RESULT

Part A: Free Vortex

a.

Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 1: Data obtained for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Pressure
Diamete

Measured

Pitot tube

head /

Velocity,

Radius,

r2

1/r2

r at

height, h

head

Depth of

V (cm/s)

r (cm)

(cm2)

(1/cm2)

centre, D

(cm)

difference

the pitot

, H (cm)

tube, X

1.00
1.00
1.00

(cm)
0.70
0.40
0.40

44.29
44.29
44.29

0.70
0.65
0.55

0.49
0.42
0.30

2.04
2.37
3.31

(cm)
1.40
1.30
1.10

7.80
8.10
8.10

Pressure head against 1/r2

0.8
0.7
0.6

f(x) = - 0.15x + 0.8

0.5
Pressure head, X (cm)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2.04

2.37

3.31

1/r2 (1/cm2)

Figure 7: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 0.8 cm orifice diameter

Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 0.8 cm orifice diameter

Radius, r (cm)
0.70
0.65
0.55

Actual velocity (cm/s)

44.29
44.29
44.29

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

24.51
26.40
31.20

Velocity against radius

Velocity, V (cm/s)

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.55000000000000004

Actual velocity
Theoretical velocity

0.7

Radius, r (cm)

Figure 8: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 0.8 cm orifice diameter

b.

Orifice diameter = 1.3 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 3: Data obtained for 1.3 cm orifice diameter

Pressure
Diamete

Measured

r at
centre, D
(cm)
2.60
2.50
2.80

height, h
(cm)

7.10
7.30
7.40

Pitot tube

head /

head

Depth of

Velocity,

Radius,

difference

the pitot

V (cm/s)

r (cm)

, H (cm)

tube, X

1.50
1.50
1.50

(cm)
1.40
1.20
1.10

54.25
54.25
54.25

1.30
1.25
1.40

r2 (cm2)

1.69
1.56
1.96

1/r2
(1/cm2)

0.59
0.64
0.51

Pressure head against 1/r2

1.6
1.4
1.2

f(x) = - 0.15x + 1.53

1
Pressure head, X (mm)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.59

0.64

0.51

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 9: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 1.3 cm orifice diameter

Table 4: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 1.3 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
2.60
2.50
2.80

Actual velocity (cm/s)

54.25
54.25
54.25

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

3.81
3.96
3.54

Velocity against radius

Velocity, V (mm/s)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Actual velocity
Theoretical velocity

24

24.5

25

Radius, r (mm)

Figure 10: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 1.3 cm orifice diameter

c.

Orifice diameter = 1.7 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 5: Data obtained for 1.7 cm orifice diameter
Diamete

Measured

Pitot tube

Pressure

Velocity,

Radius,

r at

height, h

head

head /

V (cm/s)

r (cm)

centre, D

(cm)

difference

Depth of

, H (cm)

the pitot

(cm)

r2 (cm2)

1/r2
(1/cm2)

tube, X
3.80
3.60
3.70

7.50
7.40
7.80

1.70
1.70
1.70

(cm)
1.00
1.10
0.70

57.75
57.75
57.75

1.90
1.80
1.85

3.61
3.24
3.42

0.28
0.31
0.29

Pressure head against 1/r2

Pressure head, X (mm)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

f(x) = 0.05x + 0.83

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 11: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 1.7 cm orifice diameter

Table 6: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 1.7 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
3.80
3.60
3.70

Actual velocity (cm/s)

57.75
57.75
57.75

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

450
400
350
300
Velocity, V (mm/s)

250

Actual velocity

200

Theoretical velocity

150
100
50
0
23

23.5

29.5

Radius, r (mm)

Figure 12: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 1.7 cm orifice diameter

d.

Orifice diameter = 2.4 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 7: Data obtained for 2.4 cm orifice diameter
Diamete

Measured

Pitot tube

Pressure

Velocity,

Radius,

r at

height, h

head

head /

V (cm/s)

r (cm)

centre, D

(cm)

difference

Depth of

, H (cm)

the pitot

(cm)

r2 (cm2)

1/r2
(1/cm2)

tube, X
4.00
4.80
4.90

7.30
7.00
7.10

(cm)
1.20
1.50
1.40

2.00
2.00
2.40

62.64
62.64
68.62

2.00
2.40
2.45

4.00
5.76
6.00

0.25
0.17
0.17

Pressure head against 1/r2

1.6
1.4

f(x) = - 0.1x + 1.57

1.2
1
Pressure head, X (mm)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.17

0.17

0.25

1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 13: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 2.4 cm orifice diameter

Table 8: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 2.4 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
4.00
4.80
4.90

Actual velocity (cm/s)

62.64
62.64
68.62

Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

Velocity against radius

400
350
300
250

Actual velocity

200

Velocity, V (mm/s)

Theoretical velocity

150
100
50
0
14.5

16.5

17

Radius, r (mm)

Figure 14: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 2.4 cm orifice diameter

Part B: Forced Vortex

Table 9: Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value
Distance
1

from
centre
(mm)

h0 (cm)
2nd

st

Measured

Theoretica
l

Measured

3rd

Theoretica

Measure

Theoretical

0
30
70
110
No of
revolution

6.0
6.4
6.6
7.0

6.0
63.55
69.99
80.38

8.2
8.3
8.7
8.9

8.2
78.58
83.17
93.82

10.3
10.4
10.5
10.8

10.3
94.62
99.36
109.31

35

34

34

velocity

3.67

3.56

3.56

(rad/s)
LPM

10.00

10.59

12.86

s in 60s
Angular

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)

Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 15: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

Measured
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)

Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 16: Graph of vortex profile for the 2nd trial

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

Measured
Linear (Measured)
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)

Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)

Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 17: Graph of vortex profile for the 3rd trial

CALCULATIONS