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Waste glass in the production of cement and

concrete A review
Cement and glass industries are facing a lot of challenges due to the high
greenhouse gases emissions, the intensive use of energy and the intensive use of
the earths natural resources. The current situation of discarding waste glass to
landfills is also not offering an environmental friendly management for the waste
glass, due to the nonbiodegradable form of the waste glass. However, the
chemical composition and the pozzolanic properties of waste glass are
encouraging for the use of this waste in the cement and concrete industries and
to provide an environmental friendly solution for the glass and cement industries.
This paper reviews the different uses of waste glass in cement and concrete and
the effect of the glass properties on the performance and durability of the
produce cement and concrete.

Glass waste as supplementary cementing

materials: The effects of glass chemical
composition
Sustainable cements containing 25 wt% of different types of recycled glass have been
investigated as a supplementary cementing material in order to highlight the role of glass
chemical composition during the hardening process. Glass formers, stabilizers and
modifiers regulate the glass dissolution in the alkaline environment during cement
hydration. As a consequence, pozzolanic reaction and/or alkalisilica reaction are strictly
related to the glass chemical composition. The mechanical and microstructure
characterizations of mortar samples containing glass blended cements and un-reactive
aggregates allow to determine which oxides in the glass have to be carefully monitored to
avoid deleterious reactions

Belite cements obtained from ceramic wastes

and the mineral pair CaF2/CaSO4
The cement industry is seeking alternative approaches to reduce the high energy and
environmental costs of Portland cement manufacture. One such alternative is belite
cement. In the present study clinkers with high (3660%) belite contents were obtained at
1350 C from raw mixes consisting of ceramic waste and the fluxing/mineralised pair
CaF2/CaSO4. The factors found to affect the mineralogical composition and the clinker
phase polymorphs obtained were the lime saturation factor (LSF), the presence of
ceramic waste and the addition of CaF2 and CaSO4.

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The reactivity of these belite clinkers with water was analysed with isothermal conduction
calorimetry. A statistical study was then conducted on the findings to determine the effect
of each variable when the response signals were peak heat flow rate and the time needed
to reach that peak. The statistical analysis identified the optimal experimental conditions
to be a LSF of 90%, a CaSO 4 content of 2.60%, and the absence of both ceramic waste
and CaF2.

Prediction of unconfined compressive strength

of cement paste containing industrial wastes

Neural network analysis was used to construct models of unconfined compressive

strength (UCS) as a function of mix composition using existing data from literature studies
of Portland cement containing real industrial wastes. The models were able to represent
the known non-linear dependency of UCS on curing time and water content, and
generalised from the literature data to find relationships between UCS and quantities of
five waste types. Substantial decreases in UCS were caused by all wastes; except for EAF
dust, the effect was nonlinear with the greatest decrease caused initially by approx. 12%
plating sludge, 40% foundry dust, 58% other ash, and 72% MSWI fly ash by mass of dry
product. It appears that the maximum waste additions used in modelling may
approximate the practical limits of waste additions used in modelling may approximate
the practical limits of waste addition to Portland cement, i.e., 50% plating sludge or EAF
dust, 64% foundry dust, 92% other ash, and 85% MSWI fly ash by mass of dry product.
The laboratory was found to be a key predictive variable and acted as a surrogate for
laboratory-specific variables related to cement composition, strength and hardening
class, product mixing and preparation details, laboratory conditions, and testing details.
While the neural network modelling approach has been shown to be feasible,
development of better models would require larger data sets with more complete
information regarding laboratory-specific variables and waste composition

Behaviour of cement mortars containing an

industrial waste from aluminium refining:
Stability in Ca(OH)2 solutions
The physical and chemical interaction between a solid industrial waste from aluminium
refining and saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, as well as the effects of substituting siliceous
sand for the waste on the physical and mechanical properties of mortars were studied.
The waste is a solid that contains reactive alumina capable of combining with the calcium
hydroxide. These reactions result in stable and insoluble compounds. This alumina,
together with the halite (also present in the waste composition), chemically react with a
saturated solution of Ca(OH)2, giving as a main reaction product the so-called Friedel's
salt (Ca4Al2Cl2O6 10H2O). Strtlingite and Si-hydrogarnets were among other products
detected. The waste has a high specific surface area. The cement/waste mixtures
therefore require a higher quantity of mixing water than cement/sand mixtures. The result
is a decrease of the mechanical strengths and an increase of the total porosity. However,
a decrease of the average size of the pores occurs, which can have a positive effect on
the durability of the final material.

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