Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cyclic Constitutive Model For Concrete
Cyclic Constitutive Model For Concrete
JEST: 2271
pp. 112
ARTICLE IN PRESS
PR
OO
www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct
Abstract
CT
ED
A constitutive model for concrete subjected to cyclic loadings in both compression and tension is presented. The proposed model is intended
to provide improvements on modelling the cyclic behaviour of concrete structures in the context of computational programs based on a smeared
crack approach. Particular emphasis has been paid to the description of the strength and stiffness degradation produced by the load cycling in both
tension and compression, the shape of unloading and reloading curves and the transition between opening and closing of cracks. Two independent
damage parameters in compression and in tension have been introduced to model the concrete degradation due to increasing loads. In the case of
cyclic compressive loading, the model has been derived from experimental results obtained by other authors by considering the dependency of
the cyclic variables with the damage level attained by the concrete. In the case of cyclic tension a simple model is adopted based on experimental
observations. The main novelty of the proposed constitutive model lays in the fact that all the required input data can be obtained through the
conventional monotonic compression and tension tests.
c 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd
1. Introduction
RE
2
3
4
UN
CO
R
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Q1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
2
un
re
pl
0
re
rev
n=1,2
un
+
un
re
rev
E0
E pl
E re
1
E pl
E new
f0
f c0
f op
n=1,2
f un
f ct
Gf
l
f
0f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CT
ED
ct
RE
op
UN
CO
R
0
c0
PR
OO
Notation
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
PR
OO
CT
ED
the experimental data from Sinha et al. [1], Karsan and Jirsa [3],
Spooner and Dougill [13], Okamoto et al. [14] and Tanigawa
et al. [15]. The same expressions proposed by the authors for
compression were used for the tension cyclic response.
Bahn and Hsu [6] developed a parametric study and
an experimental investigation on the behaviour of concrete
under random cyclic compressive loading. They studied in
a semiempirical way a set of parameters that control the
overall shape of cyclic stressstrain curve. This was carried
out by combining the theoretical simulation and a series of
experimental results. A power type equation was proposed for
the unloading curve and a linear relationship for the reloading
curve.
A constitutive model for concrete consistent with a
compression field approach (Modified Compression Field
Theory, Vecchio and Collins [16]) was proposed by Palermo
and Vecchio [9]. The concrete cyclic model presented by the
authors considers concrete in both compression and tension.
The unloading and reloading curves are linked to the envelope
curves, which are represented by the monotonic response
curves. Unloading is modelled using a RambergOsgood
formulation, considering boundary conditions at the onset of
unloading and at a zero stress. Reloading is modelled as a
linear curve with degrading reloading stiffness. This model
also considers the case of partial unloadingreloading and
a linear crack-closing function. All the model parameters
were statistically derived from tests developed by others
authors.
An extension of the Softened Membrane Model (Hsu and
Zhu [17]) subjected to reversal cyclic shear stresses, has been
presented by Mansour and Hsu [8]. This work includes a cyclic
uniaxial constitutive relationship for concrete that takes into
account a softening of the concrete compressive strength
caused by a constant tensile strain in the orthogonal direction.
The unloading and reloading curves were formed by a set of
pieced linear curves.
More recently, Sakai and Kawashima [18] proposed an
unloading and reloading model for concrete confined by
transverse reinforcement. This model is based on tests results
on reinforced concrete column specimens. It considers the
effect of repeated unloading/reloading cycles and partial
unloadingreloading by taking into account the number of
cycles.
Under real cyclic or dynamic actions, concrete may
experience complex loading processes involving not only full
unloadingreloading cycles in compression or tension, but also
partial unloading and reloading processes and mixed cycles
involving compression and tension stresses and cracking. Some
of the models available focus on particular aspects of the
cyclic behaviour. Thus, Karsan and Jirsa [3], Yankelevsky and
Reinhardt [4], Mander, Priestley and Park [5] or Bahn and
Hsu [6] are oriented to the compressive regime. Moreover,
Karsan and Jirsa [3], Yankelevsky and Reinhardt [4], Mander,
Priestley and Park [5] deal with only total unloading and
reloading processes. The principal shortcomings of other
models is the unusual set of parameters required for their entire
definition, such is the case of many models based on the theory
RE
UN
CO
R
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
= E
0
0
0
0
(1)
= 0 (1 A) + Ae c E 0 > 0
PR
OO
where
12
13
where
B=
f c0 0 E 0
A=
.
(2)
0
0
u
1
0 1 0
c0
0
0
f op c e
op f c e c
0
0
1 u
0 1
0
0
op e c
E 0 c0 e c
CT
ED
E0
0
1
0
c0 e c
41
(6)
and
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
where
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
= 1
0
(1 A) Ae
0
c0
RE
15
UN
CO
R
14
= B + Ce
E0
> c0
E 0 c0 e
43
f c0 f op
0
1
c0
op e
0
c0
1 u
0
(7)
44
45
46
47
48
= 1
B
Ce
0
c0
> c0 .
(9)
49
(4)
2.2. Unloading and reloading curves
0
00
C=
42
(5)
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
5
Fig. 2. Typical cyclic compression test from Karsan and Jirsa (1969).
PR
OO
Fig. 4. Relationship between the reloading damage and the unloading damage
obtained by means of statistical regression on selected experimental results.
=D e
D 2 1 un pl
CT
ED
pl
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
RE
UN
CO
R
r (1 un )
(r 1)
31
32
33
E 0 pl
(10)
where
D1 =
30
34
35
D 2 = Ln
R(1 un )(r 1)
r
(11)
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.F. Sima et al. / Engineering Structures xx (xxxx) xxxxxx
CT
ED
Fig. 5. Relationship between the reloading stiffness and the unloading damage
obtained by statistical regression on selected experimental results.
PR
OO
= un +
re un
( un )
pl un
(12)
UN
CO
R
RE
Fig. 6. Relationship between the unloading strain-plastic strain ratio and the
unloading damage obtained by means of statistical regression on selected
experimental results.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(13)
17
18
19
re un
(rev un )
pl un
(14)
where rev is the strain at the reversal point (Fig. 8). The
compressive damage remains equal to rev during the reloading
path.
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
7
PR
OO
3
4
A1 1
= B1e
where
R1
A1 = Ln
B1
8
9
10
pl
1
un
pl
E 0 pl
CT
ED
(15)
1
f un
B1 =
1 1 r1
E 0 un
(16)
E re E pl 1
1
un pl + E pl
E pl
=
re pl
RE
(17)
18
12
13
14
15
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
UN
CO
R
17
11
= E 0 ct e
1
(18)
ct
G f E0
l f ct2
1
2
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
0
(19)
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
8
PR
OO
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
+ = 1
ct
e
1
ct
=
(22)
E0
ct
16
17
4. Transition curves
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
UN
CO
R
18
(21)
CT
ED
where
RE
f0
f = 0f = c .
10
(23)
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
9
PR
OO
RE
CT
ED
Fig. 12. Cyclic compression test by Okamoto et al. [14] ( f c0 = 30.0 MPa).
UN
CO
R
Fig. 13. Cyclic compression test by Okamoto et al. [14] ( f c0 = 40.0 MPa).
Fig. 14. Cyclic compression test by Tanigawa et al. [15] ( f c0 = 40.0 MPa).
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
10
Table 1
Input data used for the compressive verification examples
c0
E0
op
f op
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
30.0
40.0
40.0
0.0020
0.0019
0.0020
25 500
39 000
40 000
0.0070
0.0072
0.0074
4.0
4.0
3.3
Q2 Table 2
1
2
3
4
Total
Experimental
Present model
N/mm2
N/mm2
Error (%)
N/mm2
1054.5
1318.5
1090.5
708.0
4171.5
1402.5
1492.5
1053.0
631.5
4579.5
33
13
3
11
10
1212.0
1429.5
1159.5
837.0
4638.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Experimental
Present model
N/mm2
N/mm2
1828.0
2447.3
1729.0
1139.8
623.7
234.4
8002.2
1838.7
2137.6
1696.8
1135.5
705.4
223.7
7737.6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Present model
N/mm2
N/mm2
552.0
1406.0
1528.0
762.0
364.0
166.0
100.0
4778.0
664.0
1614.0
1770.0
698.0
348.0
140.0
118.0
5234.0
15
8
6
18
11
N/mm2
1123.5
1392.0
1212.0
840.0
4567.5
Error (%)
7
6
11
19
9
Error (%)
N/mm2
Error (%)
N/mm2
Error (%)
1
13
2
0
13
5
3
1197.8
1864.5
1675.3
1230.1
705.4
260.2
6933.3
34
24
3
8
13
11
13
1075.3
1582.8
1761.3
1341.9
744.1
348.4
6853.8
41
35
2
18
19
49
14
Error (%)
N/mm2
Error (%)
N/mm2
Error (%)
20
15
16
8
4
16
18
10
294.0
1122.0
1710.0
922.0
352.0
142.0
64.0
4542.0
47
20
12
21
3
14
36
5
354.0
1536.0
1182.0
774.0
356.0
150.0
54.0
4352.0
36
9
23
2
2
10
46
9
RE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Experimental
UN
CO
R
Cycle nr.
Error (%)
CT
ED
Cycle nr.
f c0
PR
OO
6. Concluding remarks
A model for the simulation of the response of concrete
subjected to cyclic loadings in both compression and tension
has been presented. The model can reproduce the complex
behaviour of concrete under any history of uniaxial cyclic
loading. Particular emphasis has been paid to the simulation
of the strength and stiffness degradation produced by the
load cycling. Two independent damage parameters, one for
damage in compression and the other for damage in tension,
have been introduced to model the deterioration of concrete
under increasing loads. A model for the loops due to cyclic
compressive loadings has been proposed by considering its
dependency with the damage accumulation in the concrete.
Models for cyclic tension as well as crack opening and closing
have been also proposed.
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
11
Acknowledgements
PR
OO
[1] Sinha BP, Gerstle KH, Tulin LG. Stressstrain relations for concrete under
cyclic loading. J ACI 1964;61(2):195211.
[2] Comite Euro-International du Beton. R.C. Elements under cyclic loadingState of the Art Report. London: Thomas Telford; 1996.
[3] Karsan ID, Jirsa JO. Behavior of concrete under compressive loadings.
J Struct Div ASCE 1969;95(ST12):254363.
[4] Yankelevsky DZ, Reinhardt HW. Model for cyclic compressive behaviour
of concrete. J Struct Engng ASCE 1987;113(2):22840.
[5] Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R. Theoretical stressstrain model for
confined concrete. J Struct Engng 1988;114(8):180426.
[6] Bahn BY, Hsu CT. Stress-strain behavior of concrete under cyclic loading.
ACI Mat J 1998;95(2):17893.
[7] Chang GA, Mander JB. Seismic energy based fatigue damage analysis of
bridge columns: Part Ievaluation of seismic capacity. Technical report
NCEER-94-0006. Buffalo (NY): State University of New York at Buffalo;
1994.
[8] Mansour M, Hsu TTC. Behavior of reinforced concrete elements under
cyclic shear II: Theoretical model. J Struct Engng ASCE 2005;131(1):
5465.
[9] Palermo D, Vecchio J. Compression field modeling of reinforced concrete
subjected to reversed loading: Formulation. ACI Struct J 2003;100(5):
61625.
[10] Popovics S. A review of stressstrain relationships for concrete. J ACI
1973;67(3):2438.
[11] Martinez-Rueda E, Elnashai AS. Confined concrete model under cyclic
load. Mat Struct 1997;30:13947.
[12] Ramberg WA, Osgood WR. Description of stressstrain curves by three
parameters. Technical note no. 902. National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics. 1943.
[13] Spooner DC, Dougill JW. A quantitative assessment of damage sustained
in concrete during compressive loading. Mag Concr Res 1975;27(92):
15160.
[14] Okamoto S, Shiomi S, Yamabe K. Earthquake resistance of prestressed
concrete structures. Proc Annual Convention AIJ 1976;12512.
[15] Tanigawa Y, Uchida Y. Hysteretic characteristics of concrete in the
domain of high compressive strain. Proc Annual Convention AIJ 1979;
44950.
[16] Vecchio FJ, Collins MP. The modified compression field theory for
reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear. ACI J 1986;83(2):
21931.
[17] Hsu TTC, Zhu RRH. Softened membrane model for reinforced concrete
elements in shear. ACI Struct J 2002;99(4):4609.
[18] Sakai J, Kawashima K. Unloading and reloading stressstrain model for
confined concrete. J Struct Engng ASCE 2006;132(1):11222.
[19] Molins C, Roca P. Capacity of masonry arches and spatial frames. J Struct
Engng ASCE 1998;124(6):65363.
[20] Hognestad E, Hanson NW, McHenry D. Concrete stress distribution in
ultimate strength design. J ACI 1955;27(4):45579.
RE
CT
ED
UN
CO
R
Fig. 16. Cyclic tension test with small incursions in compression by Reinhardt
(1984).
Fig. 17. Cyclic tension test with high incursions in compression by Reinhardt
(1984).
1
2
A remarkable feature of the model lays in the fact that all the
input data required can be obtained through the conventional
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
JEST: 2271
ARTICLE IN PRESS
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
CT
ED
RE
UN
CO
R
PR
OO
12
Please cite this article in press as: Sima JF, et al. Cyclic constitutive model for concrete. Engineering Structures (2007), doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.005
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Q4 46