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Proceeding2 PDF
Proceeding2 PDF
Proceeding2 PDF
Introduction
Since ever, nature is able to provide high quality drinking water. But contamination,
modifications and overexploitation of the natural water resources make clean water to a more
and more scarce and precious treasure. To preserve this treasure for future generations is one
of the most important tasks. Water science, water management and water technology has to
play a dominant role in designing our social and industrial structure for tomorrow. Most of the
knowledge, the experience, the skills and tools that are needed are available.
Suitable concepts and solutions in water technology are based on several scientific and
engineering branches as hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrobiology, water chemistry,
microbiology, fluid mechanics, civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering. Water
and wastewater technologies interfere with natural processes and should be designed,
operated and controlled in a way, which does not stress the hydrological cycle
Only a small, but specialized sector in the field of water technology is the design, construction
and operation of water treatment plants. There are numerous papers and books where the
various procedures of treatment steps, the different types of reactors, the process dynamics
and reactions are described in detail. The purpose of treatment is the provision of save
drinking water. The following approach to the design, implementation and control of
processes to effect or mediate quality transformations in water emphasizes physicochemical
processes rather than operations.
What is save drinking water? The legal definition of drinking water is a negative definition
worldwide: Threshold limit values are limits for substances and micro-organisms found in
water. Values based on toxicological data have been derived to safeguard health on the basis
of lifelong consumption. Regarding carcinogenesis and mutagenesis as non-threshold
phenomena, other principles are applied in addition: Threshold limit values defined by
precautionary aspects for preventing adverse affects of a general nature. Threshold limit
values for aesthetic parameters are provided to prevent distasteful changes, such as in taste
and odour. Any water, which complies with these threshold limit values, can be denominated
and supplied as drinking water.
But the definition of a high quality drinking water is quite different matter. The hydrologic
cycle is an approved method of nature to provide high quality drinking water; the most
important purification step (besides evaporation) is the subsoil passage of water. A positive
definition of a high quality drinking water is therefore based on a pure groundwater without
any contamination with reference to the hydrological cycle. Such a definition can be found in
DIN 2000, a Technical Standard in Germany.
The preference of groundwater for water supply or, if not available, of a natural (riverbank
filtration) or artificial (infiltration, groundwater recharge) subsoil passage of river water is a
result of the conclusions drawn from the outbreak of epidemic cholera in Hamburg, Germany
(1892) and the approved concept of the DIN 2000.
1
Germany
768
267
501
192
ca. 2.000
Iran
251
78
173
8
ca. 1.800
Greater Tehran
232
ca. 500
Statistical data on a country-by-country basis can be misleading because water problems tend
to be much more localized than that. In order to look at water stress more precisely, the
regional population density has to be related to the regional water availability. A key point is,
that much of water stress is not water supply but exponentially increasing population! One
way out may be to minimize water consumption and to reuse water for e.g. agricultural or
industrial purposes after appropriate wastewater treatment.
To focus the attention on quality aspects behind the data of the hydrologic cycle, it is
expedient to vary the point of raw water extraction. There are two important purification steps
in nature: one step is evaporation which separates H2O from natural substances, chiefly salts,
and all impurities; this step needs too much energy to be employed in urban water supply. A
second more interesting purification step is infiltration and subsoil passage of the water; this
step comprises the physicochemical and biological processes to treat water and to balance out
the physical (e.g. temperature), chemical (e.g. carbonate balance) and biological (e.g. low
AOC- concentrations) properties.
Under quality aspects the most advantageous point to extract raw water for water supply is
after the infiltration step and subsoil passage from suitable aquifers (groundwater). In the
ranking list follows riverbank filtered water and replenished groundwater; both types of raw
water utilise the benefits of the natural purification step. The quality of surface water depends
on several influences, e.g. the contamination by sewage water from industry, agriculture and
cities in the accompanying catchment basin, from traffic on the surface waters, from
modifications of the surface water systems etc. Usually the source water quality decreases
from lakes over dams to the rivers. Due to the high regional demand the water supply of
larger cities is frequently based on surface water with all the disadvantages of poor raw water
quality.
Quality transformations in water
Groundwater
Pure groundwater, including spring water, is free of suspended and colloidal organic or
inorganic impurities. Thus technologies for particle removal as filtration are only employed
when anoxic conditions in the source water require aeration/oxidation to transform dissolved
2
iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) into insoluble compounds. In addition aeration or gas
transfer may be applied to adjust the carbonate balance (stabilization). Disinfection with
chlorine, chlorine dioxide or UV-radiation is normally used for safety reasons.
Typical treatment chains for pure groundwater consist of two or three steps:
Aeration Filtration
or
Aeration Filtration Disinfection.
Pure groundwater without any contamination is scarce. Pollution by agriculture (e.g.
fertilizers, pesticides), by industrial production and wastes (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons,
aromatic and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons) or even by products for consumption (e.g.
pharmaceutical compounds, complexing agents as EDTA, aromatic sulfonates, gasoline
additives as MTBE) is the price to be paid for insufficient water pollution control in the past.
It is acknowledged in the meantime that the protection of groundwater resources is extremely
important; even expensive remediation measures can need decades to re-establish the original
state in a polluted aquifer.
Riverbank filtered water
In principle several of the above mentioned micro-pollutants are present in river water and
might be present in riverbank-filtered water. In central Europe along the Rivers Rhine, Elbe,
Ruhr and Danube riverbank filtration is employed since 1870 successfully and without
interruption. During the first 80 years of operation along the River Rhine the well water met
the threshold limit values for drinking water and only disinfection was applied. After world
war two the river water quality began to deteriorate due to the economic miracle and the
rapid growing population in this area. The problem was an increasing part of mostly unknown
organic compounds and micro-pollutants, which caused taste and odour in drinking water.
The subsoil passage in riverbank filtration compensates for fluctuating concentrations in river
water by hydro-mechanical processes between the infiltration areas and the wells. Riverbank
filtration is a powerful barrier against peaks and shock loads. Biodegradation is a main
purification step of the subsoil passage but is not able to remove persistent organic
compounds. Therefore a new chain of treatment steps had to be generated: oxidation with
ozone, biological filtration, adsorption with activated carbon and final disinfection, This
treatment chain was at first designed, constructed and operated in Dsseldorf waterworks
(1961). To date this concept is applied world wide to remove trace organics from any type of
water.
Typical treatment chains for riverbank-filtered water consist of five steps:
Aeration Oxidation (ozone) Filtration Adsorption (GAC) Disinfection.
Aeration is applied to enrich the raw water with oxygen and sometimes furthermore to
stabilize the water (carbonate balance). Oxidation with ozone is applied to oxidise traces of
iron and manganese and to crack organic micro-pollutants; oxidised micro-pollutants tend to
be biodegradable in the next step of biological filtration. Activated carbon, preferential
granular activated carbon (GAC), is still the most successful means for the adsorption of nonpolar organic micro-pollutants. Optimised operation of GAC filters is able to remove even
3
This in principle makes it difficult to operate a treatment plant always in a rated range. The
treatment chain has to regard the removal of particles of different size, several kinds of
impurities including organic micro-pollutants. The variability of treatment chains depends on
the characteristics and the agrarian, industrial and social activities in the catchment area. In
some European countries direct intake of river water is not applied for drinking water supply
(only non-potable water) due to the uncertainty of the removal of Giardia and
Cryptosporidium.
Typical treatment chains for direct intake of river water consist of seven steps:
Flocculation/Sedimentation Oxidation Flocculation/Filtration Adsorption Stabilization
Disinfection Backwash water purification.
During the last decade direct intake from rivers and classical surface water treatment came
under pressure because the removal of resistant micro-organisms, particularly cysts and
oocysts from parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium), cannot be guaranteed. Most investigations
in this field proved the superiority of natural subsoil passage and slow sand filtration.
The pilot plant method
During preliminary design several alternatives are developed and reviewed to find the best
solution for future demand. It is important to remember the priorities in water supply in this
stage: sustainability in water quality, safety in supply, fair price. Based on knowledge and
experience a preferred suggestion should be checked in detail. But resulting from the
complexity of tailoring a system of unit operations to a specific treatment it is common to use
the pilot plant method in the water quality control field.
Pilot plant investigations are only helpful if the pilot program is based on a thorough
understanding of process concepts, dynamics and interactions. Depending on the source water
the time needed to realise a pilot program may reach 12 month (e.g. to cover seasonal quality
changes in source water). It is advantageous to investigate methods of automatic process
control, suitable measuring instruments and the dynamic properties of the system during the
pilot plant experiments.
From tender to commissioning
The analysis of the pilot plant experiments will confirm the concept or will lead to some
modifications. The conclusion drawn from the pilot plant investigations is the basis for a more
detailed design and to put out to tender. The core of a standard tender is a listing of buildings,
equipments and individual operations. Another idea is to describe the starting situation and
the wanted situation at the end to allow different ways of solution and to include the
knowledge and experience of qualified bidders. A combination of both is recommended.
Proper design, proper material for equipment and professional construction minimize the
future cost for maintenance. Experienced on-site management is very important for a
successful coordination of the works and to enforce the design concept in short time.
Commissioning of a treatment plant is a step-by-step process, which can be carried out in the
style of the pilot experiments. Mechanical and chemical processes in the treatment chain can
5
be started without lag time. But biological processes need a warm-up time depending on the
particular process up to several weeks. Therefore the time needed for commissioning and
acceptance depends on the involved processes. The aim of commissioning is not only to
demonstrate proper operation under normal conditions but also to check the limits of the
processes and the plant configuration under extreme conditions, including automatic control
and safety measures.
trunk mains
main lines
distribution network
house connections
supply pressure
2
Jrg Schuchardt
1.2
Basic investigations
design target - consideration of technical and economical aspects, e.g.
3
Jrg Schuchardt
2.
Network layout
Network layout
topographic conditions
4
Jrg Schuchardt
The supply network should be positioned in public areas (streets, footpaths) with easy access for
operation purposes.
Streets have to be crossed in a rectangular manner, and the distribution lines should be positioned on
those roadsides where most house connections are to be expected.
In case of wide streets, highways, it is recommended to provide distribution pipes on both sides of the
road.
In general, dead ends and stagnate water have to be avoid. Before a distribution network will be
planned, the location of other public services has to be identified (electricity, gas, sewer, telephone).
It is recommended to define a regular space for each of the services in the underground of the street.
Once such a rule is officially established, planning will be much easier avoiding difficulties in the
construction period lying ahead.
water gas
sewer
electricity
water tower
reservoir I
reservoir II
high zone
high zone
lower zone
Elevated reservoirs (storage tanks) are used to equalize the different levels of water demand within
the city and during the day.
If possible, a reservoir should be placed upon an elevated natural topographic point
The operating condition of a reservoir depends on its location as far as the supply network is
concerned.
If you have large supply areas with big topographic differences, you will need more reservoirs to get a
technically efficient standard (see fig. above) .
Recommended pressure
Recommended pressure
(new areas)
(existing areas)
one-storey buildings
2,0 bar
2,0 bar
two-storey buildings
2,5 bar
2,35 bar
three-storey buildings
3,0 bar
2,70 bar
four-storey buildings
3,5 bar
3,05 bar
five-story buildings
4,0 bar
3,4 bar
A minimum pressure of 1 bar can be ensured at the highest elevated point of the building by applying
this rule.
15
Jrg Schuchardt
3. pipelaying
Main lines and distribution lines are regularly laid in streets covered by an equal distance to the
surface. The air will be evacuated on highpoints of the line through house connections (by operating
the system).
It needs to be considered in any case that the pipes have to be laid in a frost resistant depth
underground.
House connections have to be laid in a rising (ascending) manner from the distribution main to the
building.
If railways, main roads, rivers or the like need to be crossed special arrangements have to be
provided.
13
Jrg Schuchardt
51
Jrg Schuchardt
contracts
careful and complete design and planning
estimation of costs
tender procedure
supervision of work
guaranty of quality
operation of systems
management
operation
cost control
regular maintenance
69
Jrg Schuchardt
5. remark
71
Jrg Schuchardt
Introduction
Reservoir water is an essential source for drinking water supply in Germany. App. 10
% of the drinking water demand is based on reservoir water. In some parts of the
country the portion is greater than 50 %.
The usage of reservoir water for drinking water supply requires an high degree of
protection for the catchment area as well as an effective and safe water treatment.
The requirements on the treatment process are given by the raw water quality and by
the requirements on the drinking water quality.
settlements in the catchment area, it may be influenced by waste water. The hydro
geological situation determines mainly the hardness of the water and the
concentration of natural organic matter (NOM). In most cases, the waters only have a
low alkalinity. If there are moors in the catchment area, higher concentration of NOM
can be found.
Very important for the reservoir water quality is the degree of eutrophication. Drinking
water reservoirs should be oligothroph, at least mesothroph. The difficulty of the
treatment process increases with higher degrees of eutrophication. A massive algae
growth in a reservoir is usually connected to higher concentrations of metabolites like
taste and odour substances and toxins. Besides, massive algae bloom may result in
anaerobic conditions in the area between the sediment and the water, which leads to
a release of iron and manganese as well as to higher ammonia concentrations in the
water. The eutrophication is essentially influenced by the input of nutrients by the
agriculture and/or by waste water. If there is a high degree of agricultural exploitation
of the catchment area there may be also an input of nitrate as well as of pesticides. In
most cases washing effects during heavy rains are the reason.
Also important for the drinking water treatment is the concentration of pathogens in
the raw water. In every case it must be aware, that there are bacteria, viruses and
parasites in the water, since it is a surface water, which is not as well protected as a
ground water. However the concentrations may vary considerably, depending on the
protection of the catchment area.
Treatment technologies
The main technologies for the treatment of reservoir water are flocculation and
filtration. The flocculation is necessary to remove smaller particles during filtration
and to reduce the NOM concentration. Further treatment steps are:
-
oxidation by using ozone for the immobilization of algae as well as for manganese
removal and the removal of taste and odor substances
Disinfection as the last step of the treatment process may be carried out by using
chlorine, chlorine dioxide and/ or UV irradiation.
The decision on the necessary steps for the treatment of a reservoir water in an
individual case depends at last on the raw water quality and on the efficiency of the
different treatment technologies.
guarantee longer running periods it is common to use double layer filters in these
systems. Gravity floc filters are well tried and tested. However, it is also possible to
perform floc filtration in pressure filters.
Prerequisite to rich average residual turbidities below 0.1 FNU by using direct or floc
filtration is an optimization of the flocculation process. This can be realized by means
of the following parameters:
-
flocculation pH-value
energy input
It is important , that the formed aggregates (flocs) are not being destroyed during the
transport between the flocculation basin and the filter.
Further more the following measures ought to be realized:
-
all control and regulation processes should be carried out slowly and damped
staggered filter running ( that means backwash of the filters after the same
operating time )
backwash of the filter directly after the stop of the filtration process
backwash before the start of the filtration process after a longer non operating
period
Iran
Germany
area [km]
1,648,000
357,021
67 Million
83 Million
0-14 years
31.6 %
15.4 %
0.77
0.26
41
232
7,000 $
26,600 $
Wastewater collection
92.2 % of all inhabitants are connected to sewer systems, which feature a total length of
399,201 km, thereof 213,491 km combined sewers, 109,372 km wastewater sewers and
76,339 km stormwater sewers. About 1/3 of the sewer system is older than 50 years. Figure 1 shows the distribution in age.
30.8.03 Tehran
75 - 100 years
16%
50 - 75 years
11%
25 - 50 years
36%
source: Kanalumfrage 1997, [www.atv.de 1999]
Figure 1
3.
Wastewater treatment
30.8.03 Tehran
Table 2
Size
COD
BOD5
NH4-N
TNinorganic
TP
PE
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
< 1,000
150
40
1,000 to 5,000
110
25
5,000 to 10,000
90
20
10
10,000 to 100,000
90
20
10
18
> 100,000
75
15
10
13
33
10
0.8
The municipal wastewater treatment generates 2.96 Mg sewage sludge per year (dry
solids) which is equal to about 25 Mio m/a. Figure 2 shows the disposal pattern.
incineration
18%
recultivation
13%
others
3%
landfill
10%
agriculture
45%
compost
11%
Figure 2
3.2.
30.8.03 Tehran
l/kg paper
50
46
40
36
34
30
24
20
20
16.3 14.5
14.1
16.8
13.6
12.3
14.3
10
12
11.7
0
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
year
Figure 3
The sewage sludge of industrial waste water treatment is mainly incinerated (498,000 t/a).
The agricultural use is low (63,000 t/a) predominately of food and beverage industries.
Disposal in landfills amounts to 293,000 t/a, but will be banned by law as of 2005.
30.8.03 Tehran
30.8.03 Tehran
30.8.03 Tehran
Measures to minimize water consumption and water losses case study Berlin
Bernd Heinzmann; Berliner Wasserbetriebe
1.
1.1
Sociological aspects
1.2
readiness and attitude of the inhabitants and the carriers of the public management concerning the installation of water meters and water saving in general
optimal approach of the public relation management (selection of the appropriate methods
according to the boundary conditions, such as instruction, publicity etc.)
explaining the costumers the need to introduce tariffs of payment or for increasing these
fees prior to their establishing by the public management
Public campaign
1.3
stickers
leaflets
1.4
Economical aspects
2.
tariff system
system for charging the costumers in dependence of the individual water consumption
financial support of water saving measures by the authorities (city, country, water supply
companies)
The technical rules are described in the regulations of the DVGW (German Association for the Gas
and Water Field) and can be re-read in the corresponding instruction sheets.
2.1
Technical aspects
2.2
3.
Public relation work of the Berlin Water Works in the 80s for water
protection
3.1
Goals
Since 1980 activities were ongoing for the instruction of the Berlin population regarding:
Protection of the waters and resources and reduction of the water contamination of the
surface water and groundwater to ensure the drinking water supply with respect to both,
quality and quantity.
to effect a sensible and conscious dealing of the population within the environment and the
water
3.2
Methods
4.
4.1
The prognosis given after the reunification predicted an increase of the population from 3.4 Mio. to
5-6 Mio. inhabitants causing a corresponding raise of the drinking water demand. Thus, the necessity occurred:
to intensify the already since the 80s ongoing activities for water saving in the western part
of Berlin and
to extend these activities especially to the eastern part of the city.
to develop an integrated concept for environmental protection and for sensible water saving
= campaign for water saving and protection of the water bodies
4.2
4.3
regularly insertion of advertisements for the advisory bureaus in the local press
instruction in the kindergartens and schools
The Berlin population is invited on Open Days to access and go sight-seeing to selected
facilities of the Berlin Water Works, like water works.
Practical experiences
the advisory bureaus should be easily accessible by transport, either public or individual
attractive arrangement of the exhibition area in the advice bureaus necessary
greater advisory demand for areas with single houses compared to areas with rented
homes
advisory need for water saving measures at crafts, industry and public institutions, e.g. kindergartens
The advises have to be moved to the customer and user needs mobility!
complete advises, i.e. practical and financial transformation (need for co-operation with the
sanitary craft and trade)
These practical experiences led to a concept of mobile information busses of the Berlin Water
Works.
4.4
In the 90ies mobile information busses of the Berlin Water Works moved around in the supply areas in order to bring the public relation work to the customer thus enabling spontaneous contacts.
Special care was taken in the outfit on clearly arranged posters and easily accessible leaflet distribution desks. Thus the effect of water saving equipment like flow limiters in intake armatures or the
flow-through of different shower nozzles can vividly be demonstrated. On the entrance side two
awnings are installed on the roof, serving in fair weather as sun protection and enlargement of the
exhibition area and in rainfalls as a weather protection, respectively.
5.
5.1
Fundamentals
Leakage noises are caused by passing out of water being under pressure and are spreading out
as body and sound waves. The intensity as well as the frequency of these leakage sounds depends on several influencing factors, which are used for the position finding.
5.2
5.3
Strategy for the evaluation of the leakage losses in the pipe network in Berlin
5.4.
Reduction of the leakage losses in the pipe network in the eastern part of the city from about 25 %
to a consistent rate of about von ca. 4-5 % in the whole city area!
6.
6.1
In the former GDR the attitude of the costumers was determined by a subsidizing policy leading to
a waste of water and energy. Thus, the situation after the drop of the wall in the eastern part of the
city was characterised by:
extremely high water consumption
high water losses caused by the obsolete pipe network due to insufficient maintenance
4
expensive condition techniques, again caused by insufficient maintenance of the wells and
missing protection of the resources
Briefly, the situation was catastrophic. From that, a special need for advice and education of the
costumers in the eastern part of the city resulted. Furthermore, the pipe breakage rate was with
about 0.2 0.25 damages per kilometre and year much higher with an increasing tendency than in
the western part of the city (about 0.05 damages per kilometre and year). The main reasons for
this considerable difference were:
selection of the materials,
quality of the pipe-laying and
maintenance.
6.2
Contrary to many predictions the population and thus the drinking water consumption did not increase! Additionally to the slightly decreasing tendency of the water consumption in the western
part of the city, caused by the measures already described (publicity, public relation work and installation of water saving equipments and apparatus) of the Berlin Water Works for a conscientious
handling with Foodstuff number one, came the dramatic reduction of the drinking water consumption in the eastern part of the city especially until 1993:
breakdowns of the industrial production led to a closing of many industrial firms,
due to the establishing of higher tariffs, i.e. supply to the costumer in the eastern part of the city
defrayal of costs the attitude of the costumers changed dramatically causing a much more economical use of drinking water.
publicity campaigns and public relation work for water saving
availability and installation of water saving apparatus and equipment in the households
strong efforts of the Berlin Water Works to diminish the leakage losses due to pipe breakages
(from about 25 % to now 4-5 % in the eastern pert, i.e. the level of West Berlin).
These events in East Berlin were followed from 1993 onwards by a dramatic decrease of the water
consumption in the western part of the city caused by the shutting down of the Berlin sponsoring of
the Federal Government:
shifting of the industry production
slightly increased fees.
In the course of about 10 years the Berlin Water Works succeeded in a considerable reduction of
the water losses due to breakages in the pipe system, but it was also possible to cut in halve the
specific water consumption in the households from about ca. 250 litres per capita and day to about
125 litres per capita and day due to the different measures described above. Thus, the drinking
water consumption was reduced for about 40 %. Similar successes were achieved by:
Hamburg Water Works with actions to install techniques for water saving in the mid 80s
leading to a reduction between 10 and 30 % and
the City Works of Frankfurt am Main, where in the early 90s a concept for an economical
water consumption led within 5 years to a decrease of the water consumption of about 17
%.
Thus it can be stated, that the Berlin Water Works do not only have a profound knowledge of such
extraordinary situations concerning the water consumption, but have also the competence to draw
the correct strategic conclusions and to transform them into praxis.
Abstract
Design and operation of long-distance pipe lines
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Mehlhorn, Zweckverband Bodensee-Wasserversorgung, Stuttgart
Although sufficient precipipations are available as a general rule, there are even in
Germany areas with considerable water shortages. The reasons for such shortages
are low water resources available due to geological and meteorological conditions,
built-up areas with several millions of inhabitants on limited areas ( Ruhrgebiet,
Berlin, Munich,Hamburg, Great Stuttgart etc.) .Other reasons such as the lack of
good water quality due to unfavourable geogenic water properties or as a
consequence of water pollution may lead to shortages of drinking water resources
Based on these superimposed influential factors long-distance water supply systems
have been created all over Germany. In particular in the Federal State BadenWrttemberg, due to the fact that all factors for water shortages quoted above are to
be found here large long-distance water supply systems have been built such as the
Bodensee-Wasserversorgung as the biggest long-distance water supply company in
Germany. The BWV produces drinking water from the Lake of Constance situated in
the South of the Federal State and distributes it over a distance of more than 300 km
up to the very North of the Federal State Baden-Wrttemberg. Over 4 million
inhabitants are supplied directly or indirectily with drinking water from the BWV.
Long-distance water supply systems are in many aspects different from local water
disitributors. Their task is normally not just the compensation of existing water
shortage. But due the fact that local water supply systems are connected to a longdistance pipe line system the water quality is put on two supporting legs and thus
is much safer. Moreover bad water quality ( such as hardness, pollutants etc) may be
compensated by the long-distance water supply company or it may at least be
minimized. As a general rule the long-distance supply company delivers its drinking
water only to the local water company which is then distributing the drinking water to
the end user. Thus the water demand to be covered by the long distance supplier
very much depends on the conditions encountered by the local water distributor
which makes it rather difficult to plan in advance. In order to reach clearcut planning
parameters the local water distributor has to register with the long-distance supplier
a right for a maximum quantity of water to be delivered which shall not be exceeded
and which is the basis for the calculations of fees the local water distributor has to
pay to the long-distance supplying company.
During the various phases of design, construction, operation and organisation of a
long-distance water supply system the following decisions shall be taken :
- how the extension of the system in case of increased demand may ben taken into
account right from the beginning
- how the long-distance pipelines shall be routed
- how the pipelines may be protected against attacks of third parties
- for which pressures the pipelines shall be designed and which pipe diameters shall
be selected
Seite 2
- whether the pipeline shall be constructed as longitudinally coupled or as open
spigot and socket joint pipeline
- which pipe material shall be selected
- how obstacles ( railways, rivers, roads ) shall be crossed
- which measures may be taken to optimize energy input
- what is to be done to protect the pipeline against pressure fluctuations ( water
hammers)
- how the tanks shall be arranged in the system
- how the water losses occurring in case of pipe breakage may be mastered and
- how the quality of the drinking water may be safeguarded during the long journey it
undertakes from the water catchment point to the end user.
All these questions do certainly also arise in some way or another in local water
distribution systems, however the answers will be different in case of long-distance
supply systems.
As future extensions are very costly in case of rising water demands which can no
longer be met with the existing supply capacities possible future rises in demand
need to be taken care of right from the beginning. For instance the pressure stages
of the pipelines may be designed in such a way that capacity increases are possible
through the installation of pressure rising pumping stations.
Also the routing of the pipeline needs to meet specific requirements. For instance it is
necessary to by-pass built-up areas at adequate distances and to reduce the
number of service points ( drainages, ventilations) to a minimum by ensuring a
continuous routing as to the elevations of the landscape.
As energy input plays an important role for long-distance supply this aspect shall also
be taken care of when fixing the pipe diameter. On the other hand the pipe diameter
chosen should not be too big because of construction cost and flowing times of the
drinking water. Shaft works may lead to a considerable increase in hydraulic
performance of the line depending on local topography..
Pipe materials used in Germany are limited mainly to steel and ductile cast iron
because of the large diameters and the generally high pressure stages. In the past
reinforced and prestressed concrete pipes were also used, but with lower steel
prices, these are no longer used in Germany for new construction.
As great amounts of energy are used for long -distance water transport the
optimization of energy input is of great importance not only by selecting the pipe
diameter. This is in particular true whenever you have to overcome important reief
variations. For instance once a mountain has be overcome part of the energy
consumption may be recoverd by turbines.
In long - distance pipelines big amounts of water are stored as a general rule.
Therefore it is essential to make sure that dynamic pressure fluctuations ( water
hammers) are minimized as far as possible. Otherwise the pipelines would have to
be designed for much too high pressures which is normally very uneconomical .
Arrangement of water reservoirs at not too long distances from each other, sufficient
closing times for valves , flywheels for large pumps or pressure vessels ( compressed
Seite 3
air chambers) are possibilities to achieve that dynamic pressure fluctuations are
reduced to a reasonable measure.
Water reservoirs in long-distance supply systems do not only have the task to master
pressure variations in the system but shall also compensate differences of water
resources available and water demand, to separate supply areas from each other, to
ensure suitable hydraulic conditions ( crown reservoirs) in very elevated points (
overcoming of mountains) and to draw the borderline between the long-distance
supply system and the local distribution system ( transfer tanks). For the
dimensioning of water reservoirs a compromise shall be found between optimum
coverage of water demand fluctuations and minimization of the dwell time of the
water in the pipeline system..
Due to large pipe diameters important water quantities may be released from longdistance pipelines in case of pipe breakage and thus may lead to considerable
damages. Therefore the protection devices against pipe breakage shall be arranged
everywhere in the long-distance supply system where otherwise increased breakage
hazards would exist.
Special attention shall be paid in long-distance supply systems to any alteration of
the drinking water quality during the very long flowing times from water generation to
the end user. Such alterations may be of physical or chemical nature , but also refer
to microbiology. In order to avoid bacterial germinations chemical disinfection will
always be required in long-distance water supply systems.
All these requirements interact in long-distance water supply systems and should
never be considered in isolation. Therefore the design and construction, the
operation and organisation of a long - distance water supply system require
comprehensive and expertise knowledge based on practical experiences. The long
years of experiences we have in Germany with such long-distance supply systems
are the best prerequisite to find solutions to water supply problems also in other
countries worldwide of course in a form adapted to the relevant needs.
2003-08-15
2 - Inauguration of RCUWM-Tehran
In February 2002, the Regional Centre on Urban Water Management - Tehran was
inaugurated formally at the ceremony by the attendance of about 200 people from
different international organisations, ambassadors of the states in the region, members of
parliament, senior managers and directors from national organisations and ministries,
university professors, senior managers from private sector and NGOs. At this magnificent
ceremony, the agreement between the Government of Islamic Republic of Iran and
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation was signed by H.E. Mr.
Bitaraf, Minister of Energy on behalf of Government of I.R. Iran and H.E. Mr. Matsuura,
Director General of UNESCO.
3 - RCUWM Mission
Transferring applicable scientific knowledge, and increasing know-how and capacities
in all of the cases and dimensions of urban water management in order to promote
sustainable development, and undertaking activities in this field in order to enhance
human welfare in the region States.
4 - Objectives
1. To generate and provide scientific and technical information on urban water management
issues in the region that will allow the formulation of sound policies leading to
sustainable and integrated urban water management at the local, national and regional
level.
2. To promote research on urban water management issues through regional cooperative
arrangements using and strengthening local capabilities and involving international
institutions and networks, in particular those under UNESCO/IHP auspices.
5 - Functions
1. To promote scientific research on the issues and problems related to urban water
management in the region.
2. To create and reinforce networks for the exchange of scientific, technical and policy
information on urban water issues among the institutions and individuals in the region
and in other countries.
3. To develop and coordinate cooperative research activities on urban water management
issues, taking advantage particularly of the installed scientific and professional capacity
of the region and of the relevant IHP networks and nongovernmental organizations.
4. To organize knowledge and information transfer activities on the subject, including
international training courses, symposia or workshops, and to engage in appropriate
awareness-raising activities.
5. To develop a strong programme of information and communication technology to further
the Centres objectives.
6. To provide technical consulting and advisory services in the region and beyond as
required.
7. To produce technical publications and other media items related to the activities of the
Centre.
Numerous experts from all over the world, especially from the regional States, attended
the conference. Dr R. Ardakanian informed the conference about the establishment of the
RCUWM. The recommendations of this conference emphasized that studies on urban
hydrological cooperation and joint efforts by countries of the region are urgently
required.
In accordance with the action plan set during the December 2000 mission, at the
request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, UNESCO/IHP convened a
Regional Consultation on 8 and 9 May 2001 in Tehran to discuss cooperation with the
Regional Centre on Urban Water Management in Tehran. The Consultation gathered
representatives of 13 Member States of IHP and 14 international organizations, such as
United Nations system: UNEP, UNCHS-Habitat, WHO, the United Nations Economic
and Social Commissions for Western Asia (ESCWA), and for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP); Intergovernmental organizations: Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO);
Development banks: World Bank, Islamic Development Bank (IDB); International
scientific and professional NGOs: International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),
International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), International Commission on
Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), International Water Association (IWA); and
UNESCO/IHP water centres: Regional Humid Topics Centre Kuala Lumpur,
International Research and Training Centre on Urban Drainage (IRTCUD) and Centre on
Urban Water (CUW-UK). In addition to the Islamic Republic of Iran, the following 12
countries were represented: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia,
Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Uzbekistan.
A Memorandum of Agreement with the Japanese National Committee for technical
cooperation with RCUWM was signed immediately thereafter.
At the UNESCO/IHP international symposium Frontiers in urban water management:
Deadlock or hope? (Marseille, 18-20 June 2001) that had nearly 200 participants from
46 countries; Dr Ardakanian was invited to make a presentation on the RCUWM. At its
closing the symposium adopted the Marseille Statement, where it recommended to
Establish and strengthen regional centres of excellence on urban water management,
such as the new UNESCO Regional Centre on Urban Water Management in Tehran,
particularly in countries in transition and developing countries. As part of this measure,
reinforce the UNESCO endorsed network of urban water centres, such as IRTCUD and
work with ongoing initiatives of the United Nations system, such as the cities
programmes of Habitat and action plan on municipal wastewater of UNEP/GPA.
Following the Consultation a Memorandum of Agreement was signed with IAHS for
cooperation of the Centre and a MOU with IWA, the largest international professional
NGO. Among the specific points, IWA expressed its willingness to provide international
experts to participate in workshops and seminars of the Centre covering their overseas
travel costs, and to serve in the Governing Board of the Centre.
On 22 July 2001, a MOU between the International Institute for Infrastructural,
Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE) of Delft, Netherlands, and the Ministry
of Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the partnership between UNESCO/IHE
Delft and RCUWM-Tehran, which would strengthen significantly the educational and
training activities of the Centre, while also supporting the regional activities of
UNESCO/IHE.
On 21 November 2002, RCUWM joined to the PoWER programme which is stands
for Partnership for Water Education & Research. Base on the charter of PoWER, 17
water education and research universities and institute from all over the world agreed on
an International partnership of knowledge centres active in education, training and
research in the field of integrated water management.
On January 25 2003, on the occasion of the visit of H.E. Mr. Khatemi, President of I.R.
Iran, to India; a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Iranian Ministry
of Energy and Ministry of Water Resources of India, due to this MoU, the role of
RCUWM the mutual cooperation was signified.
As well, RCUWM is introduced at different international water events. Some of them
are:
1. Water & Sanitation in Asian Cities; New Delhi - India; April 2002;
2. International Conference on the Development and Management of Water
Conveyance Systems (Aflaj); Muscat - Oman; May 2002;
3. SouthSouth High-Level Conference on Science and Technology; Dubai - United
Arab Emirate; October 2002;
4. From Conflict to Co-operation in International Water Resources Management:
Challenges and Opportunities (CPPC); Delft - The Netherlands; November
2002;
5. Presenting a comprehensive report about the activities of Iranian National
Committee of IHP and RCUWM activities at Intergovernmental Council of IHP;
Paris - UNESCO Headquarter; June 2002;
To enhance the cooperation among national entities, in September 2002, three MoUs
were signed with national organisations, which were Power and Water Institute of
Technology (PWIT), National Water Research Centre (WRC) and National Cloud
Seeding Research Centre.
cover the states in Middle East and CIS countries. The executive body in Amirkabir
University of Technology in Tehran is designated and the contract is signed and the
project is under progress.
8. Project on Urban Water Management in the region (Inventory, Problem
Assessments and Scenarios for development)
This project is under study by UNESCO-IHE. In the first stage an inventory of the
potential such as human resources, literature and organisation in contradiction of
challenges will be prepared. The survey through regional states will be executed by
means of face-to-face interviews with resource experts, tours to states, preparing
questionnaires, workshops and even new technologies like video conferences. On the
basis of a problem assessment the study would enable the elaboration of the potential
application of the methodological guidelines for inventories of other major cities and
their sub-urban compounds in the region. The final outcome of this project will be a
proposed overall strategy in consideration socio-economical, environmental, and regional
aspects.
9. Participation in Rehabilitation of Afghanistan:
The project is divided into four sub-projects which will be financed by the
Government of Islamic Republic of Iran and other international sponsors such as
UNESCO, and RCUWM-Tehran will coordinate the project. The subprojects are:
o Reconstruction and establishment of meteorological stations
hydrometrical network;
o Establishing a branch of Water Research Centre;
o Comprehensive study on Water Management in Kabul River Basin;
o Supplying potable water to Zeranj City in Nimrouz Province.
and
Introduction
Due to the fact that proprietary automation systems will be replaced step by step by modern open automation
systems, also in the field of Water Supply Networks of big cities, the existing systems will be renewed. The
focus is not only on the reproduction of the former functionalities with the new system but also to add new,
more comfortable functionalities. Besides that one of the main intentions is the reduction of staff personnel
for the operation of the whole network and the optimization of the operational regime.
In a brief overview the differences between proprietary telecontrol systems and open control systems is
stated. Based on requirements for data transfer rate and the availability sufficient bandwidth online- and
switched line concepts will be defined.
Basis of all Remote Monitoring Systems are telecommunication services which provide the necessary data
transmission lines. Starting with public wire line and wireless services, fiber optics and radio data links will
be characterized.
An example for an online monitoring system is the SCADA and Management System of the BERLINER
WASSERBETRIEBE, which will be set into operation during this year. The single water works has own
automation systems which have partly been renewed and are now connected to the overall SCADA system
for the water supply network. The SCADA and automation system is organized due to administrative and
hydraulic correlations in groups. The administrative groups are bound to main water works, the hydraulic
correlated groups will be arranged due to current consumption situation and geodetic height. Project goals
are the implementation of central supervision and monitoring, a rise in cost efficiency, secure operation of
supply network and a standardized appearance of automation systems in all levels of the system. The
ManageMent Execution System (MMS) will provide a consumption forecast and on-/offline simulation
functionality as well as a cost optimization program which will make available input data for elaboration of
net schedules for water works.
As GIS (Geographic Information Systems) data are also important input data for water supply networks to
generate the hydraulic model the possibilities of integration of GIS data in a SCADA system will be
described.
If company-own communication network is available and the data amount and the control functionality is
more complex online monitoring systems will be implemented.
Telecommunications
Public telecommunication services will be only used for low data transfer rates, especially when switched
lines have to be used. For locations without wire line connections to telecommunication services, wireless
services will be used.
Especially when new water supply lines should be constructed, parallel ducts for fiber optics can be
installed. The bandwidth will support the own WAN services and offers the capacity for additional
telecommunication use.
If company-own wire line services does not exist or public telecommunication services are too expensive an
radio data link can provide sufficient bandwidth also for high data transfer demands. For pipeline control
systems point to point connections will be used, for network supervision point to multipoint will be
applicated.
Consumption forecast program: A neural network calculates a consumption forecast for the next
seven days based on historical consumption and weather data from the last ten years, the actual
consumption, weather data and the weather forecast.
On-/offline simulation: simulation of flow and pressure for the water supply network, based on
online data or on data from optimization system or manual manipulated net schedule data.
Optimization: The optimization program calculates the flow and pressure for each water works for
groundwater pumping, pure water pumping as basis data for the manual elaboration of the net
schedule. The complex mathematical problem was divided in the sub problems optimization of
ground water pumping, optimization of pure water pumping and optimization of supply network.
The program calculates the best pumping configurations according to charge for ground water,
energy costs, costs for resources.
In the present state of the project step two of implementation is reached. The group wise automatic control is
on trial operation. The whole functionality of the MMS will be completed in 2004.
GIS interfaces
GIS data are integrated in the network description file or are manually typed in an input table of the SCADA
visualization in the present project.
For automatically integration of static GIS network data with realtime SCADA data Distribution
Management Systems (DMS) can be established. The DMS can be integrated either in the GIS or in the
SCADA application. Preferred solution is an independent platform. The SCADA visualization is in most
cases not able to display the graphic information of the GIS systems with e.g. zoom functionality. The GIS
system is often not able to provide the necessary reliability.
The independent platform DMS can provide visualization function for both applications and can
communicate with both data bases.
Conclusion
Remote monitoring systems can provide besides their original monitoring and control functionality a various
diversity of features. In the mentioned project the Management Execution System is dedicated to gather
expert knowledge as a self learning system from the daily operation. The operator can use the management
tools as support, the results have to be proofed by the operational experience. The next years of operation
will improve the data base and the mathematical models.
The integration of additional features as GIS applications, online integrated weather data or online blocking
valve data can be realized on an independent platform.
References
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Presentation: Neuronale Netze fr die Wasserbedarfsprognose, BWB IN-VT, Dr. Broll, Berlin 2002