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Analysis of An Electrical Transformer: A Bond Graph Approach
Analysis of An Electrical Transformer: A Bond Graph Approach
I. I NTRODUCTION
RANSFORMERS make large power systems possible. To
transmit hundreds of megawatts of power efficiently over
long distances. The main uses of electrical transformers are for
changing the magnitude of an AC voltage providing electrical
isolation, and matching the load impedance to the source [1].
On the other hand, a bond graph is a model of a dynamic
system where a collection of components interact with each
other through energy ports. A bond graph consist of subsystems linked by lines to show the energetic connections. It can
represent a variety of energy types and can describe how the
power flows through the system [2], [3].
In [4] a magnetic circuit model of power transformer which
takes into account the nonlinear hysteresis phenomenon is
analyzed. However, this paper uses a special nonlinear function
to introduce the hysteresis.
In [6] a bond graph model of a transformer based on a
nonlinear conductive magnetic circuit is described. Here, the
state space nonlinear magnetic model has to be known.
Therefore, in this paper bond graph models of a transformer
with two windings using an L-field and W I element are
proposed. The relationship between these models allow to
determine the self and mutual inductances equations in terms
of leakage and magnetizing inductances of each winding.
Moreover, bond graph models with L-field and W I elements
of a transformer with three windings in order to obtain the
relation between both models are proposed. Also, a basic
electromagnetic model for the magnetizing branch of a transformer with two or three windings in the physical domain
is described. This magnetizing branch consists of a resistor
and inductance. However, in order to introduce the magnetic
saturation a nonlinear function is used.
The outline of the paper is as follows: Section II gives some
basic elements of the modelling in bond graph. Section III
summarizes the model of a two winding transformer including
the flux linkage and voltage equations. A bond graph model of
= I{
= Ig {
= OGlq
{
G
V11 V12 V13 V14 9
9 rxw
=
7 x
Glq
V21 V22 V23
0
{ g
}g
W
= V14
}
(1)
(2)
(3)
6
:
:
8
(4)
The entries of V take values inside the set {0> 1> p> q}
where p and q are transformer and gyrator modules; V11 and
V22 are square skew-symmetric matrices and V12 and V21 are
matrices each other negative transpose. The state equation is,
137
{ = D{ + Ex
(5)
where
D = H 1 (V11 + V12 P V21 ) I
E = H 1 (V13 + V12 P V23 )
(6)
(7)
being
H
P
W
= Lq + V14 Ig1 V14
I
= (Lq OV22 )
1
(8)
(9)
(10)
D = I DI 1
E = IE
(11)
(12)
!o1
!p
and Sp =
.
Q1 l1
Q1 l1 + Q2 l2
Similarly, the flux linkage of winding 2 can be expressed
as,
2 = Q2 (!o2 + !p )
(17)
where So1 =
where
(16)
(18)
The resulting flux linkage equations for the two magnetically coupled windings, expressed in terms of the winding
inductances are,
1
O11 O12
l1
=
(19)
2
O21 O22
l2
where O11 and O22 are the self-inductances of the windings,
and O12 and O21 are the mutual inductances between them.
Note that the self-inductance of the primary can be divided
into two components, the primary leakage inductance, Oo1 and
the primary magnetizing inductance, Op1 > which are defined
by,
O11 = Oo1 + Op1
(20)
where Oo1 = Q12 So1 and Op1 = Q12 l1 Sp .
Likewise, for winding 2
O22 = Oo2 + Op2
(21)
= Q1 Q2 l2 Sp
= Q1 Q2 l1 Sp
(22)
(23)
Q2 O12
Q2 !p
=
= Q22 Sp =
=
l2
Q1
Q2
Q1
Op1
(24)
= !o1 + !p
= !o2 + !p
(13)
(14)
B. Voltage Equations
The induced voltage in winding 1 is given by,
h1 =
g1
gl1
gl2
= O11
+ O12
gw
gw
gw
(25)
where !o1 and !o2 are the leakage flux components of windings
1 and 2, respectively. Assuming that Q1 turns of winding 1
effectively link !p and !o1 , the flux linkage of winding 1 is
defined by,
1 = Q1 !1 = Q1 (!o1 + !p )
(15)
138
h1 = Oo1
gl1
g (l1 + (Q2 @Q1 ) l2 )
+ Op1
gw
gw
(26)
gl2
g (l2 + (Q1 @Q2 ) l1 )
+ Op2
gw
gw
(27)
y1
y2
u1 l1
u2 l2
Oo1 + Op1
dOp2
1
d Op1
Oo2 + Op2
6
gl1
9 gw :
7 gl 8
2
gw
(28)
where d = Q1 @Q2 .
Next section a bond graph model of a transformer with two
windings is proposed.
s2
h2
i2
{ =
; { =
;} =
(34)
s6
h6
i6
i3
h3
h1
Glq =
; Grxw =
;x =
i5
h5
h10
{g = s9 ; { g = s9 ; }g = i9
s3
h3
i3
{ =
; { =
;} =
(29)
s4
h4
i4
i2
h2
h1
Glq =
; Grxw =
;x =
i5
h5
h6
E = H 1 I L2
(32)
From (11) > (12) > (30) > (31) and (32) the state space
representation is,
} =
1
O22
O12
O12
O11
U1
0
0
U2
}+
h1
h6
(33)
Now, a bond graph model of a transformer with two
windings using leakage inductance, Oo and the magnetizing
inductance, Op in each winding is proposed in Fig 4.
1 d1
(38)
0
U2
(40)
(30)
(31)
W
= V12 = V13 = L2 ; V14
=
= V22 = V23 = 0
From (8) > (36) > (37) and (38) the relationship between the
storage field in integral causality and the storage element in
derivative causality is,
6
5
Op
Op
1+
:
9
dOo2
(39)
H = 7 O Oo1
Op 8
p
1+ 2
dOo1
d Oo2
O11 O12
1
I
=
O12 O22
(35)
(36)
(37)
(41)
Note that (40) is the same result considering the self and
mutual inductances.
If we use the following numerical values of the parameters
of the transformer, the simulation of the two bond graph
models can be compared.
The numerical values of the parameters of the bond graph of
Fig. 4 are Oo1 = 1=59pK, Oo2 = 6=34pK, Op = 3=19pK,
U1 = 4
, U2 = 16
> d = 10> and comparing (33) with
(40) and (41) yields O1 = 4=78pK, O2 = 19=1pK and
O12 = 6=38pK. Also, the simulation of both bond graph is
shown in Fig. 5.
139
lOp = tan
Op
0=0319
(42)
By using the same numerical values of the transformer parameters of previous section with Up = 80
and considering a
linear performance of the core, the Fig. 7 shows the simulation
of this transformer.
The hysteresis losses and the nonlinear magnetizing inductance performance of the proposed bond graph model is shown
in Fig. 10.
140
From (11) > (12) > (44) > (45) and (46) the matrices of the
state space are,
5
6
5
6
Ud
0
0
h1
s = I 7 h9 8 (47)
Ue
0 8; E
Ds = I 7 0
0
0
Uf
h7
Also, a bond graph model using the leakage and magnetizing inductances in each winding is proposed in Fig 13.
(43)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(44)
(45)
where
W
= 1 d1
d1
1
2
V14
6
h1
h9 8
h7
1
1
1
>
>
Ood Oo2 Ooe
(48)
1
Opd
O = gldj {Ud > U2 > Ue }
Ig
= gldj
{g = s6
{ g = h6
}g = i6
6
(46)
141
9
H=9
7
Opd
Ood
1
d1 Opd
Oo d
d1
2 Opd
Ood
1+
d1
1 Opd
Oo2
d2 O
1 + 1 Oo2pd
1
d1
1 d2 Opd
Oo2
d1
2 Opd
Ooe
1 1
d1 d2 Opd
Ooe
d1 O
1 + 2 Ooepd
(53)
(54)
6
:
:
8
(55)
= Ood + Opd
= Ooe + d2
1 Opd
= Oo2 + d2
2 Opd
(56)
(57)
(58)
= d11 Opd
= d21 Opd
= d11 d1
2 Opd
(59)
(60)
(61)
The relationship between the bond graph with three windings and two windings shows that, Q1 = Qd + Qe , U1 =
d
Ud + Ue and Oo1 = Ood + Ooe which yields Ud = Q
Q1 U1 ;
2
2
Qd
Qe
d
U1 , Upd = Q
Ue = Q
Up > Ood = Q 2 +Q
2 Oo1 > Ooe =
Q1
1
d
e
2
2
Qe
d
O and Opd = Q
Op1 .
Q1
Qd2 +Qe2 o1
The numerical parameters of the bond graph models of Fig.
12 and 13 are: O3 = 3=538pK> O4 = 6=4676pK> O5 =
0=1254pK, P35 = 0=2552pK> P34 = 0=5104pK> P45 =
0=0638pK, Ud = 3=2
> Ue = 0=8
> U2 = 16
, d1 = 8>
d2 = 4> Yd = 20 sin (377w) Y , Ye = 80 sin(377w)Y and Y2 =
60 sin (377w) Y . From (56) to (61) yields Ood = 1=4964pK,
Ooe = 0=09352pK, Oo2 = 6=34pK, Opd = 2=0416pK. The
response of the both equivalent transformers is shown in Fig.
14.
142