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Chuyn : TI U HA BI TON M TRONG I S T HP
I. T VN
Trong k thi tuyn sinh i hc nm 2012 v nm 2013 bi ton t hp v xc sut xut hin
khi B (cu t hp) v khi A (cu xc sut). iu ny lm cc th sinh bt ng,
nhiu em t ra lng tng v rt kh nh hng cch lm, thm ch trnh by li gii
nhng khng bit rng li gii v p n ca mnh liu c ng khng.
Qua nghin cu, ging dy v hc tp kinh nghim chng ti thit ngh cn c nhng gii
php gip hc sinh nm c bn cht ca bi ton t hp, t hc sinh c thm nhng
cng c hu ch gip cho qu trnh tm li gii bi ton t hp ca hc sinh mt cch ch
ng, chnh xc v hiu qu nht.
Chuyn ny khng c tham vng gii quyt tt c cc bi ton lin quan n i s t
hp, chng ti ch gii quyt mt phn ca i s t hp. Nhng qua chuyn ny hi vng
rng cc thy c gio v cc hc sinh c thm mt phn ti liu qu bu h tr trong vic t
nghin cu, tch ly chuyn mn, n tp v ging dy.
II. GII QUYT VN

*B cc
Chuyn ny c trnh by theo b cc nh sau:
A. C s l thuyt
B. Phng php
C. Cc dng ton
D. Bi tp t rn luyn

*Ni dung
A. C s l thuyt
Mt s kin thc c bn:
1. Quy tc m
a. Quy tc cng: Mt cng vic V bao gm k cng vic V1; V2;..Vk c lp vi nhau
trong :
V1: c n1 cch thc hin
V2: c n2 cch thc hin

Vk c nk cch thc hin

Nh vy S cch thc hin cng vic V l n = n1 + n2 + +nk
b. Quy tc nhn: Mt cng vic V c thc hin ln lt qua k giai on 1; 2;..;k
c lp vi nhau trong :
Giai on 1: c n1 cch thc hin
Giai on 2: c n2 cch thc hin

Giai on k:c nk cch thc hin

Nh vy S cch thc hin cng vic V l n = n1.n2...nk
2. Hon v
a) Hon v: ( Theo nh ngha SGK)

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+Khi nim: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t khc nhau (n 1) . Mi cch sp th t n phn
t ca tp c gi l 1 hon v ca n phn t .
+Cng thc xc nh: Pn = n(n 1)...3.2.1 = n!
+ Ch : Quy c 0! = 1
b) Hon v c lp
+ Khi nim: C n vt (n 1) c sp vo n v tr trong :
C n1 vt loi 1
C n2 vt loi 2
.
C nk vt loi 3
y n1+n2 + +nk = n
Mi cch sp th t n vt nh trn vo n v tr gi l hon v c lp ca n phn t .
Cng thc xc nh:
+ Cng thc xc nh: S hon v c lp ca n vt l

n!
n1!.n2!...nk !

+Chng minh: Do c n1 vt ging nhau nn s phng n sp n1 vt vo n1 v tr ch l

mt phng n cn tm, v ta c n1! phng n ging nhau.
Tng t
T suy ra c

Pn
n!
s hon v
=
n1!.n2!...nk ! n1!.n2!...nk !

c) Hon v vng trn

+ Khi nim: C n vt c sp vo n v tr theo mt ng trn
+ Cng thc xc nh: S hon v vng trn l: Pn 1 = (n 1)...3.2.1 = (n 1)!
+ Chng minh: C nh mt im trn ng trn, sp n -1 vt vo n - 1 v tr cn li.
Nh vy chng ta c (n -1)! s hon v vng trn
3. Chnh hp
+ Khi nim: Cho tp A gm n phn t. Mi b gm k (1 k n) phn t sp th t ca
tp A c gi l 1 chnh hp chp k ca n phn t
+ Cng thc xc nh
Ank = n(n 1)(n 2)...( n k + 1) =

n!
(n k )!

Ch : Khi k = n th Ank = Pn
V d: Cho tp A gm n s khc nhau n {1,2,..,8,9} . S c k ( k n ) ch s khc nhau ly t
tp A l Ank
4. T hp
+ Khi nim: Cho tp A gm n phn t. Mi tp con gm k (0 k n) phn t ca tp A
c gi l 1 t hp chp k ca n phn t
+ Cng thc xc nh s t hp chp k ca n phn t
Cnk =

n!
k!(n k )!

+ Tnh cht:
i) Cnk = Cnn k
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ii) Cnk11 + Cnk1 = Cnk
iii) Ank = k!Cnk
V d: Cho tp A gm c n phn t, s tp con co k phn t ly t cc phn t ca tp A l
Cnk

B. Phng php chung gii bi ton t hp

1. Phng php m trc tip.
Ty theo bi ton chng ta c th chia trng hp hay khng chia trng hp
Ni dung:
m cc trng hp tha mn yu cu bi ton
2. m v tr
+ Chn v tr cho s th nht theo yu cu bi ton, suy ra s v tr cho cc s tip theo
+ Sp xp cc s cn li
3. Phng php m loi tr
Ni dung: m loi tr theo hai bc
+ Bc 1: m s phng n xy ra bt k ta c kt qu n1
+ Bc 2: m s phng n xy ra khng tha mn yu cu bi ton ta c kt qu n2
+ Bc 3: S phng n ng l: n = n1 n2
Ch : Khi phng php m trc tip c nhiu trng hp qu chng ta s dng
phng php m loi tr
4. Phng php ly trc ri sp xp sau
+ Bc 1: Chn ra trc cho s lng v tha mn tnh cht m bi ton yu cu
(V d nh chn tp con c k phn t t n phn t ta c Cnk cch)
+ Bc 2: Sp xp
Ch : Nhng bi ton c s sp xp, cnh nhau, c mt
5. Phng php to vch ngn
+Bc 1:Sp xp m i tng vo m v tr s to ra m + 1 vch ngn
+Bc 2: Sp xp i tng khc theo yu cu bi ton t m +1 vch ngn ni trn
Nhn xt:
*Hu ht cc bi ton t hp u s dng mt trong cc phng php trn gii quyt,
tuy nhin s linh hot ca phng php ty thuc vo kh nng ca tng hc sinh.
*i vi bi ton m tp ban u c s 0 ta xt trng hp xem s 0 l mt s c ngha
ta c kt qu n1, xt trng hp s 0 ng u ta c kt qu n2, kt qu cn tm l n1-n2
C. Cc dng ton thng gp
Dng 1: Ton m s
Cch gii thng thng:
Bc 1: Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 ...ak
Bc 2: Lit k cc tnh cht ca s n tha mn yu cu
Bc 3: Da vo tnh cht xem bi ton c chia trng hp khng
Bc 4: Th t m ( m u tin)
+ m cc ch s c mt trong tnh cht
+ m ch s u tin nu n cha c m hoc tp hp ban u c cha s 0
+ m cc ch s cn li
Bc 5: S dng quy tc cng hoc quy tc nhn
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Ch : y l cch gii thng thng, chng ta c th s dng cc phng php trn
bi ton c li gii ngn gn hn
Nhng bi ton trong tp ban u khng cha s 0
Bi m u:
Cho tp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.
a)Gi S l tp s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau ly t cc s ca tp A. Tnh n(S)
b)Gi B l tp s t nhin chn c 3 ch s khc nhau ly t tp A. Tnh n(B)
Gii:
a)S cn tm l chnh hp chp 3 ca 7 ta c n( S ) = A73 = 210 s
b) Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 a3
+a3 c 3 cch chn
+ a1a2 c A62 = 30
+ Vy c 3.30=90 s suy ra n(B) = 90
Nhn xt: Bi ton rt n gin, ch cn bit cng thc xc sut, chng ta c th gii
quyt trn vn cu IX.a trong thi H kA- 2013
Gi S l tp hp tt c cc s t nhin gm 3 ch s phn bit c chn t cc s 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Xc nh s phn t ca S. Chn ngu nhin mt s t S, tnh xc sut s
c chn l s chn.
p n: Xc sut cn tm l

90 3
=
210 7

Bi 1: Cho tp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} . C bao nhiu s l c 4 ch s khc nhau sao cho:

a) Ch s ng u l s chn
b) Ch s 4 lun c mt mt ln
Gii:
a) Ch s ng u l s chn
Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 a3a4
n l l v a1 chn nn a4 {1,3,5,7}, a1 {2,4,6} suy ra
+ a4 c 4 cch chn
+ a1 c 3 cch chn
+ 2 ch s cn li c A52 cch chn
Vy c : 4.3.20 = 240 s cn tm
b) Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 a3a4
Cch 1: m loi tr
+ m cc s l c 4 ch s khc nhau l:
a4 c 4 cch chn (a4 {1,3,5,7}); 3 ch s cn li c A63 cch chn, suy ra c 4. A63 s
+ m cc s l c 4 ch s khc nhau m khng c mt ch s 4 l:
a4 c 4 cch chn (a5 {1,3,5,7}); 3 ch s cn li c A53 cch chn ( s 4 khng c), suy
ra c 4. A53
+ Cc s cn tm l: 4. A63 - 4. A53 =240 s
Cch 2: m v tr
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+ a4 l nn c 4 cch chn (a4 {1,3,5,7});
+ S 4 c 3 v tr
+ 2 ch s cn li c 2 v tr ly t cc s cn li nn c A52
Vy ta c 4.3 A52 = 240 s
Bi 2:
Cho tp A ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. C bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau sao cho:
a) Lun c mt hai ch s 2, 3
b)Lun c mt hai ch s 2, 3 v hai ch s ny lun ng k nhau
c)Lun c mt hai ch s 2, 3 v hai ch s ny khng ng k nhau
Gii: Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2a3a4 a5
a)
Cch 1: m v tr
2
.
3
.
+ Ch s 2 c 5 v tr suy ra ch s 3 c 4 v tr
+ 3 ch s cn li c A73 cch sp xp
+ Vy ta c 5.4 A73 = 4200 (s)
Cch 2: Dng phng php ly trc ri sp xp sau:
+ Ly ra 5 s t tp A:
S 2,3 c 1 cch chn, 3 s cn li c ly t tp A\{2,3} nn c C73 cch, suy ra c C73
cch ly ra 5 s m 2, 5 lun c mt
+ Sp xp
2
.
3
.
Sp xp 5 s vo 5 v tr ta c 5! cch
Vy ta c C73 .5!=4200 s
b)Dng phng php ly trc ri sp xp sau:
+ Ly ra 5 s t tp A:
S 2,3 c 1 cch chn, 3 s cn li c ly t tp A\{2,3} nn c C73 cch, suy ra c C73
cch ly ra mt tp gm 5 s m 2, 5 lun c mt
+ Sp xp
2,3 .
.
.
Sp xp s 2,3 k nhau ta xem l mt s a c 2! cch, sp xp s a vi 3 s cn li c 4!
cch, t s cch sp xp 5 ch s chn nh trn l 2!.4! cch
Vy ta c C73 .2!.4!=1680 s
b)Do s cc trng hp 2,3 khng ng cnh nhau nhiu nn ta s dng phng php
loi tr.
+ S cc s c 5 ch s khc nhau lun c mt ch s 2,3 l C73 .5!
+ S c 5 ch s khc nhau sao cho 2,3 lun ng k nhau l C73 .2!.4!
+ Vy s cn tm l: C73 .5!- C73 .2!.4!=2520 s
Bi 3:

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Cho tp A ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. C bao nhiu s t nhin chn c 5 ch s khc nhau
sao cho:
a)Lun c mt ch s 3
b)Lun c mt ch s 4
Nhn xt: S khc nhau gia hai bi ton l g? Cch gii c khc nhau hay khng?
Ngi GV phi nh hng cho HS bit gii quyt trn vn v chnh xc bi ton.
Gii:
Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 a3a4 a5
a)Cch 1: m v tr
+ a5 c 4 cch chn
+ch s 3 c 4 v tr
+3 ch s cn li c A83 cch sp xp
+ Vy c 4.4. A83 = 5376 s
Cch 2: Chn ri sp xp (dnh cho bn c)
b)D on cch gii hc sinh s s dng: tng t nh cu a
+ a5 c 4 cch chn
+ ch s 4 c 4 v tr
+ 3 ch s cn li c A73 cch sp xp
+ Vy c: 4.4. A73 = 3360 s
Sai lm u: trng hp s 4 l a5, khi cch chn s 4 s khng ng
Li gii ng:
*TH1: a5 =4, khi c A84 = 1680 s
*TH1: a5 4, khi
+ a5 c 3 cch chn
+ ch s 4 c 4 v tr
+ 3 ch s cn li c A73 cch sp xp
+ suy ra ta c: 3.4. A73 = 2520 s
Vy s cn tm l: 1680 + 2520 = 4200 s
Bi 4: T cc s 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 lp c bao nhiu s c 7 ch s trong c 3 ch s
1, 2 ch s 2 v 2 ch s cn li l 3,4.
Gii:
+ S cc s c 7 ch s t 7 s cho l 7!
+ Nu ta hon v a ln ch s 1 hoc 2 th vn khng i do c 3!.2! ln b lp li
+ Vy s cn tm l

7!
= 420 s
3!.2!

Bi 5: Cho tp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. C bao nhiu s t nhin c 7 ch s trong

ch s 3 c mt 2 ln, ch s 5 c mt 3 ln, cc ch s khc c mt 1 ln.
Nhn xt: S khc nhau gia bi 4 v bi 5 l g? S ch s bng tp s cho v s
ch s nh hn tp s cho.
Gii: Bng cch m v tr
3
5.
3
.5
5
1
4

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+ Chn 2 v tr trong 7 v tr v sp xp 2 ch s 3 vo ta c C72 cch
+ Chn 3 trong 5 v tr tip theo v sp xp 3 ch s 5 vo C53 cch
+ Cn 2 v tr sp xp 2 ch s khc nhau ly t cc s cn li trong tp A ta c A72
Vy ta c C72 . C53 A72 =8820 s
Bi 6: Cho tp A = {1,3,5,7,9}. Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau
ly t tp A khng bt t 13
Gii:
+ S c 5 ch s ly t tp A l 5!=120 s
+S bt u bng 13 l: S1,3 c 1 cch chn, 3 s cn li l hon v ca 3 s 5,7,9 nn
c 3!=6 S
+ Vy cc s cn tm l: 120 - 6 =114 s
Bi 7: Cho tp A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. Lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc
nhau sao cho:
a)Bt u bng 456
b)Khng bt u bng 456
Gii:
a)
456
S c 5 ch s bt u bng 456 l
4,5,6 c 1 cch chn
2 v tr cn li c ly t cc s 4 s khc nhau ca tp A nn c
A42 = 12

Suy ra c 12 s bt u bng 456 l 12 s

b)Phng php loi tr
+S c 5 ch s khc nhau ly t tp A l A75 = 2520
+ S c 5 ch s khc nhau bt u bng 456 l 12
+ S cn tm l 2520 12 =2508 s
Bi 8: T cc s 1,3,5,6,7 lp c bao nhiu s c cc ch s khc nhau ln hn 6000
Gii:
*TH1: s cn tm c 5 ch s c 5! =120 (s) lun tha mn iu kin bi ton
*TH2: s cn tm c 4 ch l n = a1a2 a3a4
+a1 c 2 cch chn, a2 a3a4 c A43 = 24 cch chn
+ suy ra c 2.24=48 s
Vy s cn tm l 120+ 24 =144 s
Nhng bi ton m tp s ban u cha s 0
Bi 9: Cho tp A ={0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9}. Hi lp c bao nhiu s t nhin
a) c 5 ch s
b) c 5 ch s khc nhau
c) l c 5 ch s khc nhau
d)chn c 5 ch s khc nhau
Gii:
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Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2a3a4 a5
a)
+ a1 c 6 cch chn (a1 0)
+ a2 a3a4 a5 c 7.7.7.7 =2401 cch
+ Vy c 6.2401 =14406 s
b)
+ a1 c 6 cch chn (a1 0)
+ a2 a3a4 a5 c A64 cch
+ vy c 6. A64 = 2160 s
c)
+a5 l nn a5 c 4 cch chn
+a1 c 5 cch chn (a1 0, a1 a5)
+ a2 a3a4 c A53 cch
+vy c 4.5 A53 = 1200 s
c) Cch gii c tng t cu b hay khng?
D on HS a ra cch gii:
+a5 chn nn a5 c 3 cch chn
+a1 c 5 cch chn (a1 0, a1 a5)
+ a2 a3a4 c A53 cch
+vy c 3.5 A53 = 900 s
Sai lm HS gp phi: Khi m a5 l 0 th cch m a1 phi l 6, nh vy li gii trn l
sai. Vy cch gii nh th no?
Li gii ng
Cch 1: m loi tr
+S t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau ly t tp A l 2160
+ S t nhin l c 5 ch s khc nhau ly t tp A l 1200
+ S t nhin chn cn tm l 2160 -1200 = 960 s
Cch 2: m trc tip
TH1: a5 = 0:c 1 cch chn
+ a1a2a3a4 c A64 = 360 cch
+suy ra ta c 360 s
TH2:
+a5 0: a5 c 2 cch
+ a1 c 5 cch chn (a1 0, a1 a5)
+ a2 a3a4 c A53 = 60 cch chn
+ suy ra ta c 2.5.60 =600 s
Vy s cn tm l 360 + 600 = 960 s
Bi 10: Cho tp A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
a)C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau lun c mt ch s 2
b)C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin l c 5 ch s khc nhau lun c mt ch s 2
c)C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn c 5 ch s khc nhau lun c mt ch s
2
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Gii:
a)cch m trc tip
Gi s cn tm n = a1a2 a3a4 a5
*TH1
+a1 =2 c 1 cch chn
+ a2 a3a4 a5 c A74 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c A74 = 840 s
*TH2
+a2 =2 c 1 cch chn
+a1 0 v a1 2 nn c 6 cch chn
+ a3a4 a5 c A63 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c 6. A63 = 720 s
V vai tr ca 2 trong cc v tr a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 l ging nhau nn
S cn tm l 840 + 720.4=3720 s
b)
Gi s cn tm n = a1a2 a3a4 a5
*TH1
+a5 l nn c 4 cch chn
+a1 =2 c 1 cch chn
+ a2 a3a4 c A63 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c 4. A63 = 480 s
*TH2
+a5 l nn c 4 cch chn
+a2 =2 c 1 cch chn
+a1 0,a1 2,a1 a5 nn c 5 cch chn
+ a3a4 c A52 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c 4.5. A52 = 400 s
V vai tr ca 2 trong cc v tr a2 , a3 , a4 l ging nhau nn
S cn tm l 480 +400.3=1680 s
c)
Cch 1: m loi tr
S cn tm l 3720 1680 =2040
Cch 2 : S dng phng php ly phn b
(i)K c s 0 ng u
*TH1: a5 =2, khi c A74 = 840 s
*TH2: a5 2, khi
+ a5 c 3 cch chn
+ ch s 2 c 4 v tr
+ 3 ch s cn li c A63 cch sp xp
+ suy ra ta c: 3.4. A63 = 1440 s
Vy c: 840 + 1440 = 2280 s
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(ii) S 0 ng u tha mn iu kin trn
+ a1 = 0 c 1 cch chn
-TH1 : a5 = 2 c 1 cch chn, a2 a3 a4 c A63 cch chn
-TH2 : a5 2 v l s chn nn c 2 cch chn, s 2 c 3 v tr, 2 v tr cn li c A52
C A63 +2.3. A52 =240 s
Vy s cn tm l 2280-240=2040 s
Cch 3: m trc tip
Gi s cn tm n = a1a2 a3a4 a5
Vi a5 = 0
*TH1
+a5 =0 nn c 1 cch chn
+a1 =2 c 1 cch chn
+ a2 a3a4 c A63 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c A63 s
*TH2
+a5 =0 nn c 1 cch chn
+a1 2 nn c 6 cch chn
+S 2 c t trong 3 v tr a2; a3; a4 nn c 3 cch chn
+ 2 v tr cn li c A52
+Suy ra ta c 1.6.3. A52 s ng vi trng hp ny
Vi a5 0
*TH1
+a5 =2 nn c c 1 cch chn
+a1 0,a1 2 nn c 6 cch chn
+ a2 a3a4 c A63 cch chn
+Suy ra ta c 6. A63 s
*TH2
+a5 2, a5 {4,6} nn c 2 cch chn
+a1=2 c 1 cch chn
+ a2 a3a4 c A53 cch chn
+ suy ra c 2. A53 s
TH3
+ a5 2, a5 {4,6} nn c 2 cch chn
+ a1 2, a1 0 nn a1 c 5 cch chn
+S 2 c t trong 3 v tr cn li nn c 3 cch chn
+2 v tr cn li c A52 cch chn
+ suy ra c 2.5.3. A52 s
Vy s cn tm l A63 +1.6.3. A52 + 6. A63 +2. A53 +2.5.3. A52 =2040 s
Bi 11: Cho tp A ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

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Hi c bao nhiu s c 6 ch s khc nhau sao cho lun c 3 ch s chn trong cc s
to thnh
Gii: Ly trc ri sp xp sau
Bc 1
+Ly 3 ch s chn trong 4 s chn c C43 cch
+Ly 3 s l trong 5 s l c C53 cch
+Suy ra s cch ly 6 ch s l C43 . C53 cch
Bc 2
Sp xp 6 s trn vo 6 v tr ta c 6! cch
Vy s cn tm l 6! C43 . C53 =28800 (cch)
Bi 12: Cho tp A ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Hi c bao nhiu s c 6 ch s khc nhau sao cho lun c 3 ch s chn trong cc s
to thnh
Nhn xt: s khc nhau gia hai bi ton l g? S 0 c trong tp A v s 0 khng c
trong tp A
Li gii:
+TH1: 6 ch s ly ra khng cha ch s 0
Kt qu nh bi 11 ta c 6! C43 . C53
+TH2 : 6 ch s ly ra lun c mt ch s 0
Bc 1: Ch s 0 c 1 cch ly, ly 2 ch s chn c C42 cch ly, ly 3 s l c C53 cch
C C42 . C53 cch ly 6 ch s lun c mt ch s 0
Bc 2 : Sp xp
+Sp xp 6 ch s ly c vo 6 v tr k c v tr 0 ng u ta c 6 ! cch
+V tr 0 ng u c 5! cch
+ S cch sp xp tha mn l 6! - 5!
Vy s cc s cn tm l C42 . C53 (6! - 5!) =36000
Bi 13 : T tp cc s 0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9
C bao nhiu s t nhin chn c 4 ch s khc nhau ln hn 5000
Gii : Gi s cn tm l n = a1a2 a3a4 Do n > 5000 nn a1 =6,7,8,9
TH1:
+a1 =6, a4 l chn v khc 6 nn c 3 cch chn
+ a2 a3 c A52
+ suy ra c 3. A52 = 60 s
TH2:
+a1 =7, a4 l chn nn c 4 cch chn
+ a2 a3 c 4. A52 = 80
Ta c a1 =8 nh trng hp 1 v a1 =9 nh trng hp 2
Vy c (60 + 80).2=280 s
Dng 2: Bi ton sp xp vt
Cch gii:
Mt s lu khi gii dng ton sp xp
+ Sp xp n phn t khc nhau vo n v tr c n! cch sp xp
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+ Sp xp k phn t ging nhau vo n v tr c Cnk cch (1 k n)
+ Sp xp n phn t ging nhau ( khng thay i kt qu) vo n v tr c 1 cch sp xp
Bi 1:
C 3 quyn sch ton; 4 quyn sch l; 5 quyn sch ha. Cc quyn sch khc nhau.
Sp xp cc cun sch trn vo mt k di. C bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho:
a) Cc quyn sch nm ty
b)Cc quyn sch cng loi nm k nhau
Gii:
a)Cc quyn sch l khc nhau nn c 12! cch sp xp
b)
+Sp xp 3 quyn sch ton c 3! cch
+Sp xp 4 quyn sch l c 4! cch
+Sp xp 5 quyn sch ha c 5! cch
+C 3! sp xp 3 nhm sch
+Vy c 3!.3!.4!.5! = 103680 cch
Bi 2: Ngi ta sp xp 1 quyn sch ton, 1 quyn sch l v 5 quyn sch ha vo mt
k di. Bit cc quyn sch trn l khc nhau.Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho 2
quyn sch ton v l khng ng cnh nhau.
Gii:
+Sp xp 7 quyn sch vo mt k di ta c 7! cch
+Sp xp 2 quyn sch ton v l ng cnh nhau ta c 2!. Khi s cch sp xp 7
quyn sch sao cho 2 quyn sch ton l ng cnh nhau l 2!6!
+Suy ra s cch sp xp cn tm l 7! 2.6! = 3600
Bi 3:
a)C 4 tem th khc nhau v c 4 b th khc nhau. Hi c bao nhiu cch dn 4 tem th
vo 4 b th sao cho mt ba th ch dn 1 tem th?
b)C 6 tem th khc nhau v 8 b th khc nhau. Chn ra 6 tem th dn vo 6 b th sao
cho 1 b th ch dn 1 tem th. Hi c bao nhiu cch lm nh th
c)C 6 tem th khc nhau v c 8 b th khc nhau. Chn ra 4 tem th v dn vo 4 b
th. Mt b th dn 1 tem. Hi c bao nhiu cch lm nh th?
Gii:
a)Ly 4 tem th v dn vo 4 b th c 4! cch
b)
+Chn 6 tem th t 6 b th c 1 cch chn
+Chn 6 b th t 8 b th c C86 cch chn
+Dn 6 tem th ln 6 b th c 6! Cch dn
+ S cch thc hin l: C86 .6! =20160
c)Hon ton tng t
p s: C64 .C84 .4! =25200
Bi 4: C 4 bi xanh ging ht nhau v 3 bi khc nhau. Sp xp 7 bi trn vo 1 dy c
7 vung. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho
a)Cc vin bi nm ty
b)Cc vin bi cng mu th nm cng mt nhm
c)Cc vin bi khc mu th nm xen k nhau
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Gii:
a)
+Ly 4 trong 7 v tr v sp xp 4 vin bi xanh ging ht nhau vo ta c C74 cch
+Cn 3 v tr sp xp 3 vin bi khc nhau vo ta c 3! Cch
+S cch sp xp l: 3! C74 cch
b)
+S cch sp xp 4 vin bi xanh ging ht nhau lm thnh 1 nhm l 1 cch
+S cch sp xp 3 vin bi l 3!
+S cch sp xp tha 2 nhm ny l 2! Cch
Khi ta c 3! 2! cch
c)
+

Xanh

Xanh

Xanh

+ Chn 4 v tr xen k sp xp 4 vin bi ging ht nhau l 1 cch

+Cn 3 v tr l 3! cch sp xp 3 vin bi xanh khc nhau
+Vy c 3! = 6 cch
Bi 5:
Sp xp 5 vin bi khc nhau vo 3 ci hp. C bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho mi hp
c t nht 1 vin bi
Gii:
+Chn ra 3 vin bi trong 5 hp v sp xp vo 3 ci hp ta c C53 .3!
+Cn 2 vin bi sp xp vo 3 ci hp
TH1: Mt hp cha mt ln 2 vin bi c C22 .C31
TH2: Mt hp cha 1 vin bi C21.C31
Vy c tt c C53 .3! ( C22 .C31 + C21 .C31 )
Bi 6: Cn sp xp 2 thy gio v 6 hc sinh vo mt dy gh di sao cho 2 thy gio
khng ngi cnh nhau
Gii: (phng php to vch ngn)
+ Xp 6 hc sinh vo 6 v tr ta c 6!
+ 6 hc sinh s to ra 7 vch ngn, ta t 2 thy gio vo 7 vch ngn ta c A72
Khi s cch sp xp l: A72 .6!
Dng 3: Bi ton chn s phng n tha mn mt s iu kin cho trc
Cc dng ton thng gp
1.Bi ton chn ty
Chn m phn t t n phn t khc nhau 0 m n) l s t hp chp m ca n c Cnm cch
2.Bi ton chn t nht v nhiu nht
Cch gii:
Cch 1: Chia trng hp
Cch 2: m loi tr (ly phn b)
3.Bi ton chn c mt loi
Cch gii:
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Cch 1: m loi tr (ly phn b)
Cch 2: Chia trng hp
4.Bi ton sp xp, em tng, em phn cng thc hin cc nhim v khc nhau
Cch gii:
+Chn cho s lng
+em sp xp
5.Bi ton chn tn
Cch gii:
+Chn tn ca ngi c mt
+Chn tn cc thnh vin cn li
6.Bi ton chn nhim v
Cch gii:
+Chn chc v cc thnh vin c chc v c chn t tp hp ban u
+Sau khi chn xong chc v th chn cc thnh vin khng c chc v
7.Bi ton chn tn v c chc v
Cch gii: Chia trng hp
Bi 1: T 1 lp 11A c 11 hc sinh trong c 7 hc sinh nam v 4 hc sinh n
a)C bao nhiu cch chn ra 8 hc sinh ty
b)C bao nhiu cch chn ra 5 hc sinh c c nam v n
c) C bao nhiu cch chn ra 4 hc sinh c c nam v n
Gii:
a)Chn 8 hc sinh ty c C118 cch
b)Nhn xt: nu chia trng hp c nhiu trng hp
Ta s dng cch m loi tr
+Chn 5 hc sinh ty c C115 cch
+Chn 5 hc sinh nam c C75 cch
+V khi ta chn 5 hc sinh lun c t nht 1 hc sinh nam, Vy c C115 - C75 = c c nam v
n
c) Cch 1:
+Chn 3 hc sinh ty c C113 cch
+Chn 3 hc sinh nam c C73 cch
+Chn 3 hc sinh n c C43
+ Vy ta c C113 - C73 - C43 cch
Cch 2:
TH1: 1 nam v 3 n, ta c C71 . C43
TH2: 2 nam v 2 n c C42 . C72
TH3: 3 nam v 1 n c C41 . C73
Vy c C71 . C43 + C42 . C72 + C41 . C73 cch
Bi 2: i bng chuyn hc sinh ca trng THPT K Lm c 5 hc sinh khi 10; 7 hc
sinh khi 11; 10 hc sinh khi 12
a)Chn t 8 hc sinh. C bao nhiu cch chn sao cho c c 3 khi
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b)Chn t ra 15 hc sinh c 3 khi. C bao nhiu cch chn sao cho c t nht 4
hc sinh khi 10
Gii:
a)
+Chn 8 hc sinh ty c C228 cch
+Chn 8 hc sinh ca khi 12 c C108 cch
+Chn 8 hc sinh hai khi 10 v 11 c C128 cch
+Chn 8 hc sinh c hai khi 10 v 12 c C158 - C108
+Chn 8 hc sinh hai khi 12 v 11 c C178 - C108
+Vy s cch cn tm l C228 - C108 - C128 -( C158 - C108 )-( C178 - C108 )
b)Xt trng hp sau
TH1:Chn 4 hc sinh khi 10
+ chn 4 hc sinh khi 10 ta c C54 cch
+Chn 11 hc sinh cn li ca 2 khi 11 v 12 l C1711 cch
Suy ra c C54 . C1711 cch
TH2: Chn 5 hc sinh khi 10
+ chn 5 hc sinh khi 10 ta c 1cch
+ Chn 10 hc sinh cn lai ca 2 khi 11 v 12 c C1710 C1010
Suy ra c C1710 C1010 cch
Vy s cch cn tm l C54 . C1711 + C1710 C1010 cch
Bi 3: T 1 ca lp 11A gm c 12 hc sinh trong c 2 bn nh Tuyt v Tun Anh.
Chn ra 7 hc sinh lp thnh t hc tp. C bao nhiu cch chn sao cho nh Tuyt v Tun
Anh khng ng thi c mt trong mt t hc tp.
Gii:
+TH1: C nh Tuyt v khng c Tun Anh c C116 cch chn
+TH2: C Tun Anh v khng c nh Tuyt c C116 cch chn
Vy c tt c 2. C116 cch
Bi 4: Mt lp hc c 30 hc sinh trong lun c An. Lp thnh mt i vn ngh c
10 ngi, trong c 3 i trng v 2 i ph.
a)C bao nhiu cch lp mt i nh trn sao cho An lun c mt trong i
b) C bao nhiu cch lp mt i nh trn sao cho An lun c mt trong i v l i
trng hoc i ph
Gii:
a)Cch 1:
+Ly ra hc sinh An c 1 cch
+Ly ra 9 hc sinh na khng c An c C299
+Chn ra 3 i trng trong 10 bn c C103
+Chn ra 2 i ph trong 7 bn cn li c C72
+ Vy s cch chn v sp xp l l 1. C299 . C103 . C72
Cch 2:
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Xt cc trng hp sau:
TH1: An l i trng
+Chn thm 2 i trng na c C292 cch
+Chn 2 i ph c C272 cch
+Chn 5 thnh vin cn li c C255
Suy ra c C292 . C272 . C255 cch
TH2: An l i ph
+Chn 3 i trng c C293 cch
1
+Chn thm 1 i ph c C26
cch
+Chn 5 thnh vin cn li c C255 cch
1
. C255 cch
Suy ra c C293 . C26
TH3: An l i vin ( khng l i trng, khng l i ph)
+Chn 3 i trng c C293 cch
+Chn 2 i ph c C262 cch
+Chn 4 thnh vin na c C244 cch
Suy ra c C293 . C262 . C244 cch
1
Vy s cch cn tm l C292 . C272 . C255 + C293 . C26
. C255 + C293 . C262 . C244 cch
b) Xt cc trng hp sau:
TH1: An l i trng
+Chn thm 2 i trng na c C292 cch
+Chn 2 i ph c C272 cch
+Chn 5 thnh vin cn li c C255
Suy ra c C292 . C272 . C255 cch
TH2: An l i ph
+Chn 3 i trng c C293 cch
1
+Chn thm 1 i ph c C26
cch
+Chn 5 thnh vin cn li c C255 cch
1
Suy ra c C293 . C26
. C255 cch
1
Vy c C292 . C272 . C255 + C293 . C26
. C255 cch
Bi 5: (H-B-2005) Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 sinh vin gm 12 nam v 3
n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng i tnh nguyn v gip 3 x min ni sao cho mi
x c 4 nam v 1 n.
Gii:
+Phn 4 nam v 1 n v x th nht c C124 .C31 cch
+ Phn 4 nam v 1 n v x th 2 c C84 .C21 cch
+ Phn 4 nam v 1 n v x th 3 c C44 .C11
Vy s cch cn tm l C124 .C31 . C84 .C21 . C44 .C11 cch

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Bi 6: Mt c gio c 4 quyn sch ton v 6 quyn sch l khc nhau. Ly t 5
quyn c hai loi em tng cho 5 hc sinh mi em c 1 quyn. Hi c bao nhiu cch
tng
Gii:
*Chn s lng
+ S cch ly ra 5 quyn bt k l C105 cch
+ S cch ly ra 5 quyn l l C65 cch,
+ Do s sch ton t hn s lng cn ly nn s cch ly ra 5 quyn 2 loi l C105 - C65
*Sp xp
Ly 5 quyn trn em tng 5 hc sinh c 5! Cch
Vy s cch tng cn tm l 5!( C105 - C65 ) cch
Bi 7:Trong mt phng cho a gic u c 10 cnh.
a)C bao nhiu tam gic to thnh t cc nh ca t gic
b)C bao nhiu tam gic to c 2 cnh ca a gic
c)C bao nhiu tam gic to c 1 cnh ca a gic
d)C bao nhiu tam gic khng cha cnh no ca a gic
Gii:
a)S nh l bt k nn s tam gic to thnh l C103 tam gic
b)Tam gic c 3 nh lin tip ca a gic l tam gic c cha 2 cnh ca a gic
Cc tam gic bt u l A1 A2 A3 ; A2 A3 A4 . A10 A1 A2 suy ra c 10 tam gic cn tm
c)Tam gic c hai nh thuc 1 cnh ca a gic v nh th 3 khng k vi 2 nh .
ng vi cnh chng ta c 6 tam gic c to thnh. V th c 10.6 = 60 tam gic c
to thnh
d) S tam gic cn tm l C103 -10 60 = 50 tam gic cn tm
D.BI TP T LUYN
1) C bao nhiu cch sp xp 5 ngi khch gm 3 nam v 2 n ngi vo mt hng 8 gh
nu:
a) h ngi ch no cng c?
b) h ngi k nhau?
c) 3 nam ngi k nhau, 2 n ngi k nhau v gia hai nhm ny c t nht mt gh
trng?
2) C bao nhiu cch sp xp ch ngi cho 5 ngi khch
a) vo 5 gh xp thnh mt dy.
b) vo 5 gh chung quanh mt bn trn, nu khng c s phn bit gia cc gh ny.
3) Mi ngi mun chp nh chung. H mun chp nhiu nh khc nhau bng cch i
ch ng ln nhau. Cho rng mi ln i ch v chp nh mt 1 pht, hi cn bao lu
c th chp tt c cc nh khc nhau?
4) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm ba ch s khc nhau v khc 0 bit rng tng ba ch s
ny bng 8?
5) Mt dy 5 gh dnh cho 3 nam sinh v 2 n sinh. C bao nhiu cch sp xp ch ngi
nu:
a) h ngi ch no cng c.
b) nam sinh ngi k nhau, n sinh ngi k nhau.
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c) ch c n sinh ngi k nhau.
6) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm ba ch s khc nhau bit rng tng ba ch s ny bng
12?
Mt phng khch c 3 ch c th t tranh, nh hoc tng. Ch nh mun trang tr bng
cch xp t 4 bc tranh khc nhau vo mt ch, 3 tm nh khc nhau vo ch th hai v
2 pho tng khc nhau vo ch cn li. Hi c bao nhiu cch trang tr phng khch?
7) Ta mun mi 6 ngi ngi vo mt dy 6 gh . C bao nhiu cch sp xp ch ngi
nu:
a) C 3 ngi trong bn h mun ngi k nhau?
b) C 2 ngi trong bn h khng mun ngi k nhau?
c) C 3 ngi trong bn h khng mun ngi k nhau i mt?
8) Mt bn di c 12 gh, mi bn 6 gh. Ngi ta mun xp ch ngi cho 12 ngi
khch gm 6 nam v 6 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp ch ngi nu:
a) h ngi ch no cng c ?
b) nam ngi mt bn, n ngi mt bn ?
c) nam n ngi i din nhau ?
d) nam n ngi xen k v i din nhau ?
9) Cho cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc nhau c
ly t cc s cho, sao cho:
a) S chn
b) S chia ht cho 5
c) Lun c mt ch s 1 v 3
10) Cho cc s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s khc nhau
c ly t cc ch s cho sao cho cc s l lun ng lin nhau.
11) Cho cc s : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
a) C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 9 ch s c ly t cc s cho sao cho s 3
c mt 3 ln,
cc s khc c mt ng 1 ln.
b) C th lp c bao nhiu s c 5 ch s c ly t cc s cho sao cho s 3 c
mt 1 ln, cc s khc c mt mt vi ln.
12) Cho cc s: 0,1,2,3,4,5. C th lp c bao nhiu s t 4 s khc nhau c ly t
cc s cho. Sao cho:
a) Lun c mt ch s 5.
b) S chia ht cho 3.
c) Khng bt u t ch s 3.
13) Cho cc s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. C th lp c bao nhiu s c 6 ch s c ly t cc s
cho sao cho:
a) S u v s cui ging nhau, cc s gia khc nhau.
b) 2 ch s u v 2 ch s cui ging nhau.
14) Cho cc s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
a) C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 10 ch s sao cho s 0 c mt 2 ln, s 3 c mt
2 ln. Cc s khc c mt mt ln.
b) C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s sao cho s 2 c mt 2 ln, cc s khc
c mt mt vi ln.
15) Cho cc s: 0,1,2,3,4,5. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s sao cho cc s
chn khng ng lin nhau.
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16) Mt nhm ngi thnh lp mt cng ty. H mun chn mt ban iu hnh gm mt
gim c,mt ph gim c v mt th qy. C 10 ngi hi iu kin c
chn. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ban iu hnh?
17) Hun luyn vin mt i bng mun chn 5 cu th qu lun lu 11m. C bao
nhiu cch chn nu:
a) C 11 cu th c kh nng nh nhau? ( K c th mn)
b) C 3 cu th b chn thng v nht thit phi b tr cu th A qu s 1 v cu
th B qu s 4?
18) Mt ngi mun xp t mt s pho tng vo mt dy 6 ch trng trn mt k trang
tr. C bao nhiu cch sp xp nu:
a) Ngi c 6 pho tng khc nhau?
b) Ngi c 4 pho tng khc nhau?
c) Ngi c 8 pho tng khc nhau?
19) Vi nm s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s trong s 1 c mt
hai ln cc s cn li mi s c mt ng mt ln?
20) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s khc nhau bit rng:
a) cc s ny chia ht cho 5?
b) trong cc s ny phi c mt ba ch s 0,1,2 ?
32) Vi su s 2,3,5,6,7,8, ta mun thnh lp nhng s gm bn ch s khc nhau.
a) C bao nhiu s nh hn 5000 ?
b) C bao nhiu s chn nh hn 7000 ?
21) Mt lp hc c 30 hc sinh. Trong c 12 n, cn thnh lp mt t cng tc gm 8
ngi. C bao nhiu cch lp sao cho trong t c ng 2 n.
22) Trong khng gian cho mt tp hp gm 9 im trong khng c 4 im no ng
phng. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu hnh t din vi nh thuc tp hp cho.
23) Mt b thi c 15 cu hi. Mi th sinh phi rt ra 4 cu (4 cu rt ra l thi ca
th sinh ny).
a) C bao nhiu thi khc nhau? ( Hai thi c coi l khc nhau nu c t nht
mt cu khc nhau. )
b) Tham gia k thi c 2736 th sinh. Chng t rng c t nht 3 th sinh gp cng mt
thi.
24) Mt t trc gm 9 nam sinh v 3 n sinh. Gio vin trc mun chn 4 hc sinh trc
th vin. C bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a) Chn hc sinh no cng c?
b) C ng mt n sinh c chn?
c) C t nht mt n sinh c chn?
25) Mt h n ng thng song song ct mt h m ng thng song song. Hi c bao
nhiu hnh bnh hnh c to thnh.
26) Cho tp X = {a, b, c, d }. C bao nhiu tp con ca X
a) Khng cha phn t a?
b) Cha phn t a?
27) Mt bnh ng 5 vin bi xanh, 3 vin bi , chng ch khc nhau v mu. Ly ra hai
vin.
a) C bao nhiu kt qu khc nhau?
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b) C bao nhiu cch ly ra c 2 vin bi xanh?, hai vin bi ? Hai vin bi khc
mu?
28) Gio vin hng dn lao ng mun chia 9 hc sinh ra lm 3 nhm gm 4, 3, v 2 hc
sinh. C bao nhiu cch chia?
29) Cho mt a gic li c n nh ( n 4 ).
a) Tnh s ng cho ca a gic ny;
b) Bit rng ba ng cho khng cng i qua mt nh th khng ng quy, hy
tnh s cc giao im ( khng phi l nh ) ca cc ng cho y.
30) Mt t trc gm 8 nam sinh v 6 n sinh. Gio vin trc mun chn mt nhm 5 hc
sinh. C bao nhiu cch chn nu nhm ny phi c t nht mt n sinh?
31) Gim c mt cng ty mun chn mt nhm 5 ngi vo hi ng t vn. Trong cng
ty c 12 ngi hi iu kin c chn, trong c hai cp v chng. Hi c
bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a) Hi ng ny c ng mt cp v chng?
b) Hi ng ny khng th gm c v ln chng ( nu c )?
32) Tnh s ng cho ca mt a gic li c n cnh. Tm a gic c s cnh bng s
ng cho.
33) (H-B-2002) Cho a gic u A1 A2 ... A2 n (n 2, n Z ) ni tip ng trn (O). Bit
rng s tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n im A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh
ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im A1 , A2 ,..., A2 n , tm n?.
34) (H-B-2004) Trong mt mn hc, thy gio c 30 cu hi khc nhau gm 5 cu hi
kh, 10 cu hi trung bnh, 15 cu hi d. T 30 cu hi c th lp c bao nhiu
kim tra, mi gm 5 cu hi khc nhau, sao cho trong mi nht thit phi c
3 loi cu hi ( kh, trung bnh, d ) v s cu hi d khng t hn 2?.
35) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 2008 ch s sao cho tng cc ch s bng 3

III. KT LUN
Theo quan im ring ca chng ti chuyn ti u ha bi ton m trong i s
t hp c nhng ng gp sau:
1. h thng ha, phn tch, din gii c mt s khi nim v i s t hp v
cc khi nim lin quan c chng minh
2.Thng k c mt s dng ton in hnh lin quan n t hp c bit l cc
bi ton m
3.Xy dng mt s bin php s phm rn luyn k nng gii quyt cc vn
lin quan n i s t hp m ch yu l bi ton m

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