18.

336 spring 2009

lecture 23

05/05/08

Navier-Stokes Equations

ut + (u )u = p +

1
2 u
Re

[+g] Momentum equation

u=0

Incompressibility

Incompressible ow, i.e. density = constant.

Reynolds number:

Re =

U L
inertial forces
=

viscous forces

U = Characteristic velocity
L = Characteristic length scale
= Kinetic viscosity

u
in 2D: u =
v
1
(1) ut + uux + vuy = px + Re
(uxx + uyy )
(2) vt + uvx + vvy = py +

1
(v
Re xx

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+ vyy )

(3) ux + vy = 0
Famous Problems:
Lid driven cavity

Flow around cylinder

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3 unknowns, 3 equations
DAE (Dierential Algebraic System), (3) is a constraint

Solve by projection approach:

In each time step

1
2
u
I. Solve ut + (u )u =
Re
U Un
1 2 n

U
= (U n )U n +
t
Re
Note: U
= 0
II. Project on divergence-free velocity eld
U n+1 U
= p

t
!

What is p : 0 = U n+1 = U t2 P

2 p =
U
Poisson equation for pressure
t
Discretization:
Solution:

u = v = 0,

p = constant

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But: Central dierences

on grid allow solution
Uij = Vij = 0,

P1
i + j even
for
Pij =
P2
i + j odd
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Fix: Staggered grid

pressure p
velocity u
velocity v

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Boundary Conditions:

U13 = uw
U21 + U22
= us U21 + U22 = 2us
2

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Numerical Method:
I. a) Treat Nonlinear Terms
uux + vuy = (u2 )x + (uv)y

uvx + vvy = (uv)x + (v 2 )y

(U 2 )
x

(Ui+ 1 ,j )2 (Ui 1 ,j )2
2

Uij

ij

(U V )
y

(use ux + vy = 0)

Ui,j+ 1 Vi,j+ 1 Ui,j 1 Vi,j 1

2

ij

Ui+ 1 ,j Vi+ 1 ,j Ui 1 ,j Vi 1 ,j
(U V )

2
2
2
2
=

x
x
ij

(V 2 )
y

Ui,j+ 1
2

(Vi,j+ 1 )2 (Vi,j 1 )2

ij

(U V )

y
ij
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Ui,j + Ui+1,j
Ui,j + Ui,j+1
,
Ui,j+ 1 =

2
2
2

n
2
Ui,j Ui,j
(U )
(U V )
=

t
x i,j
y
i,j

n
n
Vi,j Vi,j n
(U V )
(V 2 )
=

t
x
y i,j
i,j

where Ui+ 1 ,j =

I. b) Implicit Diusion
U U
1
=
K2D U
t
Re

V V
1
=
K2D
V
t
Re

5 point Laplace stencil with Dirichlet boundary conditions

II. Pressure Correction

1 U V
K2D P =
+
t
x
y
with Neumann boundary conditions

p
= 0

U
x

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n+1

U
P
=
t
x
n+1

V
V
P
=
t
y
U

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18.336 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations

Spring 2009

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