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Math 185 - Homework 11 Solutions
Math 185 - Homework 11 Solutions
Note: All problems refer to the 9th edition of Brown and Churchill. The corresponding
problems in the 8th edition are in parentheses.
1. Let C denote the unit circle |z| = 1 parametrized in the positive sense. Determine
C arg f (z) for (a) f (z) = z n , (b) f (z) = (3z + 1)4 /z 3 , and (c) f (z) = (z 5)10 /(2z 1).
2. Suppose that f is analytic inside and on a positively oriented simple closed contour C
and that it has no zeros on C. Show that that if f has zeros at z1 , . . . , zn inside C with
multiplicities m1 , . . . , mn , then
Z
C
X
zf 0 (z)
dz = 2i
mk z k .
f (z)
k=1
zmk
0 (z)
zk mk
0 (z)
zf 0 (z)
=
+
=
+ mk +
,
f (z)
z zk
(z)
z zk
(z)
in a punctured disk 0 < |z zk | < for small enough > 0. The expression mk +
0 (z)/(z) is analytic at zk , hence zf 0 (z)/f (z) has a simple pole at zk with residue
zf 0 (z)
= mk zk .
z=zk f (z)
Res
4A
1
z
maps circles of the form |z| = R onto ellipses when R 6= 1. What happens when R = 1?
[Hint: Use the polar form z = rei . ]
w=z+
Solution. Points on the circle |z| = R can be expressed in polar form z = Rei for
0 2. Thus
1
1 i
1
i
w = Re + e
cos() +i R
sin() .
= R+
R
R
R
{z
} |
{z
}
|
u
When R 6= 1, this is the expression for an ellipse in the uv-plane. When R = 1, we have
v = 0 and u = 2 cos() for 0 2. Thus, the circle |z| = 1 is mapped onto the
segment of the u-axis 2 u 2.
7. Find the linear fractional transformation mapping distinct points z1 , z2 , z3 onto the
points w1 = 0, w2 = 1, w3 = .
Solution. Recall the implicit form:
(z z1 )(z2 z3 )
(w w1 )(w2 w3 )
=
.
(w w3 )(w2 w1 )
(z z3 )(z2 z1 )
Taking the limit as w3 and noting that w1 = 0 and w2 w1 = 1 we have
w=
(z z1 )(z2 z3 )
az + b
=
,
(z z3 )(z2 z1 )
cz + d
where
a = z2 z3 , b = z1 (z2 z3 ), c = z2 z1 , and d = z3 (z2 z1 ).
8. Show that the composition of two linear fractional transformations is a linear fractional
transformation. [Hint: You need to verfiy the ad bc 6= 0 property for the composition.]
Solution. Let
S(z) =
az + b
,
cz + d
and T (z) =
ez + f
,
gz + h
a
c
ez+f
gz+h
ez+f
gz+h
+b
+d
(ae + gb)z + af + bh
aez + af + gbz + bh
=
.
cez + cf + dgz + dh
(ce + dg)z + cf + dh
This is certainly in the form of an LFT. We just need to verify it is not constant. We
have
(ae + gb)(cf + dh) (af + bh)(ce + dg)
= aecf + gbcf + aedh + gbdh af ce bhce af dg bhdg
= (ad bc)eh + (bc ad)f g
= (ad bc)(eh f g).
3
1z
1+z
maps the disk |z| 1 onto the half plane Im(w) 0. [Hint: Show that the inverse
of the linear fractional transformation above is
iw
i w i
=e
z=
.]
i+w
wi
Solution. To check that the transformation above is indeed the inverse, we compute
1z
i i 1+z
i+
i 1z
1+z
2iz
i(1 + z) i(1 z)
=
= z.
i(1 + z) + i(1 z)
2i
The mapping w 7 z above maps the upper half of the w plane onto the unit disk
|z| < 1, and maps the real axis in the w plane onto the boundary of the circle
|z| = 1. Being the inverse of this transformation, the mapping z 7 w maps the
disk |z| 1 onto the closed upper half plane.
(b) Show that the linear fractional transformation
w=
z2
z
maps the disk |z 1| 1 onto the left half plane Re(w) 0. [Hint: Observe that
this linear fractional transformation can be expressed as the composition of
Z = z 1, W = i
and appeal to part (a).]
4
1Z
, w = iW,
1+Z
z11
z2
Z 1
=
=
.
Z +1
z1+1
z
Using this decomposition, we have that the disk |z 1| 1 is mapped onto the
disk |Z| 1, which is then mapped onto the half plane Im(W ) 0, by part (a). If
W = U + iV , then the final mapping
w = iW = V + iU,
maps the half plane V = Im(W ) 0 to the left half plane Re(w) 0.
10. Let z1 , z2 , z3 be distinct points in the complex plane, and let w1 , w2 , w3 be another set
of distinct points in the complex plane. Show that there is exactly one linear fractional
transformation T satisfying wi = T (zi ) for i = 1, 2, 3. [Hint: We showed existence
of such a linear fractional transformation in class. To show uniqueness, let T1 and T2
be two linear fractional transformations satisfying the property above. Observe that
S(z) := T11 (T2 (z)) satisfies S(zi ) = zi for i = 1, 2, 3, i.e., S has three distinct fixed
points. Then show that any linear fractional transformation that has three distinct fixed
points is the identity, i.e., S(z) = z. ]
Proof. Note: It is not enough to use the implicit form to deduce that S(z) = z. This only
shows that the identity is an LFT with three (actually infinitely many) distinct fixed
points, which is already obvious. We never showed that every LFT can be expressed in
the implicit form, and this is what the problem is getting at.
Let T1 and T2 be linear fractional transformations mapping zi to wi for i = 1, 2, 3. Let
S(z) = T11 (T2 (z)).
By Problem 8, S is a linear fractional transformation, and we can see that S(zi ) = zi
for i = 1, 2, 3.
Let
S(z) =
az + b
,
cz + d
az + b
.
cz + d
(1)
Assume first that c 6= 0. Then (1) is a quadratic equation, which has at most two distinct
roots. This contradicts the fact that each of the three distinct fixed points of S are roots
of (1). Therefore c = 0.
a
b
z + = z.
d
d
Suggested problems: 94.1 (87.1), 94.2 (87.3), 94.9 (87.9), 96.2 (90.2), 96.5 (90.4), 98.2
(92.2), 98.5 (92.5), 98.10 (92.10), 98.11 (92.11), 100.1 (94.1), 100.8 (94.8), 100.11 (94.11),
100.12 (94.12)
6