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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
BIOREACTOR ENGINEERING
Ir. Normadyzah Ahmad
Semester Sept 2016 Jan 2017
SYNOPSIS
This course imparts in-depth knowledge of design and
scale-up of bioreactors along with transport phenomena in
bioreactors.
It also imparts the knowledge of sterilisation of bioreactor
systems.
It also imparts the knowledge of alternate bioreactor
configurations for microbial, plant, and animal cells.
After successfully completing this course, students will be
able to choose, design, scale-up and analyse bioreactors for
various applications.
transport
processes
in
stirred
tank
Answers: Bioreactions
The opportunities..
If you know what bioreaction convert what feedstock to what
useful new products which are NOT available but are in demand
in the market, you may have a viable business proposal! (new
product, new process).
If you know the stoichiometric equation of the conversion
bioreaction, if you know the rate of the conversion bioreaction,
and if you know what variables affect the rate of the conversion
bioreaction and in what way, you can design the bioreactor.
Hence the ability of students to: (1) Design and analyse Bioreactor
for free microbial cell, plant and animal cells, (2) Explain the
transport processes in stirred tank bioreactors, and (3) Explain the
alternatives of bioreactor configurations, as in the OBJECTIVES.
WHAT PRODUCTS?
TYPES OF PRODUCT:
Product 1: FREE MICROBIAL CELLS. eg: yeast, single cell protein
(SCP), algae
Product 2: ENZYMES. eg: proteases and amylases (for
detergents)
Product 3: PRIMARY METABOLITES: eg: ethanol and lactic acid
Product 4: SECONDARY METABOLITES. eg: penicillin
Product 5: BIOTRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS. eg: gluconic acid
from glucose
Product 6: PRODUCT OF SYNTHESIS BY RECOMBINANT GENE. eg:
proinsulin
WHAT BIOREACTIONS?
WHAT BIOREACTIONS?
Do you know what type of bioreactions are involved in the
production of each of the above products?
Do you know the stoichiometric equation of each bioreaction?
Do you know the rate of each bioreaction?
Do you know what variables affect the rate of each
bioreaction?
WHAT IS A BIOREACTOR?
If you know the stoichiometric equation of the conversion bioreaction, if
you know the rate of the conversion bioreaction, and if you know what
variables affect the rate of the conversion bioreaction and in what way,
you can design a bioreactor system.
Bioreactor a vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which
involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such
organisms (eg. Enzymes) to produce bioproducts. Example: yeast
(organisms) + glucose (chemical substances) to produce ethanol
(bioproduct)
Types of bioreactor:
Batch bioreactor (batch culture)
Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor or Chemostat (continuous culture)
Plug Flow Bioreactor (continuous culture)
S+X
P + nX
net =
1 dX
X dt
(1)
net = 1 dX
(1)
X dt
net = g k d ..
where X
t
kd
(2)
where R
R =
1 dN
N dt
(3)
Fig 1: Typical growth curve for a bacterial population (cell no. vs time)
Phase
Lag
Description
Specific
Growth Rate
0
< max
max
< max
=0
<0
= . ,
X = = 0
... (4)
ln
= . ,
X= . .
or
..(5)
The time required to double the microbial mass is given by eq. 5. The exponential
growth is characterised by a straight line on a semi-log plot of ln X vs time:
0.693
.. (6)
ln 2
(7)
Stationary phase
occurs after the deceleration growth phase, when the net = 0, ie no cell division,
or growth rate is equal to death rate.
But cells are still metabolically active and produce secondary (non-growth
related) metabolites.
The production of certain metabolites (eg antibiotics) is enhanced during the
stationary phase, due to metabolite deregulation.
During the course of the Stationary Phase, the following phenomena may take place:
1.
Total cell mass concentration may stay constant, but the number of viable cells may
decrease.
2.
Cell lysis may occur and the number of viable cells may drop. A second growth phase
may occur and cells may grow on lysis products of lysed cells (cryptic growth).
3.
Cells may not be growing but may have active metabolism to produce secondary
metabolites.
= - .
or
X = . . .. (8)
Death phase
Follows the stationary phase.
The rate of death usually follows first-order kinetics:
or
N = .
.. (9)
= -
. (10)
At the end of the batch growth period, we have an apparent growth yield (or
observed growth yield).
Substrate may be consumed as the following:
= + + + .(11)
/2 = / = -
(12)
(13)
Anaerobic growth is less efficient, and the yield coefficient is smaller (see
Fig. 6.5)
Fig. 6.5 Aerobic and anaerobic growth yields of Streptococcus faecalis with
Glucose as substrate.
Maintenance Coefficient
Maintenance coefficient is used to describe the specific rate of substrate, S
uptake for cellular maintenance:
. (14)
Microbial Products
Growthassociated
products.
Microbial
Products
Non-growthassociated
products
Mixed-growthassociated
products.
Growth-associated products.
Non-growth-associated products.
Mixed-growth-associated product
The specific rate of product formation is given by:
(17)
= . .
Example 6.1
Time (h)
Ln X
1.25
100
0.223
2.45
97
0.896
16
5.1
90.4
1.629
23
10.5
76.9
2.351
30
22
48.1
3.091
34
33
20.6
3.496
36
37.5
9.38
3.624
40
41
0.63
3.714
Example 6.1
Ln X vs t
4.5
4
3.5
t 2 t1
ln X
3
2.5
3.624
36 16
1.629
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
15
20
25
Time(h)
30
35
40
45
Example 6.1
Apparent growth yield, Y =
X
41 1.25
=
= 0.4 g cells/g substrate
S
0.63 100
If S0 =150 g, then
Xmax = X0 + YS0 = 1.25 + 0.4(150) = 60.25 g cells/l
Now, do Prob. 6.1!
Effect of Temperature
Product formation may be different from cell growth.
Yield coefficient critical. Increasing temperature may result in a
decrease in yield coefficient because cell maintenance
requirement increase.
rate-limiting step - At high temperatures, the rate of bioreaction
might become higher than the diffusion rate, and diffusion would
then become the rate-limiting step (eg in an immobilised cell
system).