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Design of Beams With Holes
Design of Beams With Holes
96-874
different types offailure:' tabeted as beam-type and Jri1me-~)'pe jail11res. 'I'he design for the." beam-type failure zs accol!l/>lis!ied on tile
baszs ef tile fanziliar skew-bending theo1y far torslon zn concrete
beanis. Us1.11g the Australian approach, the problen1. ef conzbined
Loading zs reduced to the usual jlezuraL and shear de~-1g11 procedures.
F'or frame-f)t)e failure, recoinmendatzons are gzven on t/ze basis of
a"(}ailable ll!forrnatzon to achieve a satzifactory deszgn. The 1netllod is
illustrated by a numerical eJ:ampLe.
Keywords: beams; bent.ling; Jes1gn;
r~1nforceJ
INTRODUCTION
'---
Mode 1 failure
1"'he assu1ned failure sur[1ce tOr I'v1ode 1 1s sho\\'ll 1n Fig. 1.
The slte\\'ed co1npress1on zone at tl1e top 111;1!\es an angle 8, to
the norn1ai cross section and is .101ned by a tension crack spiraling at a constant angle around tl1e bean1.~ The resultant of the
forces deYeloped 111 the longitudinal bars intercepted by the
tension zone 1s F 0 and the force 111 the botto1n Jegs of stirrups
that cross tile failure surface is F,"'1 Si1nilarJy, F'.. ~, and F:;.. are
the forces 111 the vertical legs of the long.and short Rttrrups, respect1\'ely. Let the fOrces F, and F,('}1 be located respectnely u.t
Ys and )\l'h belo\v the center of co1npress1on C.
Taking 1110111ents about the axis A-A, \Vhich passes througll
the center of cornpress1on, Hasnat and .A. khtaruzzan1an .: obtained the follo\Ylng. eq uilibntnn equation
ACJ Srnu:I11ral Journal, V. 96, No. 5,'Septcmbcr-October 1999.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
rfhi.s paper deals \\"Ith reinforced Concrete beall1S \\"lt/1 SlnaJl
openings subjected to predonllnant torsion. On tile basis of
Received J:.i\y 16, 1997, and reviewed under Jnslltute publicatrnn policies. Copyright 1999, American Concrete 1nsututc. All rights reserved. rncJucling the making
of copies unl;:ss pennissmn is obrnmed from the copyright proonctors. Pcrunent discussion will be published in the Juh-August 2000 AC/ S1r11c//ira/ Juunwl if received
bv l'Vforcl1 J, 2000.
675
~fau~ur,
111 t111!
:-,~.
'" I r;11 ;. frsilY of Singapore. 1-le received his e11g111eermg degrees from Bangfadesll
.\ ~twr..i
'
.
.
r
Cr.rrcrsitr ofEilgwW:i-11ga11d Tec/1110/0/Jf, _Dfiaf,;a, and !11s Pl1Dfrom the Umvers1ty of1'. ew
Sou:Ji lfilftf, ii11stral1a. 1-le was a co-rec1/mmt eft/1e .-/Cl ~\faur1ce P. l'Ofl Buren, St~ctu~al
E.:_~mNrlllglft!'ard in 198~ and 199!2. lie IS a member cg AC! Committee 5-t.9, Tli~1z Rem-.
tfir((l (~mrnt. P~odticls. His research J//leresls mc/ude topics related to reu!forced J'lrllCturat
,,,,:,rde.Jiber -rn1if_orce111e11t m co11crete, andftrrote/1/e11t.
I lop
~
"'A;
b tnn B1
%;,;,,
Side
,Bottom,
Side
R~
x ;
i--:1---i
cruel<
0
1--1~~
Opernng
0
tan0 1
btan8 1
b
+ 2D
tan8 1
(I + 2a)
(+)
vvhere a= Dlb and hand Dare the overall \Vidth and c!eptl1 of
solid cross sect:on of the bea1n. If /fwllenotes the area of one leg
of the stirrups, andfi.:1.1s its yield strength, then
AH. fvw
n
'.; ;: : __._x 1 tan1
(5)
( 1I
(6)
Aw fv\\'
2r:i:
M 01 + - - - x 1y 1 ( l + 2a)tan !-'!
in \Vhich Al, 'f,: and v are the bending mo1nent, torsion, and
transverse s!l<!ar applied at n1idsect1on of the opening.
'
The three etp._ress1ons
on the right-hand side ofEq. (1) represent the co1l.tl,'jbut1ons from longitudinal steel, the bottom
legs of st1rrUp$/:,-~nd the vertical legs of stirrups, respectively.
~J\Vever, forc~S!,ln tile vertical legs of the stirrups have a lever
a:rin about A-A',',So small that their contributions to the resisting mo1nentfOi'.~_Mode 1 failure may be neglected .. Thus, dropping the third ~~Xbress1on on the right-hand side, and dividing
the resulting eQ\1._?tion by cos8 1 , Eq. (I) reduces to
(2)
\.vhere
2
b + bD
(S)
2b+4D
tan~ 1
(7)
T+ V(I + 2o:)tan0 1 +M
2
.
(8)
Eq. (_7) and (8) are useful for direct design. For example, if
suitable values (as grven In the subsequent article) are selected
for tanB 1 and a, the requ1red quant1t1es of stirrup and longitudinal re1nforce1nent can be calculated from Eq. (_8) and (7), respectively. The strength equation, similar to that obtained by
Hasnat and ..-\khtaruzzarnan, 2 may be obtained by eliminating
tan~, from Eq. (7) and (8).
676
Mode 2 failure
II
SI
I'
LI
-~-~
..
,..,,.,,.,,., ""--~.:::SO::'o-=-'--.-
,,.-; .,.,,._,.,"~'""" -
~--.,-~-~-'
ti
cc
Ill
s
Jlj(
sh
AC
Mo2 + A-,-s~
w f vw x y' ( 1 +
1 \
~A
}-':?,
y;
tanS 2
Min1n~1z~ion of
tan0 2
= Dtan8 2
D+2b
( 10)
1+2/a
=
(' T+ V x,)
2
Aw
fyw , tan 2
X1Y1
Fig.
s~lvlode
( 11)
( 12)
The strength equation for Mode 2 may be obtained by eli1n1nat1ng tan~~ fro1n Eq. (11_) and. (12).
Mode 3 f.ailure
The an.3i)rs1s _for Modes is snnilar to that for Mode
i. In this
case, the skewed compression zone is at the bottom instead of
at the top;:The equations for Mode 1 can be used to denve the
equations :Cor Mode 3 by turning the beam upside do\Vn and
taking Af:::. ..:...1Vf, V= -V, and~,= ~:i Eq. (7) and (8) thus respecnvely becoipe
(13)
s1111ilar
equation
l.6y
/l+b
\Vas
proposed
T-V(1+2a)tano-M
= M o3
P_,
(H)
rfhc tcrn1_:JYf0 .~ IS the pure flexural Strength In negative benJSi1ni1Uf _to Modes 1 and 2. the strength equat1on fOr Mode
.'3 ffiilure 1lutybe obtained by elinunat1ng tan~:> from Eq. (IS)
1ng.
if
and ( l '1'),
,_
'Y
g
.\1
al
cal
,_
of
( 15)
II
IS
by
1--Iasnat
and
given as
L2y
( V eq ) o::; V11+-;
11
( 16)
677
,o
The transverse reinforcen1ent is obtained fro1n Eq. (I 8). Introducing a capacity reduction factor <j>, the follo,v1ng equation
is obtained
-;rijOctes
(22)
tanP, =
(17)
( 18)
( 19)
1nonient, and ttl.e shear force at the center of the opening are
h:no\YJL Thus,: 4\f
11111 , T =: T 11 , and V = !r11 , des1gnat1ng the
first tenn of Ee\: (19) as M 1.q(i) the equivalent 1noment due to
torsion and ~dlef!r in Mode 1 failure, that is
111
\Yhicb
ranp 2
:::::
)!+2/cx
(S5)
(20)
1n \vhich 11lrg(.'1.)' the equivalent n1oment due to shear and torsion for Mode 2 failure, 1s given by
'"fhe des1gnel':t~hooses a Yalue of a(.= Dlb) if the sectional di1nens1ons ar~ riO~ given or l\110\Vn rn advailce, evaluates Mfq{l)'
and then finds the Yalue of /l.!01 The section and the 1ong1tudinaJ re1nf(lrcon1ent inust be designed for this 1no1nent usrng the
norinal flexu1a1 ',d.es1gn procedure. It 1nay be easily sho\Yl1 that
the flexural des~gn procedure for a bea1n \\'lth an opening re1na1ns essen t111lls:the san1e as that of a solid beain, provided tl1e
opening does n()'t :reduce tbe concrete area necessary fOr the de\eJop1nent oi:theco1npress1ve stress block at ulti1nate. Ho\\'ever,
if the open11ig c:ti.ts 1natenal ti"Olll the co1npression zone and.
thereb)', redUl,"(~S 'the concrete area required fOr tl1e de\'elop1nent of tile c.tfr1'11lress1ve stress block at ultnnate, then tile reduced are.a ofcohCrete in con1press1on should be accounted for
111 de.sign.
678
M,qt 2 , =
(r,,-v,,~).J1+2/cx
(27)
(28)
(_29)
\vhich d1/ D::; 0.-1' or. 111 other ,,ords. for the present design
proposci/, the deptJ1/ dian1eter d,, of opening is restricted to 0.4
tunes t11e overall depth of beam D.
l\no\V,lhg the equivalent shear for the shear co1npress1on
n1ode, st.irrups can be designed on the basis of the nonnal shear
design prov1s1ons. If the steel_ area Aw thus detennined is greater
than that already found dunng the previous design steps, the
larger, q4ant1ty should be adOpted.
Prifna'Q.1 co1npresszonfailure-The design fOr the three flexural
1nodcS of.failure, 1.e., Mode 1, 2, ands, rs carried out by follo\.v1ng th~ normal flexural design procedure. \.Vhich involves a li1nJtat10n 011 the area of longitudinal steel for ductility reasons. It
is conSit.lered that this lim1tat1on will insure that the bean1 is
under-reihtOrced with respect to tt1e longitudinal steel.
rn ca~e of a prrsn1at1c beam under torsion, the Australian
Coch: 1 ~. ~Uggests that the primary compress1on failure by
crushin:g:.of concrete diagonals rnay be avoided by 1nsur1ng that
in
ef bea1n
x, + Y1
s<--or s::;.300 inm
4
('33)
(SO)
whichr~ver JS
uons
t1~~1p!-/n11tted
through thenl.
~ro
...:r al.~' ha\'C suggested that tJ1e applied transverse shear be <lisoibuteJ bet\veen the cross 1nen1bers- in proportion to their
(ross-sectional areas. Si1nilarly, the applied torque 1nay be as~11111ed to be res1steJ by the couple tOr1ned by the resultant of
lateral slldHi stresses in the cross 1ne1nbers, as justified in the
\\ork of'I\iansur et al.i'l Thus, referring to Fig. 5. the lateral
shear r~::-_iS.given by
(VJ,
(32)
in \\-hict1 f.ts the distance fio1n the longitudinal axis of the bean1
tu the plastic centroid ofa chord, and the subscripts tand b re\~r
less.
The sa1ne detailing requ1ren1ents for stirrups s!1ould apply to
a bea1n \V1th s1nall openings tOr the section through anJ beyond
the opening.
Here. design tOr the bearn-type failure \\'ill fix the top and
botton1 Jong1tudinal re1nforce1nent for the overall section and
tile requ1re1nents of .stirrups for the solid section outside the
opening. 'Design fOr ih1n1e-type failure will gtve the a111ount ot
vertical and horizontal lcg.s of stirrups 111 each croHs 111cn1ber
tOr vertical and lateral shear, respectively. Tile larger a111ount
should be adopted in the tOnn of closed stirrups subject to the
spacing li1111t ofEq. (_SO) .-\I.so, nonunal longitudinal bars 111ust
be used at the top and botto1n of the opening for anchorage of
these short stirrups. --ro contain the gro\\"th of cracli.S, nonunal
diagonal bars should also be added next to the edges of tile
opening norn1ai to the direction of potential craching due to applied loading. These bars should be arranged in such <1 \Vay to
avoid any possible contl1s1on and construction error.
DESIGN EXAMPLE
A S00-1nm-dian1eter opening is to be proYided througll a reinforced concrete bean1 of rectangular cross section, l00-1nrn
\\'ide and soo-1n1n deep. The beain 1s subjected to co1nbined
torsion, bending, and shear. rrhe opening is located at lnidclepth of the bean1, and tl1e 11101nents anct shear at the section
through tl1e center of opening due to factored load.'> are T 11 =
120 kNn1, J/11 :::;:; 250 ld\1 rn, and !7;, = 100 kN. Design the rc1nforce1nent for the opening region of the bcan1, using}; ~ SO
MPa,J,. J,,. J,," ->20 MPa.
= = =
SOLUTION
Design for beam-type failure
Check adequacy of the section:
Equivalent shear [Eq. (29)]
300) 120
V,q(,cJ = 100 + (L6 - SOQ Q.4
467.5 kN
679
1 ~
d = 800-(25-r10 + 12.5) = 752.5 mm
= (0.85)(0.83)J3(i(400)(752.5 -300)(10-
-S- - {ji
V,qlc)
2f,.w(d, - d 0 )
in \Vhich d~., the distance bet1\'een the top and botto111 longitudinal re1nforc1ng bars is "" 71 1.5 nun. "fherefore
= 698 kN
7.
Since [ r~,J ,;;,r~ 6 !'"eif..sc) the cross section IS adequate.
IJcsign. 6f ina1n 1ong1tudinal steel:
f'pr the p,;hen cross section, a= 2, and= 120 nun [by Eq.
(:>)j. Eq. {~l)tl,lus gives
M
"
= (!20+!00x0.!2)J(l
+2x2)+250
= 545
kNm
M,." 131
kNm
M," 12 i
Thus, Jl11 :::: 250 kNm > 0.5Meq('J.) Hence, there IS no danger
of a Mode 2 failure for the section.
Design of.silrrups:
For torszon--Assu111ing that IO-zn1n-dia1neter bars are used
fOr stirrups with .a clear concrete cover of25 n11n, x 1 ::::: .'340 1nm:
Yi::::: 740 n11u;y{:'~S80m1n.Also.Melf(.i)::::: 545-250::::: 295 kNm,
and lvl,,9("1)::::: 194', kN1n. Eq. (2Q) and -(28) therefore respectively
give
I .[
il.85
(295)106
(4)(340)(740)(420)
J= 0.82
50.000
= 0.69 mm2/mm
(0.85)(420)(202.5)
A,,
s
This is larger than the minimum shear reinforcement prescribed in the code. 1+ Hence, s::::. 157/0.69::::: 227 1nm. As this
spacing 1s larger than d/2 = 101 1nm, uses::::: 100 1n1n for the
vertical legs.
Lateral slzea1'--The lateral shear 1s given by Eq. (S2) as
vu = 120/0.55 = 218
kN
\\Tith b:::: :250 1nm, and d:::: 400- (_25 + 10 + 12.5)::::: 352.5 min
v,
= 68 kN
mm2/mm
A,.
s
, . - i';[' (194)10. J
-; - iJ.85 (4)(340)(380)(420) =
'
l. 59 n1m-/n1n1
and
J=
A,, = -'-[
(467.5)10
s
0.85 2(711.5-300)(420)
218 .ooo
(0.85 )( 420 )(352.5)
and
05
2
l.
mm /mm
~fhe latti qua.i~~ity governs. Assu1nu1g 10-111111-diaineter stirrups, s=- 18 ..~I l~O!l:::: 74.,7 nun, say 701nm.1~his spacing should
680
= 157/1.73
90.7 mm>d/4
= 88
mm
"'
..,,..,_."""".,...,......,.
.-,..,~-
'"'"'-'"'"""-''''-'~=.-.::;:.~:o.:,
..
.,.,.,....~,,~.,..,,.,,-~-.-.,.,-,--
9 spm;es
<tD
70 mm
g spum @ 70 mm
400 mm
21::0 -
~: : i:='.!'.l ~
~;;;;;;;;-il:
I-
~~~~--'
Fig. 6-ReznfOrcernent details cf beam ln deszgn e.xarnp!e (2T 12 1neans tivol 2-1n1n-dia1neter
bars with yield strength ef ~6'0 MPa).
_
9
c
c
AsJ~
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
1~he :arrange1nent
bending n1oinent
Al,,
J/111 J.fO~> .'vf,,;)
JI,,
CONCLUSIONS
)'i_
J'1
r
T,.
T,.
,..
r:'J(tl
.",,
::::
[!'11],,,,,J'
::::
""'
CONVERSION FACTORS
I Ill.
J:..ip
ft-kip
I
i ]>;;I
~J.-J !lllll
t.H.S kN
! ..'.3.5G k::-\111
6.S9.5 1-IPa
r'
!'.,
1orsion 1 ~;,1?ending, and shear. It 1s inainly based on the ske\\'bending!,':~heory for torsion 1n concrete beams. Ho\vever, the
possibil!tY of a fia1ne-type f~1ilure 1node has been recognized
rcspecu\ely
angle between concrete compression zone and
transH!rsc plane for Mode i, ~,and :3 failure, respectl\'elv
see Eq. (:3)
capac1n n.duction factor
REFERENCES
1. 1-h~nson,
NOTATIONS
~
secnon
681