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Chuyen de Hoan Vito Hopchinh Hoptai Lieu DC Phan Dang Bai Tap Va Co Giai Chi Tiet PDF
Chuyen de Hoan Vito Hopchinh Hoptai Lieu DC Phan Dang Bai Tap Va Co Giai Chi Tiet PDF
HON V - CHNH HP - T HP
(LP 11 & N THI THPT QUC GIA)
NGUYN HU BIN
https://www.facebook.com/ng.huubien
Email: ng.huubien@gmail.com
Trang 1
a 6 c 5 cch chn
Vy tt c c: 10.9.8.7.6.5 = 151.200 t v s
Bi 3: Trong mt trng THPT, khi 11 c : 160 hc sinh tham gia cu lc b ton, 140 hc sinh tham gia
hoa qu trng ming trong 5 loi hoa qu v mt loi nc ung trong 4 loi nc ung. Hi c bao nhiu
cch chn thc n cho ba n ?
Hng dn:
+ Mn n c: 10 cch chn.
+ ng vi cch chn 1 mn n, 1 loi hoa qu c chn t 5 loi nn c 5 cch chn.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 2
n ?
Hng dn:
+ Chn nam: c 8 cch chn
+ ng vi mi cch chn nam, c 6 cch chn na
Vy tt c c 6.8 = 48 cch chn mt i song ca.
Bi 8: T cc ch s 1; 5; 6; 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin :
a) C 4 ch s ?
b) C 4 ch s khc nhau ?
Hng dn:
a) S cn tm c dng: a1a2a3a4 ; ai {1;5;6;7}
+ a1 c 4 cch chn
+ a1 c 4 cch chn
nhau v lp li)
chn li)
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 3 c 2 cch chn
+ a 4 c 4 cch chn
+ a 4 c 1 cch chn
Vy c 4.4.4.4 = 256 s c 4 ch s
Hng dn:
+ Gi s cn tm c dng a1a 2a 3a4a5 ; ai = 0;9 ; a1 = a 5 ;a 2 = a 4
+ a1 c 9 cch chn (do khng chn ch s 0)
+ a 2 c 10 cch chn
+ a 3 c 10 cch chn
+ a 4 = a 2 nn c 1 cch chn
+ a 5 = a1 nn c 1 cch chn
Vy tt c c: 9.10.10.1.1 = 900 s tha mn yu cu.
Trang 3
c) L s l c 2 ch s
d) L s l c 2 ch s khc nhau
Hng dn:
a) S cn tm c dng a1a 2 ;ai = 0;9
Vy tt c c 9.5 = 45 s chn c 2 ch s
Vy tt c c 9.5 = 45 s l c 2 ch s
d) Ta tm cc s l c 2 ch s ging nhau
a1a 2 ;a i { 2;4;6;8}
a1a 2 ;a i {1;3;5;7;9}
+ a1 c 4 cch chn
+ a1 c 5 cch chn
+ a 2 = a1 c 1 cch chn
+ a 2 = a1 c 1 cch chn
+ Kt hp phn a c 45 - 4 = 41 s chn c 2 ch
+ Kt hp phn c c 45 - 5 = 40 s l c 2 ch s
s khc nhau
khc nhau
Hng dn:
* Bc 1: Tm cc s nguyn dng c 1 ch s: C 9 s
* Bc 2: Tm cc s nguyn dng c 2 ch s khc nhau
S cn tm c dng a1a 2 ;ai = 0;9
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 4
Hng dn:
a)
+ chn 1 hc sinh n trong 4 hc sinh n c: 4 cch
+ chn 1 hc sinh tip theo c: 6 cch (ch c chn trong s hc sinh nam)
+ chn 1 hc sinh cui cng c: 5 cch
Vy c 4.6.5 = 120 cch chn 3 hc sinh trong c ng 1 hc sinh n
b)
* Trng hp 1: Trong 3 hc sinh c chn, c ng 1 hc sinh n : C 120 cch (theo a)
* Trng hp 2: Trong 3 hc sinh c chn c ng 2 hc sinh n:
+ Chn n th nht: c 4 cch
+ Chn n th hai: c 3 cch
+ Chn 1 nam: c 6 cch
Vy c: 4.3.6 = 72 cch
* Trng hp 3: C 3 hc sinh chn u l n: c 4.3.2 = 24 cch chn
Kt lun: Tt c c 120 + 72 + 24 = 216 cch chn tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Trang 5
ln ?
Hng dn:
a)
b)
c)
+ Chia 4 ngi thnh 2 nhm: Nhm I: c 3 ngi,
c)
Cch khc:
cch chn
khoang:
Vy ta c 4.3 = 12 cch.
- Nhm I: C 4 cch xp
Trang 6
cho ?
Hng dn:
Gi s cn tm l a1a2a3a4
+ a1 c 7 cch chn
+ a 2 c 6 cch chn
+ a 3 c 5 cch chn
+ a 4 c 4 cch chn
Vy c 2.4.3 = 24 s tha mn
+ a1 c 4 cch chn
+ a 2 c 3 cch chn
+ a1 c 5 cch chn
+ a 2 c 4 cch chn
+ a 2 c 4 cch chn
+ a 3 c 3 cch chn
+ a 3 c 3 cch chn
+ a 4 c 2 cch chn
+ a 4 c 2 cch chn
Trang 7
Cch khc:
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
+ a 5 c 2 cch chn
+ Gi s t nhin L C 5 CH S KHC NHAU l: m = b1b 2b 3b 4b 5
+ b 5 c 3 cch chn
(Do b 5 {1;3;5} )
+ b1 c 4 cch chn
(Do b1 0 )
+ b 2 c 4 cch chn
+ b 3 c 3 cch chn
+ b 4 c 2 cch chn
Kt lun: Vy cc s chn tha mn yu cu bi ton l : 600 - 288 = 312 s.
Bi 19: T cc ch s 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau ?
+ a1 c 6 cch chn
+ a 2 c 5 cch chn
+ a 2 c 5 cch chn
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
Trang 8
Cch khc:
TH2: a 5 = 2 c 1 cch
+ a1 c 6 cch chn
+ a1 c 5 cch chn
+ a 2 c 5 cch chn
(Do a1 0 )
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 2 c 5 cch chn
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
Vy c 1.5.5.4.3 = 300 s tha mn
nhau ?
Hng dn: Gi n = a1a 2a 3a4a5 l s in trn v s tha mn yu cu bi ton
+ a1 c 10 cch chn
+ a 2 c 9 cch chn
+ a 3 c 8 cch chn
+ a 4 c 7 cch chn
+ a 5 c 6 cch chn
Bi 21: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 7 ch s tha mn ch s th 3 l chn, ch s cui cng chia ht cho 3,
cc ch s th 5 v 6 khc nhau ?
Hng dn: Gi n = a1a 2a 3a4a5a6a7 l s cn tm.
+ a 3 c 5 cch chn (Do a 3 {0;2;4;6;8} )
+ a 7 c 3 cch chn (Do a7 { 3;6;9} )
+ a1 c 9 cch chn (Do a1 0 )
+ a 2 c 10 cch chn
+ a 4 c 10 cch chn
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 9
+ a 5 c 10 cch chn
+ a 6 c 9 cch (Do a 6 a 5 )
Vy c 5.3.9.10.10.10.9 = 1.215.000 s tha mn
Bi 22: Cho tp hp A = {0;1;2;3;4;5} . C bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i mt khc nhau c to thnh t
cc ch s trong tp hp A ?
Hng dn: Gi n = a1a 2a 3a4a5 l s cn tm.
+ a1 c 5 cch chn
(Do a1 0 )
+ a 2 c 5 cch chn
+ a 3 c 4 cch chn
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
+ a 5 c 2 cch chn
cho 5 ?
Hng dn: Gi n = a1a 2a 3a4 l s cn tm.
+ a 4 c 3 cch chn
(Do a4 {1;3;7} )
+ a1 c 3 cch chn Vy c 3.3.3.2 = 54 s tha mn
+ a 2 c 3 cch chn
+ a 3 c 2 cch chn
0; 1; 2; 3; 4 ?
Hng dn: S cn tm < 10.000 vy ln nht ch c th l s c 4 ch s
TH1: S c 4 ch s khc nhau :
Trang 10
+ a 2 c 4 cch chn
+ a 3 c 3 cch chn
+ a 4 c 2 cch chn
Vy c 4.4.3.2 = 96 s tha mn
TH2: S c 3 ch s khc nhau:
Gi n = a1a 2a 3 l s cn tm.
Gi n = a1a 2 l s cn tm.
+ a1 c 4 cch chn ( Do a1 0 )
+ a 2 c 4 cch chn
+ a 2 c 4 cch chn
+ a 3 c 3 cch chn
Vy c 4.4 = 16 s tha mn
Vy c 4.4.3 = 48 s tha mn
TH4: S c 1 ch s: c 4 s
Kt lun: Tt c c 96 + 46 + 16 + 4 = 156 s tha mn
Bi 25: C 4 nam v 4 n cn xp ngi di vo mt hng. Hi c bao nhiu cch xp sao cho nam v n
Trang 11
+ V tr 2 c 4 cch chn
+ V tr 3 c 3 cch chn
+ V tr 4 c 3 cch chn
+ V tr 5 c 2 cch
+ V tr 6 c 2 cch
+ V tr 7 c 1 cch
+ V tr 8 c 1 cch
Vy c 8.4.3.3.2.2.1.1 = 1152 cch xp tha mn
Bi 25. C bao nhiu c nguyn dng ca s 2 3 .3 4 .5 6 .7 8 1112 .1314
Hng dn:
c nguyn dng ca s 2 3 .3 4 .5 6 .7 8 1112 .1314 khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t th c dng:
2 a .3 b .5 c .7 d 11e .13 f
Vi s a c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3 th c 4 cch chn. (a l s t nhin khng vt qu 3)
Vi s b c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 th c 5 cch chn. (b l s t nhin khng vt qu 4)
Vi s c c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 th c 7 cch chn. (c l s t nhin khng vt qu 6)
Vi s d c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 th c 9 cch chn. (d l s t nhin khng vt qu 8)
Vi s e c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12 th c 13 cch chn. ()
Vi s f c th chn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,12, 13, 14 th c 15 cch chn.
Vy c 4.5.7.9.13.15 = 245700 c s.
Cch ca THCS: s 2 a .3 b .5 c .7 d 11e .13 f c ( a + 1) ( b + 1) ( c + 1) ( d + 1) ( e + 1) ( f + 1) c s
Trang 12
Trang 13
BNG BN
30
CU LNG
10
Trang 14
Trang 15
BI HC 2: HON V
I. TM TT L THUYT
1. Giai tha:
Trang 16
Vy c tt c 4.P4 = 96 s tha mn
c) Gi s cn tm l 23a 3a4a5 . Vy c 1.1.P3 = 6 s
d) Ta lm ngc li: S cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s bt u bng 345 l 345a4a5 . Vy c 1.1.1.P2 = 2 s
Kt lun: S cc s t nhin tha mn yu cu bi l 5! 1.1.1.P2 = 118 s
Bi 3: T cc ch s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 ta c th lp c tt c cc s gm 9 ch s khc nhau :
a) C bao nhiu s c thnh lp
b) C bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5
c) C bao nhiu s chn
Hng dn:
a) p s: 9! = 362.880 s
b) Ta thy ch s cui cng l 5 ( s cn tm chia ht cho 5) nn c 1 cch chn. 8 v tr cn li l hon v
v vy c 8! Cch chn.
Kt lun: c 8!.1 = 40.320 s c 9 ch s khc nhau chia ht cho 5
c) Ta thy ch s cui cng l 2; 4; 6; 8 ( s cn tm l s chn) nn c 4 cch chn. 8 v tr cn li l hon
v v vy c 8! Cch chn.
Kt lun: c 8!.4 = 161.280 s c 9 ch s khc nhau v l s chn.
Bi 4: C 10 hc sinh cng ngi trn mt hng gh v chi tr i ch. Cho rng mi ln i ch ht 1 pht.
Hi thi gian h i ch cho nhau l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn:
+ S ln i ch l 10! = 3.628.800 ln
+ Thi gian h i ch trong cc tnh hung l: 3.628.800 (khong 7 nm)
Bi 5: Mt nhm gm 12 hc sinh trong 5 n v 7 nam. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp 12 hc sinh thnh
mt hng doc sao cho 5 hc sinh n phi ng lin nhau ?
Hng dn: Dng cch buc ci
+ Coi 5 hc sinh n ng lin nhau nh 1 nhm X. Nh vy ta c 7 bn nam v 1 nhm X (coi nh 8 bn)
xp thnh mt hng dc.
+ Xp X v 7 hc sinh nam c 8! Cch
+ By gi m nhm X ra cho 5 bn n hon v vi nhau. Vy xp 5 bn n trong nhm X c 5! Cch.
Vy theo quy tc nhn ta c: 8! . 5! = 4.838.400 cch sp xp tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi 6: C 4 tem th khc nhau v 4 b th khc nhau. Hi c bao nhiu cch dn tem vo b ?
Hng dn:
(C nh 4 b th (coi nh 4 gh ngi), mi tem th coi nh 1 ngi di chuyn vo ch ngi)
+ C nh 4 b th. Mi hon v ca 4 tem th l 1 cch dn. Vy c 4! = 24 cch dn tem vo b
(Ch : khng c va hon v tem va hon v b th, v nh vy chc chn s c lc trng nhau)
Bi 7: Cn sp xp 5 hc sinh A, B, C, D, E thnh mt hng ngang. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp sao cho 2
hc sinh A, v B lun ng u hng ?
Hng dn:
+ Coi 2 bn A v B ng cnh nhau (u hng) nh mt nhm X. Nh vy ta c 3 bn C, D, E v mt nhm
X (coi nh 4 bn)
+ X lun ng v tr u nn c 1 cch xp
+ 3 bn cn li c 3! Cch xp.
+ 2 bn trong nhm X li c 2! Cch xp
Vy ta c : 1.3!.2! = 12 cch sp xp
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 17
Trang 18
Bi 11: Mt hc sinh c 12 cun sch i mt khc nhau, trong c 2 cun sch mn ton, 4 cun sch
mn vn, 6 cun sch mn ting Anh. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp tt c cc cun sch ln mt k sch
di, nu mi cun sch cng 1 mn c xp k nhau ?
Hng dn:
+ Ta coi 2 cun sch ton l 1 nhm X, 4 cun sch vn thnh 1 nhm Y, 6 cun sch ting Anh thnh 1
nhm Z. Vy c 3! cch t 3 b sch X, Y, Z ln k sch.
+ (By gi coi nh ci dy buc ra cc cun sch trong 1 nhm t hon v vi nhau) Nhm sch ton c
2! cch xp, nhm vn c 4! cch xp, nhm ting Anh c 6! cch xp.
+ Vy tt c c 3!.2!.4!.6! = 207.360 cch sp xp.
Bi 12 (SGK): T cc ch s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 lp cc s gm 6 ch s khc nhau. Hi :
a) C bao nhiu s chn, bao nhiu s l ?
b) C bao nhiu s b hn 432000 ?
Hng dn:
a) Gi cc s cn tm c dng n = a1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6
+ a1 0 a1 c 4 cch chn
+ 4 ch s cn li c 4! cch sp xp
Vy tt c c: 4.4! = 96 s tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi 15: Tnh cc s t nhin i mt khc nhau c 6 ch s to thnh t cc ch s 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 sao cho 2
ch s 3 v 4 ng cnh nhau
Hng dn:
Gi 2 ch s 3 v 4 ng cnh nhau nh 1 nhm X (ch s kp X). Vy ta xt s lp thnh t 5 ch s: 0; 1;
2; 5 v X
Gi s cn tm c dng a1a 2a 3a4a5
+ a1 0 a1 c 4 cch chn
+ T a 2 n a 5 c 4! cch chn na.
+ Tuy nhin 2 ch s 3 v 4 trong nhm X hon v cho nhau nn c 2! cch chn na
Kt lun: C 4.4!.2! = 192 s tha mn yu cu.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 19
xanh1
xanh2
xanh3
xanh4
+ 4 qu xanh cn li c 4! cch sp xp
+ 5 qu cu trng trong nhm X li c 5! cch sp xp v tr.
Vy tt c c: 5.4!.5! = 14400 cch sp xp.
Bi 18: C 30 hc sinh ca trng X tham gia mt tinh trong c 4 hc sinh cng lp; 26 hc sinh cn li
chn t 13 lp khc nhau (mi lp 2 hc sinh). Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp 30 hc sinh thnh 1 hng sao
cho cc hc sinh cng 1 lp th ng k nhau ?
Hng dn:
+ Ta coi cc hc sinh cng 1 lp nh 1 nhm A (Mi nhm A ging nh 1 hc sinh kp). Vy tt c c 14
nhm A
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 20
+ Khi xp 14 nhm khc nhau (xp 14 hc sinh kp) thnh 1 hng, ta c : P4 cch xp.
+ Tuy nhin, trong mi nhm 2 ngi s c 2! cch xp, mi nhm 4 ngi s c 4! cch xp.
13
Bi hc 3: CHNH HP
I. TM TT L THUYT
1. Bi ton: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t, ly ra k phn t ca A ( 1 k n ) v sp xp chng theo mt
TH T. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp ?
Hng dn:
+ Cng on 1: Ly phn t th nht c n cch
+ Cng on 2: Ly phn t th hai c n - 1 = (n - 2) + 1 cch
+ Cng on 3: Ly phn t th ba c n - 2 = (n - 3) + 1 cch
.
.
+ Cng on k: Ly phn t th k c n - (k - 1) = (n - k) + 1 cch
Vy c tt c: n ( n 1) ( n 2 ) ... ( n k + 1) cch
2. nh ngha: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t v s nguyn k ( 1 k n ) . Khi ly ra k phn t ca A v sp
xp theo 1 trt t nht nh ta c 1 CHNH HP chp k ca n phn t ca A (Gi tt l chnh hp chp k
ca A)
n!
K kiu: A kn = n ( n 1) ( n 2 ) ... ( n k + 1) =
(n k )!
Ch : 0! = 1; A n0 = 1;A nn = Pn = n!
VD1: C 11 cu th, chn ra 5 cu th lun lu, vy s cch chn l
11!
11!
5
A11
=
=
= 11.10.9.8.7 = 55440 cch.
( 11 5 ) ! 6!
VD2: Mt nhm c 5 bn A; B; C; D; E. Hy k ra cc cch phn cng 3 bn lm trc nht: 1 bn qut nh,
1 bn lau bng, 1 bn xp bn gh.
5!
5!
Vy c A 53 =
= = 5.4.3 = 60 cch
( 5 3 ) ! 2!
VD3: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau c lp thnh t cc ch s t 1 n 9.
C A 59 = 9.8.7.6.5 = 15120 s
VD4: Trong mt phng cho mt tp hp gm 6 im phn bit. C bao nhiu vecto khc 0 c im u v
im cui trong tp hp ny ?
+ V mt cp sp th t gm 2 im A, B cho ta mt vecto khc 0 , vy c: A 62 = 6.5 = 30 vecto
II. BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: C 8 vn ng vin chy thi, nu khng k trng hp c 2 vn ng vin cng v ch mt lc, hi
c bao nhiu kt qu xy ra i vi cc v tr 1, 2, 3 ?
Hng dn:
+ Bi ton ny thc cht l chn ra 3 vn ng vin xp gii nht - nh - ba (th t 1, 2, 3) t 8 vn ng vin
cho trc.
+ Vy tt c c: A 83 = 8.7.6 = 336 kt qu
Bi 2: Trong 1 ban chp hnh gm 7 ngi, cn chn ra 3 ngi vo ban thng v vi cc chc v: b th,
ph b th, y vin. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 21
3
Vy c: 4. 1.A 99
= 3.764.376 kt qu.
Bi 5: Mt cu lc b c 25 thnh vin, c bao nhiu cch chn 3 ngi vo 3 v tr: ch tch, ph ch tch,
th qu ?
Hng dn: C A 325 cch chn
Bi 6: Cho 100000 chic v s c nh s t 000000 n 999999. Hi cc v s c 5 ch s khc nhau l
bao nhiu ?
Hng dn: Thc cht bi ton chnh l: t 10 ch s 0; 1; 2; 3; ; 9, ly ra 1 tp hp gm 5 ch s khc
10!
5
nhau trong 10 ch s . Vy c A10
=
= 10.9.8.7.6 = ... v
5!
Bi 7: Mt lp hc c 25 hc sinh, chn ra 1 ban cn s lp (lp trng - lp ph - thy qu). Hi c bao
nhiu cch chn ?
Hng dn: C C A 325 cch chn (ging nh Bi 5)
Bi 8: Mt cuc khiu v gm 5 nam v 6 n. Cn chn c th t 3 nam v 3 n ghp thnh 3 cp. Hi c
bao nhiu cch chn ?
Hng dn:
3
+ Chn 3 nam trong 10 nam theo 1 th t c: A10
cch
Trang 22
Hng dn:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
TH1: 3 bn nam chn cc gh (1); (2); (3) c 1 cch. 2 bn n c 3 cch chn gh:
[ (4);(5)] ;[ (5);(6)] ;[ (6);(7)]
M 3 bn nam ngi cnh nhau nn c 3! Cch ngi; 2 bn n ngi cnh nhau nn c 2! Cch ngi.
Vy tt c c: 1.3.3!.2! = 36 cch.
TH2: 3 bn nam chn cc gh (2); (3); (4) c 1 cch. 2 bn n c 2 cch chn gh: [ (5);(6)] ;[ (6);(7)]
M 3 bn nam ngi cnh nhau nn c 3! Cch ngi; 2 bn n ngi cnh nhau nn c 2! Cch ngi.
Vy tt c c: 1.2.3!.2! = 24 cch.
TH3: 3 bn nam chn cc gh (3); (4); (5) c 1 cch. 2 bn n c 2 cch chn gh: [ (6);(7)] ;[ (1);(2)]
M 3 bn nam ngi cnh nhau nn c 3! Cch ngi; 2 bn n ngi cnh nhau nn c 2! Cch ngi.
Vy tt c c: 1.2.3!.2! = 24 cch.
TH4: 3 bn nam chn cc gh (4); (5); (6) c 1 cch. 2 bn n c 2 cch chn gh: [ (1);(2)] ;[ (2);(3)]
M 3 bn nam ngi cnh nhau nn c 3! Cch ngi; 2 bn n ngi cnh nhau nn c 2! Cch ngi.
Vy tt c c: 1.2.3!.2! = 24 cch.
TH5: 3 bn nam chn cc gh (5); (6); (7) c 1 cch. 2 bn n c 3 cch chn gh:
[ (1);(2)] ;[ (2);(3)] ;[ (3);(4)]
M 3 bn nam ngi cnh nhau nn c 3! Cch ngi; 2 bn n ngi cnh nhau nn c 2! Cch ngi.
Vy tt c c: 1.3.3!.2! = 36 cch.
KT LUN: c 36 + 24 + 24 + 24 + 36 = 144 cch
Bi 11: Tnh cc s t nhin c 4 ch s i mt khc nhau c lp thnh t 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 sao cho trong
mi s u c mt t nht ch s 1 hoc 2 ?
Hng dn:
Bc 1: Gi s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau l a1a2a3a4 ( a1 c 5 cch chn), vy c 5.A 53 = 300 s
Trang 23
TH1: {a1 ;a 2 ;a 3 } = {0; 4;5} , a1 c 2 cch chn, a 2 c 2 cch chn, a 3 c 1 cch chn. Vy c 2.2.1 = 4 s.
TH2: {a1 ;a 2 ;a 3 } = {1;3;5} ; {2;3; 4} u c 3! S.
Vy tt c c 4 + 2.3! = 16 s tha mn.
Bi 17: T cc ch s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 lp c bao nhiu s c 3 ch s khc nhau b hn 345 ?
Hng dn:
+ Gi s cn tm l a1a2a 3 < 345
TH1: a1 = 1 c 1 cch chn, a 2 c 5 cch chn, a 3 c 4 cch chn. Vy c 1.5.4 = 20 s
TH2: a1 = 2 c 1 cch chn, a 2 c 5 cch chn, a 3 c 4 cch chn. Vy c 1.5.4 = 20 s
TH3: a1 = 3, a 2 = 1 , vy c 1.1.4 = 4 s
TH4: a1 = 3, a 2 = 2 , vy c 1.1.4 = 4 s
TH5: a1 = 3,a 2 = 4, a 5 {1; 2} , vy c 1.1.2 = 2 s
Vy tt c c 20 + 20 + 4 + 4 + 2 = 50 s
Bi 18: C bao nhiu s c 6 ch s c chn t cc ch s thuc {1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8} sao cho cc ch s
i mt khc nhau, ch s u tin phi l s 4 v ch s cui cng chn ?
Hng dn:
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 24
Bi 19: Cho 5 ch s 1; 2; 3; 4; 5
a) C th lp c bao nhiu s l c 4 ch s khc nhau t 5 ch s trn ?
b) C th lp c bao nhiu s chia ht cho 3 c 3 ch s khc nhau t 5 ch s trn ?
Hng dn:
a). Gi s cn tm c dng a1a2a3a4 , a 4 {1;3;5} nn c 3 cch chn, cc ch s cn li c A 34 cch chn.
Vy c 3. A 34 = 72 s l tha mn.
b). Gi s cn tm l a1a 2a 3 , do ( a1 + a 2 + a 3 ) 3 {a1 ;a 2 ;a 3 } = {1; 2;3} ; {1;3;5} ; {2;3; 4} ; {3; 4;5}
ng vi mi TH ta lp c 3! s . Vy c 4.3! = 24 s tha mn.
Bi 20: trng ph thng c cc mn hc l Ton, L, Ha, Sinh, Vn, S, a, Ting Anh, Cng ngh,
Gio dc quc phng v Th dc. Cn sp lch cho 1 ngy hc 5 tit thuc 5 mn khc nhau. Hi c bao
nhiu cch sp xp ?
Hng dn:
+ Ta thy c tng cng 13 mn hc khc nhau. sp xp cho 1 ngy hc c 5 tit hc, ta chn 5 mn t 13
5
mn hc ri sp xp chng theo mt th t. Vy c A13
= 154.440 cch
Bi 21: C 10 cun sch khc nhau v 7 cy bt my khc nhau. Cn chn ra 3 cun sch v 3 cy bt my
lm qu tng cho 3 hc sinh, mi em 1 cun sch v 1 cy bt my. Hi c my cch chn ?
Hng dn:
3
+ Chn 3 t 10 cun sch khc nhau c A10
cch
+ Chn t 3 trong 7 cy bt khc nhau c A 37 cch
3
Vy c A10
.A 37 = 151200 cch
Bi 22: Mt lp c 15 hc sinh nam v 20 hc sinh n. Trong bui tp trung lp u nm, gio vin chn 3
hc sinh lm ban cn s lp (1 lp trng, 1 lp ph, 1 th qu)
a) Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
b) Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu lp trng l nam ?
c) Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu mt trong ba bn c chn phi c t nht 1 n ?
Hng dn:
a). C A 335 = 39270 cch
2
cch.
b). Lp trng l nam c 15 cch chn. Chn 2 bn cn li t 34 bn ri sp xp theo th t c A 34
2
Vy tt c c 15. A 34
= 16830 cch chn
3
c) Lm theo PP phn b: Gi s 3 bn c chn u l nam, khi c A15
= 2730 cch.
Vy tng s cch tha mn l 39270 2730 = 36540 cch
Bi 23: Trong mt chng trnh vn ngh, cn chn ra 7 bi ht trong 10 bi ht v 3 tit mc ma trong 5
tit mc ma ri xp th t biu din. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu cc bi ht c xp k nhau v cc
tit mc ma c xp k nhau ?
Hng dn:
7
+ Chn 7 bi ht t 10 bi ht ri xp th t c A10
cch, chn 3 tit mc ma t 5 tit mc ri xp th t c
A 35 cch.
7
TH1: Ht trc, ma sau, vy c: A10
. A 35 cch.
7
TH2: Ma trc, ht sau, vy c: A 35 . A10
cch.
Trang 25
Trang 26
( )
+ 10. ( 8.A ) = 42000 s
3
8
4) Px .A x2 + 72 = 6 A x2 + 2Px
5) A 3x + 5A 2x 21x
Hng dn:
1). 2!x 2 3!x = 8 2x 2 6x 8 = 0 x = 1; x = 4
n N*
n N*
2). K:
n 5 1 n 6
Trang 27
n!
.(n 5)! (n + 3)! = 720.n! (n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1) = 720 n = 7
(n 5)!
3). K: n 2 4 n 6, n N
n!
(n 2)!
n(n 1)(n 2)!
(n 2)!
n(n 1)
= 30.
= 30.
= 30 n = 25; n = 6
(n 5)!
(n 2 4)!
(n 5)(n 6)!
(n 6)!
n 5
4). K: x 2, x N
(n + 3)! = 720
x!
x!
x!
+ 72 = 6
+ 2.x!
(x 2)!
(x 2)!
x = 3 < 0
x! 6 = 0
x = 3
5). K: x 3, x N
x!
x!
+ 5.
21x
(x 3)!
(x 2)!
x(x 1)(x 2) + 5x(x 1) 21x
x 2 + 24x 24 0 6 x 4 x = 3; x = 4
Trang 28
Hng dn:
+ Gi s c 4 ch s khc nhau lp t cc ch s cho l a1a 2a 3a4 = a1 .103 + a 2 .102 + a 3 .10 + a4
+ Khi ch s 1 nm v tr hng n v a 4 = 1 a 4 c 1 cch chn, s a1a 2a 3 c 5! cch chn.
Vy c 1.5! = 120 s c 5 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 1.
Lp lun tng t ta cng c:
+ 120 s c 4 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 2.
+ 120 s c 4 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 3.
+ 120 s c 4 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 4.
+ 120 s c 4 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 5.
+ 120 s c 4 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 6.
Vy tng tt c cc s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau lp c m ch s hng n v ln lt l 1; 2; 3; 4;
5; 6 l:
Cch lm: Coi vai tr s 0 nh s khc ngha l khi s 0 ng u ta c coi nh n c ngha. tnh c tng
tng ng. Ti y li tnh tng tt c cc s c 4 ch s khc nhau lp t tp {1;2;3;4;5} (chnh l cc s
c 5 ch s m 0 ng u), ly tng trn tr tng di l ra kt qu cn tm
Hng dn:
+ Gi s c 5 ch s khc nhau lp t cc ch s cho l a1a 2a 3a4a5 = a1 .104 + a 2 .103 + a 3 .102 + a4 .10 + a5
+ Khi ch s 0 nm v tr hng n v a 5 = 0 a 5 c 1 cch chn, s a1a2a3a4 c 5! cch chn.
Vy c 1.5! = 120 s c 5 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 0.
Lp lun tng t ta cng c:
+ 120 s c 5 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 1.
+ 120 s c 5 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 2.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 29
Tuy nhin trong tng trn v tnh c tnh c s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau m ch s ng u
a1 = 0 (thc cht ch l s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau). Vy ta cn ly kt qu trn tr i tng cc s
t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau c lp nn t cc ch s {1;2;3;4;5}
Tht vy: Gi s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau c lp nn t cc ch s {1;2;3;4;5} l
vy c 1.A 56 s nh vy c lp ra.
+ Khi xt tng cc s nu trn, ta thy mi ch s 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 u xut hin s ln nh nhau ng vi mt
1
1
ch s no ( ln ca A 56 ) nn tng s l: S1 = .A 56 . ( 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) . 104 + 10 3 + 102 + 10 + 1
6
6
Hng dn:
+ Gi s c 3 ch s khc nhau lp t cc ch s cho l a1a 2a 3 = a1 .102 + a 2 .10 + a3
+ Khi ch s 0 nm v tr hng n v a 3 = 0 a 3 c 1 cch chn, s a1a 2 c 3! cch chn.
Vy c 1.3! = 6 s c 3 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 0.
Lp lun tng t ta cng c:
+ 6 s c 3 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 1.
+ 6 s c 3 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 2.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 30
Tuy nhin trong tng trn v tnh c tnh c s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau m ch s ng u
a1 = 0 (thc cht ch l s t nhin c 2 ch s khc nhau). Vy ta cn ly kt qu trn tr i tng cc s
t nhin c 2 ch s khc nhau c lp nn t cc ch s {1;2;3}
Tht vy: Gi s t nhin c 2 ch s khc nhau c lp nn t cc ch s {1;2;3} l b1b 2 = b1 .10 + b 2
+ Khi ch s 1 nm v tr hng n v b 2 = 1 b 2 c 1 cch chn, s b1 c 2! cch chn.
Vy c 1.2! = 2 s c 2 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 1.
Lp lun tng t ta cng c:
+ 2 s c 2 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 2.
+ 2 s c 2 ch s khc nhau m ch s hng n v l 3.
Vy tng tt c cc s t nhin c 2 ch s khc nhau lp c m ch s hng n v ln lt l 1; 2; 3 l:
S 2 = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) ( 10 + 1) .2 = 132
Kt lun: vy tng cc s t nhin c 3 ch s lp c t tp hp A l : 3.996 132 = 3.864
1
Bi hc 4: T HP
I. TM TT L THUYT
1). nh ngha: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t v s nguyn k vi 1 k n . Mi tp hp con ca A c k
phn t c gi l 1 t hp chp k ca n phn t, gi tt l mt t hp chp k ca A (khng tnh theo th
t)
n!
A k n(n 1)(n 2)...(n k + 1)
Ckn =
= n =
(quy c: C0n = 1 )
k!(n k)! k!
k!
2). Tnh cht
TC1: Ckn = Cnn k ( 0 k n )
TC2: Ckn +1 = C nk + C nk 1 ; Cnk = Cnk 1 + C nk 11 (1 k n ) - hng ng thc Paxcan
Trang 31
Cch khc: Chn 5 hc sinh trong c 4 nam v 1 n c C84 .C12 cch. Chn 5 hc sinh trong c 3 nam
v 2 n c C83 .C 22 cch. Vy c C84 .C12 + C83 .C 22 = 196 cch
Bi 4: C 1 nhm hc sinh gm 7 nam v 3 n, chn ra 5 hc sinh tham gia ng din th dc sao cho c
khng qu 1 hc sinh n. C bao nhiu cch chn.
Hng dn:
+ Chn 5 hc sinh (1 n v 4 nam) c C13 .C74 cch
+ Chn 5 hc sinh (0 n v 5 nam) c C57 .C03 cch
Vy c C13 .C74 + C57 .C03 cch
Bi 7:
a). Phn phi 7 chic v cho 7 ngi hi c bao nhiu cch phn phi
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 32
b). Phn phi 32 v cho 4 ngi (mi ngi nhn 8 v). Hi c bao nhiu cch phn phi.
Hng dn
a). C 7! = 5040 cch
8
b). S cch phn phi cho ngi th nht C832 , ngi th hai C824 , ngi th ba C16
cch, ngi th t C88
8
. C88 cch
cch. Vy c C832 . C824 . C16
c). S dng PP phn b: S cch chn 4 hc sinh ton nam c C425 cch, vy s cch chn t nht 1 n l
C440 C 425 = 78740 cch.
Cch khc: lit k cc trng hp
2
- TH1: chn 1 n & 3 nam c C15
.C325 cch
2
2
- TH2: chn 2 n & 2 nam c C15
.C25
cch
3
- TH3: chn 3 n & 1 nam c C15
.C125 cch
4
- TH4: chn 4 n & 0 nam c C15
.C025 cch
2
2
2
3
4
Vy c C15
.C325 + C15
.C25
+ C15
.C125 + C15
.C025 = 78740 cch
Bi 10: Mt nhm cng nhn gm 15 nam v 5 n. Ngi ta mun chn t nhm ra 5 ngi thnh lp
mt t cng tc sao cho phi c 1 t trng nam, 1 t ph nam v c t nht 1 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp
t cng tc.
Hng dn:
TH1: chn 1 n & 4 nam
- Chn 1 n c C15 = 5 cch
2
- Chn 2 nam lm t trng v t ph c A15
cch
2
- Chn 2 nam cn li c C13
cch
2
2
Vy c C15 .A15
.C13
cch
TH2: chn 2 n & 3 nam
- Chn 2 n c C52 cch
2
- Chn 2 nam lm t trng v t ph c A15
cch
Trang 33
Bi 11: Mt nhm c 7 nam v 6 n, chn ra 3 ngi sao cho trong c t nht 1 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch
chn?
Hng dn: PP phn b
3
Bc 1: chn 3 ngi ty trong 13 ngi ta c C13
cch
Bc 2: chn 3 nam (khng c n) trong 7 nam ta c C37 cch
3
Vy c C13
C37 = 251 cch chn
Bi 13: Tp hp X gm 10 phn t khc nhau. Tnh s tp hp con khc cha mt s chn cc phn t
ca X.
Hng dn
2
4
6
8
10
S: C10
+ C10
+ C10
+ C10
+ C10
10 = 511 tp hp (hoc cch cp 2: s tp con ca X gm 10 phn t l 2 , b i
mt tp hp ta c 210 1 tp hp.
Bi 14: Gii v ch bng quc gia c 14 i tham gia thi u vng trn 1 lt, bit rng trong 1 trn u
i thng c 3 im, ha 1 im, thua 0 im v c 23 trn ha. Tnh s im trung bnh ca 1 trn trong
ton gii.
Hng dn:
+ Do thi u vng trn 1 lt nn 2 i bt k ch u vi nhau ng 1 trn, vy s trn u ca gii l
2
C14
= 91
+ Tng s im ca 2 i trong 1 trn ha l 2, vy tng s im ca 23 trn ha l 46
2
+ Tng s im ca 2 i trong 1 trn KHNG HA l 3, vy tng s im ca C14
23 = 68 trn khng
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 34
ha l 3.68 = 204.
46 + 204 250
=
91
91
Bi 15: Tnh s cc s t nhin gm 7 ch s c chn ra t cc ch s 1,2,3,4,5 sao cho ch s 2 c mt
ng 2 ln, ch s 3 c mt ng 3 ln v cc ch s cn li c mt khng qu 1 ln.
Hng dn:
+ Gi s cn tm l a1a 2 ...a 7
+ Ta coi 7 ch s nh 7 v tr thng hng.
Bc 1: chn 2 trong 7 v tr xp ch s 2 c C72 = 21 cch
Vy im trung bnh ca 1 trn l
Trang 35
bnh trong nht thit phi c 2 bng bch v 2 bng nhung. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn.
Hng dn:
2
3
.C10
= 5400 cch
TH1: chn 2 bng bch v 3 bng nhung c C10
3
2
TH2: chn 3 bng bch v 2 bng nhung c C10
.C10
= 5400 cch
Vy c 5400 + 5400 = 10800 cch
Bi 21: Cho n im trong mt phng sao cho khng c 3 im no thng hng. Tm n sao cho s tam gic m
nh trng vi cc im cho gp i s on thng c ni t cc im y.
Hng dn
+ V ni 2 trong n im cho ta c 1 on thng, vy c C2n on thng
=2
n =8
(n 3)!3!
(n 2)!2!
3.2
2
Bi 22: Mt nhm hc sinh gm 7 nam v 3 n, gio vin mun chn ra 5 em trong nhm lm cng tc
x hi. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a). Chn ra 5 em ty
b). Nht thit (t nht) phi c 1 n 3 nam
c). Phi c t nht 1 n
Hng dn
5
a). C10
= 252 cch chn
b). TH1 chn 1 n & 4 nam, TH2 chn 2 n & 3 nam, vy c C13 .C74 + C32 .C37 = 210 cch
c). PP phn b. Chn 5 hc sinh ton nam c C57 cch, vy chn 5 hc sinh c t nht 1 n l 252 C57 = 231
Bi 23: Mt b bi t l kh gm 52 qun bi, chia thnh 4 phn bng nhau (mi phn 13 qun). Hi c bao
nhiu cch chia c 1 phn sao cho :
a). c 2 con t
b). c t nht 1 con t
Hng dn
a). Chn 13 qun trong c 2 qun t: chn 2 qun t trong 4 qun t c C24 cch, tip theo chn 11 qun
2
11
cn li trong 48 qun (b 4 qun t ra khng chn: 52 - 4 = 48) c C11
48 cch. Vy c C 4 . C 48 cch
b). PP phn b:
Bc 1: s cch chn 1 phn gm 13 con trong 52 con bi l C13
52 cch
b). TH1: rt 5 con c ng 2 con t c C24 .C348 cch. TH2: rt 5 con c ng 3 con t c C34 .C248 cch. TH3:
rt 5 con c ng 4 con t c C44 .C148 cch. Vy tt c c C24 .C348 + C34 .C248 + C44 .C148 cch.
Bi 25: Mt ngi c 4 pho tng khc nhau v mun by 4 pho tng vo dy 6 v tr trn 1 k trang tr.
Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 36
Trang 37
b) trong t t nht 2 n
Hng dn
3
4
a) C10
.C15
= 163800 cch
2
5
3
4
4
3
5
2
6
7
b) C10
.C15
+ C10
.C15
+ C10
.C15
+ C10
.C15
+ C10
.C115 + C10
cch
Trang 38
Cm = C nm + 2
7). n2
Cn = 153
Hng dn
1). C1x + 6.C2x + 6.C3x = 9x 2 14x
Cm = C mn + 2
8). n2
,
Cn = 153
K: x N* ; x 3
x!
x!
x!
+ 6.
+ 6.
= 9x 2 14x
1!(x 1)!
2!(x 2)!
3!(x 3)!
x + x(x 1).3 +
x = 2 < 3
6.x.(x 1)(x 2
= 9x 2 14x
3
x = 7
K: x N* ; x 3
n = 7
n!
n!
n(n 1)(n 2)
n
= 5.
=5
3!(n 3)!
1!(n 1)!
6
1
n = 4 < 3
K: n N* , n 2
(2n)!
n!
2n(2n 1)(2n 2)
n(n 1)
= 20.
= 20.
n =8
(2n 3)!3!
2!(n 2)!
6
2
y
y
2A + 5C x = 90
3). yx
y
5A x 2C x = 80
K: x y; x, y N* , t X = A xy ; Y = C xy thay vo v gii h ta c
x!
= 20
A = 20 (x y)!
1
.20 = 10 y = 2; x = 5
y
x!
y
C x = 10
= 10
y!(x y)!
y
x
5
4). C4n 1 C3n 1 A 2n 2 < 0
4
*
K: n N ; n 5
(n 1)!
(n 1)! 5 (n 2)!
<0
4!(n 5)! 3!(n 4)! 4 (n 4)!
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(n 4) (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) 5 (n 2)(n 3)
<0
4.3.2
3.2
4
1
Trang 39
(n 1)(n 4) (n 1) 5
5). A 3n 2 = C n2 1
K: n 2; n N
(n 2)!
(n 1)!
1
=
(n 2)(n 3)(n 4) = (n 1)(n 2)
(n 5)! (n 3)!2!
2
n 2 = 0
n = 2
(n 3)(n 4) = 1 (n 1)
n = 5 < 2
2
2
6). A 3n 2.C3n 1 + P2 ,
K: n 1; n N
n!
(n 1)!
2
2
+ 2! n(n 1)(n 2) (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) + 2
(n 3)!
(n 4)!3!
6
5
4n 3 6n 2 10n 0 2n 2 3n 5 0 1 n n {1; 2}
2
Cmn = C nm + 2
7). 2
Cn = 153
K: m 0; n 1; n m
1
1
n!
n!
=
(n m)(n m 1) (m + 2)(m + 1)
(n m)!m! (n m 2)!(m + 2)! n(n 1) = 306
1
1
n = 8
n = 18
n = 8
n = 17(loai)
C xy = C xy +1
8). 2
A y = 20
K: x 0; y 0; x y; x, y N
y!
y!
y x x +1
y = 5
y! = 20
y(y 1) = 20
(y 2)!
Trang 40
4
+ TH6: Chn 4 vin bi ton mu trng v vng c C11
C54 + C64 cch
HNG DN
a) V bt buc phi c 3 bi xanh nn c 2 TH sau :
+ TH1: Chn 1 bi + 3 bi xanh + 3 bi vng c C15 .C73 .C43 cch
+ TH2: Chn 2 bi + 3 bi xanh + 2 bi vng c C52 .C73 .C42 cch
Trang 41
(
)
+ TH5: Chn 4 bi v vng c C ( C + C ) cch
+ TH6: Chn 4 bi trng v vng c C ( C + C ) cch
+ TH4: Chn 4 bi v trng c C49 C44 + C45 cch
4
10
4
4
4
11
4
6
4
5
4
6
Trang 42
Bi 9: Ti cuc thi Theo dng lch s, BTC s dng 7 th vng v 7 th , nh du mi loi theo cc s
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp tt c cc th ny thnh mt hng sao cho 2 th cng mu
khng nm cnh nhau ?
HNG DN
Hai th cng mu khng nm lin nhau tc l nm xen k nhau, ta c 2 TH sau :
+ TH1: Xp th vng v tr l :
- Xp th vng th nht c 7 cch
- Xp 6 th vng cn li c 6! cch
- Xp 7 th xen k vo 7 ch trng c 7! cch
+ TH2: Xp th v tr l :
- Xp th th nht c 7 cch
- Xp 6 th cn li c 6! cch
- Xp 7 th vng xen k vo 7 ch trng c 7! cch
p s: Vy c 7.6!.7! + 7.6!.7! = 50.803.200 cch
Bi 10: T 20 cu hi trc nghim gm 9 cu d, 7 cu TB, 4 cu kh. Ngi ta chn ra 10 cu lm
kim tra sao cho phi c 3 loi d, TB, kh. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim tra ?
HNG DN
S dng phng php phn b
* Bc 1: Chn 10 cu ty trong 20 cu c C10
20 cch
* Bc 2: Chn 10 cu khng tha mn yu cu, ta c cc TH sau:
+ TH1: Chn 10 cu d v TB trong 16 cu c C10
16 cch
10
10
10
Kt lun: vy c C10
20 C16 + C13 + C11 = 176451 kim tra tha mn yu cu
Trang 43
HNG DN
S dng phng php phn b
* Bc 1: Chn 7 cu bt k trong 20 cu ta c C720 cch chn
* Bc 2: Chn 7 cu khng tha mn yu cu, vy c cc trng hp sau
+ TH1: 7 cu ton d c C79 cch
7
+ TH3: 7 cu d v TB c C16
C97 + C77 cch
7
Vy chn 7 cu d v TB c C16
C97 + C77 cch )
7
+ TH4: 7 cu d v kh c C13
C79 cch
(Gii thch: S dng phng php phn b
7
B1: Chn 7 cu bt k trong 13 cu c C13
cch
HNG DN
+ V c 5 cu gm 3 loi (kh, TB, d), s cu d khng t hn 2 s cu d ch c th l 2; 3
(khng th l 4), do ta c cc TH sau :
2
2
- TH1: Chn 5 cu trong 2 d, 2 TB, 1 kh c C15
.C10
.C15 cch
2
1
- TH2: Chn 5 cu trong 2 d, 1 TB, 2 kh c C15
.C10
.C52 cch
3
1
- TH3: Chn 5 cu trong 3 d, 1 TB, 1 kh c C15
.C10
.C15 cch
Trang 44
Bi 13: i tuyn HSG ca 1 trng gm 18 em, trong 7 em khi 12, 6 em khi 11, 5 em khi 10. Tnh
s cch chn 6 em trong i tuyn i d tri h sao cho mi khi t nht 1 em c chn.
HNG DN
S dng phng php phn b
6
* Bc 1: Chn 6 em bt k ta c: C18
cch
* Bc 2: Chn 6 em khng tha mn yu cu, vy c cc TH sau:
+ TH1: 6 em ton khi 12 c C67 cch
6
+ TH3: 6 em ton khi 12 v khi 11 c C13
C76 + C66 cch
6
Vy chn 6 em ton khi 12 v khi 11 c C13
C76 + C66 cch )
6
+ TH4: 6 em ton khi 12 v khi 10 c C12
C67 cch
6
+ TH5: 6 em ton khi 11 v khi 10 c C11
C66 cch
6
6
6
6
Kt lun: vy c C18
C67 + C66 + C13
C67 + C66 + C12
C67 + C11
C66 = 15470 cch chn
Bi 14: T 1 nhm gm 30 hc sinh (15 hc sinh khi A, 10 hc sinh khi B, 5 hc sinh khi C), chn ra 15
hc sinh sao cho c t nht 5 hc sinh khi A v c ng 2 hc sinh khi C. Tnh s cch chn ?
Bi 15: T 1 nhm gm 12 hc sinh (4 hc sinh khi A, 4 hc sinh khi B, 4 hc sinh khi C) chn ra 5 hc
sinh sao cho mi khi t nht 1 hc sinh. Tnh s cch chn.
HNG DN: s dng phng php phn b
5
* Bc 1: Chn 5 hc sinh ty trong 12 hc sinh c C12
cch
* Bc 2: Chn 5 hc sinh khng tha mn yu cu bi ton:
+ TH1: 5 hc sinh ch gm khi A v B c C58 cch
+ TH2: 5 hc sinh ch gm khi A v C c C58 cch
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 45
Bi 16: (HKD - 2006) i thanh nin xung kch ca mt trng ph thng c 12 hc sinh, gm 5 hc sinh
lp A, 4 hc sinh lp B v 3 hc sinh lp C. Cn chn ra 4 hc sinh tham gia trc tun, sao cho 4 hc sinh
khng qu 2 trong 3 lp ni trn. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
HNG DN: s dng phng php phn b
4
* Bc 1: Chn 4 hc sinh trong 12 hc sinh c C12
= 495 cch
* Bc 2: Chn 4 hc sinh khng tha mn yu cu bi ( c 3 lp) c
C15 .C14 .C32 + C15 .C42 .C13 + C52 .C14 .C13 = 270 cch
p s: Vy c 495 - 270 = 225 cch.
Bi 17: Mt i vn ngh c 20 ngi trong 10 nam v 10 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ra 5 ngi sao
cho c t nht 2 nam v c t nht 1 n ?
HNG DN: s dng phng php phn b
* Bc 1: Chn 5 ngi bt k trong 20 ngi c C520 cch
* Bc 2: Chn 5 ngi khng tha mn yu cu :
5
+ TH1: Chn 5 ngi ton n c C10
cch
5
+ TH2: Chn 5 ngi ton nam c C10
cch
4
+ TH3: Chn 1 nam v 4 n c C110 .C10
cch
5
5
4
p s: Vy c C520 - ( C10
+ C10
+ C110 .C10
) = 12.900 cch
Bi 19: Mt trng trung hc c 7 thy dy Ton, 6 thy dy L v 4 thy dy Ha. Chn t ra 5 thy i
d i hi. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn c 3 b mn ?
HNG DN: s dng phng php phn b
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 46
Bi 20 (KB - 2005): Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 ngi gm 12 nam v 3 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch phn cng i v gip 3 tnh min ni sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam v 1 n ?
HNG DN
+ C 3 tnh min ni, ta gi l A, B, C.
+ Tt c c 15 ngi, chia cho 3 tnh, mi tnh 5 ngi.
4
+ Chn i thanh nin tnh nguyn cho tnh A c C12
.C13 cch
4
+ Chn i thanh nin tnh nguyn cho tnh B c C12
.C12 cch
4
+ Chn i thanh nin tnh nguyn cho tnh C c C12
.C11 cch
4
4
4
Vy c ( C12
.C13 ).( C12
.C12 ).( C12
.C11 ) = 207.900 cch
Trang 47
Trang 48
Bi 25: i vn ngh ca trng gm 10 hc sinh trong c 3 bn Lan, Hng, Nga hc cng mt lp. Hi
c bao nhiu cch sp xp i vn ngh thnh 1 hng dc sao cho 3 bn Lan, Hng, Nga lun ng cnh
nhau ?
HNG DN
+ Ta coi 3 bn Lan, Hng, Nga lun ng cnh nhau nh 1 nhm X.
+ Vy sp xp 1 nhm X vi 7 hc sinh cn li coi nh 8 hc sinh nn c 8! cch.
+ Tuy nhin 3 hc sinh trong nhm X li c 3! cch sp xp.
Vy c 8!.3! = 241.920 cch
Bi 26: Mt on tu c 3 toa ch khch. Trn sn ga c 4 hnh khch chun b ln tu. Bit mi toa u c
4 ch trng.
a) Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp 4 hnh khch ln tu ?
b) Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp 4 hnh khch ln tu c 1 toa trong c 3 v khch ?
HNG DN
a) 4 v khch ln tu, ta cn chn ra 4 ch trng trong 12 ch trng (do 3 toa, mi toa 4 ch) trn tu,
4
khng lin quan n th t nn c C12
= 495 cch.
b)
+ Chn 1 nhm 3 v khch t 4 v khch ta c C43 cch chn
+ Nhm 3 v khch ny khi ln tu c th chn 1 trong 3 toa tu nn c 3 cch chn.
+ V khch cn li khi ln tu c th chn 1 trong 2 toa tu (khng chn toa cha 3 hnh khch kia) nn c 2
cch chn.
Vy c C43 .3.2 = 24 cch.
Bi 27: Mt on tu c 4 toa sn ga. C 4 hnh khch bc ln tu.
a) C bao nhiu trng hp v cch chn toa ca 4 hnh khch ?
b) C bao nhiu trng hp m mi toa c 1 ngi ln ?
c) C bao nhiu trng hp m 1 toa c 3 ngi ln, 1 toa c 1 ngi ln v 2 toa cn li khng c ai ln ?
HNG DN
a)
- Ngi th nht c 4 cch chn toa
- Ngi th hai c 4 cch chn toa
- Ngi th ba c 4 cch chn toa
- Ngi th t c 4 cch chn toa
Vy c 4.4.4.4 = 256 cch chn
b)
- Chn v tr xp ngi th nht ln 1 trong 4 toa c C14 cch
- Chn v tr xp ngi th hai ln 1 trong 3 toa cn li c C13 cch
- Chn v tr xp ngi th ba ln 1 trong 2 toa cn li c C12 cch
- Chn v tr xp ngi cui cng ln 1 toa cui cng c C11 cch
Vy c C14 . C13 . C12 . C11 = 24 cch
c)
+ Chn 1 nhm 3 v khch t 4 v khch ta c C43 cch chn
+ Nhm 3 v khch ny khi ln tu c th chn 1 trong 4 toa tu nn c 4 cch chn.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 49
+ V khch cn li khi ln tu c th chn 1 trong 3 toa tu (khng chn toa cha 3 hnh khch kia) nn c 3
cch chn.
Vy c C43 .4.3 = 48 cch.
Bi 28: Cn chia 18 hc sinh ca lp thnh 3 nhm sinh hot (khng cn t tn cho nhm, khng quy nh
th t), mi nhm c 6 hc sinh. Hi c bao nhiu cch chia ?
HNG DN
6
* Nhm I: Chn 6 hc sinh t 18 hc sinh c C18
cch
6
* Nhm II: Chn 6 hc sinh t 12 hc sinh cn li c C12
Bi 30 (KA - 2004) : Mt lp c 30 hc sinh, trong c 3 cn b lp. C bao nhiu cch chn 3 em trong
lp trc nht tun sao cho trong 3 em lun c cn b lp ?
HNG DN : s dng phng php phn b
* Bc 1: Chn 3 hc sinh bt k trong 30 hc sinh c C330 cch
* Bc 2: Chn 3 hc sinh khng l cn b lp trong 30 - 3 = 27 hc sinh c C327 cch
Vy c C330 - C327 = 1.135 cch
Bi 32: Trn mt gi sch c 10 cun sch gio khoa v 7 cun sch tham kho.
a) C bao nhiu cch ly 6 cun sch trong c 2 cun sch gio khoa ?
b) C bao nhiu cch ly 7 cun sch trong t nht 4 cun sch gio khoa ?
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 50
HNG DN
a) Ly 6 cun sch trong c 2 cun sch gio khoa vy s c 4 cun sch tham kho nn c
2
C10
.C47 = 1575 cch.
b) Ly 7 cun sch trong t nht 4 cun sch gio khoa vy c th ly 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 cun sch SGK nn ta
4
5
6
7
c C10
.C73 + C10
.C72 + C10
.C17 + C10
.C07 = 14232 cch
Bi 2: Cho tp hp A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
a) T tp hp A c th lp c bao nhiu s c 12 ch s sao cho ch s 5 c mt 3 ln, ch s 6 c mt 4
ln, cn li cc ch s khc c mt 1 ln ?
b) T tp hp A c th lp c bao nhiu s c 7 ch s sao cho c 1 ch s lp li 4 ln, mt ch s khc
lp li 2 ln v mt ch s khc vi hai s trn ?
HNG DN
a)
3
+ Ch s 5 c mt 3 ln trong s c 12 ch s nn c C12
cch chn v tr cho ch s 5
+ Ch s 6 c mt 4 ln trong s 12 - 3 = 9 v tr cn li nn c C49 cch chn v tr cho ch s 6
+ Cn 5 ch s cui cng xp vo 5 v tr nn c 5! cch.
3
Vy c C12
. C49 .5! = 3.326.400 cch
b)
+ C C47 cch chn v tr cho ch s lp li 4 ln. Tuy nhin v ch s lp li 4 ln ny ta cha bit l s no
nn c 7 TH xy ra, vy c 7.C47 cch
+ C C23 cch chn v tr cho ch s lp li 2 ln. Tuy nhin v ch s lp li 2 ln ny ta cha bit l s no
nn c 6 TH xy ra, vy c 6.C23 cch
+ Cn 5 ch s cui cng ch c th xut hin 1 ln nn c 5 cch chn.
Vy c ( 7.C47 ).( 6.C23 ).5 = 22050 s.
Trang 51
+ Gi s c 5 ch s cn tm l a1a 2a 3a4a5
- Ch s a1 0 nn c 4 cch chn
- Cc ch s cn li c 4! cch
+ Tuy nhin 2 ch s trong X li c 2! cch sp xp
Vy c 4.4!.2! = 192 s tha mn.
Bi 4: T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s khc nhau v
tng ca cc ch s hng chc, hng trm, hng nghn bng 8 ?
HNG DN
+ Gi s cn tm c dng a1a2a 3a4a5a6 .
+ V a 3 + a 4 + a 5 = 8 {a 3 ,a4 ,a5 } {1, 2, 5} ;{1, 3, 4} nn c 2.3! cch chn.
+ 3 ch s cn li c A 63 cch
Vy c 2.3! . A 63 = 1440 s tha mn yu cu.
Trang 52
HNG DN
+ TH1: Nu ch s th nht l 1 c 1 cch sp xp, xp 2 ch s 1 cn li vo 7 v tr c C72 cch, 5 v tr
cn li c 5! cch sp xp.
+ TH2: Nu ch s th nht khc 1 c 4 cch chn (do chn t {2, 3, 4, 5}). Xp 3 ch s 1 vo 7 v tr c
C73 cch, xp 4 ch s cn li c 4! cch
Trang 53
HNG DN
+ Chn 1 v tr xp s 0 c 5 cch.
+ Chn tip 1 v tr xp s 1 vo c 5 cch.
+ Cn 4 v tr, cn 8 s. Ly ra 4 s t 8 s xp vo 4 v tr cn li c A 48 cch.
Vy c 5.5. A 48 = 42.000 cch
n (n 3)
2
n ( n 3)
= 2n n = 7 )
2
Bi 2: Tnh s hnh ch nht to thnh t 4 trong 20 nh ca a gic u c 20 cnh ni tip ng trn tm
O.
HNG DN
+ Ta thy hnh ch nht ni tip ng trn tm O c to thnh t 2 ng cho bt k i qua tm O ca
a gic u 20 cnh ni trn.
+ M a gic u 20 cnh ni tip ng trn tm O c 10 ng cho i qua tm.
2
s hnh ch nht cn tm l C10
= 45
Bi 3: (HKB - 2002) Cho a gic u A1 A 2 ...A 2n ( n 2;n Z ) ni tip ng trn (O). Bit rng s tam
im A1 ; A 2 ;...;A 2n , tm n.
Bin son : NGUYN HU BIN
Trang 54
HNG DN
+ Theo bi 6 ta c s cc hnh ch nht to thnh t a gic u 2n cnh ni tip ng trn (O) l Cn2
ng thng song song vi nhau. Hi c bao nhiu hnh bnh hnh c to thnh bi ( L1 ) v ( L 2 ) ?
HNG DN
+ Do cc ng thng thuc h ( L1 ) song song, cc ng thng thuc h ( L 2 ) song song, m 1 hnh bnh
hnh c to bi 2 cp ng thng song song ct nhau.
Trang 55
thng h ( L 2 ) )
Bi 7: Cho hnh thp gic li. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu tam gic c nh l nh ca thp gic li,
nhng cnh ca tam gic khng phi l cnh ca thp gic li ?
HNG DN: s dng phng php phn b
3
* Bc 1: S tam gic to thnh t 3 nh bt k ca thp gic li l C10
* Bc 2: Ta tm s tam gic c 3 nh ca thp gic li nhng c t nht 1 cnh l cnh ca thp gic li :
+ TH1: Tam gic c 1 cnh ca thp gic :
- C 10 cch chn 1 cnh l cnh ca thp gic (chn xong 2 nh ca tam gic)
- Chn nh cn li c 6 cch (tr 2 nh chn v 2 nh khc ca thp gic k vi 2 nh y)
c 10.6 = 60 tam gic c 1 cnh ca thp gic
+ TH2: Tam gic c 2 cnh ca thp gic : C 10 tam gic (Xem Bi 4)
3
p s: Vy s tam gic tha mn yu cu l C10
- (60 + 10) = 50
(Bi 7 ny bn cht ging Bi 4 phn b)
0
2
4
6
= 2 C15
+ C15
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C14
15
0
2
4
6
14
= 2.C15
+ 2. C15
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C15
T :
2
4
6
0
1
2
3
14
15
0
2. C15
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C14
15 = C15 + C15 + C15 + C15 + ... + C15 + C15 2.C15
(
2. ( C
2. ( C
2
15
4
6
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C14
15
2
15
4
6
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C14
15
)
)=2
)=2
15
0
2.C15
15
2.1
2
4
6
14
C15
+ C15
+ C15
+ ... + C14
15 = 2 1
Trang 56
Bi 2: Cho tp hp A gm 20 phn t khc nhau. C bao nhiu tp hp con khc rng ca A m s phn t
l s chn ?
HNG DN
S tp hp con khc rng ca A m s phn t l s chn l C220 + C420 + C620 + C820 + ... + C20
20
+ Ta tnh tng trn bng cch nh sau : (Bi ny khng tnh theo cch Bi 1 c v 20 - 1; 20 - 3; 20 - 5; 20
- 7; kt qu khng ra s chn)
* Ta c :
3
20
20
C020 + C120 + C 220 + C20
+ ... + C19
20 + C 20 = 2 = ( 1 + 1 )
* Mt khc ta c :
2
3
20
20
C020 C120 + C20
C20
+ ... C19
20 + C 20 = 0 = ( 1 1 )
(
)=2
20
20
(1)
(2)
2
20
+ C420 + C620 + C820 + ... + C20
* Ly (1) cng vi (2) v theo v ta c : 2 C020 + C20
20 = 2
20
220 2.C020
= 219 1
2
Bi 3 (KB - 2006): Cho tp A gm n phn t ( n 4 ) . Bit s tp hp con cha 4 phn t ca A bng 20 ln
s tp hp con cha 2 phn t ca A. Tm s k {1, 2, 3,...,n} sao cho s tp hp con cha k phn t ca A
l ln nht .
HNG DN
+ Theo gi thit ta c phng trnh C = 20.C ... n = 18 . Vy A c 18 phn t
4
n
2
n
k
+ S tp hp con cha k phn t ca A l C18
k
k 1
17
19
C18 C18
+ s tp hp con cha k phn t ca A l ln nht th k
...
k
k=9
k +1
2
2
C18 C18
NGUYN HU BIN
Fb: https://www.facebook.com/ng.huubien
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