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Tables and Figures 2016 For PHY2042
Tables and Figures 2016 For PHY2042
Introduction
On the pages below are a series of tables and figures that you might
consider using in your report. You should feel free to edit these if you
want. There are also a few notes in red font to give you some idea of my
thought processes during the analysis of the data.
This is the third time we have done this practical exercise, so I have
included data from 2014, 2015 and 2016, giving a total of 958 sets of
observations (although some are incomplete). I took the following
approach to the analysis of the data-set:
The next step was to partition the data according to gender (Table 3;
Figure 1), diet (Table 4; Figure 2) and level of physical activity (Table 5;
Figure 3). This enabled me to test the hypothesis that the continuous
variables differed according to these categorical factors. Note that this
analysis does not tell us anything about causality. You should also
consider whether you find the tables or the figures more useful for
presentation of the data. You should include one or the other in your
report, not both. One of the rules of scientific presentation is that you
should not present the same data in tables and figures. You should
make a decision about which of these modes of delivery will be most
effective in your report. In general, I use figures if there are patterns in
the data that can best be illustrated graphically. I use tables if the
absolute levels of a variable matter. Tables can also be useful
sometimes if you have a large set of data that would otherwise take up
too much space in the form of figures.
The next step was to consider whether the three categorical variables
(gender, diet and level of physical activity) influence the relationships
between body mass index and arterial pressure and heart rate. For this,
I used analysis of covariance (Table 7). You will see three sets of P
values in each case.
o PBMI tests the hypothesis that, independent of gender or level of
physical activity, there is a linear relationship between body
mass index and the four haemodynamic variables. Note the
consistency between the PBMI values here and the P values in
Table 6. That is, they seem to support the idea that systolic
pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure vary with
body mass index, but maybe heart rate does not, at least when
the entire sample is considered in one hit.
o PGender tests the hypothesis that the haemodynamic variables
differ by gender, independently of body mass index. PActivity tests
the hypothesis that the haemodynamic variables differ by level of
physical activity, independently of body mass index. PDiet tests
the hypothesis that the haemodynamic variables differ in
vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians, independently of
body mass index. The data seem to indicate some relationship
between gender and heart rate, and between usual level of
Finally, I present scatterplots of the data with the two genders (Figure
5) and the four levels of physical activity (Figure 6) shown in different
colours. I have not bothered to generate separate plots according to
diet, because there was no evidence that diet altered any of the
relationships between body mass index and the haemodynamic
variables (Table 7). In cases where the analysis of covariance (Table 7)
provided evidence that the relationships between body mass index and
the haemodynamic variables are dependent on the categorical
variable, I present the individual regression lines. It seems that the
relationship between heart rate and body mass index is dependent, to
some extent, on both gender and usual level of physical activity.
Hopefully, these plots will get you thinking about the nature of these
apparent effects. I wonder why the relationship between body mass
index in males has a positive slope whereas it appears to have a
negative slope for females? Similarly, the relationship seems to have
negative slope in all but the individuals who do the most exercise. To
dig deeper you might like to try to interpret the output of the statistical
analysis (see Systat output for Table 7 and Figures 5 and 6.pdf).
317
33.2
Week
>5 times per
137
14.3
week
____________________________________
Data are compiled from a total of 958 individuals.
Note to students: Large differences in sample size can distort the
outcomes of parametric statistical tests (e.g. t-tests, analysis of variance
or analysis of covariance). Thus, you should apply a bit of suspicion to
analyses of the effects of diet, since there were so few vegetarians (61)
compared to non-vegetarians (897).
Mea
n
Standa Standa
rd
rd
Deviati
Error
on
of the
Medi
Range
an
Mean
___________________________________________________________________________
Age (years)
Height (cm)
954
957
20.8
168.
1.9
9.6
0.1
0.3
20
168.0
18-39
146.0-
Weight (kg)
949
7
66.0
13.5
0.4
64.1
200.0
40.0-
117.8
BMI (kg/m2)
948 23.0
3.5
0.1
22.5 15.6-38.9
___________________________________________________________________________
Systolic Pressure
955
114.
12.6
0.4
114.0
81.0-
(mmHg)
Diastolic Pressure
955
2
68.8
7.8
0.3
68.0
183.5
43.5-96.0
(mmHg)
Mean Arterial
955
83.9
8.2
0.3
83.2
59.0-
75.5
116.5
40.0-
Pressure (mmHg)
Heart Rate
950
76.2
11.6
0.4
(beats/min)
120.0
Data are compiled from a total of 958 individuals. Mean arterial pressure
was calculated as diastolic pressure plus one third of pulse pressure
(systolic-diastolic pressure).
Male
Mean
Female
Mean
SD
SD
________________________________________________________________________
Age (years)
Height (cm)
358
359
21.0 1.9
177.0
596
598
20.6 1.8
163.7
0.01
<0.0
Weight (kg)
359
7.8
76.6
590
6.8
60.1 9.5
01
<0.0
358
13.8
24.1 3.7
22.4 3.3
01
<0.0
BMI (kg/m )
590
01
Systolic Pressure
360
121.9
595
109.5
<0.0
(mmHg)
Diastolic Pressure
360
11.5
69.3 7.9
595
10.8
68.5 7.8
01
0.09
(mmHg)
Mean Arterial
360
86.8 7.8
595
82.2 7.9
<0.0
Pressure (mmHg)
Heart Rate
356
74.9
594
77.1
01
0.007
(beats/min)
12.1
11.1
Data are from a total of 958 participants. P values are the outcomes of
Students unpaired t-test and are shown in bold if 0.05. SD = standard
deviation, BMI = body mass index.
Mean
NonVegetarian
n
Mean
SD
SD
________________________________________________________________________
Age (years)
Height (cm)
61
61
20.8 1.5
167.5
893
896
20.7 1.9
168.7
0.80
0.78
60
7.3
64.9
889
9.7
66.1
Weight (kg)
0.04
BMI (kg/m2)
60
10.2
23.1 3.5
888
13.7
23.0 3.5
0.88
Systolic Pressure
61
110.0
894
114.5
0.001
(mmHg)
Diastolic Pressure
61
10.0
67.0 6.3
894
12.7
68.9 7.9
0.03
(mmHg)
Mean Arterial
61
81.3 6.5
894
84.1 8.3
0.002
Pressure (mmHg)
Heart Rate
60
74.3
890
76.4
0.15
(beats/min)
10.7
11.6
Data are from a total of 958 participants. P values are the outcomes of
Students unpaired t-test and are shown in bold if 0.05. SD = standard
deviation, BMI = body mass index.
155
20.7 1.5
347
20.7 1.9
Height (cm)
156
346
Weight (kg)
154
BMI (kg/m2)
154
165.2
9.6
61.5
14.9
22.3 3.9
166.7
9.1
63.4
13.0
22.7 3.5
344
343
31
5
31
7
31
4
31
4
20.8 2.1
136
20.8 1.5
0.88
169.5
8.9***
67.9
12.4***
23.5
3.4***
137
175.3
8.6***
73.1
12.3***
23.7
3.2***
<0.0
01
<0.0
01
<0.0
01
136
136
Systolic Pressure
156
111.1
345
112.5
31
115.2
137
119.3
<0.0
(mmHg)
11.8
12.8
6
12.5***
11.1***
01
Diastolic Pressure
156 70.1 8.1 345 69.3 7.8 31
68.4 7.8
137
67.0
0.004
(mmHg)
6
7.1***
Mean Arterial
156 83.8 8.4 345 83.7 8.5 31
84.0 8.2
137
84.5 7.1
0.81
Pressure (mmHg)
6
Heart Rate
155
79.6
343
78.3
31
74.9
136
70.6
<0.0
(beats/min)
11.5
11.2
5
10.4***
12.5***
01
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Data are from a total of 958 participants. P values are the outcomes of one-way analysis of variance and are shown
in bold if 0.05. *P 0.05, **P 0.01, ***P 0.001 for post hoc comparisons with no exercise (Dunnetts test).
TPW = times per week, SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index.
10
0.17
<0.001
32.7(27.0-
3.53(3.28-3.78)
2.22(2.04-2.40)
0.04
<0.001
38.5)
17.6(13.4-
0.11
<0.001
21.7)
30.6(25.6-
2.31(2.14-2.48)
0.43
34.5)
152(145-
-3.27(-3.56 to
Heart Rate
0.001
158)
-2.97)
___________________________________________________________________________
r2 = Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. P = probability that
no relationship exists between body mass index and the dependent
variable. Intercept = a, slope = b for Y = a + b*X, expressed as mean and
95% confidence intervals.
11
0.98
0.85
0.92
0.005
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.24
0.78
0.92
0.96
0.07
Dependent Variable
PDiet
PBMI
PDiet*BMI
___________________________________________________________________________
Systolic Arterial Pressure
Diastolic Arterial Pressure
Mean Arterial Pressure
Heart Rate
Values 0.05 are bolded.
0.15
0.99
0.48
0.78
<0.001
0.005
<0.001
0.45
0.06
0.78
0.27
0.67
12
13
14
15
0.01, *** P 0.001 for post hoc comparisons with no regular exercise
(Dunnetts test).
16
least
products
(model
2)
regression
analysis.
Regression
coefficients for the ordinary least products analysis are provided in Table
6.
17
18
19
20
21