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Aquion Battery Technical Specs
Aquion Battery Technical Specs
Aquion Battery Technical Specs
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Introduction
Ampetus Energy Pty Ltd was established to help energy consumers slash their energy prices. We sell
products and systems that assist our clients to:
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Mission Statement
To use the most ideal energy storage technology to promote the efficient operation and use of energy
for the long term interests of consumers of energy with respect to:
Price, quality, safety, reliability and impact on environment.
Battery Products
We are constantly searching for improved technologies at ever lower costs.
We have scoured the globe looking for a battery that produces the most cost effective, clean and
reliable energy storage.
Our criteria for a battery is that they should not only be less expensive than other batteries, but also
that they be less expensive than the most economical alternative used today to provide the same
energy to the end user.
Our criteria:
The battery that we supply our customers needed to satisfy the following criteria:
+ Made of low-cost, ubiquitous materials
+ Have exceptional durability (thousands of cycles)
+ 100% Depth of Discharge (DoD)
+ Highly efficient
+ Non-toxic components
+ Needs to be commercially available today, with extensive thirdparty testing to back up manufacturers claims, as well as demonstrable case studies, which have
successfully used the battery in real world scenarios.
+ Utilize a simple manufacturing approach (borrowed technologies).
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Aquion Energy
Aquion Energy is an American company, and distributed in Australia by Ampetus Energy. Their battery
technology was developed out of Carnegie Mellon University in 2010. The company is headquartered in
Pittsburgh, PA. They raised more than $130 million dollars from a group of top tier investors which
include Bill Gates. Aquions Stateoftheart manufacturing facility is housed in a 300,000 ft2 facility
which has been in production and shipping batteries since early 2014.
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Ideal for
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Technology Comparison
Models
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Case Studies
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Summary of benefits
Manufacturing Process
To keep costs down, our manufacturer assembles our batteries using food preparation methodology,
thus borrowing proven, efficient approaches, that keep manufacturing costs to a mimimum.
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Battery Chemistry
Lets look under the hood of the battery, and specifically, a high level overview of the battery chemistry.
The Electrolyte:
The battery contains an aqueous, ambient temperature, sodium sulphate electrolyte
Hybrid Reactions:
+ An asymmetric/hybrid electrode configuration:
Cathode: Intercalation reaction
Anode: seudocapacitive and intercalation interaction
Multiple Ions:
+ The chemistry uses sodium and lithium ions as the primary charge carrier to store energy inside the
battery.
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Test Results
The battery has been laboratory tested with the following results:
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Large Format System Cycle Stability: Partial State of Charge (PSOC) Test
Sandia is a third party engineering and science laboratory operated by Lockheed Martin.
+ 4000 Partial State of Charge Swings executed on full stack at 40C
+ Batteries in string are well balanced
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+ Left plot: 2A 100% DoD reference cycle after 70+ days of cycling; excellent capacity documented after
significant use.
+ Right plot: voltage and current as a function of time after resuming cycling after reference test
V increasing; unit is significantly more efficient than 80%
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Pulse: The batteries are cycled between 45-55% SOC using 10A. Two full cycles are run every 1000 pulses.
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+ At 1000 cycles, there was negligible loss in capacity equating to almost 100% Columbic efficiency
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+ MnO2 has over 2 times the capacity and 3 times the energy of Na4Mn9O18
+ Rate capability also found to be very good
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+ Over 200 F/g can be had from carbons derived from simple carbohydrates
+ Over 120 F/g can be gained from low cost (<$2/kg) carbons derived from woods
Polyionic Functionality
+ 3 different species are functional:
Lithium cathode materials templating, extracted into electrolyte during first charge, remains
functional
Sodium electrolyte cation, intercalates into MnO2of cathode and also performs EDLC
function at anode
and Hydrogen. . . .
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+ At the anode: as the potential of hydrogen evolution is reached, local OH-species are generated, and
are not extracted rapidly
+ This increases the pH inside the negative electrode, and subsequently re-stabilizes the local water.
There is also the natural overpotentialof water splitting on Carbon
+ So minimum stable anode potential is -0.9 V (vs. NHE) at local pH of 14 plus ~0.2 to 0.4 V of over
potential.
+ If cathode is pinned at ~+1 V, then, we have a cell voltage of over 2 V
+ BUT hydrogen is evolved during this process what of it?
*Nature Chemistry, 2, 2010, pg 760
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Three-Electrode Data:
+ There is excess cathode material to pin the positive electrode potential below the point of oxygen
evolution
+ In thin format cells, the material displays excellent rate capability, excellent round trip energy
efficiency.
+ However, these cells are far too costly to scale with these dimensions . . .
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