The history of film began in the 1890s, when motion picture cameras were invented and film

production companies started to be established. Because of the limits of technology, films of the
1890s were under a minute long and until 1927 motion pictures were produced without sound. The
first decade of motion picture saw film moving from a novelty to an established large-scale
entertainment industry. The films became several minutes long consisting of several shots. The first
rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1898. The first film studios were built in 1897.
Special effects were introduced and film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into
another, began to be used. In the 1900s, continuity of action across successive shots was achieved
and the first close-up shot was introduced (that some claim D. W. Griffith invented). Most films of this
period were what came to be called "chase films". The first use of animation in movies was in 1899.
The first feature length multi-reel film was a 1906 Australian production. The first successful
permanent theatre showing only films was "The Nickelodeon" in Pittsburgh in 1905. By 1910, actors
began to receive screen credit for their roles, and the way to the creation of film stars was opened.
Regular newsreels were exhibited from 1910 and soon became a popular way for finding out the
news. Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in Australia and
in all European countries except France.
New film techniques were introduced in this period including the use of artificial lighting, fire effects
and low-key lighting (i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during
sinister scenes. As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex
stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel and be easier to
be understood by the audience an audience that was new to this form of
storytelling. Genres began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama,
but these categories were further subdivided. During the First World War there was a complex
transition for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programs to
feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices. By 1914,
continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity
techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another.
D. W. Griffith had the highest standing among American directors in the industry, because of the
dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films. The American industry, or
"Hollywood", as it was becoming known after its new geographical center in California, gained the
position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to
most countries. By the 1920s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output,
producing an average of 800 feature films annually,[1] or 82% of the global total (Eyman, 1997).
During late 1927, Warner's released The Jazz Singer, with the first synchronized dialogue (and
singing) in a feature film. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several
competing sound systems (soon to be standardized). Sound saved the Hollywood studio system in
the face of the Great Depression (Parkinson, 1995).
The desire for wartime propaganda created a renaissance in the film industry in Britain, with realistic
war dramas. The onset of American involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films
as both patriotism and propaganda. The House Un-American Activities Committee investigated
Hollywood in the early 1950s. During the immediate post-war years the cinematic industry was also
threatened by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres

would bankrupt and close. Following the end of World War II in the 1940s, the following decade, the
1950s, marked a 'Golden Age' for non-English world cinema.
Roundhay Garden Scene is an 1888 short silent film recorded by French inventor Louis Le Prince. It
is believed to be the oldest surviving film in existence, as noted by the Guinness Book of Records.
[2]
The film Sortie de l'usine Lumire de Lyon (1895) by French Louis Lumire is considered the "first
true motion picture