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Analog & Digital Communication Trainer
Analog & Digital Communication Trainer
Analog & Digital Communication Trainer
PAM- PPM- PWM is the basic pulse modulation techniques. This trainer provides complete setup to the
students for performing Experiments on these techniques. They can study Sampling, Pulse Modulation &
Signal reconstruction process. Separate circuits are provided for each Techniques.
Features:
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Technical Specifications:
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Crystal Frequency
Sampling Frequency
Sine wave Generator
Low Pass Filter
Cut off frequency
Voice Communication
AC Amplifier
Microphone type
Audio Pre-amplifier
Power amplifier
Interconnections
Power
Accessories
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Experiments:
1. Study of Pulse Amplitude Modulation using Sample & Hold, Natural and Flat Top
sampling & Demodulation
2. Study of Pulse position modulation & Demodulation
3. Study of Voice Communication using PAM, PPM & PWM Techniques.
4. Study of Pulse width modulation & Demodulation
[1]
2.
Technical Specification:
*
*
*
*
*
3.
Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
PPM type
Filter type
Filter cut off frequency
Power supply
:
:
:
:
:
:
1 KHz (approx.)
0 to 2V (adjustable)
VCO based
4th order butter worth LPF
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
Features:
#
#
#
#
#
Technical Specification:
*
*
*
*
*
Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
PPM type
Filter type
Filter cut off frequency
Power supply
:
:
:
:
:
:
1 KHz (approx.)
0 to 2V (fixed)
VCO based
4th order butter worth LPF
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
[2]
4.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Crystal Frequency
Sinewave Type
Sinewave Frequency
DC Level
Number of Channel
Multiplexer Type
Demultiplexer Type
Channel Synchronization
Clock Recovery
Filter Type
Filter Cut off Frequency
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6.4MHz
On-board synchronized
250KHz, 500Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz
0 to 5V (Variable)
Four
Switch Based
Switch Based
Comparator
Phase Locked Loop
Butter worth, Low Pass Filter
3.4 KHz
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
[3]
5.
On board carrier and modulating signal generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable
Carrier and modulating signals are provided in the unit with frequency variable.
In-built regulated power supply
On board envelope detector
Schematic diagram provided in the front panel
Technical Specifications:
*
Modulating Signal
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
(300Hz-3 KHz)
(0-5) V
10 KHz - 50 KHz
(0-15) V
Modulators:
*
Type of Modulator
Method of Modulation
*
*
Demodulator
Power supply
:
:
1. Ring Modulator
2. Transistor based Modulator
1. Under Modulation
2. Critical Modulation
3. Over Modulation
Envelope detector
230V/50Hz
Experiments:
1. Study of Amplitude modulation using Ring Diode modulator
2. Study of Amplitude Modulation using transistor based modulator
3. Study of AM demodulation using envelope detector
[4]
6.
Features:
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Technical Specification:
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Sine source
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
Triangular wave generator
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
PWM type
:
Filter type
:
Filter cut off frequency :
Power supply
:
1 KHz (fixed)
0 to 5V (adjustable)
21 KHz
6 12V (adjustable)
Op-Amp based
4th order butter worth filter
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
Experiments:
*
*
[5]
7.
FEATURES
*
*
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*
*
SPECIFICATION
*
Frequency
Amplitude
170Hz to 4KHz
10mV to 3V
:
:
1.1MHz to 1.6MHz
2V to 3.2V
9.5
:
:
:
390KHz to 1341KHz
455KHz
SP7 patch chord,P8003 cable
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Frequency
Amplitude
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
[6]
8.
Features:
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Technical Specifications:
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DC Voltage
Clock Generator
Data rate
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Frequency: 1 KHz
Amplitude : 0 to 3Vpp
-1.5 V to +1.5V
Crystal based, 4.096MHz
64 kbps (for 8 KHz sampling
rate)
128kbps (for 16 KHz sampling rate)
8
Butterworth low pass filter
6th
3.4 KHz
Transistor based
-80dBm to +20dbm
4
35
30V, 100mV
5V, 12V
3.4 KHz
Signal in/out : 2mm socket
Power
: 3pin power chord
Experiments:
*
*
*
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*
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[7]
9.
TRANSMITTER [VCT-08]
Features:
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Specifications:
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1-2MHz
(1-5)V
300Hz - 10KHz
(0-5)V
20
100
Technical Specifications:
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750Hz to 4.5KHz.
50mv to 3V (Variable).
1 MHz to 1.7 MHz
(Approximately).
2.5V to 3.5V.
1 to 2 MHz (Approximately)
530KHz to 1560KHz.
455KHz.
Uninsulated socket, P8001 Connector.
RF Amplifier, Mixer, IF Amplifier, AM detector and Audio Power
Amplifier.
7W
4", 10 Watt and 4 Ohms.
[8]
*
b.
Note:
Experiments:
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*
*
*
8 bit microprocessor
16 bit microprocessor
8 bit microcontroller
DSP
PC
[9]
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Receiver Features:
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Experiments:
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[ 10 ]
Technical Specifications:
#
#
#
#
#
#
Experiments:
* Study of FM using direct frequency modulation
* Study of Frequency demodulation using
(i) PLL Detector
(ii) Quadrature detector
(iii) Foster Seeley discriminator / Phase Discriminator
(iv) Ratio detector.
13. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER
[VCT-11P]
This unit is used to study about simple FM generator and
demodulator by using VCO and PLL.
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
EXPERIMENTS
i. Study of Frequency modulation
ii. Study of Frequency demodulation
[ 11 ]
Specifications:
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250Hz to 5 KHz
0 to 3V (Variable)
10
Voltage Controlled oscillator (VCO)
80 MHz to 130 MHz
-47dBm to +3dBm (Variable)
0 to 5V
Receiver Features:
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*
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*
Specifications:
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FM Receiving range
Intermediate Frequency
FM Receiver section
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Test Points
Power Amplifier
Output Signal Monitor
Antenna Type
Speaker size
:
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:
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:
Experiments:
i. Study of Frequency modulation
ii. Study of Frequency demodulation
iii. Transmission fo voice signal using FM
[ 12 ]
The VCT - 14 can be used as a stand alone trainer for doing all experiments thoroughly, but they may
also be used with the external system by external data and clock signals.
The VCT - 14 trainer having some of data formatting/reformatting such as NRZ (L), NRZ (M), RZ,
BIPHASE (Manchester), BIPHASE (Mark). Alternate mark inversion (AMI), Return to bias (RB) and
differentially encoded dibits.
The VCT - 14 trainer can be used to study the following carrier modulation techniques,
- Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
- Frequency shift keying (FSK)
- Phase shift keying (PSK)
- Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
The carrier signals are synchronized to the input data, to eliminate scope triggering problems.
Following two types of data pattern available on-board for doing experiments,
- Pseudo random sequence (15-bits)
- Programmable data (8-bits)
[ 13 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
VCT- 14A
Data Generator
Clock Generator
240Kbps
Clock Input
240 KHz
Data formatting
Number of Multiplier
Two
Carrier Type
Carrier Frequencies
Converter Outputs
Converter Optional
Enable/Disable
Inverter Type
Adder Type
Op-amp based
Two, Unity
Test points
34
DC supply
Fuse
230V, 100mA
Interface Connector
Signal in/out :
Power
:
2mm socket
3 pin power cord
[ 14 ]
VCT - 14B
ASK Demodulator
FSK Demodulator
FSK Frequency
PSK Demodulator
QPSK Demodulator
Phase adjustment by
potentiometer
Filter order
4th
333 KHz
Two
Threshold range
Adjustable by potentiometer
Clock Recovery
Test points
41
Fuse
230V, 100mA
DC Supply
Interface Connector
[ 15 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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EXPERIMENTS:
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*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT:
*
To study FM detector.
Note:
This module is working along with the RF RECIEVER building blocks.
[ 16 ]
FEATURES
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*
*
*
*
*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
*
Oscillator
# Carrier Signal Frequency
#
Amplitude
17KHz
3Vpp
2000 Hz
830 Hz
Amplitude
3V
Operating Voltage
#
AC
230V/50Hz
DC
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(Data Generator Auto mode).
To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(Data Generator Manual mode).
[ 17 ]
SPECIFICATION
*
Modulating signal
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Square Data
:
:
:
22Hz
5V
Debounce logic (ie) +5V & 0V.
:
:
Carrier frequency
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Modulator
FSK modulator
Demodulator
PLL
Data Transmitter
indicator
LED
Data communication
connector
Power supply
AC 230V/50Hz.
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with square wave generator input source.
To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with debounce logic input source.
To study the FSK communication of PC - PC 8085 - 8085 etc., Modulation and Demodulation.
[ 18 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
EXPERIMENTS:
*
To study the operation of three way cross over network and plot the frequency response of
# Woofer;
# Squaker,
# Tweeter
[ 19 ]
FEATURES:
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*
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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Sine Source
# Fixed Frequency
: 43.5 KHz
# Variable Frequency : 41 KHz to 45 KHz
Transistor based mixer provided
Built-in amplifier
Power supply
# + 12V DC, 200 mA
# Unit is operated using 230V AC Power.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
[ 20 ]
FEATURES:
*
*
*
SPECIFICATION:
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*
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*
*
Type of Modulator
: Balance Modulator
Type of demodulator : Balance Demodulator
Binary inputs
# 8-bit data length
50 KHz, clock
Carrier inputs
# Frequency
: 200 KHz
# Amplitude
: 2 VPP
Level converter
: Unipolar to Bipolar
Supply Ratings
# AC Input (230V, 10%, 50Hz)
# DC output (+12V, -12V, +5V, GND)
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
[ 21 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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*
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*
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
[ 22 ]
Features :
* Analog sampled outputs and sampled "Hold" outputs
* Active low pass Butterworth filters - 2nd order
* On board 8 different sampling frequencies
* Duty cycle variation in steps of 10% upto 100%
* 25Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz on board synchronized sinewave generator
* Various test and monitoring points.
Technical Specifications:
*
# Internal
Sampling
*
*
*
*
*
*
Duty cycle
Low pass filter type
Cut-off frequency
On board sinewave signal :
Interconnection
Power Supply
Experiments:
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*
*
*
*
*
[ 23 ]
SPECIFICATIONS
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Mic Type
Transistor Type
Amplifying Signal
:
:
Dynamic
BC547
#
#
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:
100Hz to 15KHz
10mV to 0.1V
:
:
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0.5V to 5.2V
34(approximately)
600S
2.5mV
BNC
+12V, ground
1/2kg (approximately)
Frequency Range
Input Amplitude level
EXPERIMENT
To study the function of Mic pre-amplifier.
[ 24 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
*
Modulating signal
# Frequency Range # Amplitude
-
Carrier Signal
# Frequency Range # Amplitude
-
20KHz to 85KHz
10mV to 3V
Modulator
# Method of Modulation
&Multiplier method using OP-Amp
&Modulation index
m < 1 under modulation
m = 1 critical modulation
m > 1 over modulation
Demodulator
#
Method of Demodulation
% Envelope Detection
Operating Voltage
#
#
AC
DC
230V/50Hz
12V, GND
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
[ 25 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
*
: 20Hz to 20KHz
10mV & above
0.025mV
Supply voltage
+12V
Frequency response
# 100 to 10KHz at 3dB
# Above 10KHz to 20KHz at 6dB
EXPERIMENT
To study the frequency response of audio power amplifier.
[ 26 ]
FEATURES:
*
*
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*
*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data
i) Manual
:
ii) Auto
:
Carrier
:
Frequency
:
Amplitude
:
Modulator type :
Demodulator type :
Connectors
:
Supply
:
8 bit Programmable
Repetitive
Sine wave
2 KHz
2 Vpp
Balanced Modulator
Square Loop
Uninsulated socket
230V, 50Hz
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
[ 27 ]
Features:
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*
*
Specification:
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*
*
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Data type
i. Manual
:
ii. Auto
:
Data rate
:
Carrier type
:
Carrier frequency :
Modulation type :
Modulate signal :
Angles
Demodulation type:
Power supply
:
Connector
:
Level converter :
4 bits programmable
Repetative 1's and 0's and repetative double 0's & 1's.
10kbps
Sine, Cosine
10KHz
Balanced modulation
-45@, 135@
+45@ ,-135@
Square loop
230V, 50Hz
Uninsulated
Unipolar to Bipolar
Experiments:
*
*
[ 28 ]
AM/FM Selectors
Internal/External Input Selector
Built in Power supply
Output Terminated in BNC socket
Technical Specifications:
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Operating Modes
Modulation
Carrier frequency (Built-in)
Variation of carrier frequency
Modulating signal
# Internal Mode
# External Mode
Operating Temperature
Power
Dimensions (in mm)
Weight
Fuse
:
:
:
:
Internal, External
AM, FM
100KHz - 50KHz (Variable)
2% over the range
:
:
:
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:
3KHz
200Hz to 20KHz
0-45C
230V 10%, 50Hz
185.209 65.102
1Kg (Approx)
500mA
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
EXPERIMENTS:
*
[ 29 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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:
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:
1 KHz (fixed)
0 -3Vpp (variable)
synchronized to system clock
Crystal based, 4.096 MHz
32 KHz, 64 KHz & 128 KHz
UP/DOWN Counter & Digital- Analog-Converter based
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8 bits
50mV to 250 mV
3.4 KHz
Low pass butter worth filter
6th
dynamic
5 Numbers
36
12V, 5V DC
250 mV
Signal I/O
: 2mm
Power
: 3 pin power chord
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
[ 30 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
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1KHz
0 to 3 Vpp
-2.4V to +2.4V
Crystal based, 4.096MHz
8KHz
56Kbps
7 - bit DAC and integrator
Butter worth low pass
6th
3.4KHz
4
18
230V, 100mA
5V, 12V
3.4 KHz
Signal in/out : 2mm socket
3 pin power cord
EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of ADC and Quantization Noise
2. Study of Differential Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation
3. Measurement of Processing Gain and SNR
4. Study of Sampling, Framing and Data Rate
5. Study of Effect of Switched Faults
[ 31 ]
Technical Specifications:
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Technical Details:
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Standalone operation
Handset connection port (RJ45)
4 4 Matrix Keyboard
DTMF and pulse dialing, ON/OFF hook switch
Ringer volume control
Indication for Line ON/Pulse Dialing indication Tone, Dialing indication
4 Nos. of Switch Faults
Experiments:
*
*
*
*
[ 32 ]
Experiments:
*
Technical Specifications:
*
[ 33 ]
Technical Specifications:
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*
*
Technical Specifications:
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*
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Binary data
# Data rate
: 18kbps
# Amplitude : 5V
4 Bit programmable data
# Data rate
: 10kbps
# Amplitude : 5V
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
: 10KHz
# Amplitude : 5Vpp
Encoded type
: Differential
Modulator
: Balanced modulator
Demodulator
: Balanced demodulator
Power supply
: 230V, 50Hz
Connector
: Uninsulated socket
[ 34 ]
Clock Frequency
Amplitude
:
:
M-ary encoder
120Hz to 2KHz
Symbol 1 - 5V
Symbol 0 - 0V
2-4 level converter
2-8 level converter
Experiments:
*
*
Experiments:
*
To study the operation of EPABX trainer and to view the various waveforms.
[ 35 ]
Features:
*
Balanced Modulator
Balanced Demodulator
Technical Specifications:
*
Modulating signal :
100KHz to 181KHz
Carrier Signal
800KHz to 1500KHz
Filter
Accessories
Experiments:
*
[ 36 ]
*
*
*
*
*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clock Generation
: crystal (12MHz).
Operating modes
# FAST
: 480 KHz of clock frequency
# SLOW
: 0.852 Hz of clock frequency
On-board signal generators.
# Sine wave
: 1 KHz & 2 KHz (FAST mode
only)
# Amplitude
: 0 to 8V
# DC
: -4V to +4V
ERROR check codes.
# ODD / EVEN PARITY HAMMING CODE.
Frame Synchronization
# PN sequence
: 2^4-1 long - 15 bit length
Test Points
: 27
DC Supply
: +5V, 12V, GND
Fuse
: 100mA
Power
: 230V. +/-10%, 50Hz.
Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket
Power
: 3pin power chord
EXPERIMENTS:
1. To study the Time Division multiplexing.
2. To study the pulse code modulation
3. To study the Error control coding.
4. To study the frame synchronization.
[ 37 ]
*
*
*
*
*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
[ 38 ]
Specifications:
*
*
*
Modulating Signal
# Frequency
: 300Hz to 3KHz
# Amplitude
: 5Vpp
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
: 200KHz
# Amplitude
: 2Vpp
Modulator
i. Reactance Modulator
ii. Balanced Modulator
iii. VCO Based Modulator
Demodulator
i. PLL Based Demodulator
ii. Balanced Demodulator
Connecting cable : SP7 patch card
Supply Voltage
# AC
: 230V/50Hz
# DC
: 12V, GND
Experiments:
To study the FM Generation & Detection technic using various modulator and Demodulator type.
[ 39 ]
SPECIFICATIONS
*
Modulating signal
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Balanced modulator
575KHz to 675KHz
100
:
:
:
Product detector
155KHz to 185KHz
50Hz
Connecting cable
Supply voltage
#
#
:
:
230V/50Hz
12V, 5V, GND
#
#
*
Carrier signal
#
#
Modulator type
BPF cut off Frequency
Amplifier gain
VSB Demodulator
#
#
#
*
*
Frequency
Amplitude
VSB Modulator
#
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Demodulator type
BPF cut off Frequency
BRF cut off Frequency
AC
DC
EXPERIMENTS
1. To study the function of VSB modulator.
2. To study the function of VSB demodulator.
[ 40 ]
Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Technical Specifications:
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal:
# Reportable binary data
# 4 bit programable data
Carrier
# Mark frequency
# Space frequency
Modulator type
Demodulator type
Inter connection connector
# Uninsulated socket
:
:
:
:
:
:
Power Supply:
*
*
AC
DC
:
:
230V/50Hz, 5A
+5V, +12V, -12V, & GND
Experiments:
*
[ 41 ]
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal
# Frequency
: 3 KHz (fixed))
# Amplitude
: 2 Vpp (fixed)
Carrier signal
# Frequency
: 120 KHz (fixed)
# Amplitude
: 2 Vpp
Modulator type
: Balanced modulator
Demodulator type
: Costas loop
VCO Frequency
: 120 KHz
Connecting Cable
: SP7 patch chords
Supply Voltage
# AC : 230 V / 50Hz.
# DC : +12 V, -12 V, GND.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
To study the function of DSBSC modulation and carrier recovery (Costa's loop)Demodulation
[ 42 ]
Technical Specifications:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Maximum frequency
Output connector
Power supply
Operating temperature
Dimensions
Weight
:
:
:
:
:
:
O u t p u t a mp lit u d e
adjustable (Max 3Vpp)
150KHz
BNC connector & BS2 connector
AC 230V/50Hz
0 - 40
L150 mm W100 mm H60 mm
1Kg.
Technical Specifications:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1460 bps
5KHz
+2Vpp
Balanced modulator
Balanced demodulator
Analog Adder
230V/50Hz
5V, 12V, GND
Experiments:
*
[ 43 ]
SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sine wave
Amplitude
Clock frequency
Mic pre-amplifier
Microphone impedance
Step size
Low pass filter
Filter cut-off frequency
1-bit DAC
Adaptive modulator
Switched faults
Interconnection
DC Power supply
DC Supply current
Audio power amplifier
Interface connector
Power
Mic input
Speaker output
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Frequency : 1 KHz
0 3Vpp
32 KHz, 64 KHz, 128 KHz & 256 KHz
Transistor based
600 S
Variable using potentiometer
Butter worth, 4th
3.4 KHz
Op amp based
Syllabic filter and multiplier
4 faults
2mm uninsulated socket
5V, 12V, GND
200mA (maximum)
2W RMS power
Signal in/out : 2mm socket
3pin power chord
Audio mono socket
Audio stereo socket
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
[ 44 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
*
:
:
350Hz to 1KHz
10mV to 0.8V
:
:
4.8KHz
5V
1.5KHz
Modulator
# FM
# PM
Detector
# PLL Detector
Power Supply
# AC
- 230V/50Hz
# DC
- 12V, GND
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[ 45 ]
Specification:
*
*
*
*
*
AM detected frequency
Weight
Connector type
Dimension
Cable
20KHz
1/2Kg (approx)
Uninsulated socket (2mm)
H 10, W 80, L 100
SP7 to BNC
This trainer has been developed to study the basic concept and working of PLL frequency modulation and
demodulation.
Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Technical Specification:
*
Signal Generator
# Amplitude
# Frequency
Carrier signal
# Amplitude
# Frequency
:
:
:
:
:
0.5Vpp
1KHz to 15KHz
VCO method
5Vpp
200KHz
Experiments:
*
*
[ 46 ]
SPECIFICATIONS
*
:
:
2KHz
5V
1.25KHz
5V
1.25KHz (TTL signal)
:
:
0.9V to 4V
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
To design and setup a frequency multiplier using PLL chip to multiply the frequency by a factor N.
3.
[ 47 ]
950 HZ to 75 KHZ
20 KHZ to 1 MHZ
Amplitude level
0 to 5 Volt
Input signal
Square wave
VCO frequency
1 KHZ
Divider
Power Supply
Connector type
Uninsulated socket
Weight
. 1.5 kg
Connecting cable
Operating temperature
0- 45C
Features :
*
[ 48 ]
SPECIFICATIONS
*
Frequency
1KHz
Frequency
1KHz
*
*
*
*
*
Frequency
1150KHz
1 switch step
- 1KHz
10 switch step
- 10KHz
100 switch step
- 100KHz
VCO error voltage - 1 to 2.1V
VCO output with shunt (by select 1, 10 & 100 switch)
#
Frequency range -
0Hz to 999KHz
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
[ 49 ]
Technical Specifications:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
*
*
*
3 KHz
10 KHz
3 - 10 KHz
3 - 10 KHz
VCVS
2nd order and 4th order
40db decade, 80db
decade
Uninsulated socket
2.5 Kg (approximation)
Experiments :
*
[ 50 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal
Carrier Generator
Amplitude
Modulator / Demodulator
Multiplexing
Channel
Pass Band Filter
Low Pass Filter
Switch Faults
Power Supply
Test points
Accessories
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
[ 51 ]
Detailed Documentation
Test and monitoring points
Block Diagram and mimic diagram
Inbuilt Power Supply and speaker
Technical Specifications :
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Experiments:
#
#
[ 52 ]
60. DIGITAL ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO VELOCITY METER FOR LIQUIDS & SOLIDS.
[VCT-70A]
Digital Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Velocity meter is a simple and unique direct reading digital system to
determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves as well as to observe echos for attenuation measurements with
excellent accuracy. Its operating frequency is 2 MHz.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SALIENT FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
[ 53 ]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Acoustic Impedance
Compressibility
Free length
Free volume
Molar sound velocity
Internal pressure
Relative association
Molecular association
Relaxation time
Gibbs free energy
Enthalpy
Attenuation Studies.
Longitudinal modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Youngs modulus
Poisons ratio
Micro hardness
Fugacity
Debyes temperature
Softening temperature
Attenuation constant
MATERIALS INCLUDED:
*
*
*
*
[ 54 ]
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
[ 55 ]
Technical Specification
1.
:
:
2V (fixed)
3 KHz (fixed)
3.
4.
5.
Modulating signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Carrier Signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Clock Generator
Phase shifter
AM Modulation
:
:
:
:
:
6.
AM Demodulation
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
SSB-SC Modulation
SSB-SC Demodulation
DSB-SC Modulation
DSB-SC Demodulation
FM Modulator
FM demodulator
PAM Type
Phase lock loop
Band Pass filter
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
2V (fixed)
120 KHz (fixed)
16 KHz, 32 KHz
90/ phase shift in 3 KHz and 120 KHz signal.
i. Under Modulation
ii. Critical Modulation
iii. Over Modulation
. Envelope detector
ii. Square law detector
iii. Coherent demodulation
Phase shift method
Synchronous Method
Balanced Modulator
Costas loop receiver
VCO Based Free running frequency : 120KHz
PLL Based
Switch Based
Lock range 90 KHz - 140 KHz
Centre frequency : 120 KHz
Band width
: 10 KHz
st
I order Low pass filter
Free running frequency : 120KHz
4th order Butter worth cut off frequency :3.4KHz
Variable gain adjustment amplifiers
Transistor Based
O p amp Based
High frequency random white noise generation
Mixed in signal & noise
Observe direct reading in dBm and watts values
Analog
0.5mV to 20V
500Hz to 8MHz
16 x 2" LCD display
2
35
+12V, -12V, +5V, GND
2.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Loop Filter
VCO
Low Pass filter
Amplifier
Mic pre amplifier
Audio Power amplifier
White noise generator
Noise Adder
Power meter
Input signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Display
25. Switch faults
26. Test points
27. Power supply
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
[ 56 ]
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Amplitude Modulation
i. Under modulation
ii. Critical modulation
iii. Over modulation
AM demodulation
i. Envelope detection method
ii. Square law detection method
iii. Coherent demodulation method
SSB-SC modulation
i. LSB modulation
ii. USB modulation
SSB-SC demodulation
DSB-SC Modulation
DSB-SC demodulation using costas loop receiver
FM modulation
FM demodulation
Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM demodulation
Function of automatic gain control circuit
Observe the effect of noise on various AM & FM system
Calculate the S/N ratio in various AM & FM system
Calculate the noise figure in various AM & FM system
Calculate the noise power and noise power spectral density in various AM & FM system.
Effect of low pass filter on noise signal
Study the voice communication in various modulation systems.
[ 57 ]
Signal generator
White noise generator
S/N ratio
Noise figure
Noise power spectral density
LPF
Power meter
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS;
*
*
*
*
*
*
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[ 58 ]
SPECIFICATION:
*
Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Carrier signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Data generator
# 1-bit period
# Data
Modulation
# FM & FSK
FM Carrier frequency
# FSK
Mark frequency
Space frequency
Demodulation
# FM & FSK
:
:
8 KHz
2V (variable)
:
:
85 KHz (fixed)
3V (fixed)
:
:
3KHz
4-bit Unipolar NRZ data
:
:
VCO based
85KHz
:
:
85 KHz (approx)
21KHz (approx)
PLL based
EXPERIMENT:
1. Study the function of FM modulation and demodulation.
2. Study the function of FSK modulation and demodulation.
[ 59 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data generator
# 1-bit period
# Data
Noise generator
# Noise
# Gain
Noise adder
Local signal generator
# Frequency
Correlator
# Mixer
# Integrator
Sampling and threshold detector
Power supply
Test points
:
:
4.4 KHz
8-bit non polar NRZ data
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
EXPERIMENT:
1. To study the effect of noise in digital data
2. Study the function of correlator
3. Study the function of threshold decider
[ 60 ]
Resolution : 14 Bits
125 MSPS update time
Setting time : 30ns
Output range : -2.5V to +2.5V
DAC 1 outputs are terminated at SMA connectors
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
*
Virtex 4 (XC4VSX25)
# Virtex 4 family devices
# 23,040 logic cells
# 448 I/O lines
# Device used : XCVSO25-FF668
# On board configuration serial PROM
# JTAG Connector
# Compatible with XILINX ISE foundation software
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (PNS)
pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (GOLD)
pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (MINIMAL
LENGTH) pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (CODE Division Multiple Access) by generating (PN)
pseudorandom noise sequence under different tapping settings for respective PN Generator type
(PNS, GOLD, MINIMAL LENGTH) using CDMA trainer kit.
[ 61 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data Generator
Data Rate
PN sequence length
PN sequence rate
Spreading ratio
Spread/Despread
Test points
Fuse
DC supply
Interface connector
Power
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
*
*
FSK
TTL input
# TTL Frequency
# Baud rate
Carrier signal
# Mark Frequency
# Space Frequency
:
:
:
:
Wired communication
5Vpp
150 Hz, 600Hz
300bps, 1200bps
:
:
~70 KHz
~40 KHz
[ 62 ]
*
*
*
FSK Modulation
: VCO based
Demodulation
: PLL based
Analog Fiber Optic Communication
# LED wavelength
: 660nm (visible)
# Photo detector
: Silicon PIN Photo Diode
# Biasing type
: Reverse bias
# Bias voltage variation : 5V Max
# Baud rate
: 300bps, 1200bps
RF Communication
# RF Frequency
: 433MHz
# Distance
: 1m
# TTL Frequency
: 150Hz
# Baud Rate
: 300bps
# RF Antenna
: Monopole
IR Communication
# IR Carrier Frequency :
38KHz
# Distance
: 0.5m
# Baud rate
: 300bps
Digital Fiber Optic Communication
# LED Wavelength
: 950nm
# Cable type
: Plastic fiber cable
# Core
: 1000micron
# Cladding
: 2000micron
# Cable length
: 1meter
# Baud rate
: 300bps, 1200bps
Serial & parallel interface board
# Serial and parallel communication:
[ 63 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Virtex-4 (SX25) FPGA from Xilinx
a. 23040 Logic Cells
b. 128 Extreme DSP Slices
c. Max I/O upto 320
2. AD73322 Codec from Analog Devices
a. Configurable sampling rate (8KHz, 16KHz, 32KHz, 64KHz)
b. Two 16-bit D\A and A\D converters
3. EZ-Host CY7C67300 USB from Cypress Semiconductor
a. Full speed upto 12Mbps
b. 16-bit RISC processor
4. RTL8019AS Ethernet from Realtek Semiconductors
a. Built in PHY & MAC layers
b. Upto 10Mbps speed
5. AD9238 ADC from Analog Devices
a. Integrated dual 12-bit ADC
b. Upto 65 MHz Sampling rate
6. DAC 2904 (125MHz) from Texas Instruments
a 125MSPS Update rate
b. 33ns settling time
7. 2.4 GHz RF Transmitter and Receiver unit
a.. Full-duplex transceiver
b. Separate RF input and output BNC connectors
8.
9.
10.
11.
[ 64 ]
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
To study the working principle and concept of Amplitude Shift keying modulation using the
trainer Vi-SDR
2.
To study the working principle and concept of Phase Shift keying modulation using the trainer
Vi-SDR
3.
To study the working principle and concept of Frequency Shift keying modulation using the
trainer Vi-SDR
4.a)
To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing
Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating users voice using the
trainer Vi-SDR as transceiver using RF
4.b)
To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing
Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating users voice between
two ViSDR units to transmit and receive the users voice using RF
5.
To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Phase Shift keying modulation using
the trainer Vi-SDR
6.
To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Amplitude Shift modulation using
the trainer Vi-SDR
[ 65 ]
Water at constant temperature will be circulated over the liquid under measurement
The user can set temperature up to 50/C
[ 66 ]
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
*
Frequency Measurement
# External frequency
# Amplitude
Delay measurement
Internal Mode
# Frequency
# Amplitude
# Delay time
External Mode
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Supply Voltage
# AC
# DC
:
:
100Hz to 5MHz
2.5 to 5Vpp
:
:
:
3KHz to 20 KHz
5Vpp
10:s to 40:s
:
:
3 KHz to 20 KHz
5Vpp
:
:
230V/5Hz
12V, 5V, GND
EXPERIMENT:
*
*
*
[ 67 ]