ugha\
nfyr L=kh dks vius nfyr iq#"k ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,\ 'kknh&fookgksa dh [kphZyh
ifr vkSj nfyr fL=k;ksa dh iq#"kksa ij fuHkZjrk D;k crkrh gS\ D;k os nkjksxk ifr dk Dyksu gSaA os viQlj
;k usrk ifr dk izfr :i gSa\ D;k dkuwu dk ^d*] ^[k*] ^x* u tkuus okyh fdlh tt dh iRuh dks
U;k;kkhf'ku dguk mfpr gS\ D;k csVksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, fpafrr ekrk&firk csVh dks gh oSlh gh f'k{kk
nsrs gSa\
nfyr fL=k;ksa dk mPp f'k{kk esa izfrfuf/Ro gtkj esa ,d Hkh ugha gSA iwjs ns'k ds rhu lkS pkSalB
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ,d Hkh nfyr L=kh dqyifr ugha gSA izksiQslj Hkh ugha gSA jk"Vh; nSfud lekpkj&i=kksa esa
gtkjksa efgyk, dk;Z djrh gSa laikndh; foHkkx esa] rduhd foHkkx esa] fjiksfVZax bR;kfn esaA o"kks ls esjh
utjsa mUgsa <wa<+rh jgh gSaA os >kMw yxkus laikndksa ds di&IysV /ksus mudh jn~nh bdV~Bh djus ds vykok
ogk os fdlh Hkh lEekfur in ij ugha gSaA tcfd bu {ks=kksa esa izf'k{k.k T;knk ek;us j[krk gSA aph&'kSf{kd
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 51
mikf/;k ughaA mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus ls oafpr jg xb nfyr csfV;ksa dks lh/s izf'k{k.k }kjk ;gk dke fn;k
tk ldrk gSA ijUrq og lo.kZ efgyk,a iq#"kksa ls Hkh vf/d la[;k esa gSaA nfyr efgyk, ugha gSaA nfyr
cfgdkj dks tk;t lkfcr djus okys lo.kZ dgrs gSa] nfyrksa dks vius vyx v[kckj laLFkku] u`R; laxhr
Ldwy] flusek izf'k{k.k vkfn 'kq: djus pkfg,A ge iwNrs gSa vys D;ksa] la;qDr D;ksa ugha\
i`FkDrk esa gh fo'okl djrs gSa rks MkW vEcsMdj us rks 1932 esa xksyest lEesyu esa nfyrksa ds
fy, i`Fkd~ fuokZpu Hkh ekaxk FkkA rc vki xk/h th ds vu'ku ds lkFk D;ksa Fks\
lo.kZ lkfgR; esa dbZ lo.kZ ysf[kdkvksa ds uke gSaA dFkkdkj jktsUnz ;kno ftUgsa lpsru :i ls
vxzlkfjr djrs jgs gSa muesa czk.k o.kZ dh eS=ks;h iq"ik] oS'; o.kZ dh izHkk [ksrku jktusrk rFkk cfu;k oxZ
dh xqIrk tSlh efgyk, gSaA ;s lo.kZ vkSj lEiUu oxZ dh vleh lqfo/k Hkksx esa Mwch efgyk, gSaA loky
;g gS fd D;k ;s nfyr ysf[kdk, dh txg Hkj ik,xh ;k buds eqdkcys nfyr ysf[kdk, vHkh vkSj vkxs
vkuh gSAa D;k jktsUnz ;kno tSls ofj"B dFkkdkj lEiknd nfyr ysf[kdkvksa ds lgk;d cu ik;sxa \s dFkkdkj
jktsUnz ;kno dh vis{kk jktusrk 'kjn ;kno dk n`f"Vdks.k T;knk lkiQ gSA os f'k{kk esa fiNM+ xbZ] vkfFkZd
:i ls ijkfJr jg xbZ fL=k;ksa ds i{k esa [kM+s gq,A mUgksaus tkfrokn dk vkJ; u nsdj fyax vk/kfjr efgyk
vkJ; dk fojks/ djrs gq, dgk Fkk&vxj nfyr vkSj fiNM+s oxZ dh efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/Ro vkSj fiNM+s
oxZ dh efgykvksa dk izfrfuf/Ro efgyk vkj{k.k esa r; ugha fd;k x;k rks lkjs LFkkuksa ij ijdVh efgyk,
vkdj cSB tk,xhA
nfyr ekrkvksa] cguksa vkSj cfPp;ksa dh n'kk ns[kdj lkfgR; dks lekt&lq/kj dk ek;e cukuk
gksxkA ;g rc gksxk tc nfyr lekt 'kknh&fookgksa] f'k{kk vkfn ds ekeys esa fiQtqy[kphZ dh udy djuk
cUn djsxkA ;fn viQljksa] usrkvksa ;k nfyr lekt ds fctusleSu ij /u vkxs vkus yxk gS rks vius lkjs
,s'kks&vkjke fn[kkoksa ls FkksM+k&lk /u cpkdj nfyr lekt dh yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk] fookg] jkstxkj vkSj
izf'k{k.k ds fy, pank nsus gksaxs] laLFkk, [kksyuh iM+saxhA ojuk vxys lkS&nkS&lkS lkyksa rd nfyr fL=k;k blh
rjg fHk[keaxksa tSlh gkyr esa fn[ksaxh vkSj nwljh vksj lo.kZ vkSjrsa izdk'kdksa@laikndksa dks [kjhnsaxh vkSj L=kh
foe'kZ dh izeq[k dgyk,xhA
igys nfyr L=kh dk l'kDrhdj.k gks] igys lHkh yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa esa nfyr fL=k;ksa dk
tkfrokj fuf'pr izfrfuf/Ro gksA os MkWDVj gksa] izksiQslj gksa] dqyifr gksa] fiQYe fuekZrk gksa] vfHkusf=k;k gksa]
Vhoh pSuyksa dh ,adj gksa] nSfud v[kckjksa dh laiknd gksa] efgyk vk;ksx dh ps;jeSu gksa] lkfgR;
vdknfe;ksa dh lfpo vkSj v;{k gksaA laln] fo/kulHkk ds fy, ea=kh gksa] lkaln fo/k;d gksaA ysf[kdk
gksa] 'kks/&funsZf'kdk gksa] dyDVj gksa_ muds cPps vaxzsth ek;e ds yk[kksa Mksus'ku okys ldwyksa esa i<+saxs rc
lg&f'k{kk cjkcjh ds Lrj ij 'kkfn;ka djk,xh rks gesa Hkh Hkk,xhA nfyr fL=k;k Hkkjr esa nl djksM+ ls vfkd
gSaA vdsyh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh fL=k;k bXySaM kal dh vkcknh ls vf/d gSa mUgsa tkxuk gS lc dqN
gksuk gSA
nfyr fL=k;k vius i=k&if=kdk, fudkyus dh ftEesnkjh laHkky ldrha gSa os xSj&nfyr]
lqfokk&Hkksxh ysf[kdkvksa dks L=kh foe'kZ dk vlyh ikB fl[kk ldrh gSaA f'k{kk esa] flusek esa] ehfM;k
esa lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa gj txg nfyr L=kh dk fgLlk xSj&nfyr L=kh us [kk fy;k gS fdlh nfyr iq#"k
us ughaA lo.kZ efgyk, oafpr&nfyr efgykvksa dh {kfriwfrZ dj ldrh gSA os muds fy, dqN rks dj
ldrh gSaA lcls igys os NqvkNwr NksM+dj cgukik viuk,A
fu"d"kZr% Hkkjrh; lekt nksgjh 'kf[l;r dk eq[kkSVk /kj.k fd, gq, gSA tgk ,d rjiQ efgykvksa
dh mUufr vkSj n'kk lq/kj dj mUgsa lekt dh eq[;/kjk ls tksM+us dh ckr dj jgk gSA ogha nwljh rjiQ
lekt dk ,d ,slk rcdk tks gj jkst fdlh u fdlh txg 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gks jgk gS] ftUgsa muds tk;t
vf/dkjksa ls Hkh oafpr j[kk tk jgk gS] ml oxZ dh efgyk, vkt Hkh eSyk mBkus dks etcwj gksrh gaSA D;k
;s efgyk, efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds eqs esa utj ugha vkrhA blds iquokZl gsrq dgha fdlh l'kDrhdj.k dk
ekxZ ugha viuk;k tk jgkA vkt lekt cM+h gh rhoz xfr ls ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA vk/qfudrk ds nkSj ls
vkxs ge lqij vk/qfud cuus tk jgs gSa] ysfdu efgykvksa dk thou vkt Hkh lgL=kksa o"kks ihNs ogha [kM+k
gqvk gSA njvly L=kh nklrk dh tM+sa ifjokj uke dh laLFkk esa gksrh gSA ifjokj laLFkk gh mUgsa fl[kkrh
gS fd ekr`Ro fnO; pht gS vkSj ifr ijes'oj gksrk gS vkSj bu nqHkkZX;iw.kZ fopkjksa dks [kkn&ikuh feyrk
gS /eZ vkSj bZ'oj lsA bUgha nks dkj.kksa ls L=kh dh lkjh nqO;ZOkLFkk dks fo'oluh;rk feyrh gSA vc L=kh
nklrk okys ioZ vkSj mRlo dks ,d vkS|ksfxd [kir dh tehu cuk pqds gSaA ,sls esa bZ'oj vkSj /eZ ls
efgykvksa dks eqDr gksdj gh viuh eqfDr dk jkLrk [kksyuk gksxkA ij efgyk eqfDr ds vkUnksyu bl jkLrs
ls nwj jgrs gSa ftlds dkj.k mlds lkjh dksf'k'kksa ij ,d djok pkSFk ikuh iQsj nsrk gSA rFkkdfFkr lR;ukjk.k
dh dFkk L=kh eqfDr vkUnksyu fu"izHkkoh cukus esa liQy gks tkrk gSA vxj efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dks lkdkj
dj O;kogkfjd iVy ij ykuk gS rks ifjokj lfgr bZ'oj vkSj /eZ ds [k.Mu ds vkUnksyu dks izkFkfedrk
nsuh gksxhA
fu"d"kZr% efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk tks :i vkt ns[kus dks fey jgk gS oks Hkkjr dks ckck lkgc
dh gh nsu gS fd fiz;n'kZuh bafnjk xk/h ns'k dh igyh efgyk iz/kuea=kh cuhA lqfprk iykuh igyh
efgyk eq[;ea=kh cuhA fdj.k osnh igyh efgyk vkbZih,l cuhA utek gsirqYyk mij lnu (jkT;
lHkk) dh igyh efgyk cuhA ,sls vkSj Hkh cgqr ls mnkgj.k ekStwn gSaA ;fn ckck lkgc vEcsMdj us ns'k
dk lafo/ku u fy[kk gksrk rks vkt bafnjk xk/h] izfrHkk nsoh ikfVy tSlh efgyk, lk/kj.k efgyk, Hkj
gh gksrhaA l'kDrhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ftl rsth ls rjDdh djrk utj vk jgk gS ml
rjDdh ds ihNs nfyr efgykvksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr dk v;;u dj mudh okLrfodrk dks lekt ds
le{k j[kus o lek/ku djus gsrq lgh n'kk vkSj fn'kk dh t:jr gSA
lanHkZ %
12345678910-
MkW vEcsMdj] MkW vEcsMdj jkbV~l ,aM Lihfpl [k.M&7] dY;k.k ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj] fnYyhA
".knk ikyhoky] MkW vEcsMdj lekt O;oLFkk vkSj nfyr lkfgR;] fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] fnYyhA
dqlqe es?koky] Hkkjrh; ukjh ds mkjd MkW vEcsMdj] fgUnh cqd lsaVj] fnYyhA
dqlqe es?koky] fgUnh miU;klksa esa nfyr ukjh] fgUnh cqd lasVj] fnYyhA
Hkk"kk flag] vn`'; Hkkjr % eSyk nksus ds ctotkrs ;FkkFkZ ls eqBHksM+] iSaxqbu cqDl] fnYyhA
MkW foosd dqekj] iztkra=k esa tkfr] vkj{k.k ,oa nfyr] lE;d izdk'ku] fnYyhA
eatw lqeu] nfyr ukjh ,d foe'kZ] fgUnh cqd lsaVj] fnYyhA
eqnzkjk{kl] L=kh nfyr vkSj tkrh; na'k] xkSre cqd lsaVj] fnYyh] i`"B la[;k&77] 78] 79rst flag] vkEcsMdjoknh L=kh fparu] i`"B la[;k&13] 14] 15MkW ';kSjkt flag] L=kh foe'kZ vkSj igyh nfyr f'kf{kdk] lkfgR; laLFkku] xkft;kckn] i`"B la&1&6-
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 53
egkRek xkkh ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fopkj

q
vejthr dqekj
vk/qfud vkfFkZd fopkj /kjk if'pe dh nsu gSA ogk gqbZ vkS|ksfxd kfUr ds ckn 18oha lnh
ds mkjkZ esa bldh :i&jsk cuhA xk/hth ds vkfFkZd fopkjksa dks vxj ge Bhd ls le>uk pkgsa rks
if'pe dh bl vkfFkZd fopkj/kjk ls mRiUu /kj.kkvksa ls eqkQ jgdj gh ,slk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
xk/hth ds vFkZ'kkL=k dk v;;u muds uSfrd flkarksa vkSj vkn'kks dh n`f"V ls rFkk ml le;
Hkkjr esa tks fLFkfr fo|eku Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh gS mldks ;ku esa jdj gh fd;k tk ldrk gS] fiQj xkkhth
ftl Hkk"kk dk ;ksx djrs Fks mldks le>us dh Hkh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,_ D;ksafd fo'ks"kK ftl Hkk"kk
dks ;ksx djrs gSa oSlh Hkk"kk og ugha gSA og rks tu lkekU; dh Hkk"kk gSA
egkRek xk/h thou dks vyx&vyx ugha cfYd vaM ekurs FksA ekuo thou ds lHkh igyqvksa
ij ,d gh rjg ds uSfrd fu;e ykxw fd, tk,a rHkh mUgsa ,dRo nku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ogh fu;e
euq"; dh lHkh o`fk;ksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,slk u fd;k tk; rks ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd O;fkQ
vkSj lekt ds vUnj nksgjkiu vk tk,xkA lHkh lR; ,d gh ije dkj.k ls iQfyr gksrs gksa ,slk Hkh ugha
dgk tk ldrkA xhrk ds vuqlkj ,slk fopkj fdlh 'u ds fr rkefld ;k Hkzeiw.kZ n`f"V gh iSnk dj
ldrk gS blds vykok thou ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k ds lR; dks vU; {ks=kksa ds lR; ls i`Fkd ekudj fopkj
fd;k tk; rks mls vlfg".kqrk vkSj erka/rk gh iSnk gksxhA xk/hth ds vuqlkj balku dh dekbZ dk edln
dsoy ekh ;k HkkSfrd lq ikuk ugha gS] cfYd viuk uSfrd ;k #gkuh fodkl djuk gSA xk/hth us
vFkZ'kkL=k ds {ks=k esa ekuoh; vkn'kks vkSj ekuo dY;k.k gsrq lR; vkSj vfgalk dk friknu fd;kA
vFkZ'kkL=k ij fyh tkus okyh fdrkcksa eas tks vke dk;ns dkuwu cuk, tkrs gSa] os fdUgh olwyksa ds ekrgr
gksrs gSAa ysfdu xk/hth ds vFkZ fopkj esa ,slk Hkh ugha gksrkA fliQZ nks thou mlwy gSa ftuds ekrgr xkkhth
ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj nwljs lHkh ;kykr jgk djrs gSaA os gSa lR; vkSj vfgalkA bu nks
dlkSfV;ksa ij ekuks pht jh ugha mrjh mls xk/hoknh ugha dgk tk ldrkA
xk/hth ds bu vkn'kks ds ifjos'k esa vFkZ'kkL=k Hkh uhfr /eZ dk :i gh cu x;kA vFkZ'kkL=k
lkekftd U;k; rFkk uSfrd vkn'kks dh iwfkZ ds fy, M+k gSA vFkZ'kkL=k ds fu;e thou ds mPp fu;eksa
ds vuqdwy gksus vko';d gSaA tc dHkh mPp fu;ekas vkSj fuEu fu;eksa esa fo kàyrk vk tk; rHkh foIyo
;k vjktdrk iSnk gks tkrh gSA xk/hth us vFkZ ds {ks=k esa lsok fufr ,oa lh fer vko';drkvksa ij vkkkfjr
vfgalk ewyd vkfFkZd fopkjksa dks Lrqr fd;k ftlesa lekurk dk y{; ,oa Je fu"Bk /ku FkhA
'kks/kizK] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVukA
euq"; dh vkfFkZd o`fk dk laca/ rks HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds mRiknu] fofue;] forj.k vkSj mi;ksx
;kuh ir ls gSA ;s ,slh o`fr;k gSa tks u dsoy euq"; ds vfLrRo ds fy, cfYd mlds lq vkSj mldh
xfr ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSaA euq"; lekt esa jgrk gS] ftlls bu o`fr;ksa }kjk lEcU/ fd ,d
vyx&vyx iMs+ O;fkQ rd gh lhfer u jgdj iwjs lekt ls dk;e gksrs gSaA ge xaHkhjrk iwoZd fopkj
djrs gSa rks ekywe iM+rk gh gS fd oLrqr% lHkh lEifk lkjs lekt ds lfEefyr ;kl dk gh iQy gksrh
gSA xk/hth ,slk gh ekurs FksA jkWfcUlu dwlh dh rjg fdlh vyx&vyx iMs+ Vkiw esa igqpk gqvk dksbZ
O;fkQ vdsys gh lEifk iSnk ugha dj ldrk] fiQj og iwthifr gks ;k etnwjA blhfy, xk/hth ekurs
Fks fd leLr lekt }kjk iSnk dh xbZ lEifk dk mu lHkh esa leku :i ls forj.k gksuk ;kfg,] ftudk
mlds miktZu esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa dksbZ ;ksxnku jgk gks A xk/hth dk dguk Fkk fd& esjs fglkc
ls rks Hkkjr dh ugha cfYd lkjs lalkj dh vkfFkZd jpuk ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd ftlls fdlh dks Hkh
vUu] oL=k dk vHkko u gks A nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge iykuh th dks xk/hth dh vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ekU;rk
ds lEcU/ esa ;g dgrs gq, m`r dj ldrs gSa fd& gj,d dks ,slk dkbZ dke miyC/ gksuk gh pkfg,
ftlds }kjk og viuk fuokZg dj ldsA ;g fLFkfr rHkh lkjs lalkj esa ykbZ tk ldrh gS tc fd thou
dh kFkfed vko';drkvksa okyh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dk fu;a=k.k Lo;a yksxksa ds gh ikl jgs A ftl rjg
gok vkSj ikuh ij lcdk leku vf/dkj gS ;k gksuk pkfg,] mlh rjg vUu] oL=k tslh thou dh kFkfed
vko';drkvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gksuk pkfg,A budk ,dkf/dkj fdlh ,d ns'k] dkSe ;k O;kikjh oxZ ds gkFk
jgs rks og U;k; ugha vU;k; gh gksxkA bl lh/s&lkns flkUr dh mis{kk ds dkj.k gh u dsoy gekjs vHkkxs
ns'k esa cfYd nqfu;k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkh vkt pkjks rjiQ Hkwejh vkSj nfjrk fnkbZ iM+rh gSA
vk/qfud ;qx esa ;=kksa dk ;ksx bl lhek rd igqp x;k gS fd ge bl ;qx dks ;kaf=kd ;qx ;k
e'khuksa dk ;qx dgus yxs gSaA e'khuksa us tgk orZeku fo'o dks m|ksxokn fn;k gS ogk os lekt esa iQSyh
gqbZ fo"kerkvksa dks vf/dkf/d c<+kus ds nkf;Ro ls Hkh vius dks foeq ugha dj ldrsA e'khuksa dk
vkfo"dkj bl ms'; ls gqvk Fkk fd euq"; ds dk;Z ljy gksaxsA ijUrq ;g ljyrk lgt gh esa fofr dk
:i /kj.k dj xbZ gS pkjks vksj iQSy xbZA ,d oxZ ;a=k Lokfe;ksa dk gks x;k vkSj nwljk oxZ vlgk; gks
dj thus okys yksxks dkA ekDlZ ds 'kCnksa esa igyk oxZ cqtZqvk vkSj nwljk loZgkjk esa cny x;kA xk/hth
ds 'kCnksa esa& vkt tks turk esa mu ;a=kks dk ,d ikxyiu lk lokj gks jgk gS] muls Je dh cpr rks
gksrh gS ij muds dkj.k ykksa O;fkQ;kas dh jksVh Nhu jgh gS vkSj os jkg ds fHkkjh cudj Hkws ?kwe jgs
gSaA bl /u ds ykyp us euq"; dks vius tky esa bl rjg tdM+ fy;k gS fd lR;&vfgalk dk xkkhoknh
vkn'kZ mlds thou esa dgha Hkh fnkbZ ugha nsrkA dkjkus dh wch ;g gS fd mls bl ckr ls dksbZ
ljksdkj ugha jgrk fd yksx fgUnqLrku esa ;k nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh Hkws ej jgs gSaA mldk rks cl ,d gh
edln gksrk gS fd nke mps cus jgasA bUlkfu;r dk dksbZ [;ky tjk Hkh ugha fd;k tkkrkA
e'khuksa ds vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k gh ekuo lH;rk vius fodkl ls fiNM+ xbZ gS vkSj ;g fiNM+kiu
ge vkfFkZd {ks=k esa gh ugha nsrs] cfYd uSfrd {ks=k esa Hkh nsrs gSaA xk/hth ds vuqlkj& ;ksjksi dks
mtkM+uk 'kq: dj fn;k gS vkSj vc mldh gok fgUnqLrku esa igqp xbZ gSA cEcbZ dh fey esa dke djusokys
etnwj iwjs xqyke cu x, gSaA ogk dke djus okys fL=k;ksa dh n'kk nsdj rks gj vkneh dk dystk dki
mBsxkA tc feyksa dh ck<+ ugha vkbZ Fkh rc ;g fL=k;k Hkwksa ugha ejrh FkhaA xk/hth us e'khuhdj.k dk
blfy, fojks/ fd;k fd og ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk frjLdkj dj 'kks"k.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ;g ;ku jus
ds fy, vko';d gS fd xk/hth dk e'khuksa ds fr fojks/ nks fHkUu dkj.kksa ij vk/kfjr FkkA Fke] e'khu
}kjk Lrqr iwthoknh 'kks"k.k dk ikie; fodkl rFkk nwljh rjiQ vkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh viuh Lo;a dh
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 55
cqjkb;kA ;g nwljh bu nks esa ls eq[; cqjkbZ gSA Fke cqjkbZ rks dsoy dk;kZRed O;fkQr dk ifj.kke
gS tcfd ckn dh cqjkbZ lko;o gSA
;a=kksa dk vR;f/d ;ksx fd, tkus ds dkj.k mRiknu .kkyh Hkh Hkkfor gksrh gS vkSj ml Hkko
esa og bruh vf/d ladqfpr gks tkrh gS] tks ekuo lekt ds fy, vPNh fLFkfr ugha gSA dsUh;dj.k
dh o`fk pkgs jktdh; gks vFkok O;fkQxr] nksuksa gh ifr;k fodkjxzLr gSaA xka/hth bl 'kks"k.k ;qkQ
dsUh;r vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij ftl vFkZ O;oLFkk dks nsuk pkgrs gSa mldk Lo:i 'kks"k.keqkQ
fodsUhr vFkZ O;oLFkk gSA blls iwthokn ds lkFk gh lkFk lektokn ds nq"Hkkoksa ls lgt gh esa cp
ldrs gSaA
okLrfodrk ;g ugha gS fd xk/hth lek; ds p dks ihNs /dsyuk pkgrs FksA xk/hth ds fopkjksa
dk lgh i{k ;g gS fd og gj dkj dh e'kkhuksa ds fo# ugha Fks vkSj u gh og lc dkj ds e'khuhdj.k
dks R;kT; ekurs FksA og okLro esa e'khuks dks mRlqd ugha Fks vfirq mudk fu;eu djuk pkgrs FksA xkkhth
us vius fopkjksa dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd& esjk fojks/ e'khuhdj.k ds fo# ugha gS ysfdu ml
mUekn ds fy, gS ftlesa e'khu dsfUr gSA mUekn ;g gS fd ;g mls Je cpkbZ e'khuj dgrs gSaA eSa le;
vkSj Je dks cpkuk pkgrk gw ysfdu ,slk eSa ekuo tkfr ds ,d lewg ds fy, ugha pkgrk] cfYd lHkh
ds fy, pkgrk gw] ysfdu ;g dsUh; dj.k dqN gkFkksa esa ugha cfYd lHkh ds gkFkksa esa pkgrk gwA
e'khuksa dk ;ksx dqN O;fkQ;ksa dh lqj{kk gsrq ugha oju~ tu leqnk; ds fgr esa gksuk vko';d
gSA esjk fojks/ e'khuksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, ugha gSA eSa rks ml ij lhek, Fkksiuk pkgrk gwA xkkhth
e'khuksa dks lekIr djus ds fy, u O;xz Fks vkSj u mRlqdA xk/hth ,slh gj e'khu dk Lokxr djus dks
mRlqd Fks ftlds ek;e >ksifM+;ksa esa vkokl djus okys djksM+ksa yksxksa ds Je esa cpr gks rFkk muds fgr
dh iwfkZ gskA og mu e'khuksa ds fojks/h ugha tks fd etnqjh dekus okys ds le{k csjkstxkjh M+h u djrh
gks vkSj ftls 'kfkQ }kjk u pyk;k tkdj gkFk rFkk iSj ls pyk;k tk;A e'khuhdj.k fdlh Hkh :i esa cqjk
ugha gS] tc e'khusa Je vkSj le; dh cpr djrh gSa rks vPNh yxrh gSaA tcfd vko';drk ;k lkkuksa
ds vuqikr esa euq"; de gksa] ysfdu ;fn euq"; cgqr gksa rks ,sls esa Je vkSj le; dh ckr dgdj dk;Z
dks pykus dk vFkZ gS csjkstxkjh dks ksRlkgu nsuk ,slh fLFkfr esa xk/hth e'khuhdj.k dk fojks/ djrs FksA
xk/hth dks ,slk R;sd vkfo"dkj vPNk yxrk gS tks tufgr ds fy, fd;k tk;A og flaxj
e'khu ds vkfo"dkj dks ,sls gh vPNs vkfo"dkjsak dh Js.kh esa jrs Fks D;ksafd og ewyr% ekuo lekt
ds fgr esa gSaA lkbfdy dk fuekZ.k rFkk phM+iQkM+ ;a=kks ds fuekZ.k dh dfBukbZ dks nsrs gq, xk/hth viuh
lektoknh o`fr ds vuqdwy mudk jktdh; fu;a=k.k pkgrs FksA fn'kk funsZ'kd flkar lnSo ;gh jgsxk
fd vf/d dherh rFkk tfVy e'khuksa vFkok f;k] leqnk; dh vkRe fuHkZjrk dks lekIr u djs rFkk
euq";ksa dh ekufld igqp ,oa {ks=k esa gh gksaA mlds lkFk&lkFk e'khuksa mudh O;fkQ~xr rFkk lkeqfgd n`f"V
ls ; dh lkeF;Z dh lhek esa gh gksuh pkfg,s ; O;; okyk e'khuksa dks O;fkQxr vk/kj ij ; fd;k
vkSj pyk;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, og NksVh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A cgqla[;d e'khusa NksVh gksuh pkfg,] dke
O;; /ku gks] ,slh gksa tks O;fkQxr vFkok ikfjokfjd ;ksx ds fy, gks rFkk ftls lc kIr dj ldsaA
lanHkZ %
1- ts-lh- dqekjIik] xk/h vFkZ fopkj] i` 0 14 A
2- mifjor~] i`- 1
3- gfjtu] 9-10-1924
4- iykuh] egkRek xk/h thou vkSj fparu] i`- 394&95

5- ;ax bfUM;k] 9-10-1937
6- ts-lh- dqekjIik] iqoksZDr] i`- 30
7- xk/h] fgUn Lojkt] i`-107
8- ,e- ,y- nk.rsokyk] xk/hTe jhdUlhMZM] i`- 21A
9- ;ax bfUM;k] 13 uoEcj] 192410- ;ax bfUM;k] iwokZskQ~A
11- oh-ih- oekZ] fn iskfyfVdy fiQykslkWiQh vkWiQ egkRek xk/h ,UM lokZsn;] i` 0&228A
12- I;kjs yky] Vw U;w gksfjftUl] i` 0&43-
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 57
xzkeh.k usr`Ro ds mHkjrs izfreku % vuqlwfpr tkfr dh

efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa
q
ukxe.kh oqQekj
izR;sd lekt esa usrR` o dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA usrR` o foghu lekt dh ge dYiuk ugha dj ldrsA
izR;sd NksVs vkSj cM+s lekt esa] NksVs vkSj cM+s lewg vkSj leqnk; esa fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa usrk vkSj mlds
usr`Rodkjh :i dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
gtkjks o"kks ls lkk ij ,dkf/dkj iq#"kkas dk gh jgk gSA ml vf/dkj esa ls 50 ;k 33 rks D;k]
,d izfr'kr ckVuk Hkh cM+k dfBu dke gSA ysfdu /hjs&/hjs ifjfLFkfr;k vkSj vko';drk, ekuoh; lksp
vkSj n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu ykrh gSaA gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k esa ;w rks ipkl iQhlnh fL=k;k gSa] rFkkfi mudks
feys vf/dkjksa es fujk'kktud vlekurk, fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA
lu 1920 esa xkkhth dh dgh xbZ ckr vkt Hkh fdruh lkFkZd vkSj izklafxd gS fd ^vktknh
vkSj iztkra=k rc rd vkwjs gSa tc rd lekt ds fiNM+s oxks dk Hkh le` rcdksa tSls vf/dkj ugha fey
ikrsA* tkfgj gS jktuhfrd n`f"V ls fiNM+h efgykvksa ls Hkh mudk rkRi;Z FkkA blhfy, vktknh dh yM+kbZ
ls mUgksaus ukfj;ksa dks Hkh tksM+kA Lora=krk laxzke es fL=k;ksa us c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;kA blls muesa jktuhfr
dh dqN le> vo'; iSnk gqbZ vkSj os vU; efgykvksa ds fy, Hkh izjs .kk Lkzkrs cuhA ijUrq vktknh ds i'pkr~
fLFkfr;k cnyhaA ;|fi lafo/ku us vf/dkjksa ds ekeys esa L=kh iq#"k tSlk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha j[kk] ijUrq
bl iq#"k lekt esa fL=k;ksa dks vf/dkj izkfIr ds fy, vkxs vkus gh ugha fn;k x;kA okLrfodrk esa rks fL=k;k
fiNM+rh gh pyh xbA
vkt efgykvksa dks iapk;rksa esa 50 izfr'kr vkj{k.k lqyHk gks pqdk gS] ysfdu ;gk rd igqpus
dk ekxZ bruk lh/k vkSj vklku ugha FkkA vf/dkjksa dk lgt esa fey tkuk vkSj mUgsa gLrkxr dj lgh
vFkks esa mi;ksx esa ykuk] nksuksa ds e; cgqr vUrj FkkA vkt ge ftl fLFkfr rd igqps gSa] mlds ihNs
dh yEch dgkuh ij ,d fogaxe n`f"V Mky ysaA
igyh ikp iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa efgykvksa ls lEcfU/r dk;Ze dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa rd gh
lhfer FksA bu ;kstukvksa dk ykHk vf/drj mu fL=k;ksa dks gqvk tks izHkqRo lEiUu ifjokjksa ls Fkha ;k muls
fdlh rjg lEcfU/r FkhaA fupys rcds dh efgykvksa dks buls vf/d ykHk ugha fey ik;kA
NBh ,oa lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds LFkku ij fodkl ;kstukvksa ij
vf/d ;ku fn;k x;kA efgykvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d cuus okys dk;ks dks gkFk esa fy;k x;kA
'kks/kizK] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
vuqlwfpr tkfr 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx 1935 bZ0 esa lkbeu deh'ku }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bl
'kCn dk iz;ksx vLi`'; yksxksa ds fy, fd;k x;kA vLi`';rk dk rkRi;Z gS tks Nwus ;ksX; ughaA
MkW- ds- ,u- 'kekZ ds vuqlkj vLi`'; tkfr;k os gaS ftuds Li'kZ ls ,d O;fDr vifo=k gks tk,
vkSj mls ifo=k gksus ds fy, d`R; djuk iM+sA Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt esa vLi`'; tkfr;ksa dks vNwr] nfyr]
gfjtu ,oa vuqlqfpr tkfr vkfn ukeksa ls lEcksf/r fd;k x;k gSA MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj us 1920 bZ- esa
vf[ky Hkkjrh; nfyr oxZ la?k dh LFkkiuk dh] lkFk gh egkRek xk/h ds iz;kl ls 1932 bZ- esa gfjtu
lsod la?k dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
pVthZ (1966)33 us vius v;;u ^fn flM~;wYM dkLV bu bf.M;* esa ik;k fd Hkkjr es
vuqlwfpr tkfr dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj gqvk gSA tkrh; lajpuk esa lokZf/d vekuoh;] vlkekftd] 'kks"k.kiw.kZ
,oa neudkjh uhfr;ksa rFkk O;ogkjksa dks ftruk igys budks lguk iM+rk Fkk leUo; dh fLFkfr us mlesa
lq/kj yk;k gSA lkoZtfud LFkkuksa esa mudh mifLFkfr loZ=k ik;h tkrh gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd mudh
v;ksX;rkvksa esa deh vk;h gSA
nslkbZ (1966)34 us vius v;;u ^vuVpsfcfyfV bu :jy xqtjkr* esa vLi`';ksa dh rRdkyhu
fLFkfr ij viuk v;;u izLrqr fd;kA mUgksaus ik;k fd vLi`';ksa ds fodkl gsrq dbZ iz;kl fd, x, gSaA
mUgksusa ik;k fd oS/kfud izko/ku rks dj fn, x, ijUrq vLi`';ksa dh leL;kvksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gksrs gq,
Hkh i;kZIr ugha gS tc rd lkekftd vkfFkZd fo"kerk, ,oa v;ksX;rk, cuh jgrh gSAa mUgksuas ;g rF; mtkxj
fd;k fd lafo/ku esa fy, x, vLi`';rk lEca/h izko/kuksa dk leLr iz;klksa ds ckn Hkh ikyu ugha fd;k
tkrkA
lqHkk"k lsfr;k (2007)16 ds vuqlkj efgyk, lkk esa iapk;rksa dk fgLlk cuus ds Ik'pkr~ efgyk
iap vkSj ljiap efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqksa ds lkFk lkFk lkekU; fodkl ds dk;ksZa esa fnypLih ysus yxs gS
vkSj xzkeh.k yksxksa ds lkekftd lehdj.k Hkh cnyus yxs gSaA fu'p; gh ;g efgykvksa dks iznk vkj{k.k
ds ldkjkRed i{k dks O;Dr djrk gSA
73ok lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e & 1992 bZ- dh /kjk 243 (Mh) }kjk iapk;r ds rhuksa LRkjksa
ij vuqlfw pr tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds vkj{k.k mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa gksxk rFkk bues 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k
bu oxks dh efgykvksa dk Hkh gksxkA
fcgkj iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e 2006 rFkk la'kksf/r vf/fu;e la- 10] 2009 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir]
fcgkj iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e la- 10] 2009 }kjk izfrLFkkfir] fcgkj jkt vf/fu;e la- 15] 2015 }kjk
vUr% LFkkfir gS fd xzkeh.k iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds lnL;ksa dks dqy LFkkuksa ds 50
izfr'kr ij vkj{k.k izkIr gksxkA
mi&/kjk (1) ds v/hu vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh dqy LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds ipkl izfr'kr ds
;Fkk'kD; fudVre fdUrq mlls vukf/d LFkku ;FkkfLFkfr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+s oxks dh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr jgsaxsA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+s oxks dh efgykvksa ds fy, tks LFkku vkjf{kr
ugha fd, x, gSa] muesa ls ipkl izfr'kr ds ;Fkk'kD; fudVre fdUrq mlls vukf/d LFkku
efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr jgasxsA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+s oxks dh efgykvksa rFkk vukjf{kr Js.kh dh
efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr ,sls LFkku xzke iapk;r esa fHkUu fHkUu fuokZpu {ks=ksa dks jkT; fuokZpu
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 59
vk;ksx ds funs'ku] fu;a=k.k rFkk i;Zos{k.k esa rFkk bldsa }kjk ;Fkkfofgr jhfr ls 1 (nks fed
vke fuokZpu ds Ik'pkr~) pkuqe ls ftyk naMkf/dkjh }kjk vkoafVr fd, tk,axsA
2(Li"Vhdj.k & 'kadkvksa ds fuokj.k gsrq ,rn~ }kjk ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS fd bl mi /kjk ds
vkhu vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fiNM+k oXkZ] fiNM+s oxks dh efgykvksa rFkk vukjf{kr
Js.kh dh efgykvksa ds inks ds vkj{k.k ds iz;kstukFkZ pkuqe flkUr fcgkj jkt vf/fu;e]
2006 ds izkjaHk gksus ds i'pkr~ gq, izFke fuokZpu ls izkjaHk gksxkA)
fcgkj jgVh xzke iapk;r dh cSBd esa ,d fnu iapk;r lnL;ksa ds chp ,d cM+h cgl fNM+
xbZA cgl dk fo"k; iapk;r esa efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k fn, tkus ds loky ij FkkA dbZ iq#"k lnL;ksa dk
ekuuk Fkk fd efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k nsus ls iapk;r dh dk;Zd'q kyrk ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gS D;ksfa d efgyk,
iq#"kksa tSlh lf;rk ls dke ugha dj ikrhA fdlh us fiNys lIrkg ftyk eq[;ky; esa cqykbZ xbZ ,d
dk;Z'kkyk esa eqf[k;k 'khyk nsoh ds 'kkfey u gksus dh Hkh ckr mBkbZ vkSj ;g dgk fd ;fn eqf[k;k dksbZ
iq#"k gksrk rks cM+h vklkuh ls eksVj lkbfdy mBkrk vkSj dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkx ys ysrkA
iapk;r esa igyh ckj okMZ la- 12 ls pqudj vkbZ lhek nsoh dks ;g ckrsa cgqr jkl ugha vkbZA
mUgksaus iq#"k lnL;ksa ds lkeus ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k j[ks ftlls fuokZfpr efgyk tuizfrfuf/;ksa }kjk vk, fnuksa
lkeuk dh tkus okyh fo'ks"k pqukSfr;ksa dh >yfd;k fey jgh FkhaA dqN ckrsa ,slh Hkh Fkh ftuls ,d efgyk
tuizfrfuf/;ksa ds fy, vius ?kj ds dkeksa] lkekftd thou dh pqukSfr;ksa rFkk iapk;r dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds
chp larqyu cukdj py ikus dh eqf'dyksa dk irk py jgk FkkA lhek nsoh dss ckrksa dks lquus ds ckn
lHkh iapk;r lnL;ksa dks vglkl gqvk fd ,d efgyk tuizfrfufk;ksa ds fy, ,d iq#"k iz/ku lkekftd
O;oLFkk esa izHkkoh :i ls dke dj ikuk fdruk eqf'dy gSA
Lka;qDr jk"V dh ,tsalh ;w-,u-,iQ-ih-,- us viuh rktk fjiksVZ esa Hkkjr esa iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k ds
iQyLo:Ik efgykvksa esa mith ubZ psruk dh ljkguk dh gSA vkt lHkh jkT;ksa esa iapk;rksa ds ek;e ls
efgyk, u, mRlkg vkSj LiQwfrZ ds lkFk fodkl xfrfof/;ksa esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA
fcgkj ljdkj }kjk mPp U;k;ky; ds funsZ'k ds ckn 3 iQjojh 2002 dks iapk;rh jkt pquko dh
?kks"k.kk ls vcrd 2016 pquko rd cgqr vf/d la[;k eas iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr vuqlfw pr tkfr
ds iq#"k ds lkFk lkFk vf/d la[;k esa efgyk, Hkh fuokZfpr gqbZ gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd fcgkj
esa laoS/kfud vf/fu;eksa rFkk vkj{k.k ds iQyLo:Ik xzkeh.k usr`Ro esa [kkldj xzkeh.k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh
efgyk, xzkeh.k usr`Ro esa mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSaA
Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k usr`Ro ds mHkjrs izfreku esa ftu uohu rF;ksa us izHkkfor fd;k gS] mlesa o;Ld
erkf/dkj f'k{kk dk izlkj xzkeh.k iqufuekZ.k dk;Ze gfjrkafr] lwpuk dk vf/dkj dkuwu] lafo/ku }kjk
lekurk dk vf/dkj ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvkssa dks vkj{k.k] lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk] 73osa
lafo/ku }kjk iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks 'kfDr iznku djuk vkfnA blds iQyLo:i xzkeh.k usr`Ro esa
vuqlwfpr tkfr dh efgykvksa dks usr`Ro djus dk ekSdk feyk rFkk budh lgHkkfxrk ds dkj.k xzkeh.k
fodkl dk u;k Lo:Ik mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gS rFkk yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dk liuk lkdkj gksus yxh
gSk yksdra=k eas lHkh dh lgHkkfxrk utj vkus yxh gSA
lanHkZ %
12-
tks'kh] vkj- ih- tks'kh ,oa :ik eaxykuh] Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt] jktLFkku fgUnh vdkneh] t;iqjA
js.kq fnoku] iapk;r dh efgyk,] ,stqds'kuy cqd lfoZl ubZ fnYyh
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fcgkj ljdkj izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy] iapk;rh jkt foHkkx] fcgkj ljdkj

/uUt; flag] xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj jkT;] izksxsflo cqd lsUVj] okjk.klhA
fu:iek izdk'k] f'kM~;wyM dkLV lksfl;ks bdksuksfed psUtst] pqx ifCydskUl] bykgkckn A
/eZjkt flag] :jy yhMj'khi veax f'kM~;wYM dkLVl] pqx ifCyds'kUl] bykgkckn A
fcgkj iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e] ykW ifCyf'kax gkml] iVuk
dq:{ks=k] vxLr 2007
oYMZ iQksdl] tuojh 2014
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 61
thou dk vafre izgj

q
vk'kk
ekuo thou esa fujUrj fodkl dk e pyrk jgrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd o`koLFkk
dHkh Hkh dSys.Mj o"kks ls ugha vkrhA D;ksafd ,d lkB o"kZ dk O;fkQ Hkh o;Ld ds leku pqLr nq:Lr
gks ldrk gS vkSj rhl o"kZ dk O;fkQ o` ds leku detksjA ekdZ V~ouS dk dFku gS fd& ^mez ,d fnekxh
[;ky gS vxj vki fopkj ugha djrs rks dksbZ iQdZ gh ugha iM+rk*A xzhd Hkk"kk esa o` O;fkQ ds fy, thjkWu
'kCn dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj v;;u ds fy, ykWxlA bl dkj thjkWUVksykSth o`Ro dh f;k
ds v;;u dk fo"k; gSA o`koLFkk 'kjhj esa gksus okyh kfrd f;k gSA ,d kalhlh oSKkfud dk
dFku gS fd ^;|fi euq"; ds 'kjhj esa 150 lky rd th ldus dk lkeF;Z gS ysfdu kfrd fu;eksa
ls vutku gksus ds dkj.k og vk/h mez gh Hkksx ikrk gSA* euq"; tc tUe ysrk gS rks dbZ voLFkkvksa ls
xqtjuk iM+rk gS_ tSls & 'kS'kokoLFkk] ckY;koLFkk] fd'kksjkoLFkk] kS<k+ oLFkk vkSj vUr esa vkrh gS o`koLFkkA
vyx&vyx fo}kuksa us bl voLFkk dh vk;q dk kjEHk 55 o"kZ rFkk dqN us 60 o"kZ crk;k gSA tSls&tSls
vk;q c<+rh tkrh gS oSls&oSls 'kjhj esa dqN ifjorZu gksus yxrs gSaA bl voLFkk esa ekufld ,oa gkWekZsUl
lEcU/h ifjorZu Hkh gksus yxrs gSaA o`koLFkk vkus ls igys yxHkx 40 o"kZ dh vk;q ds vkl&ikl 'kjhj
esa lzkfor gkWekZsu esa ifjorZu vkus yxrs gSa ftlls 'kjhj f'kfFky iM+us yxrk gSA bl voLFkk ds LokLF;
dk Hkko kS<+koLFkk esa fy, tkus okys Hkkstu o LokLF; ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
o`koLFkk dh leL;k, %
'kkjhfjd leL;k % yEch vk;q thus ds ckn 'kjhj esa vusd dkj ds ifjorZu kjEHk gks tkrs gSaA tSls&
ikpu vaxksa esa detksjh&o`koLFkk esa ikpu laLFkku csgn detksj gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd nkr detksj gks tkrs
gSa blfy, l[r HkksT; inkFkZ pck;s ugha tk ldrsA vek'k; ,oa vkr detksj gks tkrs gSa ftlls ikpd
jl i;kZIr ek=kk esa ugha cu ikrs vkSj Hkkstu dk ikpu lgh rjhds ls ugha gks ikrkA NksVh vkr dh nhokjsa
detksj gksus ds dkj.k Hkkstu dk vo'kks"k.k lgh dkj ls ugha gks ikrkA blh dkj.k 'kjhj esa vko';d
rRoksa dh iwfrZ ugha gks ikrhA
vk/kjh; p;kip; nj esa deh % bl voLFkk esa 'kjhj esa u, rarqvksa dk fuekZ.k ugha gks ikrk ftlls
'kkjhfjd f;k'khyrk esa deh vkrh gS vkSj blh dkj.k vk/kjh; p;kip; nj esa deh gks tkrh gSA
ukM+h laLFkku esa ifjoZru % o`koLFkk esa raf=kdk rarq detksj gks tkrs gSa ftlds dkj.k fofHkUu vaxksa dh
lgk;d izk;kid] x`gfoKku ] ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; ckfydk jktdh; egkfo|ky;] lsokiqjh] okjk.klhA
laosnu'khyrk esa deh vk tkrh gSA KkusfU;k dk;Z djus esa f'kfFky gks tkrh gSaA
gkWekZsUl de ek=kk esa lzkfor gksuk % bl voLFkk esa gkWekZsUl dh ek=kk vlarqfyr gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k
efgykvksa esa ekfld&/eZ dk can gksuk vkSj gf;ksa dk detksj gksuk eq gSA
jkQ ifjlapj.k esa ifjoZru % n; dh isf'k;k detksj o {kh.k gks tkus ds dkj.k n; dh f;k'khyrk
de gksrh tkrh gSA bl dkj muds jkQ ifjlapj.k esa ifjoZru vk tkrk gSA
Ropk] cky rFkk ukwuksa esa ifjoZru % bl voLFkk esa dksf'kdkvksa ds thoO; ds laxBu esa ifjoZru
vkus ds dkj.k Ropk dk yphykiu lekIr gks tkrk gS] muesa >qfjZ;k iM+ tkrh gSaA cky liQsn gks tkrs gSaA
ukwuksa dh ped lekIr gks tkrh gSa vkSj os dM+s gks tkrs gSaA
mRltZu laLFkku esa ifjorZu % bl voLFkk esa mRltZu laLFkku esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA uskWu dh
f;k'khyrk esa deh vk tkrh gSA ew=k&Nuu f;k esa ck/k mRi=k gks tkrh gS rFkk o`Dd esa iFkjh gksus
dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
lf; rUrqvksa dh la[;k esa deh % o`koLFkk esa lf; dks'kksa] rUrqvksa ,oa rdksa dh la[;k esa dkiQh
deh gks tkrh gSA fo'ks"kdj n;] efLr"d mikfLFk] xqnkZs rFkk vfLFk isf'k;ksa ds dks'kksa dh la[;k esa dkiQh
deh gks tkrh gS rFkk budk iqufuZekZ.k Hkh ugha gksrk gSA
la;ksth rUrqvksa dk dBksj gksuk % bl voLFkk esa 'kjhj esa mifLFkr la;ksth rUrq l[r ,oa dBksj gksus
yxrs gSa] mudk yphykiu lekIr gksus yxrk gSA rdksa dks tksM+us dk dke djus okys dksystu esa o`f
gksus yxrh gS ftl dkj.k tksM+ okys Hkkx_ tSls&dksguh] dykbZ] da/s] ?kqVuk vkfn esa dBksjrk vk tkrh
gS ifj.kkeLo:i gkFk&iSjksa dks eksM+us] ?kqekus] pyus] mBus] cSBus esa nnZ gksus yxrk gSA
jksx&frjks/d {kerk dh deh % bl voLFkk esa jksxksa ls yM+us dh 'kfkQ dk kl gks tkrk gS D;ksafd
ch fyEiQkslkbV~l dh la[;k esa deh gks tkrh gS vkSj Vh&fyEiQkslkbV~l dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k esa Hkh deh
gks tkrh gSA bl dkj.k o` O;fkQ lnhZ] tqdke rFkk vU; laked chekfj;ksa ls tYnh xzLr gks tkrk gSA
o`koLFkk dh vlkekU; fLFkfr;k %

e/qesg % bl mez esa vkerkSj ij yksxksa esa e/qesg ,d lkekU; leL;k gSA eksVkik] e/qesg ds mRiknu esa
bl mez esa ,d eq Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA e/qesg ds dkj.k jkQ esa 'kDdj dk Lrj c<+rk gS lkFk gh ew=k
esa Hkh 'kDdj mRlftZr gksrk gSA e/qesg dk Hkko 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa ij n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA n`f"Vnks"k]
fdMuh ds jksx] raf=kdk ra=k ds jksx] Ropk dk dk lae.k] ?kkoksa dk nsj ls Hkjuk] rg&rjg ds lae.k
e/qesg ds ifj.kkeLo:i nss tkrs gSaA
mPp jkQpki % jDrokfgfu;ksa ds yphysiu esa deh ds dkj.k cM+h mez esa mPp jkQpki Hkh ,d lkekU;
leL;k gSA mPp jkQpki Hkh n`f"Vnks"k mRi djrk gSA blds dkj.k fdMuh o n; ds vU; jksx Hkh mRi=k
gks ldrs gSaA
dksysLVkWy dk c<+k gqvk Lrj % blds dkj.k jkQokfgfu;k ladjh gksus yxrh gSa rFkk dbZ ckj CykWd Hkh
gks tkrh gSaA n; ds dk;Z bl c<+s gq, dksysLVkWy ds Lrj ds dkj.k Hkkfor gksrs gSaA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 63
tksM+ksa ds jksx % ?kqVus] dej o 'kjhj ds lHkh tksM+ksa esa lkekU;r% nnZ cuk jgrk gSA vFkZjkbfVl] xfB;k
o LifUMykbfVl dh leL;k bl mez esa lkekU;r% nsh tkrh gSA
vkWfLV;ksiksjksfll % mez c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk vfLFk;ksa esa dSfY'k;e dh deh nsh tkrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i
vfLFk;k detksj gks tkrh gSa rFkk sDpj vkfn 'kh?kz nsk tkrk gSA
jkQkYirk % ykSgrRo dh deh] foVkfeu ch dkWEIysDl dh deh] ksVhu dh deh vkfn ds dkj.k
jkQkYirk ;k ,uhfe;k bl mez esa ,d lkekU; leL;k gSA
iFkjh % fdMuh LVksUl~ rFkk xkWy CySMj ds LVksUl Hkh cM+h mez ds yksxksa esa lkekU;r% nss tkrs gSaA
ikpu ekxZ ds fodkj % 'kkjhfjd vf;k'khyrk ds dkj.k rFkk ikpd jlksa ds de lzo.k ds dkj.k
vDlj Hkkstu dk ikpu bl mez esa vPNh rjg ls ugha gks ikrkA vip] ok;q fodkj] dCt ;k nLr bl
mez esa lkekU;r% nss tkrs gSaA
ekufld leL;k %
o`koLFkk esa LoHkko esa Hkh ifjorZu vkus yxrk gSA vf/dka'k o` fpM+fpM+s] ks/h vkSj xqLlSy
gks tkrs gSaA os NksVh&NksVh ckr ij #B tkrs gSa vkSj eukus dh vis{kk jrs gSaA mudk LoHkko NksVs ckydksa
tSlk fth gks tkrk gSA blds eq[; dkj.k gksrs gSa& vkfFkZd foiUurk] raf=kdk ra=k esa vO;oLFkk] gkWekZsu
vlary
q u] laoxs kRed ruko rFkk lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa eas ifjorZu bR;kfnA o`koLFkk esa vdsyis u dk vglkl
Hkh gksus yxrk gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa T;knk] tcfd thoulkFkh dk lkFk NwV x;k gksA o`koLFkk esa
ftEesnkfj;k de gks tkus ds dkj.k 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld f;k, de gks tkrh gSa] O;fkQ viuh
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkh nwljksa ij fuHkZj gks tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k mls ;g ,glkl gksus yxrk
gS fd og nwljksa ij ,d cks> gSA ;fn O;fkQ us o`koLFkk ls iwoZ vius leLr ftEesnkfj;ksa dks vius cy
ij fuHkk;k gS rks og viuh orZeku fLFkfr ls le>kSrk ugha dj ikrk vkSj volknxzLr gks tkrk gSA
lkekftd leL;k %
o`koLFkk esa O;fkQ viuh 'kkjhfjd detksfj;ksa ds dkj.k lkekftd f;kdykiksa esa igys dh
rjg Hkkx ugha ys ikrkA blfy, /hjs&/hjs mlds lkekftd lEcU/ksa esa f'kfFkyrk vkus yxrh gSA
laosxkRed leL;k %
o`koLFkk ,d ,slh voLFkk gS ftlesa 'kkjhfjd f;k'khyrk vR;f/d de gks tkrh gSA O;fkQ
ds ij ftEesnkfj;k de gks tkrh gSa ftlds dkj.k bl voLFkk esa le; tYnh ugha chrrk vkSj O;fkQ
kyh le; dk ;fn lgh ;ksx ugha dj ikrk rks /hjs&/hjs volkn dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gSSA lkFk gh
ih<+hxr varj ds dkj.k vius cPpksa ls lkeatL; ugha cSBk ikrk ftlds dkj.k gj iQSlys esa fojks/kHkkl
gksus ds dkj.k fpMfpM+k gks tkrk gSA
vkfFkZd leL;k %
ipkl&lkB o"kZ dh vk;q esa O;fkQ lsokfuo`k gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ og viuh ukSdjh ls vodk'k
kIr dj ysrk gSA bldk Hkko mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij iM+rk gSA vkfFkZd lEiUurk ds dkj.k mls dqN
gn rd jkgr feyrh gSA blds foijhr ;fn og viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk ugha dj ikrk rks mls 'kkjhfjd
ijs'kkfu;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekufld] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] laosxkRed leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
o`koLFkk esa iks"k.kkRed vko';drk % o`koLFkk esa 'kjhj ds dks'kksa] rUrqvksa ,oa rdksa dh VwV&iQwV
rks vf/d gksrh gS ijUrq fuekZ.k f;k de gksrh gS vkSj 'kkjhfjd f;k'khyrk esa Hkh deh gks tkrh gS]
blh dkj.k de tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% o`koLFkk esa lk/kj.k ifjJe djus okys kS<+ dh
vis{kk 25 de tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl voLFkk esa 'kjhj esa gksus okyh VwV&iQwV dh ejEer
ds fy, vkgkj esa ksVhu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ksVhu dh vko';drk 1 xzke@fdyksxkz e otu ds vuqlkj
gksrh gSA bl voLFkk esa o`ksa dks vkgkj esa nw/ vo'; ysuk pkfg,A blds lsou ls ksVhu ds lkFk&lkFk
dSfY'k;e] iQkLiQksjl] foVkfeu , rFkk foVkfeu ch dh deh dh iwfrZ gks tkrh gSA o`koLFkk esa olk dk
;ksx de fd;k tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd vf/d olk ds lsou ls eksVkik c<+rk gS ftlls dbZ jksx c<+rs gSa
tSls& e/qesg] jkQpki bR;kfnA blds lkFk gh olk nsj ls iprh gS vkSj bl voLFkk esa ikpu rU=k detksj
gksus ds dkj.k o` mls vklkuh ls ugha ipk ikrsA vko';d ek=kk dh iwfrZ gsrq dSfY'k;e rFkk yksgs dh
vfrfjkQ ek=kk dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A bl mez esa dSfY'k;e rFkk yksgs dk vo'kks"k.k de gks tkrk gSA
blfy, 1 xzke dSfY'k;e rFkk 40 fexzk- yksgk ysuk mi;qkQ jgrk gSA
bl voLFkk esa O;fkQ foVkfeu U;wurk ds dkj.k fdlh u fdlh jksx ls vo'; ihfM+r gks tkrk
gSA tSls&ukM+h laLFkku dk detksj gks tkuk] 'kjhj dh detksjh ds dkj.k jksx&frjks/d {kerk dk detksj
gks tkuk bR;kfnA vr% vkgkj esa vko';d foVkfeuksa dk gksuk t:jh gSA o`koLFkk esa vkksa dh jks'kuh de
gks tkrh gS vr% bl vk;q esa vkgkj esa foVkfeu , dk lfEefyr gksuk vfr vko';d gSA blds vko';d
lzksr gSa&gjh iksnkj lfCt;k] ihys iQy] nw/] v.Mk] eDu bR;kfnA o`koLFkk esa ukM+h laLFkku rks detksj
gksrk gh gS ftlds dkj.k ?kzk.k {kerk] n`'; {kerk] Jo.k {kerk rFkk Lokn {kerk esa deh vk tkrh gS ,oa
Hkwyus dh vknr gks tkrh gSA vr% vkgkj esa foVkfeu ch lewg dks lfEefyr djus ds fy, ehj] lkcqr
vukt] ewxiQyh] fry] vadqfjr puk bR;kfn dk lsou djuk pkfg,A
o` O;fkQ vDlj lnhZ tqdke] cqkj] yw vkfn chekfj;ksa ls ihfM+r gks tkrs gSaA vr% muds
vkgkj esa uhacw] lUrjk] ve#n] vkoyk bR;kfn iQyksa dks vo'; lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A
foVkfeu Mh dk lcls vPNk lzksr lw;Z dh fdj.ksa gSaA dSfY'k;e o iQkLiQksjl ds vo'kks"k.k gsrq vkgkj esa
i;kZIr ek=kk esa foVkfeu Mh dk gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn o` O;fkQ pyus] ?kweus&fiQjus esa leFkZ u gks rks
mUgsa dkWM yhoj vkW;y dk ;ksx djuk pkfg,A o`koLFkk esa ty dk Hkh vis{kkr vf/d ;ksx djuk
pkfg,A 'kjhj dh fofHkUu f;kvksa dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, ty dk lsou vko';d gSA ty dh iwfrZ
ds fy, vkgkj esa nw/] NkN] yLlh] f'kdath] 'kcZr] iQyksa dk jl rFkk lfCt;ksa dk lwi vkfn lfEefyr
djuk pkfg,A xfeZ;ksa esa ty ilhus ds :i esa fudyus ds dkj.k ty dh deh gks tkrh gSA vr% ty
dk vf/d lsou djuk pkfg,A
o`koLFkk esa dCt dh f'kdk;r vDlj gks tkrh gSA cM+h vkr dh isf'k;k detksj gksus ij muesa
f'kfFkyrk mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj dCt dh f'kdk;r gks tkrh gSA dCt dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj ykus gsrq js'ks;q kQ
inkFkks dk lsou djuk pkfg,A tSls& iQy] gjh iksnkj lfCt;k] uje lfCt;k] fHk.Mh] rqjbZ vkfnA js'ks
dk dksbZ iks"kd ewY; ugha gksrk fiQj Hkh bldk vkgkj esa fo'ks"k LFkku gksrk gSA ijUrq ;ku jus ;ksX; ckr
;g gS fd o` O;fkQ dh vkrksa dh 'ysf"ed f>Yyh dBksj fNyds okyh lfCt;k] vkVs dk pksdj] dBksj
lsY;wykst] lgtu dh iQfy;k vkfn dks lgu djus dh {kerk ugha gksrh gS] vr% buls cpuk pkfg, vkSj
jiQst dh iwfrZ ds fy, uje lfCt;k] iQyksa dk lykn vkfn dk lsou djuk pkfg,A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 65
o`koLFkk esa vkgkj fu;kstu djrs le; ;ku jus ;ksX; ckrsa %
12345678910111213-
141516-
o`koLFkk esa Hkkstu ,slk nsuk pkfg, tks lqikP; gks rFkk tks vklkuh ls pck;k tk ldsA
Hkkstu ikSf"Vd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj gksuk pkfg,A
vf/d ryk] Hkquk rFkk fepZ&elkysnkj ugha gksuk pkfg,A
vfLFk&fofr rFkk jkQkYirk ls cpko ds fy, vkgkj esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa 1 yhVj ds yxHkx nw/
o nw/ ls cus O;atu] ;r] ekal ,oa gjh iksnkj lfCt;ksa dk lsou djuk pkfg,A
Hkkstu cny&cnydj nsuk pkfg, rkfd Hkkstu kus esa #fp cuh jgsA
ty dk lsou mfpr ek=kk esa djuk pkfg,A blls xqnks ds dk;Z esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
cklh rFkk qyk Hkkstu ugha xzg.k djuk pkfg,A
ksVhu dh kfIr ds fy, vkgkj esa kf.kt HkksT; inkFkZ rFkk nkyksa dk lsou djuk pkfg,A
nSfud vkgkj esa rkts iQy dk lsou djuk vfr&vko';d gSA
fnu esa rhu ckj dksbZ vukt jksVh] nfy;k] czsM ;k dkWuZysDl ds :i esa ysuk pkfg,A
jiQst dh kfIr gsrq uje lfCt;ksa rFkk iQyksa dk ;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
rjy rFkk vZ&rjy HkksT; inkFkks] tSls&lwi] iQyksa dk jl] nfy;k] fpM+h vkfn dks Hkh vkgkj
esa lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A
vkgkj fu;kstu djrs le; dSyskjh ewY; ij Hkh ;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% vkgkj fu;kstu
,slk gksuk pkfg, fd o` dks mruh gh dSyksjh feys ftruh dh mlds 'kjhj ds fy, vko';d
gSA
foVkfeu 'C' dh iwfrZ gsrq vkgkj esa uhacw] larjk] ve#n] vkoyk rFkk vU; s iQyksa dk lekos'k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
iw.kZ Hkkstu ,d lkFk u nsdj FkksM+s varjky esa FkksM+k&FkksM+k Hkkstu nsuk pkfg,A
o`koLFkk esa 'kjhj dh f;k, de gks tkrh gSa vr% tkZ dh Hkh vko';kQk de gks tkrh gS
vr% mu HkksT; inkFkks dk ;ksx de djsa tks vf/d dSyksjh nsrs gSa D;kssafd bl mez esa T;knk
c<+k otu gkfudkjd fl gks ldrk gSA
60 o"kZ esa
60 ls 80 o"kZ esa
80 ls vf/d
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pkfg, vkSj fnekx esa ges'kk bl ckr dk ;ku juk pkfg, fd tc ge bl mez ds iM+ko esa vk,axs rks
gekjh D;k HkkoukRed t#jrsa gksaxhA dgk tkrk gS fd cPps tks nsrs gSa ogh djrs gSaA blfy, gesa vius
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qqq
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Emily Dickinson: The Poet and Philosopher

q Archana Gupta
Emily Dickinsons poetic concepts may be a drop of dew, a robin in the garden, a
locomotive, the burning birds, as well as God,love, Immortality and death, Dickinson never
married and lived at home all her life, much of the time rather narrowly within her family
circle. She began writing her poems in her twenties, and her poetic outputs became very
large during her thirties, especially, from about 1860 to 1865. She is such a baffling and
interesting study both as a woman and as a poet that it is easy to probe into her biographical
problems, which she presents to the neglect of the poems themselves. That her poems are
of uneven quality is not amazing. The wonder is that she rose to such an undoubted excellence
in her poetic achievement as some of her poems indicate.
She wrote her poems as she lived her life in extreme individuality, at the same time
she was surrounded and partly bound by conventionality. She withdrew from society, isolated
herself from public life.1 But she was not running away, nor did she fear the world about
her. She stated, The Soul selects her own society. /Then - - shuts the Door- (Poem No.
303). This selected seclusion was not abnormal, nor was it devoid of living. She had a
passionate grasp on life. As she confessed, I find ecstasy in living: The mere sense of living
is joy enough. It is an admitted fact that:
. . . Her withdrawal was not an abdication, nor a
denunciation, of the world. Dickinsons withdrawal
was prompted in part by the same motivation that
drove Thoreau to the woods. She wished to find
some answers to life. She was particularly distressed
and puzzled by her religiousstate of mind.2
Dickinson confessed her love for the world. The Calvinist religion was an other
world3 religion. Men were not to enjoy or even desire the earth and its riches. Earthly
things were sensual, and they produced that great separator, sin, therefore, the Calvinist
must yearn for the other world, never looking toward the one in which he dwelled. Dickinson
looked at her world, and she loved it. She was not ready to give it up. She preferred going to
heaven all along.
Asst. Prof., Eglish, Pt. D.D.U. Govt. Degree College, Sewapuri, Varanasi
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 69
The fact that death is the fate of all living creatures may be conveyed in a number of ways
without speaking of the estate death confers. But Dickinson in treating this theme,
characteristically calls death the common right/of toads and men, the privilege of all.4
Death is a fact of life to her as it was to Keats. It is difficult to resist the temptation for a
detailed consideration of what may be called one of the most beautiful poems of Dickinson.
She envisions death as trusted lover with whom she goes in for a ride towards immortality:
Because I could not stop for DeathHe kindly stopped for me
The Carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality.
(Poem No.712).
They drive in a leisurely manner. The ride is unhurried because it is their last ride.
Death is gracious to stop for her.
Nearly everything in Dickinsons personal, cultural and historical back ground brought
home to her the question of status. Although certainly not a feminist, in the public, crusading,
nineteenth-century meaning of the word, she shared with other intellectual women of her
time - an interest in The position of women.
The fall of man and mans sinfulness, as we have seen, play almost no part in
Dickinsons poetry. She does not as Melville does, characteristically picture an Eden in
which in the past the individual has lived and from which he has fallen. Nor does she, like
Hawthorn, describe the ravages of sin upon the human personality. She has so much the
sense of loss and desolation that she regards them as almost exclusively the quality of life.
We have yet to specify exactly what kind of estate Dickinson adumbrates. The queenly
or upper status meant to her the following things:
(1) The condition of being blissfully domestic, of enjoying a redemptive sense of
fulfilment or vitality of spiritual health, a condition which may be achieved through
immediate visitations of grace.
(2) The achievement of nature womanhood or the involvement of oneself in the
sacramental occasions of the womans life through love and marriage.
(3) Accession to the absolute ground of immortality through death.
(4) And finally, the achievement of seerhood and the station of prophetic poet, and
ultimately of immortality, through beauty and truth.
The lower state is simply the opposite of the upper. Dominion in Dickinsons
poetry is a resonant word. Its emphasis is particularly Puritan, since the Puritans stressed
above all Gods attributes. His sovereignty by derivation of the word is related to domestic,
and the words dominion and home discerns the particular kind of regeneration which
our poet conceives as being immediately bequeathed by grace. To Dickinson, then the idea
of grace entailed the rare moment of exalted, intuitive experience,which conferred a
redemptive status upon her personal and domestic life. The most complete statement she
made about the immediate bequest of grace is the uneven poem called The farthest Thunder
that I heard (Poem No. 1581). In the thunder she bears lifes reverberation, and she
understands that the explanation of life-its meaningfulness is to be seen in that waylaying
light of which the reverberation constantly reminds the fortunate recipient.
Dickinson divided the Ages of woman into three: The first is childhood, a time of
fear, deprivation, and hunger only partially brightened by a naive sense of the preciousness
of the gift of life. Childhood, though it is never entirely abandoned, outwardly ends when one
finds the great love of ones life. The second age ensues upon the renunciation of all the
fleshly and worldly components of this love. Death is the entrance to the third age, to that
immortality for glimpses of which one seeks during life. As she says in the poem, Finding is
the first Act (Poem No. 870), the first act is finding, the second is loss and the third
is the expedition in search of the golden fleece.
Dickinson presents man, nature and God as radically distinct. She does not share
the forms of nineteenth century naturalism, which attempt to reconcile the claims of human
nature with the claims of cosmic nature. She does not regard comic nature as in itself
beneficient or health-giving or as containing primitive forms which emerge in unbroken
evolution into human life. Nor does she share any of the nineteenth century transcendental
religions which deify nature by making it an emanation of God or which naturalise God by
deifying nature.Nature does not symbolise God. It is true that in the sun or lightening, one
may see a simulacrum of his leisure or as in the ocean one may sense his width and depth.
But on thewhole one does see God in nature. So far as one can perceive it, the essence of
nature, beheld in relation to human life, is impermanence, anxiety and disintegration.
Dickinson departs from the poets of her century in her idea of childhood. She does
not have Wordsworths idea that the child is a mighty prophet. Nor does she speak of the
childs creative vision in manner of Blake. Her emphasis is usually on the childs sense of
deprivation and suffering. Wordsworth might depict the child leaping up on his mothers arm
as a mighty emperor, free and clairvoyant until the shades of the prison house closed down
upon him. Blake might speak of the small fiend in a cloud who almost as soon as he leaped
up in his new-born exultation sank down on his mothers breast dismayed by the repressive
forces of life. But for Dickinson no such great issues are involved in childhood. The
overwhelming fact about childhood is weakness, fear, and the attempt to find love.
According to Dickinson, we remain children in later life in so far as we are weak
and deprived of life, in so far as one being is uncompleted, our consciousness not fully
developed, and our power of elective decision still hampered. The romantic posts tended to
regard the three ages of men as being characterised by innocence, experience, and, finally,
the wisdom brought into being by a dialectic interplay of each upon the other, These poets
made a fairly abrupt transition is made the transition of truth which comes with death.
In her spiritual solitude Dickinson, as Richard Chase has perceptively remarked,
recognised two moments in her own life as being crucial, or as she defined them, sacramental:
The moment of love and the moment of death. Before the experience of love (called
indifferently love and marriage), there was childhood, an unhappy period marked by
fears, by a sense of inadequacy and of unfulfilled desires (hunger and thirst) in her
symbolic language, a period only now and then illuminated by simple perceptions of the
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 71
beauty of the world. After the experience of love it follows the queenly status, or, as she
says herself, the status of wife or queen. Then comes the second sacramental moment,
death; and after, immortality.5
What strikes the poet about her adulthood is that I am different from before,
that my gypsy face has been transfigured, and that becoming an adult is such an eclipse
of childhood that we have difficulty remembering the actual woe that threatened childhoods
citadel. The gypsy face of childhood is a suitable image because it bring to mind the child
deprivation and his wondering quest for love. Her poems express the terrible helplessness
and dependence of the child who fears that the sky may tumble down on her and who waits
with such unspeakable joy-mixed, it would seem, with vague apprehension for the return
of her father from a trip: she listens for the approaching train and them the coach, which
takes no long to arrive that time seems to have been transfixed; then with violent heart she
bears the footsteps in the hall, timidly greets her father, and creeps away unnoticed.
Two sacraments, baptism and marriage, are set against one another and out of the
comparison two kinds of status emerge. Both are name giving ceremonies and the names
are the signs by which she is identified, first in life, then in love. As compared to childhood,
marriage makes her queen-that is, a woman in the second age of existence, who has gained
a full emotional experience, consciousness, and the power of election. Like every great
event, marriage is decisive and consequential. She says, on the day when she became
wife or Empress of Calvary, she was simultaneously born, bridalled, and shrouded.
Along with truth vital power was the essential value to her, whether for creative purposes or
simply for living. So few that live have life, she had written to a friend, So few of
power. Besides being a recurrent point of reference in her writings, vitality is the main
theme of several interesting poems. Most of the poems on vitality seem to have at least an
indirect connection with her creative powers. This duel application to life and art is made
explicit in the following aphoristic verse:
To be alive is Power
Existence in itselfWithout a further functionOmnipotence-EnoughTo be alive- and Will!
Tis able as a GodThe Maker of Ourselves be what
Such being Finitude! (Poem No. 677)
Mere existence is an unlimited power, but if in addition one can Will, he can be a
Maker like God.
God to Dickinson, is an abstract face, strangely disembodied and waiting behind the
door of discovery. A wild compulsion grips Dickinson to simply fly, open the door and witness
firsthand the enigma of the far side of finitude. Yet her fearful restraint is that her preconception
of God and actual God will be so disparate as to shatter all the images that she had spent a
lifetime building. If the face does not conform to the image on which she has formed her
belief, the confrontation will result in condemnation. She has merely served and ideal of the
mind. To quote Knapp,
God, for Dickinson, is alienated from His creation.
Since He forever deals out His Heavenly Hurt in
the slow but inevitable process of extinction Of
life, He is also the source of earthly pain. 6
Like Emerson, Dickinson believes that, since nature is Gods deputy, He is
anthropomorphic. Trees, stones, rivers, grasses, rainbows are, therefore, endowed with
personalities and intelligences programmed to act in certain ways toward humanity. Unlike
Emerson, who viewed these forces as friendly, Dickinson looks upon them as hostile. She
considers them agents of Divinity who set up their nets and traps, their deceits and puzzles
in natures hermetic silence or glazingly exquisite colourations in order to lure her into believing
in natures continuous beneficience. Following passage from Dickinsons letter becomes
here definitive:
Different images of the face whirl fearfully in
the poets mind. The very act of attempting to
imagine becomes an act of terror. The 1862
draft of the poem describes the face as vacant,
an unimaginable enigma, empty, unresponsive.7
Dickinson poetically visualises God as appearing to her in the likeness of one who
was storing or keeping precious possessions which were reserved for the next life. This
frustrated Dickinson to no small degree. She wished to enjoy this earth at least while on her
way to heaven. The orthodox God saved all until the other world. Dickinson dearly cherished
her existence in this world, and she longed for her relationship to nature.Not only was God
storing things for other world, but He was not particularly generous to Dickinson in this
world. In fact, it appears that he was exceedingly frugal with her. She misunderstood the
reasons for Gods frugality which she was able to see often. She was near poverty because
God has chosen to retain. He had refused to give. To a friend she stated, You are like God,
we pray to him and he answers No.8
After some time Dickinson alluded to her inner turmoil in a letter to her friend
Abiah: God is sitting here, looking into my very soul to see if I think right thotis. Yet I am
not afraid, for I try to be right and good, and he knows every one of my struggles.9
Dickinson believes in Gods existence. I know that He exists/somewhere-in silence,
(Poem No. 338). Dickinson strained always to experience Gods existence, through what
some have labeled, in the following poem, a blasphemous simile:
I never spoke with God
Nor visited in Heaven-
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 73
Yet certain am I of the spot

As if the Checks were given-(Poem No. 1052)
Although alluding to Nature and God in similes, metaphors, and metonymies unlike
Emerson, Dickinson did not believe in any correlation between the phenomenological world
and divinitys intentions.
Notwithstanding Dickinsons metaphysical speculation and doubt, despite Gods
remoteness and unfeelingness, she yearned for Him. That she identifies the Patriarchal God
with her own father, assigning him the attributes of coldness and forbiddingness, not only
makes him far more powerful a figure, but also increases her sense of helplessness and
torment, to say in terms of Clark Griffith:
Emily Dickinsons God the Father comes to behave
in exactly this same manner. God makes her a creature
of time imposes upon her the double riddle of the
temporal flow and the inevitability of death, but
then God withdrawn, leaning behind no key with
which she night unlock these puzzles. Moments
come when God seems on the verge of explaining
Himself. Invariably, though, His answers are vague
and muddled, Emily Dickinson sees them as
taken gestures which only tantalise her, and make
her search more difficult . . . To a mature Emily
Dickinson, it appears that God has put her off, just
as her father had done. He sets up problems which
defy solution, and invites her approach, only to
turn away.10
Dickinsons father was beyond approach and emotional involvement, her God was
remote and cold.
Religiously, philosophically, emotionally, and physically her life was shaped by her
relationship with her creator. Dickinson had an understanding of her own finiteness. She
never blatantly abuses God.Dickinson never allowed her perspective to be dimmed. She
knew what she was looking for, and she was relentless in her search. Inspite of varied
emotions, Johnson suggests, . . she is willing to love the God with whom she is at wars.11
Thus Dickinson creates a host of intricate images for God, ranging from the awesome,
General like monster, to the witty, urbane gentleman, to a quasi-orthodox deity.12While she
fought, mistrusted, and desired God, she remained a woman of faith in God.
All her ideas whether about God, death, marriage, childhood, Nature and status of
woman are greatly influenced by her personal life. Although she spent a secluded life, but
being a strong woman as poet and philosopher she was never ready to give this world up
and cherished her existence in this world.
References :
Primary Source:
Johnson, Thomas H., (ed.), The Complete Poems of Emily

1960).
Dickinson,(Boston, Little, Brown,
Secondary Sources:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Dickinson Studies, Volume 45, 1983, p.17

Emily Dickinson Bulletin, Volume 20, p. 32.
Timmerman, John, God and Image of God, in Emily Dickinson Bulletin, Volume 28, 1975, p. 35.
Chase, Richard, Emily Dickinson, Greenwood Press, Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1951, p.
139.
Sewanee Review, Volume 68, Issue 3, Year-1960, p.438.
Knapp, Bettina L., God The Heavenly Hurt in Emily Dickinson, New York, Continuum Publishing
Co., 1991, p. 127.
Timmerman, John, God and Image of God, in Emily Dickinson Bulletin, Volume 28, 1975, p.
124.
Ibid, Letter No. 830, Volume III, p. 780.
Ibid, Letter No. 31, Volume I, p. 85.
Griffith, Clark, the long Shadow, Emily Dickinson Tragic Poetry, (Princeton, N. J. Princeton
University. Press, 1964), p. 281.
Johnson, Thomas H.,Introduction, Final Harvest : Emily Dickinsons poems (Boston : Little,
Brown and Company, 1961), P. XII.
Timmerman, John, God and Image of God, an article in Emily Dickinson Bulletin, Volume 28, 1975,
p. 125.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
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Women in Informal Sector

q Bandana Singh
All through the process of civilization, the status of women has also undergone
evolutionary changes according to the overall development and progress of society in various
aspects at large. In all these more than sixty decades of development after independence of
India, despite our scientific development and technological advancement for the betterment
of the society at large, we could not blot out the fundamental notion of gender-wise
discrimination. Social scientists agree that traditionally the status of women in a patriarchal
society has always been low. Gender disparities in a deep rooted patriarchal society like us
manifest itself in various forms in matters of power relations and distribution of resources in
both public and private domain. Gender inequality in India refers to health, education,
economic and political inequalities between men and women in India. Gender inequalities,
and its social causes, impact Indias sex ratio, womens health over their lifetimes, their
educational attainment, and economic conditions. Gender inequality in India is a multifaceted
issue that concerns men and women alike.The status of women and its contribution to social
and economic development largely depends on the availability of employment opportunities
for women. In spite of serious efforts of the state to improve the status of women in India,
it continues to be unsatisfactory. Here, the unorganized or the informal sector employs a
vast majority of all women. It covers marginal workers as well as workers living on the
borderline of starvation and survival. This sector however, while extracting the maximum
contribution from them has given them very little in return. Employment rates are generally
lower among women and older workers. In 2014, the employment rate for men stood at
70.1 % in the EU-28, as compared with 59.6 % for women. A longer-term comparison
shows that while the employment rate for men in 2014 was below its corresponding level 10
years earlier (70.3 % in 2004), there was a marked increase in the proportion of women in
employment rising 4.1 percentage points from 55.5 % in 2004 . The informal sector is
the major provider for employment in India. Including the agriculture sector, it accounts for
more than 92% of the workforce. As per the 1991 census data, 96% of women workers
were employed in the informal sector and this ratio is 90% for men. In this sector, the share
of women in total employment at 30% is relatively higher than their share in the organized
sector AT 14%), predominantly due to their contribution in agriculture and related activities.
As per the 1999-2000 NSS reports, the primary sector is the main employer for women in
rural areas, with agriculture being the dominant employment category (85.4% of all rural
H.O.D, Home Science, Magadh Mahila College, Patna

female workers and 71.4% of all rural male workers are employed in this sector). In the
urban areas, the proportion of women employed in the tertiary sector has increased to more
than 50%, reflecting the increasing employment of women in the service sector of the
economy. Work participation rates for women in India are much lower than that of men.
Though the WPR (workforce participation rates) for women has shown better growth than
men as per the Census 2001 data, WPR for women is still far behind the WPR for men
(25.8% for women compared to 52% for men as per 2001 census). The increase in female
WPR is mainly due to an increase in proportion of female rural marginal workers. While the
census data shows a growth in WPR from 19.7% (1981) to 25.8% (1983) to 25.9% (19992000). The increase in WPR for women in the census 2001 could be because of better
capture of womens work.
Many studies analyzing the pattern of womens employment in the manufacturing
industries have shown that women are being excluded from most skilled jobs and industries.
The empirical evidence shows that there is a plausible ground to argue for a validation of
female marginalisation thesis in India. In other words, the overall economic development
has increasingly excluded women from productive employment; pushed them into marginal
occupation or in unorganized sector and increasingly casualised women in terms of
employment.Shram Shakti Reports on the National Commission on Self employed
women and Women in informal Sectors- the women in unorganized sectors are the weakest
link in labour statistics. The Conventional classification of workers and their contribution to
the economy reduces the poor laboring women as marginal workers littlie recognition of
their contribution to the national economy. Broadly speaking this group includes those who
are outside the pale of organized sector. They include all those poor women who are engaged
in the home based producers including artisans and piece rate workers paid and unpaid
voluntary laborers, petty vendors and hawkers who do not hire labour but take the assistance
of family members, contract labour and sub-contract labour, provides of services like washerwoman, scavengers and domestic helpers and those doing manual work like construction
labour working in agriculture and other primary sectors. According to ILO report, the informal
sector comprises units producing very small scale goods and services involving little or on
capital using a low level of productivity and generally yielding very low and irregular incomes.
These units are mostly unregistered and the workers receive little or on legal protection, but
the sector is continuously growing. The modern technology has always favored capital and
not the labour. The capital has become cheaper than before and this is justified on the
ground that industries need technological upgradation. This ultimately will increase the demand
for skilled labour of qualitatively new type. Economic restructuring and, in turn, involves
labour restricting. Such increase in demand as might arise for the least skilled job where
workers would be further exploited as in the case of women in textile and garment industry.
Since women have fewer skills as compared to men, it is likely that men may gain in terms
of employment in the labour restructuring process. This may result in exclusion of women
from the production process.The committee on status of women in India (1971-74) also
held a proper assessment of the nature and extent of womens participation in employment,
their problems and disabilities arise according to the degree of organization. This sector has
two problems of social justice to the policy makers. Number one is an increasingly large
portion of working women (about 73%) has been working in this sector and number two is
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 77
the cheap availability of labour in this sector. There is more chance to the activities diversion.
It indicates that the working women as a whole will gradually relegated to the background.
Due to immobility of labour, natural factors like reproductive age, illiteracy, low skills and
poverty compel them to engage in unorganized sector. This economic empowerment is not
merely in monetary terms but also in real value terms, Whatever indices and base years one
employs for comparis on. The proportion of women in the female work force engaged in the
informal sector is estimated to be 90%. The workers in these occupations suffer from high
incidence of casualisation. The incidence of casual wages workers agriculture and
construction workers amongst female ranges from 75% to 96% of the total female wage
earners. of social justice to the policy makers. Number one is an increasingly large portion
of working women (about 73%) has been working in this sector and number two is the
cheap availability of labour in this sector. There is more chance to the activities diversion.
It indicates that the working women as a whole will gradually relegated to the background.
Due to immobility of labour, natural factors like reproductive age, illiteracy, low skills and
poverty compel them to engage in unorganized sector.
Table1:
Percentage of Female Main Workers to Total Female Population under
Broad Categories in India (1961 to 2001 Census)
Census
year
Cultivation
Agri.
Labour
Household
Manufacturing
Servicing
and Repairs
Industry
other
Workers
Processing
Percentage
of Female
Main Workers
to total
Female
Population
27.9
1961
15.47
6.83
2.13
3.47
1971
3.6
6.13
0.21
1.82
12.06
1981
4.65
6.46
0.64
2.24
13.99
1991
5.49
7.2
0.57
2.77
16.03
2001 (P)
8.35
10.12
1.63
5.57
25.67
Source: Statistical Profile on Women Labour 2004, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Govt. of India.
This economic empowerment is not merely in monetary terms but also in real value
terms, whatever indices and base years one employs for comparis on. The proportion of
women in the female work force engaged in the informal sector is estimated to be 90%.
The workers in these occupations suffer from high incidence of casualisation. The incidence
of casual wages workers agriculture and construction workers amongst female ranges
from 75% to 96% of the total female wage earners.
This The World Bank country study on Gender and Poverty in India presents the problems
faced poor women against a background of depressing statistics which show how Indian
women continue to be denied access to productive assets, in the form of financial credits,
markets or land ownership and human capital such as education and skill-training which
would enhance their abilities as economic agent. It is now well accepted that the poorest
families are most dependent on womens earnings and that a lowering of economic status
increases the importance of the womens contribution to the family income. Yet despite
these facts, which suggest that women could play a crucial role in alleviating the poverty of
the countrys sixty million households living below the poverty line, the government invests
far less in women workers in terms of education, health and productive assets compared to
male workers. At present barely 6% of the economically active women are in the formal
sectors. Majority of the women workers are in informal sector and any plan to improve
womens economic conditions will have to focus in this area.
Table
Workforce participation rates and number of workers in rural areas
Workforce participation rates %
Number of Workers (min)
Year
Rural males
Rural females
Rural males
Rural females
93-94
55.3
32.8
187.7
104.7
99-00
53.1
29.9
198.6
105.7
04-05
54.6
32.7
218.9
124.0
09-10
54.7
26.1
232.3
104.8
Source: NSS Surveys
The informal or unorganized sector is characterized by jobs of local nature, which

involves the local people around. Women, who are bound by the traditional sense of domestic
responsibility, are concentrated in this sector. Women faces many challenges in this sector
as wage discrimination and poor working condition, poor health, lack of social security,
home-based work, absence of child care facilities, sexual harassment, globalization etc in
this sector.
A majority of women are to be found in the vast rural and urban informal sector.
According to an estimate by the National Commission on Self-Employed Women 94% of
total female workforce operates within this highly exploited sector. Employment in this
sector is characterized by low pay, long hours of work, low productivity, low skills and lack
of job security. There are few-labour or trade unions/ organizations to facilitate the mobilization
of women workers and knit them into a conscious workforce. This is also due to the varied
nature of occupation in this sector, inadequate legislation and ineffective enforcement of
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legal safeguards to protect these workers, particularly, in regulating their work conditions.
Traditional socio-economic relations that operate in this sector defy categorization into
employer, employee, labour, capital, rent and interest relationships.
One of the major reasons for womens work becoming increasingly limited to the
informal sector is that women lack the opportunity to acquire skills and training, which could
facilitate occupational shifts. This is related to the prevailing social relations between men
and women as well as the structure of the economy. Since women have to bear the major
burden of domestic chores, which in a poor household is time consuming and labour intensive,
they do not have the time and opportunity to acquire skills and training for better jobs. Low
skill attainment among women and their consequence relegation to jobs, which are labour
intensive, time consuming and arduous, is perpetuated by their unequal access to technology.
Women employment in rural informal sector comprises agriculture, dairying, small animal
husbandry, fisheries, social and agro-forestry, khadi and village industries, handlooms,
handicrafts and sericulture.
Although investment outlays in these sectors command high priority and several
government programmes exist to boost the productivity of these sectors. Most of the jobs in
these sectors are low paid and performed by women. It is also a recognized fact that
women are gradually being displaced from these sectors. There is a strong class-caste
relationship in the ownership of land, which works to the disadvantage of the economically
weaker sections and particularly against women.
Nearly 80% of the women workers in India are concentrated in agricultural activities.
The major shift in women employment in this sector is from agriculture labour category to
cultivators. The cultivator in Indian census means either an employer or family worker
engaged in cultivation. The women on Indian context belong mainly to he latter category. It
is thus obvious that the status of women between 1972 to 1991 periods has marginally
shifted from agriculture worker to unpaid family worker. But the share of men in this sector
has declined. This may partly be due to migration of males from rural areas to urban areas.
Ranade and Ramchandran said that changes in land relations have adversely affected the
rural women workers in agriculture. It has pushed them down to a state of dependence on
men. The pattern of employment is also affected by demographic and non-demographic
factors. Introduction of new crops, new technology, increasing modernization of agriculture,
increasing landlessness and parcellisation of land have all greatly affected the womens role
and job opportunities for women.
Trade liberalization along with deregulation and decentralization of domestic industry
is likely to make certain forms of employer/employee relationship more important in he
future than in the past. These changes would determine access to hob information women
have in future. Women working on wages either in small manufacturing units in the export
or domestic sector out-side their houses or others who get work at home on piece rate
would find that their dependence on middle men like contractors/ jobbers would increase.
This is inevitable because production would no more be carried out under one roof. Women
would be getting work at the mercy of the middlemen. And there could division of production
process itself. This entails insecurity of employment and therefore income; though in addition
other forms of abuse cannot be ruled out. In fact this situation may force women not only to
accept low wages but also make them reluctant even to form unions. Their weak bargaining
position would make them victims of wages and other forms of exploitation. Growing
mechanization has reduced the number of women in food grains processing, food and
vegetable products, footwear and earthware. The same trend is seen in construction, trade
and commerce. But in cotton textiles employment has increased. There has been structural
change, which is titled against female occupations. Displacement of women by men was
more pronounced in Punjab and Haryana than anywhere else construction labour is a fairly
large sector of casual work, employing women in substantial numbers. The construction
labourers are engaged on a casual basis, sometimes having long years of experience in this
area. They are exploited by the contractors and sub-contractors who give them money on
daily basis and engage them by recruiting on credit tying and loan bondage method. Ideally,
construction workers should be recruited through a workers board or social work organizations
and trade unions. There is a need to create such union that could organize group of migrant
workers to press for enforcement of minimum work conditions like proper wages, maternity
benefits, medical facilities etc.
The another avenue of informal sector is domestic work, which employs women,
and girls who remained unrepresented in the national data. It is the most unregulated and
disorganized sector, which does not have any written contract and protective regulations.
The percentage of young unmarried girls as domestic workers, many under the age of ten,
who are initiated mainly as a help to the mother has increased sharply who work from 12 to
16 hours. There is need to give security and provide opportunities to seek education and
training to them.
Women working in traditional occupations at home, even in the past, were exploited
both by sellers of raw materials and buyers of their finished products. Some of them may in
future join the ranks of women who work as home-based workers in manufacturing and be
victims of exploitative practices of middlemen. Other may survive in these dead-end jobs,
which offer no future. They would have very little option to change their occupation and
would be forced to devise continually new strategies for sheer survival.
The emerging female labour market indicates clearly that working women therein
would be victims of discrimination and unfair labour practices to a greater extent than in
past. But despite the precariousness of the work, with its instability, insecurity and social
and economic vulnerability, the women given their poverty and lack of skills would have
very little option by to tolerate exploitation. The meager incomes they get would be precious
for their own and for their familys survival since they from substantial proportions of their
equally low family/household incomes. More importantly, as the future labour market would
offer wage work to women, certain complex labour processes could be expected to emerge
which would control both womens participation and their job access. The occupational
discrimination results from concentration of women in less skilled and lower paying jobs in
higher proportion that the men.
Social scientists working in the field of womens studies in India have very often
tried to draw attention of policy makers to invisibility of women workers in the conventional
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labour force statistics. It must be emphasized that apart from missing and unaccounted
women workers, our conventional data on employment status, which classifies workers as
employers, employees, own-accounted workers and unpaid family workers, does not capture
the diverse relationship which exists today between workers, traders, employers and
middlemen. These relationships arise because when production gets decentralized, workers
are distributed over space.
It is familial role assigned to women, which results in their less preparedness for job
market, lower qualifications, a more interrupted working carrier as well as low paid jobs.
Some research findings suggests that peasants in third world and housewives everywhere
engage in subsistence production which reduces cost of labour for capital and thus ensure
continuous super exploitation.
Table 2
Sector Wise Womens Employment
Sector
1993-1994
Number
1999-2000
Percent
Number
Percent
Agriculture
8,10,13,000
66.6
7,91,30,000
64.3
Live stock
1,18,55,000
9.7
1,10,74,000
9.0
Textile &textile products
36,24,000
3.0
34,79,000
2.8
Beverages &Tobacco 30,19,000
2.5
36,76,000
3.0
Food Products
13,53,000
1.1
13,17,000
1.1
Construction
16,48,000
1.4
20,57,000
1.7
Retail trade
31,22,000
2.6
42,28,000
3.4
Education &Research 23,22,000
1.9
32,90,000
2.7
Personal services
(domestic)
3.6
39,25,000
3.2
44,22,000
Source: Sundaram, K.EPW, August 11, 2001.
Though women play a major role in agriculture and allied sectors, their contribution
is hardly recognized. Concrete efforts are needed to ensure that benefits of training, extension
and various programmes will reach them in heir own area of operation. The programmes
for training women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other
occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including animal husbandry, poultry
and fisheries will be expanded. The informal sector in India remains intact from all legal
protection and economic benefits enjoyed by the workers in organized sector. The law cant
be implemented forcefully in unorganized informal sector. In this sector the method of

payment of wages, retrenchments are all arbitrary.
The hours of work are longer than permitted by law and there is no overtime paid to
them. Most of the women workers have never heard of overtime. Medical and maternity
benefits are conspicuous by their absence. Even wage given to women are lower than
men. Wages also vary according to the site. Informal sector gives to women only insecure
and unprotected employment with long hours of work and little reward. In jobs where brain
component is implied there is no such difference and hence no wage discrimination. But
informal sector mainly rests on manual work and here the average earning of men and
women of equal qualification equal job widely differ. Even after adjustment for differences
in hours of work, age and schooling, the earnings of women do not equal those of men.
Richard Anker and Katherine Hein have produces three theories as the basic cause of
difference in remuneration are factors related to family responsibilities, labour market
segmentation and gender feminine theory which accuses womens inferior social position
and home responsibility.
The National Commission on Self-Employed Women and Women in the Informal
Sector has recently generated exhaustive data and analyses on these sections of women
workers including specific groups such as women in the primary sector in mining, tobacco
and beedi work, handlooms, handicrafts and garments, women vendors and hawkers,
construction workers and domestic workers etc. while analyzing the status of these group
of workers in the framework of existing macro policies and existing legislation, the National
Commission makes various recommendations for their protection and empowerment. Gos
have played an important role in protecting interests of women workers in the informal
sector. They could be expected to take over the role of intermediaries who are likely to
become important in future production processes. This may help women get the income
that is due to them. Micro-level evidence suggests that very often NGO were unable to give
home-based sub-contract workers, work on continuous basis though the workers reported
their availability for work. True attempts may have to be made by the government to strengthen
NGOs as alternative institutions to intermediaries both in production and distribution. More
importantly, NGOs and similar would do good to make women aware of their strength
which could emerge essentially by their collective efforts after sharing their individual
experiences with others in similar situations. The emerging womens organizations would
not be unions per se but union like organizations formed through womens own initiative to
fight exploitation. Compared to two generations ago, wage rates and earnings have
undoubtedly gone up both in rural and urban areas. For more women are now in the work
force, as salaried employees, in a variety of jobs. Whether it is construction workers at the
lower end of economic spectrum, or women administrator and scientists, women today are
economically better off than they were at the time of independence. Female labor force
participation in India is lower than many other emerging market economies,and has been
declining since the mid-2000s. Moreover, there is a large gap in the labor force participation
rates of men and women in India. This gender gap should be narrowed to fully harness
Indias demographic dividend. In addition, a related literature also finds that greater economic
partipation of women leads to higher economic growth.
Shodh Samvid.
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A number of policy initiatives could be used to address this gender gap in Indian labor force
participation. These include increased labor market flexibility (which could lead to the creation
of more formal sector jobs) allowing more women, many of whom are working in the
informal sector, to be employed in the formal sector. In addition, supply-side reforms to
improve infrastructure and address other constraints to job creation could also enable more
women to enter the labor force. Finally, higher social spending, including investment in
education, can also lead to higher female labor force participation by boosting female stocks
of human capital. In Rajasthan, all of these problems are aggravated by high levels of
seasonal migration. For many men in Rajasthan, migration is required since rural parts of
Rajasthan often lack a sufficient economy to provide income for a family year-round. Women
are commonly left behind to care and provide for the entire household. This is increasingly
difficult because it is estimated that an average womans wage is 30 percent lower than a
mans wage working in a similar position. While these mothers work, they must also tend to
domestic responsibilities.
In the years following independence, despite the presence of constitutional
safeguards and enactment of various laws, it became apparent that advancement of womens
status would require intervention from the state. There have been various shifts in policy
towards women in the last 50 years from the concept of welfare in the seventies, to
development in the eighties and now to empowerment since the nineties. In 1988, the
National Perspective Plan for Women 1988-2000 was unveiled. The plan recognized the
need to bring womens concerns into the mainstream. One of the recommendations made
by the Plan in the field of employment was the expansion of crche facilities, Employee
State Insurance Scheme and Maternity Benefit Act to the informal or unorganized sector.
Under the government employment programme like Jawahar rojgar yojna and Employment
Assurance Scheme was launched for women unskilled workers. Different types of
programmes like Wage employment programme, Self-employment programme were also
came into existence with other important self-employment programmes initiated by the
government are Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas (DWRCA), and Training of Youth employment programme
(TRYSEM), Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), Swayamsidha, Support for Training and
Employment Programme for Women (STEP) and Setting up of Employment cum Income
Generation-CUM production Units (NORAD). Besides this there is an urgent need to
undertake skill-up gradation programmes, in tune with market realities, to create employment
opportunities and better avenues for the women in informal sector. Different states and
union territories of India, in cooperation with the central government, have initiated a number
of region-specific programs targeted at women to help reduce gender inequality from 1989
till date. Some of these programs include Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Sampoorna
Gramin Rozgar Yojana, Awareness Generation Projects for Rural and Poor women,
Condensed Course of Education for Adult Women, Kishori Shakti Yojana, Swayamsidha
Mahila Mandal Programme, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Support to Training and Employment
Programme for Women, Swawalamban Programme, Swashakti Project, Swayamsidha
Scheme, Mahila Samakhya Programme.
Suggestions to improve the condition of women in informal sector
1. Minimum wage legislation should be implemented forcefully and honestly.

2. Social security and medical facilities should be available to the women workers.
3. Loan from the banks should be made available to the women employees earliest.
4. Selling of products made by women workers in informal sector should be banned.
5. This sector should be given recognition and job security to the workers.
6. Training should be given to improve the skills of the workers.
7. Exploitation of women workers in this sector should be prohibited and punishable.
8. Attempts should be made to reduce the hazards by opting appropriate technology.
9. Create awareness among the women about their rights, value in the society and
their constructive role in national development.
qqq
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Role of Family in Eradication of

Juveline Delinquency
q Deepika Taterway
Abstract:
Juvenile delinquency is rapidly becoming a serious menace not only in India but in
the whole world.. It is a social pathology which is spreading slowly. When a childs antisocial
tendencies appear so gave that it becomes or ought to become the subject of official
action by the administration, is called Juvenile delinquency which is harmful not only for the
family but for the society also. The role of family is considered very important in dealing
with this problem. This article throws light on various factors of this family which
causes juvenile delinquency. Family environment contributes to delinquent behaviors may
be analyzed with reference to a broken home, family tension, parental rejection, parental
control and family economics. This paper attempts to provide an analytical framework of
the causes and role of family in prevention of juvenile delinquency.
Key words:- Juvenile delinquency, Broken family, Parental rejection, Emotional
deprivation.
Family is the first school for child where they learn everything. Family environment
puts impact a lot on their children.If family environment is worst it will put bad impact on
adolescent. Among a number of factors responsible for delinquency the greatest amount
of research has been prone with reference to family. Family is known as Cradle of
personality of an individual. The basic reaction pattern of thinking and feeling are established
during the early years in and through the family. The norms and values that are inculcated
by the family, assert a durable and persistent influence on the individuals subsequent life
history.
There is a popular belief home condition having an important bearing on delinquency
and scientific research confirms this belief. It is said that a broken home in which one or
both the parents are removed or absent due to death, divorce, desertion, separation or
commitment to an institution is a major factor which contributes to delinquency. A child
form such a home lacks a measure of parental care. In many cases quarreling and discord
between the parents has preceded the break-up of the home and this constitutes an
Research Scholar, Deptt. of Home Science, P.U. Patna.

additional unfavorable factor. One would expect that a higher proportion of children from
such homes would become delinquent. It has been found that family tension results from
hostility and hatred. The youngster does not feel secure and content in the tension filled
family environment. Long- term tension reduces family cohesiveness and affects parents
ability to provide a conducive atmosphere to satisfactory child rearing and family problem
solving. Parental rejection or emotional deprivation has also much to do with juvenile
delinquency. If a rejected or neglected child does not find love and affection as well as
support and supervision at home; he will often resort to groups of a deviant nature outside
the family. It has been found that parental rejection had a direct effect on the adequate
conscience and combined with feelings of hostility for being rejected led to aggression.
The type of discipline used by parents in rearing children varies from situation to
situation and from child to child. An authoritarian approach to discipline affects the child in
his peer group relationships, as the child will not be able to interact freely with his peers.
Conversely too lenient attitude will not provide the child with necessary controls to guide
his behavior. It was found that the parents of delinquents used physical punishment more
than verbal discussion. Both the parents were less consistent in their disciplinary measures
than were the parents of non-delinquents. Family economics is also an important contributing
variable in delinquency. A familys instability to provide for the material needs of the child
can create insecurity and affect the amount of control that the family exerts over the child,
because he often seeks material support and security outside the home. We find that the
homes of delinquents are often physically deteriorated which can affect the boys perfection
of himself and can act as a repellent, driving him away from the home.Thus, economic
condition could be one of many contributing factors in a multi problem family.
Keeping the forgoing account in view, it may be reiterated that no single factor can
be considered as a sole causative factor to juvenile delinquency. As it is a multi-causational
phenomenon, it is quite apparent that the conduciveness of the family as a main social
institution has been considered as a vital contributory factor which has direct impact on the
socio-psychological, socio-cultural and socio-economic antecedents of the juvenile.
Delinquency Prevention Programmes :
Juvenile delinquency can be prevented .The main family based programmes in the
prevention of juvenile delinquency are as below:Sponsorship:
Sponsorship is known as Family Helper or Family Assistance programme has
opened bright prospects for large number of children who are in a state of destitution, due
to their poverty- stricken families. Under this, programme the well-to-do individuals sponsor
needy children by providing adequate financial support to the childs parents for his/her
proper up- bringing, education and care with a view to strengthening the family so that the
family continues to remain together and the child is cared for in his own family set-up.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 87
Foster Care Services :

In America, there is Child Welfare service which provides substitute family care
for a planned period for a child when his own family cannot care for him for a temporary
or extended period and when adoption is neither desirable nor possible. In order to ensure
a successful foster care placement it is important to carefully select and match the foster
care parents with the foster child. This system can be adopted in our country.
Adoption :
Adoption is the method of providing by law a legal relationship of parent and child
between persons who are not related by birth with the same mutual rights and obligations
that exist between children and natural parents. Adoption serves as the best means to look
after a destitute child in a home where he gets surrogate parents who provide for childs
social, emotional, physical and developmental needs. So, this facility can be easily used
but after proper and strict vigilance.
Juvenile Probation:
Juvenile probation is a legal status of a child created by a court of juvenile
jurisdiction. This status permits the child to remain the community under the formal and
informal supervision and guidance of a probation officer. The idea of juvenile probation
carries out a philosophy, which says that the best place for a child is his own home and
unless the home is definitely destructive in its influence the child should not be removed
from his own home. This service can be utilized here also.
Family Support Services:
In order to enable children to develop into healthy and responsible adults, it is
necessary to provide support and assistance to families in the form of day care center,
crches, after school care programmes, healthy recreation and other forms of assistance
such as financial help, counseling services, legal advice etc. these services are being provided
by the voluntary sector and by private individuals. To some extent crche services are
being provided by the State Governments and have been made mandatory in the Factories
Acts. Mandatory provisions for other services, however, have not been made so far with
the result the services available are neither sufficient nor uniform qualitatively.
There exist a variety of family based preventive programmes in the country but
their dismal performance puts them at the lowest priority as a result children continue to be
committed to the juvenile correctional institutions where they become hardcore criminals
under the contaminating and stigmatizing effects of institutions. It is not the duty of the
government or NGO only, but we have to come forward to eradicate this problem. Familial
environment, co-operative family members, sacrifice and love of parents, recreational
facilities, availability of fair amount of resources, traditional family system where all extended
members were staying together these all can help to solve this problem. Family bonds
should be revived.It is not easy but let us try for it.
References:
1.
James H.S. Bosard, The Sociology of Child Development; New York; Harper; 1948 P.P. 366-67.
2.
Abrahamsen, David, The Psychology of Crime Columbia Press, New York, 1960; P.43
3.
Glueck and Sheldon, Delinquents and Non Delinquents in Perspective; Harvard University
Press, Cambridge; 1968; P.P. 15-16.
4.
Peterson and Becker, Family Interaction and Delinquency; in Herbert C. Quay; Juvenile
Delinquency 1965; P.P. 5
5.
John M. Martin, Three Approaches to Delinquency Prevention; A critique Crime & Delinquency;
Vol-7; 1961 P.P. 16-24
qqq
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India-Russia Response to Nontraditional Security

Issues Under BRICS Forum
q Sanjukta Nayak
Introduction:
The threat perception in the post cold war era has made a pragmatic shift from
traditional security issues to non-traditional security issues. In the 21st century, the notion of
threat perception emanating from nontraditional security issues is widening its scope of
study with the increasing threat perception from nontraditional security issues such as,
illegal trafficking of weapons, illegal drugs trafficking, human trafficking, religious
fundamentalism, terrorism. All these sources have caused security dilemma to global peace
and stability. After 11 September attack on the United States in 2001, the international
community has raised great concern over the security discourses. The nation states are
making every effort to contain proliferation of terrorism, religious fundamentalism, human
trafficking, illicit drug and weapon trafficking through regional organizations. The BRICS
forum has emerged as an important platform to deal with the security dilemmas through
collective security, security alliances, cooperative and comprehensive security measures.
Russia and India being the member of BRICS organization are taking constructive effort to
deal with security dilemmas that cause threat to national as well as global security.
Historical legacy of BRICS
In the 21st century the nontraditional security issues such as terrorism, human
trafficking, arms proliferation, transnational organized crime, terrorist infiltration, illicit arms
and drug trafficking have destabilized the national security in Brazil, India, China, South
Africa and in the Russian Federation. All the BRICS members being the victim of
nontraditional security threat are taking constructive effort to contain the peril of nontraditional
security threats.
The term BRICS was framed by Jim o neill focusing to bring economic transformation
in the global economic system. In 2009, the first BRICS meeting was held in Russia. In the
Summit meeting Russia, China, Brazil and India have not only highlighted for the improvement
of economic situation but have focused on the global security issues. In 2010, South Africa
became the member of BRICS. Jacob Zuma the President of South Africa for the first time
Research Scholar, Centre for Russian and Central Asian Studies, School
of International Studies, JNU, New Delhi.
attended the BRICS Summit in 2010 at Sanya. The Action Plan of BRICS has planned to
increase cooperation in the areas of economy, infrastructural development, security issues
and science and technology. The BRICS apart from focusing on economics transformation
has committed to work towards global stability.
Therefore, member of the BRICS have focused to resolve regional conflict, nonproliferation of WMD and enhance international information security. In the G20 summit,
the BRICS share a common view with the G20 members over the threats emerging from
Islamic States. The BRICS nations to develop cultural contact among the nation states have
organized the BRICS Youth Summit. The first BRICS youth summit was held in Russia.
During Indias Prime Minister Narendra Modi visit to Russia in the BRICS Youth Delegates
meeting, he claims to collectively work to contain global terrorism and to abide the norms
framed in the United Security Council Resolution, United Nations and other international
bodies. Even the South Africa BRICS Summit has raised security concern over the Syrian
conflict. The BRICS members oppose for the use of force and declare for the peaceful
resolution of the Syrian conflict. Even Syria has expressed eagerness to join BRICS forum.
The BRICS nations are endowed with natural resources to accelerated economic
development. They have the technological, financial and industrial potential to strengthen
the international competitiveness. The BRICS nations are working on the major project to
establish Development Bank and foreign currency reserves pool to establish economic in
the international financial architecture. Thus, the regional organization BRICS is emerged
as an important regional organization, which address political, economic and global security
issues and is taking constructive steps to contain global security threats.
Indo-Russian Security Cooperation under BRICS Forum
The BRICS members apart from focusing on economic development have focused
on the security issues emanating from non-traditional sources. In the recent years secessionist
tendencies, Islamic States movement, weapon proliferation, human trafficking, illicit arms
and drug trafficking have destabilized global as well as regional stability. The BRICS nations
are coping with the security challenges emanating from terrorism, insurgency, organized
crime and environmental degradation.
Russia and India being affected by the terrorism, religious fundamentalism,
secessionist tendencies, transnational organized crime, human trafficking, illicit arms and
drug smuggling are taking constructive effort to address the global security threats in the
BRICS forum. The regional organization BRICS promotes for inclusive and sustainable
economic development. It addresses the prevailing regional crises, security threats and
strives to restores a climate of peace and stability in the world. Russia and India have
traditionally developed close and cordial ties with China, Brazil and South African nations.
The BRICS members also share common view to eradicate global security challenges.
Russia has played an important role in giving a concrete shape to the formation of BRICS.
India in 2009 has actively participated in the first BRICS Summit held in Russia. In the
recent years BRICS has widen its areas of cooperation by focusing on the global security
issues. Even though BRICS forum strives to establish economic stability, it has equally
given due importance to develop political, cultural and global security issues.
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ISSN 2393-980X / 91
Russia and India considers the BRICS forum could be an effective Instrument to deal with
the regional conflicts. Focusing on the regional security situation in the Middle East, Russia
and India have proposed for the peaceful resolution of conflict in Arab-Israeil, PalestinineIsraeil, Syria, Libya and Iraq conflicts through dialogues and mutual consultation with the
non-intervention of force. Illicit drug trafficking is one of the major cause that has lead for
the proliferation of terrorist networking in these region. The drugs mafias with money sourced
from the illicit drug trade fund the terrorist organizations. The Taliban militants carry insurgency
operation, conduct cross border terrorism, and provide training to the unemployed youth
recruited from the Afghanistan, Central Asia, the Middle East nations, South Asia and the
Russian Federation. Therefore, the BRICS nations are making constructive effort to eradicate
terrorism through counter-terrorism mechanisms and have initiated joint effort to strengthen
international information security with the international legal regimes and international law
enforcement agencies.
BRICS Security Concern over Illicit Drug Trafficking in Afghanistan
Afghanistan is one of the leading heroin producers in the world. It produces large
amount of opiates, which has the potential to kill 10 million drug users in a year. Illicit
narcotics production in Afghanistan is considered as a global security threats. To eliminate
illicit drugs trade and production in Latin America and in Afghanistan Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa in the BRICS forum taken decision to exchange liaison officers in
Brazil, South Africa and India
Russia has taken initiatives and announced in the BRICS Summit to take joint action
among the BRICS members to deal with the issues of terrorism and illicit drug trafficking.
Russia has even proposed for the formation of anti-drug service to contain drug trafficking.
In the international anti-drug law enforcement conference held in Moscow, Russia, declare
to establish hot lines communication among the BRICS members to contain illicit drug
trafficking and ministerial level meeting to be held annually to counteract drug trafficking.
At the BRICS Ministerial Meeting on Combating Drug Threat, Russia has proposed for the
formation of BRICS Anti-Drugs Strategy (2016-2026) in 2016, Joint actions to contain illicit
drug trafficking and BRICS Anti-Drug Working Group to contain the threat of illicit drug
trafficking.
The United Nations has framed Convention to contain illicit trafficking of Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotrophic Substances on December 20, 1988. The international community
has raised great concern over the growing peril of illicit drugs trade. Illicit drug trafficking
has become the main root cause for the proliferation of transnational organized crime,
terrorism, crossborder terrorism, ethnic conflict, civil war in Afghanistan and in most of the
Central Asian nations, human trafficking, cyber crime, illicit arms and weapon trafficking.
The money derived from illicit drug trade has raised criminal activities all over the world.
The BRICS members have raised great security concern over the illicit drugs cultivated in
Afghanistan. Even the geo strategic location of Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent has
destabilized political and economic security. The international law enforcement agencies
and several regional groupings through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms have framed
anti-narcotic policies to contain Afghan illicit drug trade. To contain global terrorism it is
necessary to curb illicit drug trafficking. The terrorist organizations derive financial assistance
from illicit drug trade to purchase arms, weapons, train the militants and conduct insurgency
operation. In the meeting held in 26 June 2011, on the International Day against Drug
Abuse and illicit trafficking the United Nations Secretary General announces annually $62
billion of illicit Afghan drug is used to finance the terrorist organizations. In West Africa
illicit cocaine trade has resulted for transnational organized crime, money laundering and
has destabilized political and security situation in Africa. Illicit arms trafficking, drugs trafficking
and money laundering are the major source to finance the criminal networks. According to
the source derived from UNODC report in 2010, Afghanistan accounted for 90 percent of
opium production in the world. The report release from the United States Department of
State estimate indicates that UDS 361 trillion is used for money laundering.
BRICS Security Concern in the Regional Security Issues
The BRICS forum not only focus on the economic issue but have given priority and
expanded its areas of cooperation in the regional as well as in the global security issues. In
the fourth BRICS Summit held in Delhi, 2012 the main theme of the meeting was BRICS
Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity. This main objective of the
meeting was to enhance mutual trust and confidence among the members for the common
development purpose. The meeting highlighted on regional and contemporary global security
issues by emphasizing climate change, sustainable development, biological diversity, Middle
East and African security issues.
BRICS Security Concern in the Middle East Region
Russia and India raising security concern in the Middle East region urge the Security
Council to play an effective role in the conflict ridden nations such as Yemen and Syrian
conflict to bring to bring stability in the Middle East. Even the spread of religious
fundamentalism, Islamic radicalism and extremism in West Asia and in the Middle East
region has destabilized political stability and security in the region.
At the BRICS Summit held in New Delhi the BRICS members recognize Irans
right to peaceful use of nuclear energy and Iran should follow the international obligations of
the IAEA and act according to the provision of UN Security Council Resolutions. In the
6335th Security Council Meeting held in 9 June 2010 Russia, China and Brazil being the
member of BRICS support for the Iran peaceful use of nuclear energy when the Security
Council had imposed on Irans nuclear energy project. However, Russia, China and Brazil
support for Irans nuclear energy project if Iran follow the norms of International Atomic
Energy Agency and United Security Council. United Nations Security resolution, the sanction
imposed on Iran was lifted under the comprehensive nuclear deal made by p5 members+one
(Germany).
In the fourth BRICS Summit meeting held in 2012, New Delhi the members support
for the peace initiatives such as Madrid principles and the Arab Peace Initiative to be follow
the norms of the United Nations. To establish stability in the Middle East region the ArabIsraeli and the Palestinians and Israelis conflict should be peacefully resolved under the
supervision of the UN Security Council. Focusing on the Middle East conflict the members
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stressed for the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Palestinians and Israelis disputes to be peacefully
resolved under the guidance of the UN Security Council.
The BRICS nations also want to expand their economic cooperation in the Middle
East region. However, terrorism and religious extremism has destabilized political and security
system causing threat to economic security in the region. Therefore, the delegates from
India, China and Russia have paid their official visit in the Middle East nations to enhance
cooperation for the peaceful resolution of the regional conflicts. Indias External Affairs
minister attended the India-Arab ministerial conference in January 2016. The External Affairs
minister of India Sushma Swaraj to enhance cooperation in the Middle East paid her official
visit to Israel, Palestine and Jordan. India, Brazil and South Africa being a member of
BRICS also support for the cause of Syrian conflict to be resolved peacefully through
dialogues and consultations. Even China and Russia under the BRICS forum strives to
increase their influence in the Middle East region to protect its strategic and economic
interest in West Asia and therefore, India, China and Russia strives to develop cooperation
with Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Palestine. Thus, the BRICS urge for the Israel
and Palestine disputes to be resolved under the framework of Security Council resolution
2165 (2014).
BRICS nations declare to support to establish stability in Afghanistan. To forward
effective regional and international cooperation for the stabilization of Afghanistan by
combating terrorism, illicit traffic in opiates and will cooperate Afghanistan to emerge as a
democratic state. In the Summit Meeting China and Russia recognized Brazil, India and
South Africa could perform important role in the UN. The BRICS members committed to
work together in the UN to continue our cooperation and strengthen multilateral approaches
on issues pertaining to global peace and security in the years to come.
BRICS Initiative to Support for Economic Stability
The sixth BRICS Summit held in Brazil in July 2014. The theme of the sixth BRICS
Summit was Inclusive Growth: Sustainable Solutions. The BRICS member share a
common view on global security issues and support for the common inclusiveness socio,
economic, political and security development. The members support to enhance multilateral
cooperation to eradicate global crisis such as, eradication of poverty, address climate change
issues, economic stability, economic recovery, global peace, social equality and sustainable
development in a collective manner among the nation states. Even for the economic
development and economic recovery, the BRICS has framed for the Millennium Development
Goals and New Development Bank (NDB) to bring economic stability and balanced economic
growth in the world. The regional organization BRICS signed Memorandum of Understanding
on Cooperation for Export Credit and Guarantees Agencies to facilitate trade among BRICS
members. Even affirm to abide United Nations Conference on Trade and Developments
(UNCTAD) mandate for the inclusive economic development.
In the 13th Meeting of joint Communique held on February 2015, Russia, India and
China expressed their satisfaction over the agreement signed on the New Development
Bank and Contingent Reserve Arrangement of BRICS nations. The members express this
would not only lead for the common economic development but would result for the people
to people contact, cultural contact, infrastructural, technical and education cooperation among
the BRICS members
In the sixth BRICS Summit the members has raised security concern in the South
Africa and have addressed the prevailing security challenges in South Africa.
BRICS Response to Global Security Threats under International Security Architecture:
The seventh BRICS Summit was held in the Russian city of Ufa in the year 2015.
The seventh BRICS Summit was conducted under the theme BRICS Partnership a
Powerful Factor of Global Development. The members gave emphasis to consolidate
relations between them by focusing on strategic partnership, mutual consultation and
understanding to response to the emerging global security threats. The members acknowledge
the role of the United Nations in establishing global stability and condemn terrorism in all
form. The members declare to abide the international norms and obligations, United Nation
Security Resolution and the United Nations Charter Act and to give due importance for the
protection of human rights, humanitarian rights and refugee rights.
The drugs produced in Afghanistan also reach to European Nations, Central Asian
nations, China and the Russian Federation through the Silk Route. The flow of illicit drug
from has raised ethnic conflict, civil war, Islamic extremism, domestic violence, infectious
diseases, drug abuse and crime. Even the drug produced in the Afghanistan is trafficked to
India via China. China being a member of BRICS has taken mechanism to contain illicit
flow of Afghanistan. China is severely affected by the Afghan illicit drug trade in the TajikChinese border, Turkmenistan-China boarder and in the Uzbek-China boarder. In Africa the
international organizations such as ECOWAS, Centre for International Cooperation, and
Kofi Anna International Peacekeeping Training Centre are making efforts to contain drug
trafficking and organized crime in African Continent. The drugs produced in Latin America
and South Asia are trafficked to the European nations through the routes of West Africa. In
the recent years, huge amount of heroin and cocaine are seized in the route that passes in
West Africa.
Under the BRICS forum Russia and India have acknowledge the United Nations
role in combating the growing menace of global security threats. Both the nation states
affirm to obey the United Nations Charter Act and the United Nations General Assembly
Global Counter Terrorism Strategy. Both the leaders claim for the early finalization of the
draft on the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism and call for every nation
state to render support for the ratification and implementation of the Comprehensive
Convention on International Terrorism Treaty.
The BRICS members also participated in the 7610th Meeting of the Security Council held in
26 January 2016. The United Nations Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon call the meeting for
the immediate settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian disputes as security situation in Middle
East is damaging due to the impact of Islamis States. The Sectary General urges the two
nations to settle the disputes peacefully to stabilize peace in the Middle East. Syed Akbaruddin,
the Indian representative in the meeting also claims for the peaceful negotiation of the
Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Further emphasizing on the Syrian conflict stressed for the
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resolution 2254 (2015) to be implemented in the Syrian disputes. Even Russia shares a
similar view over the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Russia condemn for illegal settlement of
Israeli in the 154 acres occupied by the Israeli in the Palestinian territory and appeal the
Council to take effective measure to initiate peace process in the Middle East.
In the Fifth BRICS Summit held on 27 March 2013 in Durban in the city of South
Africa. The leaders committed to the promote BRICS solidarity to establish global peace,
stability, development and cooperation. To establish harmonious world of lasting peace and
common prosperity commit to work with the United Nations frame work based on multilateral
approach, the rule of law and the principles anchored in the Charter of the United Nations.
At this summit the leaders acknowledge and focused over the Middle East Peace Process
and claims the construction of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territories is
a violation of international law and harmful to the peace process.
Therefore, call on the international community and the UNSC to take progressive
and concrete initiative in the Middle East Peace Process and even support for the admission
of Palestine as an Observer State to the United Nations. In the South Africa BRICS Summit
has raised security concern over the Syrian conflict. The BRICS members oppose for the
use of force and declare for the peaceful resolution of the Syrian conflict. Even Syria has
expressed eagerness to join BRICS forum. The regional conflict cannot be effectively
resolved through unilateral and bilateral mechanism. Therefore, the BRICS members claim
regional and international security issues should be resolved peacefully by extending
comprehensive regional cooperation among the nation states and all the nation states should
abide to support the norms framed under the security architecture of United Nations Security
Council.
Conclusion:
The regional organization BRICS which is a grouping of five nation consisting of
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa focus on multi-dimensional issues. BRICS
have not only strive to enhance economic security but has given due significance to contain
nontraditional traditional security threats such as terrorism, human trafficking, transnational
organized crime, illicit drug and weapon trafficking. International terrorism, transnational
organized crime, illicit drug and weapon trafficking represents nontraditional security threats.
The peril of nontraditional security threats has not only destabilized regional stability but is
dwindling global peace and stability. The BRICS members have resort to multilateral and
bilateral means to contain the growing nontraditional security threat.
All the BRICS nations such as Russia, China, India, Brazil and South Africa are
vulnerable to illicit drug trafficking. The nation states such as North Africa, Afghanistan and
the Middle East nations cultivate cannabis. The cannabis produced in this region are exported
to European nations, China, Russia and in the United States of America. The UNODC
report records that in the year 2012, nearly 183,000 people died due to drugs consumption.
The best estimate drug related death in Africa is estimated to be 36,800 death and in Asia,
the best-estimated drug related death is recorded to be 78,600 death.
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa under the BRICS Forum have initiated
several Action Plan to contain terrorism and illicit drug trafficking. The member nations
under the BRICS mechanism also pledge to abide and support the international law
enforcement agencies, United Nations Charter and UN Security Council to contain global
security threats. The BRICS members to uproot global security threats have extended
comprehensive cooperation of various regional groupings and international law enforcement
agencies. Even affirms for every nation state to support and adopt the international
conventions and support international bodies such as General Assembly, United Nations
Security Council resolutions, ECOWAS, INTERPOL, SADC and UNODC to contain global
terrorism, narcoterrorism, weapon proliferation, illicit drug and arms trafficking.
Reference:
1.
Das Kundu, Nivedita (2012), New Delhi BRICS summit focused on partnership, stability, security
and prosperity, In.rbth.com, New Delhi, 2 April 2012
2.
En.brics (2015), Brics Countries Key to Consolidating Global Efforts to Combat the Drug Threat,
en.brics2015.ru/transcripts, Russia, 22 April 2015
3.
En.ria.ru (2013), Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS-Minister, En.ria.ru, Russia, 27
April 2013
4.
Gafimoan (2011), Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Money
Laundering, Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, Manama, Kingdom of
Bahrain
5.
Government of India (2012), Fourth BRICS Summit Delhi Declaration Bilateral/Multilateral

Documents, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi
6.
Government of India (2013), BRICS [Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa], Ministry of
External Affairs, New Delhi, 07 March 2013
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Government of India (2014), Sixth Brics Summit -Fortaleza Declaration, Press Information
Bureau Prime Ministers Office, New Delhi, 16 July 2014
8.
Ministry of External Affairs (2016), Speeches and Statements Address by External Affairs Minister
to BRICS Youth Delegates, New Delhi, 30 June 2016
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Mitra, Devirupa (2016), China-Russia Seek Indias Support to Prop up BRICS as Peace Broker in
West Asia, The New India Express, India, 24 January 2016
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Mitra, Devirupa (2016), India Votes Against Israel on Key Settlements Resolution, but Abstains
Again on War Crimes, the Wire. In, place, 26 March 2016
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Radebe, Hopewell (2012), Brics a force for world peace, says China, www.bdlive.co.za, 28 March
2012
12.
Rt.com news (2014), Russia to exchange antidrug data with BRICS countries, Rt.com news,
Russia, 17 May 2014
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Security Council 7610th Meetings Coverage (2016), Act Now to Prevent Two-State Solution from
Slipping Away Forever, Secretary-General Warns during Security Council Debate SC/12219 of 26
January 2016, United Nations, New York
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Security Council Imposes Additional Sanctions on Iran (2010), United Nations Security Council
Meeting SC/9948, United Nations, New York, 9 June 2010
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Southafrica.info (2010), New era as South Africa joins BRICS, Southafrica.info, Brand South
Africas information gateway to South Africa, 24 August 2010
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Tass.ru (2013), News summary for March 27, Tass.ru, Russia, 28 March 2013
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UN Security Council Resolutions on Iran (2015), Fact Sheet and Briefs 2015, United Nations
Security Council Meeting, United Nations, New York, 6 August 2015
18.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014), World Drug Report 2014, Vienna, United
Nations, New York
qqq
Regional Cooperation in SAARC

Summits: Role of India
q A.K. Paricha
q Pushpanjali Mishra
Regional cooperation is a characteristic phenomenon of post war period. As regards

the developing countries, the concept of regional cooperation is referred in the context of
their quest for the establishment of a unified community. From the late 1960s onwards,
Third World countries organised regional committees. However, the complete surrender of
the ruling elites of these countries to the geopolitical needs of the US prevented them from
growing as viable for a far effective cooperation.
South Asia as a distinctive geopolitical concept began to be used by the United
States Department of State in the late 1940s, following the independent countries in the
Indian subcontinent. After 1947, the notion of South Asia began to be viewed as an entity
that was distinct from the geographic unit under the colonial tutelage of Britain. As such
early academic usage of the term of the South Asia highlighted a sense of disconnection
between a new concept of the region and its previous configuration. Authors conceptualized
South Asia as the belt of countries along the southern fringe of Asia from Pakistan to the
Philippines, where colonialism has been a common characteristic, although Siam was included.
Specifically, the countries that were considered are Pakistan, India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka),
Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Indonesia, Malaya, Indochina and Philippines.1
Subsequent academic usage of the concept of South Asia as a region began to draw an
arbitrary line between South Asia and South East Asia, which had in common economic
development problem but distinctive colonial heritage. The UN consider South Asia as a
macro-region composed of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
In contemporary usage -the core group of South Asian nations includes Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
SAARC Origin and Members
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization
of South Asian nations, established on December 8, 1985 with its headquarters at Kathmandu,
Nepal. The late President of Bangladesh, Ziaur Rahman, made the first proposal for
Emeritus fellow, Deptt. of Political Science, Berhampur University, Odisa.

Research Scholar, Deptt. of Political Science, Berhampur University,
Odisa.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 99
establishing a framework for regional integration in South Asia on May 2, 1980.2 The
governments of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka formally
adopted its charter providing for the promotion of social, economic and cultural development
within the South Asian region and also for friendship and cooperation with other developing
countries. Its seven founding members were Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh while Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007. Observer states
include USA, Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, Myanmar, Mauritius, Iran and European
Union. Meetings of heads of state are usually held on annual basis and meetings of foreign
secretaries twice a year.3
A Brief History of the Summits
Eighteen Summits were held by the SAARC countries from its inception till its
recent summit in 2014.
The First summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985 and was
attended by government representatives and President of Bangladesh, Maldives,
Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka, King of Bhutan and Nepal and Prime Minister of India.
They signed the SAARC Charter on 8 December 1985, thereby establishing the
regional association. The summit agreed to establish a SAARC Secretariat and
adopted an official SAARC Emblem.
The 2nd summit was held on 16th and 17th November at Bangalore, India in 1986.
The Heads of member states welcomed the signing of Memorandum of
understanding on the establishment of SAARC Secretariat by the Council of Ministers
and their decisions to locate the Secretariat in Kathmandu and appoint Ambassador
Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary General of SAARC. The Heads
of states and governments of seven countries committed themselves to design
common policies and approach for finding common solution to the shared problems.4
The 3rd summit was held at Kathmandu Nepal from 2-4 November 1987 and was
attended by the Heads of member states. The foreign ministers of the member
states signed the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism and an
agreement to establish a South Asian Food Reserve. The leaders called for increasing
orienting SAARC to the peoples need and aspiration so that the people of the
region are drawn into the mainstream of its activities and contribute to peace,
friendship, and cooperation in the area.
The 4th summit was held at Islamabad, Pakistan from 29-31 December 1988. The
leaders arrived at several positive decisions including elimination of drugs and terrorism.
They expressed concern at the high incidence of drug production, trafficking and abuse
and decide to declare 1989 as the SAARC Year against Drug Abuses in order to
focus attention on drug related problems facing the region. They stressed the need of
measure at national level to fully implement the Regional Conventional on Suppression
of Terrorism. They called for a perspective regional plan with special targets of meeting
basic needs to be met by the end of the country in core sectors such as food, clothing,
shelter, education, primary health care, population, planning and environmental protection.
The summit welcomed the establishment of South Asian Food Security Reserve in
August 1988. They reiterated their determination to accord priority to the needs of
children in national development plans and decided to declare 1990 as SAARC Year of
Girl Child.
The 5th summit was held at Male, the capital of Maldives on 21-23 November in
1990 attended by the heads of seven member states. The leaders signed the SAARC
Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, launched the special
SAARC Travel Document (providing visa-exemptions for national judges,
parliamentarians and academics and their immediate families), launched a Scheme
for the Promotion of Organized Tourism, authorized the SAARC Secretariat to
share information and exchange reports, studies and publications with the European
Community and the Association of South East Asian Nations.
The 6th summit was held in Colombo, Sri-Lanka on December 21 in 1991 for one
day by the Heads of the seven member states. At this meeting they agreed to
liberalize trade in the region and gave a call for greater cooperation and interaction
among member states to combat terrorism in the region.
The 7th summit was held at Dhaka, Bangladesh on 10-11 April in 1993, attended by
the heads of member states. The summit adopted a Declaration which sought to
pull down trade barriers in the region. It also endorsed the South Asian Preferential
Trade Agreement (SAPTA) for the liberalization of trade among the seven member
countries of the SAARC. The summit leaders agreed that the time was now
opportune to provide a dynamic impetus to activities in the core of economic, social
and cultural cooperation in the SAARC regions. The summit endorsed and Integrated
Programme of Action (IPA) on eradication of poverty in South Asia, trade,
manufacture and services, the environment, population, shelter, children, youth,
disabled persons, womens development, science and technology, terrorism, drug
trafficking, security of small states, people to people contact etc.
The 8th summit was held in New Delhi, India on 24 May in 1995, and was attended
by Heads of the seven member states. It accepted the recommendation of the subcontinental Foreign Ministers meeting of April 1995 which had proposed the launching
of the South Asian Preferential Agreement (SAPTA), which would take SAARC
closer to an economic role. The members agreed to operationalise (SAPTA) by 8
December, 1995. The summit also decided to establish a South Asian Free Trade
Area (SAFTA) to promote intra-regional trade. The other important decisions taken
by the leaders of SAARC countries included designation of 1995 as the SAARC
Year of Poverty Eradication. The Delhi declaration unequivocally condemned all
acts, methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and stressed that the highest
priority be accorded to enactment of legislation as the national level to implement
the SAARC-Regional Conventional on Suppression of Terrorism. The summit
reiterated and reaffirmed its resolve to strengthen the UN capital as the central
instrument of peace, security, disarmament, government and cooperation in the
world. The declaration also welcomed the World Trade Organization (WTO) and
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hoped that it would expand international trade.
The 9th summit was held in Male from 12-14 May, 1997, and was attended by the
seven member countries. At this summit the members unanimously adopted a
declaration asserting that the region should be transformed into a free-trade area
by 2001(instead of 2005, as earlier agreed) by removing all the trade barriers and
structural impediments. The Declaration asserted that the sub-regional cooperation,
instead of being abandoned, should be further extended.
The 10th summit was held in Colombo Sri Lanka on 29-31 July 1998, was attended
by the Heads of the member countries. The leaders of SAARC countries reiterated
their commitment to the promotion of mutual trust and understanding as a means
for solving bilateral and multilateral problems. The summit criticized major nuclear
powers for maintaining huge arsenals of nuclear weapons and urged the Geneva
based conference on Disarmament to start negotiations for prohibiting the use of
nuclear weapons and elimination of such weapons in the existing arsenals. In the
economic field the SAARC leaders agreed to accelerate the process for the
conclusion of the South Asian Preference Trading Agreement (SAPTA).
The 11th summit was held in Kathmandu, Nepal on 4-6 January 2002 and was
attended by the Heads of member countries. The members agreed to take speedy
measures to suppress the financing of terrorists, eliminate the supply of weapons
to terrorists, halt cynical abuse of refugee and asylum status, and enact domestic
legislation to deal with extensive international terrorist networks.
The 12th summit was held in Islamabad Pakistan from 4-6 January, 2004. It was
attended by the Heads of the state and governments of the member countries. At
the end of the summit Islamabad Declaration was adopted. The Declaration
condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestations because it posed a serious
threat to the international peace and security. On this occasion the members signed
South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement which would come into force
from 1 January 2006. As per the agreement the member-states agreed to reduce
their tariffs to 0.5% in seven years from the date the agreement came into force.
The Declaration also laid emphasis on increasing political cooperation among
members. The summit also adopted a Social Charter for promoting the welfare of
the people of South Asia in all fields.
The 13th summit was held at Dhaka in Bangladesh on 12-13 November 2005, and
was attended by the Heads of seven countries. The summit appreciated the decision
to bring Afghanistan into SAARC fold on account of its long standing note cultural
and historical lies with other members of SAARC. The summit Declaration was
adopted which took strong note of terrorism in the region and stated that there
should be no double standards in the fight against terrorism. At this summit the
members signed three agreements viz; Agreements on Mutual Administrative
Assistance in Customs Matters; Agreement on establishment of SAARC Arbitration
Council; and Limited Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation, and Mutual
Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters. It was decided to observe 2006 -2015 as

SAARC Decade of Poverty Alleviation. A special body was to be established for
this purpose.
The 14th summit was held at New Delhi in India in April 2007. At this summit
Afghanistan was admitted as the 8th member. Another notable feature of the summit
was that China, Japan, South Korea, United States and European Union participated
as observers. Some of the important decisions taken at the SAARC meet included
establishment of South Asian University and a Food Bank in India; integrate trade
in service within SAFTA etc.
The 15th summit was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 1-3 August 2008. The main
issues discussed at the summit include terrorism, trade promotion, measures to face
the challenges posed by the climate etc. The SAARC leaders agreed to create
Natural Disaster Rapid Response Mechanism for a coordinated and planned
approach under the auspices of the SAARC.
The 16th summit was held at Thimpu from 28-29 April, 2010. Bhutan hosted the
SAARC summit for the first time. This meet organized the silver jubilee celebration
of SAARC. Climate change was the central issue of this summit with theme:
Towards a Green and Happy South Asia where issues regarding the climate
change problems were taken into consideration and it was decided to take steps to
solve these problems in the region.
The 17th summit was held from November 10-11, 2011 in Addu City, Maldives. It
was organized at the Equatorial Convention Centre. It was opened by the outgoing
Chair of SAARC Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan, Lyonchhen
Jigmi Yoezer Thinley. Mohammad Nasheed was elected as Chairperson of this
summit.
The 18th summit was held at Kathmandu in Nepal from November

26-27, 2014
and was attended by the Heads of member states. The motto was Deeper
Integration for Peace and Prosperity.5
Achievements:
In the past three decades, SAARC has made tremendous improvement owing to
the interaction and cooperative efforts being put in by the member states. The progress and
development of SAARC during the recent years is discussed in the following paragraphs:
Since the formation of SAARC in 1985, the level of cooperation among the member
countries increased substantially. SAARC was established with the objective of improving
the living standards of the people, cultural and regional economic growth and increasing
cooperation with other regions of the world.6 During the recent years, realizing the importance
of regional cooperation and development, SAARC members have now created a sense of
accelerating regional economic development. Many years of discussions have at least
established the bases of cooperation in this particular area. During the 1990s, SAARC
discussed the Preferential Trading Area (SAPTA) among the member countries which was
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materialized in the shape of Free Trade Agreement which is now known as South Asian
Free Trade Area (SAFTA).7
SAARC has established institutionalized arrangements for cooperation with a number
of other regional groupings and international and regional organizations. SAARC has also
been in the process of making agreements and MOUs with other regional and international
organizations like United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Drug Control
Programme (UNDCP), Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT), International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), United Nations International Children Education Fund
(UNICEF).
One of the most significant objectives of SAARC is to increase people to people
contacts. Though in the presence of large scale institutional set up, it is quite difficult to
create an environment for open social interaction but during the recent years, the member
countries have realized the importance of this aspect of cooperation and as a result of this
thinking, SAARC has tried to undertake a program of well-connected South Asia and that
can be possible when people are close together for which some initiatives have been taken
like Youth Volunteer Programmes, fellowships and scholarship schemes etc. Moreover, the
civil societies in the member countries of SAARC are also trying to create more
communication networks between scholars, writers, journalists, academicians, retired civil
and military officials.
Steps have also been taken to curb terrorism. The SAARC Convention on
suppression of Terrorism was signed in 1987 and later the Additional Protocol on Terrorism
was signed taking into account the terrorist financing structure. This was in accordance
with UN Security Council Resolution 1373. The Additional Protocol on Terrorism was adopted
in 2005 after much debate and discussion on the definition of terrorism.8
The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC
region. The award is notable due to the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the
SAARC region. The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year. The
award recognizes and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to
the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions, Protection of the Environment
and Disaster relief.9
As one of the poorest regions of the world, it is one of the most important priorities
of SAARC to give attention to this main objective of poverty alleviation. The total population
of SAARC eight members is over 1.6 billion and forty percent of this population is living
below the poverty line. The illiteracy rate is about or even more than 50 percent. The task
is not very easy but with conviction and vision for stable regional cooperation, this aim can
be achieved.
The Meetings of the Finance Ministers of SAARC is an important feature of
SAARC agenda. Till now, four Meetings of the Finance Ministers of SAARC have been
held in Pakistan (July 11, 2006), India (September 15, 2007), Maldives (May 14, 2009) and
Bhutan (August 24, 2010). A SAARC Expert Group on Development of Capital Markets in
South Asia was also held at the SAARC Secretariat on December 27, 2011 as recommended
by the SAARC Finance Ministers. Sixth meeting of Inter-Governmental Expert Group on
Financial issues took place at SAARC Secretariat on 23-24 April, 2013. The Seventh informal
meeting of SAARC Finance Ministers took place in New Delhi on May 3, 2013 and Progress
is being made in the positive direction regarding financial cooperation while considering and
opening new doors for cooperation.
The IPA is an important programme of the SAARC process and includes 12 areas
of cooperation, each being covered by a designated Technical Committee. The SecretaryGeneral reports to the Standing Committee on the progress in the enforcement of IPA. The
Standing Committee also reviews the institutional mechanisms and the functioning of the
Technical Committees, their mandate and also evaluating the role of the Secretariat.
Role of India:
India has 75 per cent of the regions population, 63 percent of its total area and 78
percent of its gross domestic product. This inevitably makes South Asia as Indo-centric
region, which in turn leads to various complications: India has important relations with
countries outside the region, and its immediate neighbours seek external links to overcome
their fears about Indian dominance.10
Given the size and stature of India, its vision of regionalism has sought to situate the
country in a landscape larger than the Indian sub-continent. The search for a larger Asian
identity and role was integral to Indias freedom struggle from the start.11 It is a well known
fact that the Indian leaders always visualized a major role for India not just on the subcontinent but in Asia and in the Third World as a whole. This was dictated by Indias
geographical placement, historical experience and power potential.
Thus we see that India by virtue of its geographic dimension and economic and
military strength occupies the central position and its aspiration to leadership is born out of
this. South Asia minus India has two types of powers. Pakistan as a major power could
limit Indian aspirations, but has its own limitations due to its geographic location and economic
military development. Geographically it is on the periphery of South Asia, while militarily it
has not been able to keep up with India. However, with the help of outside powers, it has
kept Indian aspiration in check and played the role of major partner for India in South
Asia. The other member states though small in size are not without significance.13
To protect the interest of regional co-operation among the neighbouring South Asian
countries, India after creation of SAARC, tried to ensure the following:
No bilateral or contentious issues would be discussed in SAARC.
All SAARC decisions would be taken by consensus , and
SAARC would focus primarily on social welfare and economic cooperation. Within
the limits of these priorities, India was active in the evolution of this institutional
framework for regional co-operation.15It is important to note that, on the basis of
Indias regional dominance in size, military capabilities, and economic potential,
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 105
much of the work on SAARC has been written from an India-specific perspective.
Conclusion:
When we assess the role of SAARC as a regional intergovernmental organisation,
SAARC is very unique as far as regional conflicts are concerned. The regional states do
not have a common approach to resolving interstate disputes in the region. India emphasises
bilateralism and also rejects the role of extra -regional powers in resolving regional disputes.
Other regional states, on the other hand, do not reject the role of extra-regional powers. The
formation of SAARC has not changed the situation. Indeed, SAARC has categorically
avoided any involvement at any level in any interest-let alone intrastate-conflict in the region.
South Asia is a security complex with many pending interstate disputes as well as intrastate
conflicts. Yet SAARC summits or ministerial meetings do not negotiate interstate disputes,
either formally or informally. There are no deliberations on major politico-security issues
that affect most regional countries, such as border disputes, ethno-nationalism and separatism,
and democratization. Indeed, most issues of high politics are categorically excluded from
the agenda of the SAARC.14
South Asian region can be stabilized if policy initiatives both at the government and
non-government levels are taken by South Asian leaders with commitment and mutual
trust.15 Some of these initiatives and policy actions can be suggested as such:
In the political field India should play her role as an equal partner for the stability
and cooperation in South Asia and not as a big brother. SAARCs significance has
increased in the face of changing global and regional patterns so India should be
aware of this scenario. Most of the disputes in South Asia are Indo-centric so India
could adopt a low profile to get the confidence of its smaller neighbours.
In the economic front India must play a more trustworthy and accommodating role
to build up trust among the smaller neighbours e.g., road transit between Nepal and
Bangladesh should be allowed to flourish.
In the Social sphere all types of people-oriented organizations i.e civic, political, and
professional and NGOs should participate to promote talks and exchange, and
contribute towards building consensus within the region for a new order in South
Asia, based on recognition of the peoples priorities, sharing the common heritage
and culture.19
After more than three decades of its establishment, neither South Asian nations
have been able to push the process of integration into full swing nor has the organization
itself become viable enough to promote harmony and economic integration for preventing
conflicts in the region. However everything with SAARC is not gloomy. In fact, the
establishment of this important organization is the proof that the regional neighbours want to
achieve progress and the member countries have been cooperating in various social, economic
and security fields.
References:
1.
Brodies Henry et.al. (1950) Preface in South Asia in the World Today ed. In Phillips Talbot(ed.),
University of Chicago Press, Chicago : Chicago , p.vi
2.
Sez, Lawrence (2011), The South Asian Association for regional Cooperation (SAARC0: An emerging
Collaboration Architecture, Routledge, London, p.8.
3.
Sharma, S. (2001), India and SAARC, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. pp.15-18.
4.
Goel, O.P: (2004), India and SAARC Engagements, (Vol. I), Isha Books, New Delhi, pp.270-73.
5.
Bhargava, K. K., & Lama M. P. (2008), SAARC 2015: Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation
in a Resurgent Asia, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, New Delhi.
6.
Kripa, S. (2008). Regional Organizations and Conflict Management: Comparing ASEAN and SAARC,
Working Paper 33 (Regional and Global Axes of Conflict), Singapore: Crisis States Research Centre,
National University of Singapore, 12-15.
7.
President Pervez Musharrafs Statement Reported by M. Aftab, Can SAFTA lead to South Asian
Economic Union? The News (Pakistan), January 19, 2004.
8.
Lama, M. P: (2006), Political Economy of Terrorism: Sustenance Factors and Consequences. In

Muni, S.D. (Ed.), Responding to Terrorism in South Asia, Vedams Books, New Delhi, pp. 34-44.
9.
Bhushan, K. & Katyal, G. etal. (2002), SAARC: Challenges before New Millennium, APH Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi.
10.
Singh, Swaran (2007), India and Regionalism in Regionalism in South Asian Diplomacy, SIPRI,
February, 2007.
11.
Sharma, S (2001), India and SAARC, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, p.18.
12.
Official website of SAARC http://www.saarc-sec.org .
13.
Singh, Swaran, op.cit.
14.
Sahasrabuddhe, Uttara Regionalisation Process in South Asia and South East Asia:A Comparative
Study
15.
Lama, M. P. (2006), SAARC: Dynamics of Emerging New Regionalism, Paper Presented at the
Regional Conference on the Expansion of SAARC: Challenges and Opportunities on 29-30 June,
Institute of Foreign Affairs (IFA), Lalitpur, pp. 23-27.
16.
Ghuamn, R.S. (1986), Indo-Pakistan Trade Relations, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi. pp.
22-24.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 107
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) - An

Innovative Scheme for Financial Inclusion
q Pushpa Sinha
Abstract:
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is National Mission for Financial Inclusion
based on Sab Ka Sath Sab Ka Vikas i.e. inclusive growth. This mega mission to reduce
financial untouchability by including millions of people in the financial mainstream is proposed
to be achieved in two phase by 14th August 2018. The objective of this mission is to enroll
over 70 million households and open this bank accounts along with providing them as a first
step a Rupay debit card with a Rs. 1,00,000/- accident cover. In the due course of time the
plan is to also cover those account holders with insurance and pension products. About 60%
of the population in India does not have access to a bank account. The study is focused in
the Patliputra area of Patna town. The sample population of 100 for this study comprises of
household servants, domestic helper, rickshaw pullers and other low income staff.
Key words:PMJDY, Inclusive growth, Financial inclusion, Financial literacy Programme
Introduction :
The eleventh five year plan (200712) has focused on inclusive growth and has
further emphasized the initiatives of financial inclusion as the underprivileged and the poor
have enormous potential to contribute in achieving the objective of faster and higher inclusive
growth. Through access to financial services the weaker groups of the society will get
empowered by getting the opportunity to have a bank account which will enable them to
save and make investments. The banking sector in India has recognized the importance of
inclusive growth (F) financial inclusion is the new model of economic growth which play a
major role in eradicating poverty the concept of financial inclusion is primary to the process
and efforts for achieving inclusive growth and sustainable development of the country.
Empirical evidence has proved that countries show a higher rate of inequality and poverty.
Thus, we can say that banking sector is a key player is achieving inclusive growth as well as
financial inclusion.
Recent initiatives of Financial Inclusion :
In the era of Liberalization, the banking sector has grown tremendously but usurious
money lenders in rural area and urban slums continuing to exploit the poor section in the
Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, Patna Women's College, P.U. Patna

society. After economic reforms of 1991 Government of India and RBI had taken various
initiatives for inclusive growth but still about 6 crore rural and 1.5 crore urban households do
not have access to barking service. From the learning of past schemes, Honble Prime
Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced a new scheme Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
(PMJDY) on August 15, 2014 and launched it as a national mission for financial inclusion on
August 28, 2014 for weaker section of the society as an integrated approach for providing
banking insurance and pension. Under the direct supervision of the Indian PM and the
Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, the objective of this mission is to
enroll over 70 million households and open their bank accounts along with providing them as
a first step a Rupay debit card with a 1,00,000/- accident cover. In the due course of time
the plan is to also cover these account holders with insurance and pension products. About
60% of the population in India does not have access to a bank account the scheme has
entered the Guinness Book of world Records for opening the majority of bank accounts in
the first week of the launch of the scheme. PMJDY was conceived with a view to provide
comprehensive and inclusive growth. This is the best reflected in Prime Minister Modis
words Sab Ka Saath Sab Ka Vikaas. Targeted at those who have never had a bank
account in their lives, the scheme has simplified the whole process of opening an account.
The Table-I given below shows Bank-wise status of accounts opened under PMJDY.
Table 1
No. of Accounts opened under PMJDY (As on 31.01.2015)
Bank
Rural
Urban
Public Sector
Bank
533249
(54%)
45147276
(46%)
98447525
(92.7%)
Regional
Rural Bank
18489448
(85%)
3297833
(15%)
21787281
Private
Banks
3226397
(61.5%)
2012086
(38.5%)
5238483
Grand Total
75016094 50457195
(59.7%)
(41.3%)
No. of
Accounts
No. of Rupay Balance in

No. of
Debit Cards
Accounts
Accounts with
(Rs. Lakhs) zero balance
91232024
817463.04
(66.6%)
65541407
14967614
(69%)
159948.08
(73%)
15935405
4593161
(87.6%)
72551.50
2996917
(57%)
125473289 110792799
(88%)
1049962.62
84473729
(67%)
Source: RBI
Note: Figures in parentheses show percentage of total number of accounts.
Main objective of this scheme includes :
To achieve universal access to banking facilities.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 109
Providing basic bank accounts with overdraft facility and Rupay Debit card to all
households.
A robust financial literacy programme.
Creation of a credit guarantee fund to cover the defaults on the overdraft accounts.
To provide micro insurance to all willing and eligible persons.
To provide for a way to implement unorganized sector pension schemes.
Benefits of PMJDY based Financial Inclusion:

A data shown in Table 1 above reveals that the banks have shown interest in PMJDY
drive with opening of about 60% accounts for the rural people and 88% of the account
holders received debit cards Rupay. It is also heartening to observe that private sector
banks have shown more zeal to pen 61.5% of the accounts for rural people under PMJDY
scheme. A total of 67% accounts under PMJDY have been opened with zero balance
making ever the poorest of the poor people financially included. Banks have enough
opportunities to lend to the farmers for farm mechanization, agriculture bio-technology and
funding new age entrepreneurs for promoting agro based industries like milk, eggs fruits,
vegetables and pulses in rural areas. Thus, the next phase of financial inclusion should
emphasis on creation of productive assets and entrepreneurship development in farm sector
which will surely add value to the GDP and improve the quality of life in rural India.
Objectives of the Study:
To examine the level of financial access to banking services of the urban people.
To examine the awareness on the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana scheme and
the satisfaction level with regards to the available banking services.
Scope of the Study:
The study is limited to geographical area of Patliputra area in Patna town.
The scope includes household servants, domestic helpers, rickshaw pullers and other
contractual low income staff.
Methodology of the study:

For the purpose of this study I have shortlisted Patliputra area in Patna town of the
State of Bihar. The sample size considered for this survey was 100. The variables were
finalized on the basis of a pilot study conducted on the sample size of 100 (60 male and 40
female). The source of the data is primary and the data collection tool used is questionnaire.
The data analysis tool used is percentage method.
Finding of the Study:
Table 2
Gender Distribution of Access to Bank Account
Bank A/c
Gender
Total
No
Yes
50
(83.33%)
10
(16.67%)
60
(100%)
Female No. of Respondent percent
35
(87.5%)
05
(12.5%)
40
(100%)
Total
85
(85%)
15
(15%)
100
(100%)
Male
No. of Respondent Percent
No. of respondent percent
Source :Complied from primary data

The date indicates that both 16% of male and 12% female respondents are having
access to bank account. The total 15% of the respondents have access to bank accounts.
Which shown in the table No.2 above.
Table 3
Age Group distribution of access to bank accounts
Bank A/c
Age group in years
20 to 30
No. of Respondent /Percent
30 to 40
No. of Respondent /percent
40 t 50
No. of respondent/ percent
50 and
above
Total
No. of respondent /percent

Total
No
Yes
30
(83.3%)
04
(11.07%)
34
(100%)
22
(78.5%)
06
(21.5%)
28
(100%)
20
(87%)
03
(13%)
23
(100%)
13
(86.7%)
85
(85%)
02
(13.3%)
15
(15%)
15
(100%)
100
(100%)
Source: Complied from primary source
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 111
The age group distribution indicates that 85% of the respondents are not having access
to bank accounts. The age group of 30 to 40 has the highest 21.5% of access to bank
accounts. Which is shown to table 3 above.
The data reveals that the respondents which belong to the income group of 1000 to
2000 per month do not have access to bank accounts. 80% of the respondents which belong
to the income group of more than 4000 per month indicate the highest access to bank
account. Respondents having lower income have little or no access to bank account.
Table 4
Income distribution of access to bank accounts
Bank A/c
No
1000 to 2000
Total
Yes
Income (in Rs. (per month)
63
(98.43%)
01
(1.57%)
64
(100%)
02
(12.5%)
16
(100%)
2000 to 3000
14
(87.5%)
3000 to 4000
06
(60%)
04
(40%)
10
(100%)
4000
02
(20%)
08
(80%)
10
(100%)
Total
85
(85%)
15
(15%)
100
(100%)
Table 5
Distribution of level of Education to access of Bank Account
Bank A/c
No
Uneducated
Yes
55
(96.50%)
02
(3.50%)
57
(100%)
20
(80%)
05
(20%)
25
(100%)
Up to high school
08
(72.73%)
03
(27.27%)
11
(100%)
Up to intermediate
02
(28.57%)
85
(85%)
Up to primary
Education
Total
Total
05
(71.43%)
07
(100%)
15
(15%)
100
(100%)

Out of the total respondents 97% of the respondents having no education do not have
access to bank accounts. And the respondents who are educated up to the Intermediate
level have access to bank accounts. Higher the level of education the higher is the level of
financial access. Out of the number of respondents who do not have access to bank account,
48 respondents (82% males and 18% females) have said that they do not have enough
savings to open a bank account, followed by 40 respondents (54% under and 45% females)
have said that they do not have an idea to open a bank account.
The date indicates that 51 respondents (62% males and 37% females) are taking credit
from non-institutional sources because they can borrow relatively small sums from these
sources. 40 respondents borrow from non-institutional sources because it is locally available.
A total of 71 respondents (76% males & 24% females) are aware about the ATM service
30 respondents (68% males and 10% females) are aware about the zero balance accounts.
Awareness of services like E-banking mobile banking & credit cards is very minimal.
Amongst the male respondents 10% strongly agree 55% agree and 35% are neutral to
the point that opening of zero balance accounts has increased the opening of bank account
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 113
in their area. Amongst the female respondents 50% remain neutral to the subject out of the
total respondents who do not have a bank account due to various reasons a large number
are still not aware about the PMJDY. Amongst males 78% and in females 95% respondents
are unaware of such a scheme and their benefits.
Conclusion :
It can be observed from the analysis of the data that out of the sample size a very small
portion is having a bank account. Most of the respondents have indicated that they have a
very little savings and they do not have an idea to open a bank account also. The banks have
to take note of this situation and try to create more awareness on zero balance account and
if possible should launch a campaign for opening bank accounts outside the banking premises
so that maximum people get benefited. Also there is a very high incidence of respondents
depending on informal sources of credit which needs to be addressed by the banks. Poor
knowledge of the available banking services among the respondent are also a concern area.
Financial inclusion is an innovative concept which enables the alternative techniques to
promote the banking habits and the launch of PMJDY by Government of India is in that
direction. It also indicates that financial inclusion through PMJDY requires sustained effect
over many years and emphasizes on quality rather than quantity. Under PMJDY, a bank
account is not a mere bank account but a bunch of gifts of financial product and services.
Its successful implementation would not only reduce poverty but also puts a check on
corruption. It is fact that financial momentum is gaining a lot of momentum especially after
announcement of PMJDY.
References:
1.
J. Goel, and R. Goel, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) : An innovative Scheme for
financial inclusion in India, Vol.4, No. 9, Jan., 2015.
2.
K. Vinit, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth in
India, International Journal of Scientific and Innovative research Studies, Vol.3, No.3 March, 2015.
3.
Patnaik B.C.M. Satpathy Ipsita, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY)A New Direction
for Mainstreaming the Financial Exluded Internationl Journal of Management (IJM) ISSN 0976
6502(Print), ISSN 09766510(online) Vol.6, Issue 2 February (2015), pp. 31-42, IAEME.
4.
R. Sukanya, Jan-DhanIssues and challenges, Abhinav International Monthly Referred Journal

of Research in Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No.1, Jan, 2015.
5.
S. S.Chowhan and J.C. Pande, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. A Giant Leap Towards Financial
Inclusion, International Journal of Research in Management and Business Studies. Vol. 1, No.4,
pp.19-22, Oct.-Dec.2014.
6.
Kurukshetra : Aug. 2015
7.
http://www.pmjdy.govt.in/
8.
http.//www.financial.services.gov.in/
qqq
?114 @ 'kks / k la f on] va d 5] tq y kbZ 2016
Epidemiological Studies of Visceral Leishmaniasis

(VL) (Kala-azar) in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur
Districts of North Bihar
q Suman Paswan
Abstract:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Kala-azar) is a Public health problem in north areas of
Bihar. To determine the prevalence of VL in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur districts and its
correlation coefficient, educational status, work status, house hold characteristics, prevalence
of house hold & living conditions. A total 3000 subjects of different age, sex group persons
were examined. The prevalence of leisnmaniasis rural areas of Rosera, Bibhutipur
(Samastipur) blocks (P > 0.01; P > 0.01) and Kurhani, Motipur (Muzaffarpur) Block (P >
0.001; P > 0.001) (t = 1323). The prevalence of VL was the highest in the 1130 years age
group and then decline than older (< 50) age groups. Prevalance of VL was some similar in
Rosera, Bibhutipur & Kurhani, Motipur blocks of Samastipur & Muzaffarpur district, both
sex and age groups in rural areas. Statistically significant (F 10.22; P < 0.01) & the sex
difference too was found statistically significant (F = 10.06; P >; 01) & there are more or
less Similar trends in all 4 blocks.
Key Words : Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Prervalence, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur.
Introduction :
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), (Kalaazar) is a serious public health problem and has
worldwide distribution. It is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of genus leishmasia,
which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies (phlebotomus Agentipes). Visceral
leishmaniasis, commonly Called as Dumdum fever, bolck fever, death fever, ponosbegins
insidiously but in the absence of specific therapy, usually terminates in death.
Globally the disease in endemic in 88 countries (Mostly the developing countries).
Found in all continents except Australia, Antarctica, Nepal, BDesh & India. According to
WHO report it is estimated that approximately 4,00,00 new case of leishmaniasis occur
annually with almost 400 million people at risk factor of the disease. The overall prevalence
of leishmaniasis is estimated at 12 million cases with 0.5 million new visceral leishmaniasis
case per year & 1.01.5 million new VL cases per year. In 1976 the WHO include it as one
of the six items in the UNDP/world Bank/WHO special programme for Research & Training
Deptt. of Zoology, U.R. College, Samastipur, Bihar. Mob: 9470815199.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 115
in Tropical disease. Lishmania species complex a group of 32 unicellular organisms and a

viscerotrophic flagellate (especially one narrow, spleen) as obligate parasites in several
vertebrate hosts. leshmania occurs in nature in licards and mammals including canids, rodents
(both acting as reservoir hosts) and primates including man. This is an anthroponotic disease
as being transmitted for mantoman by the bit of certain species of phlehotomine sand fly.
The status of leishmaniasis in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur district blocks has been
changing. At present visceral forms of the disease are being reported from various port of
the Bihar, including Samastipur & Muzaffarpur district of North Bihar, Recent showing
cases of (VL) apparently caused by L.Tropica indicate that these associations may be
changing.
Records are available as to whom the disease was first reported in Samastipur,
Muzaffarpur district in different blocks. In 2008 the biggest out breaks occurred in Samastpur,
Muzaffarpur district of North Bihar. A total of 22544 cases were registered during January
2006 to April 2010 in above district
The present study was planned to determine the prevalence of VL in Samastipur,
Muzaffarpur district of North Bihar and its age, sex, x2test, ttest, correlation coefficient
(r) and no of cases & death.
Material and Mathod :
In the housetohouse survey conducted in some 100 randomly selected villages of
the four blocks Rosera & Bibhutipur in Samastipur and Kurhani and Motipur in Muzaffarpur
total 3000 (85.71%) household responded and cooperated for the survey out of 3500
households.
As sample of 12800 persons should suffice to say about the prevalence of the
disease. The house hold size was averagely 46 persons. The average population per village
was more or less 300500 or about 75 household per village and the sample size included
100 selected village and 35 household per village keeping in mind the statistical sampling
principles.
All four block population of survey the those persons were examined whose lesions
were clinically suspected of (VL) (Kalaazar) based on the passive surveillance data reported
through the PHCs of different blocks. In this study, data were tabulated, diagrammatized &
analyzed through descriptive statistics.
Result :
In sample coverage of the present Investigation 100 village out of 4 blocks Rosera
& Bibhutipur of Samastipur district and Kurhani & Motipur block of Muzaffarpur District
have been selected randomly as areas of the endemic foci of Kalaazar. A total of 3000 our
of 3500 households responsed and cooperated for surveying out the prevalence of the
disease. in all 12800 persons were enumerated giving a household size of averagely 46
persons. The coverage includes total no of persons examined for the presence of meetionl
disease as suspected and almost a total of 3185 persons were found positive for infection.
The block wise figures in as such.
Table 1
No Examined
Infected
Prevalence (%)
Rosera
3280
827
25.2
Bibhutipur
2650
652
24.60
Kurhani
3520
755
21.44
Motipur
3350
951
28.38
Discission :
The trend of VL cases in Samastipur & Muzaffarpur district for Jan. 2006
to April 2010 (Fig.1) is similar to the trend deserved in the both district. An outbreak of VL
occurred in the during 2009 in which hundred of
Table2
Samastipur
Muzaffarpur
Year
CFR(%)
CFR(%)
2006
1389
0.43
4128
37
0.90
2007
1822
0.32
4920
41
0.83
2008
1922
0.46
3679
38
0.77
2009
1158
0.26
2329
11
0.47
2010
528
0.56
669
05
0.75
Total
6819
27
2.03
15725
132
3.72
Mean
1363.8
5.4
0.12
3145
26.2
0.16
C-cases, D-Death, CFR-Case Fatality Ratio, + = 0.17 (NS)

Source : District Malaria office Samastipur & Muzaffarpur
individual were infected. About 6819 (Sam.), 15725 (Muz.) patients have been registered in
Samastipur & Muzaffarpur district of all blocks PHCs. The present study showed 51.09%
prevalence rate of leishmaniasis. The result recorded 61% positive case in Samastipur &
62% in Muzaffarpur district, was slightly different from the present study. The reason of
high prevalence in our study was that only clinically diagnosed patients were included. The
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 117
high prevalence rate of rural population record in the study was probably due to the fact that
in summer 2008, 09. And the sex difference was found statistically highly significant (+ =
13.23; P > 0.001) in all 4 blocks & season months & prevalence statistically significant (F
10.22; P < 0.01) & the sex difference too was found statistically significant (F = 40.06; P >
0.01 and there are more or less similar trends in all 4 blocks.
The reason of higher prevalence rate in younger age in the present study in probably
due to the fast that they have poorly developed immune system. The Male & Female ratio
recorded in the presently study was 1 : 5 : 1. The higher prevalence in the Males was
probably due to the rural habits of the area where the females use some dresses, root house,
grabase near houses, cattleshed attached, mud house, brick wall, which minimize the chances
of sandfly bites, males sleep without shirts during summer, exposing themselves to sandflies,
Travelling of males for jobs & vestricting their females to house is another factor for the
higher prevalence in males.
Conclusion :
In order to reduce the prevalence of VL, different steps are recommended i.e. the
health professional and community should be made aware of the disease, personal protection
from sandfly by using bednets and elimination of infected dogs & rodents and spraying
insecticides in houses, rodent in burrows and dog habitates to eliminate the vectors and
reduce the spread of infection. All those precaution are used in certain stages.
From the foregoing discussion on the several factors influencing the geographical
distribution of Kalaazar disease, or say in other words to have influenced the causative
organism as well as its determining agent, He may be concluded that the regional condition
Fig. : 1(C)
5
CFR %(SAM)
4.5
CFR %(MUZ)
3.5
CRF (%)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
2006
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
in terms of soil types, humidity, temp, rainfall, mean relative humidity and so as are more
important in determining that endemicity i.e. higher disease prevalence of Kalaazar in the
districts of north Bihar, whether Samastipur & Muzaffarpur (present study) & other such
as Vaishali, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi & Khagaria also or elsewhere. This gains support from
an important assumption, rather a reality, that sandflies as the main transmitting agent must
be present in all endemic areas, and further that the regional conditions on the whole favour
their survival & development. This may be supported, rather convensing from the fact that
the expension of the range of this vector sandflies is prevanted or say relatively less
aboundant by various adverse conditions in the areas (nonendemic) adjoing the endemic
areas far instances, central part of Bihar and even south of the Ganges where Mango /
Litchi / Banana Plantation are rare or even absent.
To add further, these parts of Bihar lies at an altitude of > 2000ft. from sea level,
residual soil not compatible for the survival of the vector sandfly and probably for the reason
that the disease prevalence is scare. And so far the morbidity & mortality due to the disease
onset is concerned, such phenomenon is almost, or say more or less similar is all 4 blocks
under study, however, some how significantly in motipur. The reason is to be explained.
Rferences :
1.
Anuj mubayi ,et.al. (2010). Transmission dynamics and underreporting of Kala-azar in the Indian
state of Bihar. 7; 262(1) : 177 - 185.
2.
Bern C. & Chowdhary R. (2006). The Epidemiological of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh

prospect for improved control. Indian J. Med. Res. 123 : 275-88.
3.
Bora D., (1999). Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94: 156-57.
4.
Chowdhary R. et.al., (2009). Effectiveness and constrains of indoor residual spraying in the Visceral
Leishmaniasis climination initiatives of India and Nepal, a multi centre study .
5.
Ross, V. C. (1928). Report on the Kala-Azar survey in Patna city. Ind. med. Gaz. 63: 486 90.
6.
Ranjan Alok et. al., (2005). Risk factors for india Kala-azar. Am j. trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 74 78.
7.
Singh et. al. (2006b). Serious under reporting of Visceral Leishmaniasis through passive care reporting
in Bihar, India. Trop. Med. Int. Health 11(6) : 899 905.
8.
Thakur C. P. (2009). Socio-economics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar (India). Trans. R. Soc.

Trop. Med. Hyg. 94: 56-57.
qqq
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ISSN 2393-980X

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An International Registered and Refereed Research Journal

Prof. Rambachan Roy

Mr. Anup Kispotta

Dr. Telani Meena Horo,

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17. Sanjukta Nayak

18. A.K. Paricha, Pushpanjali Mishra

19. Pushpa Sinha

20. Suman Paswan

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