PREFACE.

iv

of

volumes

The
made
Vol.

Mensuration,

Arithmetic,

Vol.

Logarithms,

II

the

Pneumatics,

and

Refrigeration,
Vol.
for

Instruction

his

Course

and

also

the

in

them,

in
V

Vol.

the
Vol.
the
does

tables

and

on

Principles

of

Machinery.
instructions

the

and

complete

very

in

course

printing

the

printed
the

II, and

same

Papers

slight

Heat

on

affect
full
The

the

and

in

the

letters

and

labor

the

questions

Question

of

so

searching^

the

same

Papers

in

the

bound

hence,

there

numbers

in

break
and

regular

and

Steam

were

is

break

Vol.

which

Correspondence

"*:

"""

"

"""

"

"""

Z
Z

"

"

"*"
I
.

:.

..:

"-""

"!"

""

""""

"""""

"*"""
""

;"

""""

""

"!

"

"""""""
"
"

"
"

"

"

and

this
is

Schools.

", ."

in

between

order.

International

of

Engines;

however,

matter,

Steam

volumes

numbers

page
and

the

that

plates

between

the

Steam

subject

Steam

from

Course;

and

Papers.

and

Heat,

article, figure, etc.,

page,

in

in

Mechanical

Complete

to

answers

Pneumatics,

been

tables

Papers.

examples
on

have

not

the

time

The

reference,

for

arranged

the

of

the

finished

has

value.

definitions

the

Instruction

the

Papers

in

with

that

special

in

given

formulas
student

of

volume

saved

is

the

to

The

conveniently

are

contains

solutions

Engines

this

formulas,

student

the

The

Papers

Ice-Making

Plates

forms

Papers.

find

will

them

our

the

contains

IV

various

used

It

Mechanics.

Engines,

and

metric
Trigono-

Question

Steam

on

Drawing.

Vol.

for

and

Drawing

the

them.

Mechanical

that

are

PajHirs

Elementary
and

Refrigerating

contains

drawing

used

and

and

Algebra

and

Instru.tion

Steam

Heat,

Ill

number,

Question

Elementary

Functions,
contains

and

Instruction

the

contains

in

five

are

follows:

as

up

Course

this

"

lished
pub-

CONTENTS.

page

Arithmetic.
l

Definitions,

-------

Numeration,

and

Notation

Addition,

Subtraction,

12
-

Multiplication,

"

--------17

Division,

21

Cancelation,

--------

--------23

Fractions,

--------38

Decimals,

--------55

Percentage,

61

Numbers,

Denominate

------

76
"
-

Involution,

79

Evolution,

.--

96
.
-

Ratio,

100

Proportion,
Use

and

Mensuration

Letters

op

in

Algebraic

Formulas.
115

Formulas,

-119

Lines

Angles,

123
-------

Quadrilaterals,
The

and

126

Triangle,

Polygons^_

130
.-

f.^.

r:.-

133

^{'^^Jl-^^^^

TheCafcie,VV
f"rism^5^nd-Cylinder,
The

138
-

142

The

Pyr^fnidjiiH.Cik",

The

Frustji}i".$)ia;Pyt;tofid Cone,

143
or

The

Ring,
Spfie;t-giBilej^iii'drical
P

145
-

vi

CONTENTS.

Elementary

Algebra

TkKioNOMETRic

and

tions.
FuncPAGE

Use

of

Letters,

149

---....

Notation,

151

Reading

Algebraic

Positive

and

Addition

Negative

and

Symbols

Expressions,

Quantities,

Subtraction,

of

154
155
158

Aggregation,

1(54

-----

Multiplication,

iqq

Division,

172

Factoring,

I75

Fractions,
of

Theory

181

--.

Exponents,

Equations,

194

------

198

--.---..

Trigonometric

Functions,

208

Trigonometric

Tables,

------

2IO

------

215

of

Solution

Triangles,

Logarithms.

Exponents,
The

Logarithmic

Multiplication
Division

221

-----...

Table,

by Logarithms,

by Logarithms,

Involution

235

-----

by Logarithms,

231
232

-----

Logarithms,

by

Evolution

224

-----

237

-----

"

Elementary

Mechanics.

Matter

and

its

Motion

and

Rest,

Force,
Three

Properties,

241

-----

245

-------

247

--.---.--

Laws

of

Composition
Resolution

of
of

Forces,

Forces,

Dynamics,
Gravitation,

Motion,

247

\i *!i f

''-^'' ^**
*

'.

^ -.* *: :-.":
'."- .': :V

'Vcj j-c;;f:
^:\'

/"!/\*

"

"

\/-

'-'*** ^'

251
259

2G1^
'

'
-

'^^"1

264

Falling Bodies,

'**
-

I
""

Projectiles,

/V-"\:v''

i.^

*"

i
1.

I
1.

"

*"""""
-

209

Contents.

Elementary

Mechanics

Centrifugal

"

VU

Continued,

pagb

Force,

271

Statics,

Moments

of

Center

of

Forces,

273

Gravity,

274

Equilibrium,

278

Machines,

Simple

273

279

Friction,

292

Efficiency,

295

Work

and

Density

Questions

Energy,

296

Specific Gravity,

and

Arithmetic,

...

Mensuration

Use

and

of

Logarithms,

Functions,
-

""

*
-

"
""

rf

-"

."

""
-

Mechanics,

Elementary

1-

Questions

77-141

76

307
315

Questions

142-213

323

Questions

214-268

331

Questions

269-283

339

Questions

355-453

341

and

Algebra

Trigonometric

Questions

ters
Let-

Formulas,

Algebraic

Elementary

302

pagb

Arithmetic,

Examples.

and

in

...

"

"

"
.

"

"

*"

".*

.*"

*"

'

"

"

"

"

'
"^

"

.......

.
"

'

*
"

*
.

.
.
^

INDEX.

A*

PAGE

PAOB

number

Abstract

i
.

force

Accelerating

.265
.

of
.

angle

Addition

ti

prism

"i

365

algebra
.

.158

"t

regular

"

sector

"

decimals

of

denominate

numbers

polygon
of

"

monomials

"

polynomials

129
241

....

Avoirdupois

.8
.

Rule

124

triangle

Atom

.163

of

Proof

M5

trapezoid

it

.160
.

137

it

186

7^,

137

circle

sphere

63

fractions

"3i

circle
of

"

"39
14a

segment

40

...

"

134

pyramid

120

in

*'

parallelogram
.

Acute

of

Definition

Acceleration,

Area

weight

63

for

8
....

of

Sign

(in
of

Bent

lever,

percentage)

56
.

body

342

of

Symbols

Aggregation,

53,

Notation

Algebra,

Base

Base

lao
.

Aeriform

PAGE

angles

Adjacent

B.

....

table

ti

"

system

221

of

Principle

281

164
Binomial,

in

used

logarithmic

"5i

Definition

of

"53

Block

285

"

Signs

'*

Use

in

used

154
of

Terms

*'

"

Blow,

Force

Body,

Aeriform

of

301

M9

Reading

expressions,

Algebraic

151

in

letters

of

"

242

Gaseous

242

153

'

*'

Liquid

242

of

Altitude

cone

14a
*'

"

"

of

frustum

Solid

242

cone

or

pyr

Brace

S3

amid

M4

Brackets
"

"

parallelogram

53

"^3

Briggs'
'*

'*

pyramid

'*

triangle

logarithms

321

142

Brittleness
*'

(in

Amount

244

Cubic

Bushel,

percentage)

inches

in

6S

56
.

Angle

120

C.

Acute
t"

309

of

Functions

Inscribed

it

Obtuse

Cancelation

21
....

**

in

2og

t(

PAGE

120

of

Complement

equa

tion

133

transforming

Rule

I30

200

for

23

"(

Right

It

lao

of

Supplement
Adjacent

Angles,
Antecedent
of

Arc
Area

209

(of

120

ratio)

it

i(

(t

(t

ti

Measures

Cause

and

effect

Center

of

gravity

circle

136

cone

142

ti

"

"

"

"

of

ring

146

of

cone

"

"

pyramid

277

parallelogram

276

solid

"

cylindrical
frustum

irregula
figure

277

triangle

139

"

108

'*

cylinder

64

^74

"33

"

"

moments

"t

of

of

97

circle
of

Capacity,

144

Centrifugal

X44

Centripetal

force
force

276
a7J
271
972

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGR

of

Characteristic
"

lof^arithm

"

Cylinder,

22J

Rules

'*

**

Convt-x

surface

Volume

""f

of
"39

for
of

Chord

Cylindrical

22)

ring

circle

146
Convex

It

of

area

146

Cipher

Circle

"47

I2""

**

of

Volume

of

Arc

D.

MJ

of

Area

PAGE

I"ecimal
.

"

of

Center

**
1

"

Chord

*'

Circumference

of

"*

of

**

Radius

**

Sector

120

of

136

of

equation

Definition
of

"

of

of

Composite

angle

matter

Frustum
Slant

of

of

142

of

(of

Consequent
Conservation

of

"

**

301

cone

142

cylindrical

'*

"'

"

"

"

*"

angle
of

Cotangent

Couple,

Definition

Couplet

(ratio

proportion)

.....

root

number

Proof

of
.

"

Rule

for
.

measure

Curved

Cylinder

line

Least

Definition

Density,

of

Diameter

65

of

70

27
common

a?

of

302

circle

"33
9

....

(in percentage)

Differential

Digit

2x0

Direct

56

pulley

287
9

....

proportion

lOI

ratio

97

Dividend

77

Divisibility

77

Division
"

97
"7
243
17

by

logarithms

14

in

algebra

tl

of

decimals

92

92

23a
17a
45

"*

63
tt

*'

119

138

Difference

209

79,86

....

"

*'

273

Cube

"

Common

"

of

and

"39

as

'"

142

solid

angle

146

tion

"'

pyramid
.

of

ring

Denominator

97

energy
of

surface

142

ratio)

M3

of

tions

142

of

tl

of

height

'*

of
de

lower

to

142

area

Volume

**

Reduction

142

Convex

Cosine

tl

Altitude

Convex

tions
.

....

"

higher

denomina-

Cone

"

of,

281

number

Concrete

73

79

to

Compressibility

68

of
Reduction

62
of

of
of

Multiplication

241

number

Principle

lever,

251

denominate

'*

6a
61
.

Addition

numbers.

21

Compound

Cubic

Compound

Division

260

forces

"

4a

61

'*

"

192

of

"*

"

of

number

Denominate

2og

numbers

Composition

"

Denominate

286

force

43

Simple

an

of

Components

"

45
of

292

fraction

Complex

40

Subtraction

"

pulleys

of

Multiplication

"52

50
5"

of

Division
**

to

fraction

denominator

Complement

*'

to

Addition

200

friction
of

Combination
Common

fractions

5*

fraction

'*

Decimals,

hav

denominator

given

reduce

120

Coefficient,

To
**

ring

Clearing

**

3"
fraction

as

137

Circumference

so

....

express

ing

136

of

Segment

Circular

To

"33
.

"'

**

"33

of

to

ix"int

3"

reduce

*'

of

Diameter

To

foot.

inches

"33

of

parts

20

numbe

denominate
fractions
.

*'

rs

73
34,

monomials
"

189
"73

INI"KX.

Xll

r.\f:r.

Frustum

of cono,

F'ulcrum

of

I'AGB

"if

Law

i'f

V""lunii"

TriK""nometrif

-^""*

Use

Ix'tters,
a.

^48

weight

""

"

26a

Newit"n's

motion.

**

li"ver

Functions,

gravitation

of,

in

algebra

J49

r.\(;K

Ixrver
Gain

loss

or

cent.

per

lient

"

i8i
....

Cubic

Gallon,

inches

in

of

Weijfht
Permanent

Gas,
Gaseous

b"Kly

*'

ComiMiund.

*'

Principle

"

Weight

of

Principle

2S2

of

2S0
and

arm

jxiwer

arm

of

24J

Definition

Gravitation,
"

of

Weight,

*'

of

Law

ful

an"l

i^iiwer,

:*rum

of

279

Gravity,

of

Center

of

Force

"

-'74
jt.j

Like

number

*"

terms
....

"

problems.

"

Specific

Kormuias

f""r

H.

-""

Curved

Lint

119

Horizontal

119

"

ofdirecti""n

278

*'

I"eri)en"licular

"'

Vertical

I".\";k

Hardness

another

to

119

^44

....

Heptagon

119

....

Linear

Hexagon

62

measure
.

....

Horizontal

line

Parallel

Liquid

body

of

2.,

119

119

Definition

Horsepower,

Lines,

243

"

Hydraulics

Literal

Hydrodynamics

r(piati""n

248
"

Definition

Hydrokinetics,

2"13

exi"onent

""f

""J4

and

Characteristic

lyogarithm.

""f

Definition

Hydrostatics,

64

measure

..48

....

of

tissii

Hypotenuse

man

222

of

Definition

221

I.

Impenetrability
fractions

Improper
To

of

reduce,

decimal

to

Inclined

Logarithms.

Briggs'

5'"

Principle

plane.

of

by

*'

Evolution

"

Hyperbolic,

288

common

or

Division

"

parts

foot

table

25

Inches,

I^"garithmic

'221

2.;2

by

""."7

Napierian

natural

or

221

Indestructibility
Index

of

244

root

79

Inertia
of

by

235

of

Multiplication

24.J

....

Explanation

"'

Involution

of

Prf)cess

24""

finding

table

velocity

Inscribed
"

anjfle
poly

Integer
Inte^fral

268
.

"'

M.
2

expression

190

....

by

Efficiency

Machine,
Machines,

"AGE

of

29s

Simple

279

Malleability

Involution

Isosceles

M4

....

ratio

"

table

t(m

"33

If on

proportion

Inverse

Ix)ng

logarithms

"y7

Mantis.sa

76

Mass

235

triangle

of

Matter,

126

244

of
a

logarithm

body

222

262

of

Compo.sition
Definition

241

of

241

K.
energy

KineticSf
Known

....

298

248

of

Definition

quantity
L.

Law
"

of
*'

198

combination

PAGE

of

pulleys

....

Special

Means

(of

Measure,

287

"

293

properties

proportion)

Cubic

of
242

of
243
lOI

63

"

friction

properties

General

PAUK
"

Kinetic

from
224

Initial

2x1

Dry

64

Linear

62

"'

Liquid

'"

of

money

64
.

6S

"

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

time

of

Measure
"

64

Square
of

Measures

*i

capacity

64

extension

62

**

weight

63

Definition

Mechanics,
of

Members

of

of

Definition

number

quantity

243

Molecule

241

force

To

extract

"

Multiplication

Newton's

of

of

of

270
"9
Z23

of

Altitude

Z34

Center

Diagonal

'*

of

24s

opi ped

Path

12

Pentagon

of

276

X39

forces

253

138

on

of

Removal

12

gravity
of

53

*'

248

of

It

Parallel

123

of

Area

Parenthesis

Multiplication

projectile

Parallelogram

160

Multiplicand

of

path
...

168

of

laws

the

PAGE

lines

160

Explanation

rest,

Z3o

"73

Subtraction

"

angle

197

of

Division

and

of

of

"

"

3X8

Obtuse

153

root

Addition

Monomials,

Solution

triangle.

t"

of

Definition

"

PAGE

of

Parallel

65

Motion

Oblique-angled

Parabola,

273

of

Measure

Monomial,

33

P.

273
of

Center

Money,

i"4

191

Mobility

Numeration

O.

25

of

ax

Unlike

....

Moments,

Prime

119

Minus

Moment

'*

25

'*

Mixed

Numerator

245

Minuend

Mixed

equation

an

Mensuration,

Like

Numbers,

63

"'

'"

moving

165

body

245
130

ti

""

Xlll

Per

in algebra

166

decimals

43

*'

fractions

"*

"

**

(i

3a"

72

Perimeter

188

Permanent

23

monomials

168

Pinion

polynomials

i6q

Pitch

z6

Plane

Proof

of
for

Rule

16

55

55*56

of

polygon

gas

130
242

of

Meaning

Perpendicular,

logarithms

of

Sign

Percentage

num

bers
**

55

"

denominate

**

cent.

119

284

....

of

screw

29Z

figure

123
288

Inclined

"

i(

of

Sign

"

table

Natural

Negative
tt

Neutral
Newton's

PAGE

logarithms
logarithms

quantities,

Explanation

equilibrium
laws

32

of

"

Inscribed

4t

of

Notation
Arabic

"

in algebra

256
of

130

Regular
of

tt

Sides

"'

Sum

155

248

Polynomial,

130

of
of

"30

interior

of,

Arrangement

Abstract

Composite
Concrete
Denominate

13X

creasing
in-

'*

"54

Definition

of

Addition

and

X54

"

in

ing
decreas-

or

Numbers
"

of

angles

powers

3
.

'*

134

forces

i"4

"

**

131

Perimeter

of

278

motion

of

Area

221

Meaning

exponent,

248
130

"

Napierian

of

Polygon

13

N.

Definition

Pneumatics,

Multiplier

208

triconometry

13

Polynomials,

of

tl
.

tion
subtrac-

2Z

Division

of

tt

6x

Porosity

Multiplication

X63
173

of

X69
243

INDEX.

XIV

PAGE

rAOK

and

Positive

negative
of

Explanation
Potential

"55

energy
the

Pound,

of

unit

of

arm

force

248

169
.

of

Definition

Quantity,

151

Mixfd

"joo

Power

Unlike

Quantities,

quantities,

Iqi

Quotient

"7

lever
.

**

R.

of

Definition

**

Meaning

"

of

in

of,

mechanics

207

number

76

"

Unit

of
.

and

Powers
Prime

Range
Rate

of
of
(in

projectile

percentage*

"

of

surface

Convex

**

Couplet

"

Direct

**

how

"3Q

**

of

Volume

of

Problem,
Problems

leading

equa

tions
Product

12

....

of

Definition

Proof

of

*'

*'

**

"

addition
division

20

multiplication

16

"

*"

subtraction

of

General

matter.

((

Velocity

Reciprocal

of

"

"

Special

**

of

of

Extremes

Inverse

Reducti"m

of

"

of

Means
Powers

Regular
Remainder

three

roots

of

Combination

352

123

angle

120

triangle

angled

126
.

of

Solution

"

"

Cylindrical

215

146

....

Root

77
Cube

86

285

"

Definition

287

"

Index

285

**

Square

285

Roots

of
.

of

79

fractions

other

153
79

"

of

than

square

S.

of

'94

...

and

cube
.

95

Convex

of

area

of

Frustum

Vertex

triangle

U3
142

Sector,

142

Segment,

142

Semicircle

of

height
of

Volume

142

Scalene
Screw

Slant

of

126
291

of

Area

Area

of

Q.

Sign

PAGE

Quadrant

64

"

"

"

123
and

unknown
.

Positive

and

negative

198

tt

tt
.

155

"

division

equality

multiplication

**

per

137

134

addition

'*

Quadrilateral

of

137

134

Semicircumference

Known

PAGE

142

tt

of

Definition

forces,

142

Altitude

Quantities,

forces,

more

found

286

Pyramid

"i

a59

123

Ring,

"

"t

Right

109

Movable

lOI

lui

Differential

"

**

104

106

Pulley

Fixed

Rhombus

....

or

how

lOI

130

forces

of

Resultant

Rhomboid

i8a

9
of

Resolution

100

65
25,

....

lOI

for

Simple

"

numliers

fractions

jxilygon

*"

and

Rules

97

denominate

"

"

loi,

123

*'

Direct

41

97

x8i
.

....

109

Couplet

"(

quantity

ratio

II

243

Compound

it

number

Rectangle

100

ti

Pulleys,

97
29a
...

*'

25
242

Proportion

"

of

Value

"

Properties

97
97

fraction

Proper

96

...

of

**

269

'97
97

269

of

56

Range

"

Terms

204

....

Projectile,

Inverse

"

204

simple

tu

269

expressed

*'

J39

of

Statement

...

96

21

I3"

153
133

Prism

791

circle

Ratio

21

number

sign

Radius

106

factor

*'

Radical

297

i)rop""rti")n)

(in

roots

PAGE

152

cent.

17
4
12

55

XV

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

subtraction

of

Sign

Radical

**

79i

....

of

Signs

changed

how

terms,

"

"

"

"

"

expression

equation.

Changing
of

signs
"

153

aoo

Transposi
of

tion

6i

199

"

with

quantity
*'

"

279

proportion

109

angle

Slant

height

Solid

body

of

"

208,
.

of

Definition

Specific gravity,
Sphere
"*

of

surface

of

Area

"

77i

4t

Center

Proof

of

of

126

of

Hypotenuse

126
.

126

84

of

Solution
218

forces

25s

and
ti

of

angles

126

functions

Trigonometric

'"

denominate

"

tables
.

"

30,

186

"

monomials

160

"

polynomials

163

Proof

of

Rule

for

II

of

210

210

308

of

Definition

Trinomial,

between

of
of

Definition

Trigonometry,

153

"

Subtrahend

Use

tables.

To

IX

Sign

"

factor

178

weight

Troy

63

9
of

Supplement
of

U.

angle

solid

of

Symbols

PAGE

309

aggregation

53^

139

Uniform

164

Unit

velocity

"

PAGE

''

of

'"

"

number
.

Tables,

Addition

Multiplication

Tangent

248

ii

angle

**

and

Like
of

unlike

fraction
.

209

United

244

Units

"53

Unknown

as

power

work
.

210

Tenacity
Terms,

il

"*

13

Trigonometric
of

"

Unlike

square

297

296
124

States
of

force
....

^*

24s

"

T.

Table,

210

Relations

70

fractions

IS

209

from

bers

found

how

4a

'*

"

decimals

208,

of

of

Solution

273

215
126

Scalene

II

273

of

Solution
tt

248,

215

Right-angled

204

of

sides

between

Relation

278

(I

"

of
"t

129

276

Oblique-angled,

84

problem

Definition

tl

of

gravity

Subtraction

Surface

of

Isosceles

for

equilibrium

Statics,

of

Equilateral
"(

"3

79

Statement

129

...

root

equilibrium

Static

US

of

....

Rule

Stable

Area

6a

it

.124

126

302

124

...

measure

ti

123
of

Area

Altitude

inch

199

tion
equa199

247

124

an

Triangle

215

foot

of

terms

146

Square

equation

an

......

145

of

Volume

of

284

....

of

Trapezoid

243

"

of
.

work)

Transposition

215

triangles

Unit

(wheel

142

X50,

triangle

right-angled

**

Space,

pyramid
138,

of

Solution

or

cone

64

247

Transformations

209

....

291

of
of

Unit

Train

machines

348

screw

ao4

....

of

of

of

Definition

Measure

Time,

leading

to
t4

Thread

aox

Problems

equations,

97

Thermodynamics,

unknown

one

ratio

aox

"

*'

'*

of

Solution

equation,

'*

Sine

*'

algebraic

300

numbers

denominate

Simple

an

"53

in algebra

used

'*

of

Terms

money

velocity,
quantity
number

65

...

space,
....

and

time

246,

247

198
z

INDEX.
XVI

rA(;E
pa(;e

162

quantities

Unlike

""f

frustum

of

Volume

""r

ct)ne

py

amid
"

M4

terms

278

equilibrium

Unstable

prism

"

"

"39

4.

4i

"

"

pyramid

142

146

sphere

I'AGK

V.

of

Unit

"39
.

of

Value

fraction

24
.

"AOF.

W
"

"

ratio

"

97
....

of

Definition

Vapor,

24a

ti

Initial

"t

ratio

11

foot

of

fs

245

-"91

Wedge
of

Definition

Velocity,

ubio

in

CfullonH

Water,

velocity

Variable

245

243

Weight

268
arm

"

29a

"

Awirdupois

'*

Laws

""

Measures

280

lever

of

*'

63

....

space,

Formulas

time,

and

;/62

of
.

".46

connecting

Unit

((

variabU*

and

Uniform

ti

245

"

Wheel

"

63

Troy

246

of

63

of

and

283

axle
.

of

Vertex

Vertical

cone

pyramid

or

14a

119

line

Wo/k,

....

53

Vinculum

284

Wheelwork

Unit

296

of

Definition

.'96

of
.

of

Volume

143
cone

....

Z
t(

"

139

cylinder
.

Zero
t"

44

cylindrical

ring

X47

"

"

PAGE

ARITHMETIC

DEFINITIONS.
!"

is

Arltliinetlc

the

of

art

reckoning,

or

the

study

one

bolt,

of

numbers.
A

2.

pulley,
A

three

The

units

is
is

bolts

of

kind

Like

kind^

wrenches

11.
which

is

of

of

one

units,

the

as

one^

of

unit

the
of

dollar,

one

of

collection

Thus,

hundred

one

is

three

as

days

and

to

some

bars^

grate

and

which
and

not

plied
ap-

units

of

ten,

express

feet

numbers

months

ten

five^

which

days^

is

that

fat,
units

express

eight

miles,

seven

bolts.

^v^

NUMERATION.

AND

are

figures;

three^

as

10

are

as

number

numbers

are

kinds^

and

applied

number

quantity,

or

numbers

Notation
or

dollars

quantity,

or

as

Numbers

10.

number.

number

NOTATION

by

is

is

numbers

different

(2)

one

pounds,

Unlike

9.

one^

collection

the

object

object

any

same

or

number

concrete

abstract

8.

as

bolt.

one

An

7.

thing,

number

twenty

ten

to

the

of

one^

dollars^

6.

unit

constitutes

particular
five

of

unit

5"

single

boilers.

five

which

twelve

of

is

number

engines,

4.

or

onc^

dozen.

one

3"

is

unit

(3)

in

expressed
by
is

three

(1) by

ways:

words;

letters.
the

of

art

expressing

numbers

by

letters.

Numeration

have

been

is

expressed

the

by

art

of

figures

reading
or

letters.

the

numbers

ures
fig-

ARITHMETIC.

The

12.
numbers

Arabic

to

figures

of

method

method

employs

viz.

numbers,

represent

Figures

expressing
different

ten

123456789

nausfht^

three

two

one

four

five

six

eight

seven

nine

cipher

Names
or

zero:

first character

The

when

and,
The
has

This

figures.

by

is the

notation

nine

value

of

Any

whole

13.

As

naught,

has

value.

figures

its

no

called

are

cipher,

or

each

and

digits,

sere,

one

own.

is called

number
there

^2s:\i

numbers,

is called

alone,

standing

other

(0)

only

are

figure

must

Integer.

an

used

figures

ten

value

different

express

expressing

in

at

ent
differ-

times.
The

14;
relation

of

value

figure depends

its

upon

position

in

others.

to

"

have

Figures

15*

values

simple

and

local

relative

or

values.
The

16.

when
The

1 7.

For

value

standing

alone.

local

it expresses

of

simple

if

the

figure

value

the

it

increased

is the

figures placed

other
see

we

is

figure

value

relative

or

by having

instance,

its

on

standing

presses
ex-

value

right.

alone,

thus

6
consider

we

it

another

Place

times

is ten
If

third

left,it

the

units,
the

to

original figure

The
one

six

as

6 be

fourth

fifth

six.

left of it; thus

is still six

units,

66
the

but

second

6 tens.

or

still

placed

now

is increased

it 6

making

6,

simply

or

in

value

further

place

one

times

ten

to

thus

more,

666

hundreds
6

would

6 would

be
be

6666

6 thousands

6 tens

of

thousands,

or

sixty

66666

thousand

A
A

sixth

6 would

seventh

The

hundred

entire

be

thousands

of

would
line

6 hundreds

be
of

seven

sixty-six thousands,

6666666

millions

figures
six

666666

is

hundred

read

six

millions, six

sixty-six.

ARITHMETIC.

The

18.
local

relative

or

value

increased

The

19.

to

the

four

represent

if these

but

in

(being

to

is

second

that
and

that

five,

hundred

side

hand

tens

expressed

and

figure,

In

20.
into

right-hand

point

fifth

the

off

or

or

these

of
units

groups.

the

figures

figure,

figures,
three

are

of

is

units

is therefore

thousand
If

right-

the

at

and

dreds
hun-

only

fifty

it

voa\db"

there

are

no

units.

number

by

beffin
first

the

tens,

4005.

that

no

always

etc..

41,635.

figure,

and

indicating
there

five
four

units,

thousand

to

and

cipher

no

that

given

thus,

the

were

Four

of

number

last

have

cipher

second

the

inserted;

and

right,

hundred
were

mean

hundreds

number

be

450.

its

the

45,

To

usually
of

five

as

tens.

on

Four

it would

first

reading

groups

the

second

figure,
in

Thus,

If

there

speaking

"

first

as

left.

the
the

When

Note.

tens.

that

thus,

4050,

hundreds

them

show

to

and

fifty,

place

composed

would

ciphers

the

no

405.

as

two

four

were

is

are

figures

two

one

represent

together,
4

the

necessary,

to

mean

in

represent

are

other

will

in

greater

it ia useful

To

placed

are

in

number

there

expressed
and

have

inserted

the

the

place)

should

and

is its

right.

digits only

digits

two

therefore

show

only,

the
the

hundreds,
cipher

hundred,

times

Un

figures.

two

fibres

these

itself, but

value

no

other

five,

is
its

on

has

of

place

hundred

/fwr

units;

(0)

cipher

determining
number

immediately

one

of

each

figure

Each

value.

the

than

of

value

to

referring
court

figure,

at

the

to

lh"

third

etc.

it is

usual

figures

column,

to

each,
comma

point

off

beginning

(,) being

the
with
used

ber
num-

the
to

ARITHMETIC.

\n

pointing off Xh^sG.

and

count

figures

units^ tcns^ hundreds

"

is

thousands^
with

beginning
thousands^
another

read
The

entire

hundred

one

read

if the

of

line

and

Four

read:

be

hundred

then

hundred

back

seven

thirty-tzuo.

it is called

changed

sert
in-

we

comma;

ninety-eight millions,

figures

be

numeration

say

of billions.

would

figures

we

of millions^

tens

another

insert

sixty-five thousands, four

thus

we

and

of

thirty-tivo billions,
hundred

iilions

of billions, hundreds

line

figure 5,

of thousands^
in

three

(,) before

comma

of millions,

billions, tens

read

figure

of

group

the

at

hundreds

next

we

right-hand

next

insert

wc

Beginning

of thousands^

comma

the

at

the

therefore,

them.

tens

hundreds

figures, begin

When
and

numeration,

it is called

figures,

to

notation.

For

instance,

the

of

writing

the

figures,

72,584,623,
would

be

the

would

numeration

millions, five hundred

seventy-ttvo
hundred

the

and

notation,

be

thdusands,

eighty-four

six

twenty-three,

21*

Note.

thousands,
hence,

the

hundred

in

etc.,

is customary

It

"

cases

would

above

addition,

They

fundamental

in

Arithmetic

the

writing;

million,

five

twenty-three.
of

Arithmetic
and

are

division.

all

because

processes,

based

and

seventy-two

multiplication,

are

millions,

words

speaking

processes

fundamental

called

are

hundred

off

in

expressed,

six

subtraction,

the

both

above,
be

usually

four

The

leave

to

the

thousand,

eighty-four

22.

like

tions
opera-

them.

upon

ADDITION.
23.

is the

Addition

The

numbers.

more

and

means

that

25.

and

be

sign
Thus,

to.

Like

13

be

to

are

The

Thus,
will

Thus,

more.

24.

equal

sign

of

numbers
G

dollars

dollars,

but

of

process

finding

is -f-

addition

of
5 +

is

the

read

tvuo

^t is read

G, and

or

plus,

"

plus

of

sum

means

added.
is

equality
G

can

can

11

equals

is read

or

be

read

added,

but

may

be
be

It

added

6 dollars

cannot

to

plus

unlike

7 dollars,
be

added

equals

numbers
and
to

the
1

11.
not.
cansunt

feet.

is

ARITHMETIC.

The

26.
from

following

to

12

table

gives

no

table

value,

and

27.

are

should

the

sum

be
of

under

tens^ hundreds

one

two

bers
num-

any

1.

carefully

committed
and

number

addition^ place

For
each

of

any

to

is

the

Since

memory.

0 has

itself; thus,

number

17

17.

imder

When

of

sum

TABLE

This

the

other, taking

the

number

numbers
is

under
are

placed

the

numbers
to

care

place

hundreds^
thus

written,

directly

under

be

to

ujiits
and

added

under

so

directly
units^

tens

on.

the

right-Jiand figure

the

right-Jiand figure

ARITHMETIC.

of
the

numbers
in

as

above

number

the

the

28.

to

it, thus
added

be

the

bringing

in

the

unit

vertical

same

figures
line.

of

all

Proceed

examples:

following

is the

What

Example."

of

sum

Solution."

181, d22. 21. 2. and

418

181
222

21
2
418

Explanation.

begin

order,

Thus,

three

eight

and

add,
and

one

figure
The

in

the

8 tens^ which
The

equals

numbers

of

the

right-hand

repeating

mentally

and

five

are

are

nine,

the

the

the

the

of

the

beneath

in

units

or

and

sums.

two

are

in

numbers
the

first

tens

column

as

proper

different
six

are

one

sum

directly

numbers

of

in

second

is the

sum

the

units
units

or

sum.

of

sum

placing
bottom

two

Place

column.

the

the

at

and

column,

After

"

Ans.

7 8 9

sum

the

which

next

in
is

the

the

or

figure

tefts

or

numbers

hundreds^

the

next

third

in

the

or

hundreds

equals

sum.

column

hundreds

or

figure

in

sum.

The

sum

29.

What

Example."

Solution.

is 789.

answer

or

is the

of

sum

425, 86, 9,215, 4. and

907

425

"

86
9215
4

907
27
60
1500
9000

10

sum

Explanation.
units

is

column
and

87

"

units;

six

seven

sum

and

twenty-two

are

i. e.,

The

two

tens

and

Ans.

5 8 7

of
four
and
seven

the
are

in

numbers
eleven

five

units.

are

and

the
five

first
are

teen
six-

twenty-seven,
Write

27

as

or

shown.

or

ARITHMETIC.

The
six

tens,
of

svjm

under

9,000

the

results,

4, and

9,215,
Note.

first

than

20

20

10

add

kind,

result

if the

and,

numbers,

by

number

1.

the

addition

in

of

the

know

We

fourth
Write

these
of

four

425,

first

than

10

36,

table

the

4h-7

to

the

second

figure

11;

hence,

44

performed

be

of

smaller

the

larger

51.

follows

as

this

number

of

less

cases

number

9, increase

thirty, since

in

the

of
12

number

any
than

less

be

the

sum

6 -i- 6

of

ures,
fig-

in

the

that

sum

of

occur

above,

Consequently,

larger

also

not

column

must

is 22.

may

does

the

Now,

column

long

which

from

is 2.

sum

is greater
than
44 +
7=?
Thus,

The

30.

the

9,000.

sum

adding

one

Thus,

less
of
number
any
the
30 ; therefore,
sum
first figure of
the
the

and

when

happens,

two

required.
figure of

was

the

hence,

-h

of

sum

table, is required.

and

16

in

Adding
the

15

907.

the

addition

is

is

preceding

two

represents

which

10,587,

frequently

It

"

that

is

sum

the

results.

The

column

number

one

which

preceding

three

the

only

nine,

column,

under

is

shown.

as

hundreds

or

column

tens

or

27

1,500
is

There

shown.

as

second

third

the
Write

1,500.

or

thousands

or

in

the

underneath

60

numbers

hundreds,

in

Write

60.

or

the

results

numbers

the

of

sum

425
36
9215
4
907

Explanation.

units,

27

first

the

them

the

second

the

next

the

tens

the

in

the

which

10,

and
is

Write

the

in

8 is'less
is

down
carry

written

the

to

down

nothing

the

at

next

the

left

as

carry

to

of

the

thousand

or
or

hundreds

column.
of

and

down

sum

third

the

as

of

sum

to

The

the
tens

reserved

tens

10.

as

two

The

hundreds,

15
5

the

is written

is

than

the
the

column

7 units

the

which

There

sum.

units

column.

tens

8,

in

Reserve

sum.

plus

column

Write
sum

units.

column

the

next

numbers

column,

because

5 hundreds.
in

in

Ans.

the

figures

units

figure

in

figure
=

the

column,

numbers

figure

to

of

sum

and

tens

the

from

carried

in

figures

and

or

right-hand

or

add

and

The

"

5 8 7

10

sum

the

-j-

other

figures.
second

The
is to

be

method

preferred

when

saves

space

adding

and

long

figures,
column.

but

the

first

ARITHMETIC.

31

ExAMPLB.

"

Solution.

Add

"

the

in

numbers

the

below.

column

8 90

"

82
90

898
281
80
770
83
492

80
883
84
191

3 8 9 9

sum

Explanation.

equals

units^

19
1

carry

the

to

the

of

sum

entire

The

32.

put
add

and

33.

top

1.

the
the

(") Begin
the

down

of

sum

the

the

to

of

and

the
tens.

The

reserved

if

it be

only

each

add

38.

column

figure^ under

one

To

If

obtain

you

top, the

to

Find

104

the
203

613

3,143

the

under

work

sum

figures

the

to

is

probably

FOR

PRACTICE.

4,865

14,204

2,145

+
+

8,173

or

the

column,
column.

next

column

result

as

ures,
fig-

more

that

each

add

same

ttvo

frotn

by adding

correct.

of

sum

of

addition,

prove

"

or

consists

214.

5,826

10.832.

^
*

(d)

in

column.

10

rights

the

column

any

remainiftg figure

the

(J)) 1,875
{")

and

next

the

plus

the

digits

hundreds

10
10

at

sum,

BXAMPLB8

(a)

the
column

this

Write

or

right'hajid figure of

bottom.

34*

units.

tens,

carry

in

"

sum

bottom

from

first column

in the

digits

The

109

write

Proof.

to

the

added.

If

{b)

and

of

is 3,890.

and

coluimi

the

tc9i

and

sum

Rule

separately,

digits

the

sum

column.

down

Write

or

next

column

second

The

"

Ans.

8.173

+
+

1.066

40,084.

+
+

10,042.

(a) 1,184

{b) 21,676.

{c) 55.267.
(^) 33.484.

ARITHMETIC

{e)

10,832

(/)

214

4,145

1,231

3,133

141

5,872.

(e) 23,982.

5,000.

(/) 6,580.

^^^
123

(^)
{A)

104

6,364

425

2,145

120

2,042

327.

1.111

] (^)

1,105.

[ (A)

14,985.

3,833.

1.

1,800

Monday,
pounds
1,020

of

record

week's

pounds

How

in

burned

pounds
coal

much

engine

an

1,655

Tuesday,

1,690

Thursday,

pounds.

coal

pounds

pounds

during

burned

in

the

next

steam

pump

hour,

3,600

gallons,

were

in
3.

What

and

is

being

first

total

the

$225

connections,

minutes

of

How

Steam

$900

engine,

plant, $125

the

9,538

pounds.

gallons

13,220 gallons.
items

$775

engine

additional

many

boiler,

several

the

plant,

steam

week

an

more,

empty.

1,725

4,200 gallons

Ans.

erecting

45

hour

one

cost

follows

as

in

becomes

cistern

at

in

cistern

and

gallons,

the

when
cistern

the

expense

5,420

of

out

pumps

Saturday,

the

Ans.
2.

follows

as

Wednesday,

1,648

Friday,

;
was

is

room

of

fittings

$650

house,
Ans.

$2,675.

SUBTRACTION.
In

35.
how

Arithmetic,

much

greater

The

greater

The

smaller

of the

The

number

left

minuend

of

The

36.

after

is

the
the

minuend.

subtrabend.

from

the

remainder.

or

subtraction

ing
find-

another.

subtrahend

the

subtracting

difference

of

sign

is called

numbers

two

of

process

is called

numbers

two

the

is than

number

one

the

is called

is the

subtraction

It

"

is read

minus,

and

less.

means

7 is to

that

37.

be

Thus,

Solution.

"

from

taken

Example."

12

minuend

"

subtrahend
remainder

Explanation.
and
from
the

subtract
the

one

remainders

remainder.

"

in

Begin

at

succession

directly
below

12

minus

7,

and

means

12.

7,568

From

7 is read

"

above
the

take

3,425.

7 5 6 8
8 425

the
each
it
line.

Ans.

414

right-hand
figure
in

the
The

in

units

or

minuend,
result

column

subtrahend

the

is

and
the

write
entire

ARITHMETIC.

10

When

38.

there
and

subtrahend^

the

less than

in

as

Example.

when

under

minuend

"

borrow

1 from

column.

in

figure
Since

there

14

the

the

it 13, from

39.

from
;

7.

from

units

from

; 4

4,

hundreds

Find

"

In

column

and
same

is

the

from

remains,

the

the

the

so

mainder.
re-

which

figure

next

10

figure

the

before
In

the

before

placed

which

difference

above

3, making
from

borrowed

8 is

8 is taken.

10,000

between

and

8,768,

0 0 0
8 7 6 3

12

above

place
way

is

The

4.

minuend

the

in

figure

placing

14, from

4, making

"

In

the

8 from

it is borrowed.

subtract

we

"

only

is

which

borrowed

one

Explanation.

8 ; 10

therefore,

remainder

10

or

in

answer.

from

Example.

second

from

subtrahend

the

first

take

not

can

hundreds

of borrowing

which

Solution.

We

or

subtract

to

one

before

placed

4 remains

5, only

hundreds

or

the

the

third

6, the

operation

example

9, the

the

to

units

3 in

the

hundreds,

nothing

following

added

column

therefore,

must,
it to

which
13

units

or

3, and
annex

from

10

or

remainder

The

units,

figure.

tens

borrowed

we

is

and

from

or

14

Since

right-hand

4 from

take

10

borrowed

from

the

column

Ans.

7 6 09

units.

thousand

subtrahend^

the

remainder.

second

hundreds
8

ten

13

we

borrow

in

the

0, the

5 in tens

column

are

8 4 4

at

not

can

The

units

Begin

"

We

in

them

minuend

the

8 4 5 8

remainder

subtract.

in

in

than

844.

subtrahend

to

minuend

the

figures

some

take

8,453

Explanation.

in

following example:

the.

From

"

Solution.

figures

more

figures directly

the

proceed

are

we

3 7

Ans.

example

it before

borrow

we

borrow

0, making
1 and

10;

1 from
3 from

place it before

ARITHMETIC.

the

this

and

column

figures,

two

40"

subtract

and

obtain

Rule

the

under

for addition^ and

41.

Proof.

subtrahend

the

minuend.

it does

not^

the

example

above

or

smaller

37^

38^

and

in

the

next

number
manner

as

39.

subtraction^ add
should

sum

has

the

been

the

equal
and

made^

the

8 7 6 3

remainder

3 7

12

minuend

0 0 0

10

EXAMPLES

FOR

PRACTICE.

From
take

62.574.

(a) 31,704.

{b) 53,714

take

25,824.

(b) 27,890.

(c) 71,832

take

58.109.

(r) 13,723.

(^/) 20,804

take

10,408.

{d) 10,396.

(tf)94,278

take

(e) 310.465

(/) (81,043+
(^) (20.482

1.

5,800

gallons

much

per
does

water

2.

first

train

in

hour,

42

and

48

the

sixth

end

of

the

sixth

miles

542)
by

pipes which

two

is

it contain

at

running

from

the

second,

hour,

How

the

{h)

3.791.

being

end

the

New
39

the

many

distance

1.200

supply

emptied

with

Starting

hour.

{g) 17.484.

21,214.
take

and

hour.

(/) 67,253.

14.831.

take

respectively,

hour,

per

is fed

cistern

(e) 208.324.

take

18.216)

Ans.

102,141.

1.041)

{h) (2,040+1,213

the

1,237.

mains,
re-

over.

subtrahend

42.

of

same

The

mistake

9 for

the

For

3.

in

example

an

remainder.

be done

of

Proof

prove

and

If

should

work

To

in Arts.

as

only

8 from

subtrahend

the

proceed

"

9 and

from

column,

from

larger number^

or

borrowed

remainder

"

minuend

units

6, C

total

have

we

the

to

7 from

Place

2.

as

subtract

to

we

reason

it

taken

which

from
same

10 ; but

cipher, making

next

11

by

8,000

gallons

of

hour

an

Vork

third,
miles

between

Buffalo

56

the

the

the

travels

fourth,
to
two

be

how

cistern,
5,650

Ans.

to

delivers

which

in

remain

2,250 gallons

and

pump

4.

52

gallons.
38
the

traveled

places
Ans.

miles

fifth,
at

the

being

410

135

miles.

ARITHMETIC.

12

3.

Monday

On

$1,":J1

day

morning
deposited

were

deposited,

were

hand

and

Wednesday

bank

had

drawn

$l,9r4

morning

$2,HC2.

hand

on

J?2,172

and

drawn

out;
How

out.

During

the

$:),lt}G

Tuc^4"lay.

on

dollars

many

were

Ans.

on

$3,693.

MULTIPLICATIOW

To

43.

multiply
of

number

number

number

is

is

is

the

called

number
be

to

added

thus

multiplied,
The

it

tain
cer-

the

of

process

multiplying

one

the

which

taken,

the

or

number

to

be

niultlpllcuiid.
how

shows
number

the

or

itself,

to

times

many
which

by

multiplicand

the

multiply^

we

is

called

multiplier.
The

obtained

result

sign

The

multiplying

by

of

is

multiplication

is

called

plied

by

multiplied

47.
bers

is

times

read

by.

Thus,

is

read

times

\)

0,

or

tfiulti-

0.

It

46.

product.

multiplied

or

the

It

%.!"

itself

to

another.

by

The

add

to

times.

Multiplication
number

is

matters

not

together

are

in

what

order

placed.

Thus,

numbers

the
0

i"

is

to

the

same

as

G.

In

(neither

following

the
of

which

table,
exceeds

the

])roduct

twelve)

may

of
be

any

found:

two

be

num

ARITHMETIC.

18

TABLE

This
Since

table
0

has

should
no

be

value,

carefully
the

2.

committed

product

of

to

0 and

any

memory.

number

is 0.

ARITHMETIC.

14

48.

To

multiply

Example.

Solution.

425

Multiply

"

number

by

product

under

written
On

iA the

looking

units,
in

the

in

tens,

plus

the
the

add

to

the

the

table

last

or

that

see

figure

5 times

reserved^
which

Hence,
This

th^

the

21

are

product

result

is

the

the

20

are

multiplicand^

product

the

to

again,
of

times

we

mullipli-

tens

hundred

reserve

the

or

Again,

plus
dred
1 hunsee

we

the

hundreds,

multiplier 5,
//"j

the

plus

is 2,125.
same

adding

as

sum

EXAMPLES

product

425

{b)

12,375

5.

7.

(c)
(d)

10,426

10,835x3.

212

FOR

five

times.

Thus,

Ans.

PRACTICE.

of

6.

we

places^ respectively.

425

61,483

the

hundred,

425

{a)

by

dred
1 hun-

425

the

10

are

Multiplying

20.

of

that

see

the
2

place

425

Find

25

are

425

49.

25.

are

add

and

hundreds

and

5x5

5 units

2 thousands

or

viultiplicand.

units

tens,

are

is generally

5 U7iits in

multiplicand by

hundreds,

in thousands

of

hundreds.

5x4

4 hundreds

write

we

of

that

that

place,

of

product

12

are

see

figure

that

see

the

table

second

the

in tens

2 tens

the

to

to

tens

of

times

the

multiplication

reserved^

tens

that

we

we

right

Write
the

reserve

multiplication

third

figure

seen

5 units.

multiplier 5,

Write

tens.

it is

multiplier

the

the

at

Multiplying

10.

by

the

and

tens

Looking

cand

first figure

and

are

right-hand

the

product^

lefts.

5x2

or

Ans.

convenience,

multiplier 5,

5, by the

2125

multiplication table,

the

Multiplying
or

For

"

4 25

multiplier

Explanation.

only

5.

by

multiplicand

"

flfi^ure

one

^^g

(a)

368,898.

(b)

61,875.

{c)

72,982.

(d)

32,505.

^^

ARITHMETIC

98.376x4

(/)

10.873x8.

(A)

218,734X2.

engine

long,

and

foot,

what

one

is the

50"

To

save

of

feet
total

which

multiply

the

pipe

Ans.

one

Ans.

$810.
up

feet
9

weighs

tiw^o

are

is made

by

many

revolutions.

boiler

used

how

expenses

rate

long,

the

number

average

and

feet

pipe

1,104,000

that

at

12
If

long.

weight

his

years

are

of

and

engine

an

inches

Running

Saturday,

on

Ans.

year,

hour.

per

hours

5
?

in

between

three

and

weeks

$650
he

revolutions

5,520

week,
in

earns

could

pipe,

makes

the

connection
of

lengths

in

it make

much

The

3.

("l) 437.468.

engineer

How

643.887.

(^)

days

would

An

$548.

day,

2.

^^

stationary

hours

86,984.

(/)

(^)

revolutions

393,504.

(e)

71.543x9.

1.
9

(e)

pounds
423

inches

per

pounds.
fl inures

more

or

of

Example."

475

Multiply

Solution."

234.

by

47

multiplicand
multiplier

2 34

1900

1425
950

Explanation.

under

written

units,

therefore,

multiply

by

234

the

by

units

placing

under

etc.

tens,

multiply

not

can

multiplicand^

is generally

multiplier

the

convenience,
the

under

tens

We

For

"

Ans.

111150

product

at

operation

one

and

parts

add

then

must,

we

the

partial

products.
The
and

hundreds.

times

which

by

parts

475

right'Jtand figure

of

multiplied by,
product,
under
The

is the

the

the

entire

of

475

the

which

is

product.

three

second
written

times

475

or

are

partial
directly

units,

tens,

uct
first partial prod-

the

the

950,

which

of

figure

multiplied by,

these

1,900,

1,425,

3 ; 2

multiply

to

are

times

right-hand

figure

sum

or

we

is

product^
under
third

written

the

the

ure
fig-

partial
directly

2.

partial products

is

111,150,

which

16

ARITHMETIC.

51.

Rule

3.

that

so

{V) Begin
by

used

(c)

The

are

the

each

right-hand
figure

uftits

at

the

under

units^

right

and

successive

figure
as

Write

(a)

"

each

the

of

under

under

tens

multiply

figure

each

of

multiplier

the

cand^
multiplietc.

tens^

the

figure of

plicand
multithe

multiplier^ placing

partial product

the

under

directly

multiplier,

of

sum

the

will

partial products

the

equal

required

product,
52.

Proof.

the

multiplier by

the

Review

"

work

multiplicand

carefully^
results

the

if

multiply

or

work

the

agree

the

is correct,

When

53.
the

by

multiplicand

entire

place

is

there

the

under

cipher

it ; since

Ans.

multiply
first

the

and

by

figure

G2528
3126400

Ans.

(g),
the
of

Ans.

1002

1222440

(e),(/),

examples

Thus,

31264

120240

Ans.

we

next

the

multiply
figure

product

Ans.

31326528

by

of

directed

as

the

multiplier

alongside

the

shown.

BXAMPLBS

S4"

Find

the

(a)

3,842

26.

(d)

3,716

45.

(c)

1,817

124.

id)

675X88.

product

zero,

20040

632142

be

id)

305

62280

place

multiplier.

4008

9342

and

will

708

203

then

result

Ans.

8114

above;

the

the

X
0

Ans.

multiplier^ multiply

15

XO

XO

the

ic)

."

In

in

cipher
{b)

id)

in

cipher

FOR

PRACTICB.

of

(a)

99,802..

(d)

167,220.

(c)

225.808.

(d)

25,660.

^^g

0,

as

17

ARITHMETIC.

Ans.

If the

1.

total

the

2.

by

test

of

is

pressure

engine

of

was

the

9,605

averaged

to

14

hours

day

Two

other,
15

steamers

miles

the

at

one

of

rate

hour.

an

7,846

are

18
far

How

miles

and

apart,

miles

an

apart

will

hour,

the

be

they

309

pounds.

709,464

each

towards

other

end

the

at

per

of

year

sailing

are

and

Ans.
8.

other,

pounds

for

coal

of

to

replaced
the

as

of

consumption

run

Being

horsepower

saving

the

was

per

per

pounds.
found

was

hour.

is

what

pounds

85

horsepower,

same

showed

What

hour.

164

horsepower

per

which

made,

per

if the

coal

which

was

horsepower
days,

steam

indicated

which

engine,

engine,

new

the

when

inches,

square

Ans.

pounds

another

it

is 113

steam

consume

piston

steam-engine

upon

pressure

inch

square

of

area

of

at

the

rate

of

205

hours
miles.

1,081

Ans.

DIVISION.
55.

is contained

number

one

The

number

to

The

number

by

The

number

which

contained

in

-r-

is

be

sign

read

how

is

by

the

the

the

quotient.

It

In

by
both

9 is

these

Thus,
cases

54

54

-=-

is

the

6,

or

divided

read

to

way

is the

reverse

of

dividend

divisor.
Division

divisor

write

is

by.
54

54

"

of

divisor.

the

is

Another

54

divided

the

times

9.

kind.

dividend.

many

-r-.

times

many

same

is called

is called

division

divided

54

divide

shows

of

of

is called

we

how

finding

another

divided

which

of

process
in

dividend

the

The

56.
54

is the

Division

multiplication.

6.

and

is

the

ARITHMETIC.

18

57.

To

divide

proceed

flfi^ure,

one

Example.

i^^'hen

is the

What

"

in

as

the

of

dividend

Solution."

ofbut

conslttto

following example:

quotient

divisor

divisor

the

875

7 ?

-"-

quotient
Ans.

7)875(125
7
17
14
85

remainder

Explanation.
times.

Place

and

quotient,
8

the

hundreds

remainder

by
of

figure
and

the

subtract

U7iits.

the

down

the

is contained

the

quotient,

under

which

is 125.

it is

This

In

58.

quotient

times

and
7

units

in

35,

written,

the

of

the

2,

der
remain-

dividend,

Therefore,

making
placed

in

figure

last

from
the

of

36,

quotient

division.

long

divisor, dividend,

the

only

second

by

subtracted

which
0.

the

is

17

tens;

the

the

tLc

the

Beside

by

of

Beside

which

the

the

divisor

times,

of

under

17
as

the

divisor

leaves

division,

two

17.

35,

hundred

making

the

figure

subtract.

tcns^

hundred

hundreds

the

the

is called

method

are

placed,

sliort

from

Multiplying

quotient.

product

Multiply

product

the

by

Write

the

left-hand,

the

quotient.

3, bring
35

down

hundreds

first, or

dividend,

times.

in

divisor

the

the

1, bring

divided

the

the

place
in

contained
as

one

Multiply

quotient.

is

"

performed

being

operations

and
tally.
men-

dividend

divisor

mental

once

and

contained

one

in

makes

35

; 7

placed
quotient

125.

is

operation
remainder;
17, 2

times

is contained
in

order

as

"

"

12

quotient
The

follows

as

in

35,

they

the

over;
5
are

before

placed

and

Ans.

times.

found,

is

contained

in

8,

is

makes

17;

placed

before

These
make

partial
the

tients
quo-

entire

ARITHMETIC.

small

The
illustrate

figures
the

explanation;

in

as

the

they

division

divisor

If the

59.

in

Divide

of

divisor

given

better

to

written

never

when

way.

or

figures, proceed

more

2,702,826

Solution."

example

are

this

consists

following example

Example."

in the

placed

are

actually performing

!""

63.

by

dividend

quotient
Ans.

63)2702826(42902
252

182
126

568
567
126
126
0

Explanation.

27,

must

we

trial, we

must

figure

of

the

63

by 3,

divisor
the

we

second

remainder
of

figure

the

the

product

down

the

smaller
next

times,

next

than

of

product
of

beside

dividend,

from

figure
63,

we

the

568.

The

of

dividend,

the

write

remainder.

in

write

the

next

126.

bring

Therefore,

try

we

from

126

the

down
contained

is

by

and

is 1, and

2, gives

is

so

the

Multiplying

quotient
63

multiplying

on

great,

remainder

the

is contained

product

63

ply
Multifrom

is too

divisor

Place

252

but

270;

times.

Now,

568;

in

by

product
we

we

Now,

270.

quotient.

which

the

figure, 6, making
without

the

making

Multiply

567

189

ures,
fig-

two

quotient.

the

times,

182,

the

182.

subtracting

is 56,

9 times.

about

the

and

by 2,

63

in

first

contained

270,

which

beside

2, making

figure

of

subtract

18,

the

that

see

the

as

is

figures

two

figure

and

by 4,

63

dividend,

the

first

in

left-hand

or

is

63

figures

two

in the

figures,

times

many

first

remainder

The

270.

first

divisor

the

how

contained

first three

the

in the

the

as

is not

63

use

find

is contained

the

As

"

and

56

subtract

bringing
12

bring

down

in

126,

contained

42,902

next

in

As

12.

182,

is

the

is

tient.
quo-

ARITHxMETlC.

20

60.

Rule

dividend,

4.

ivitJi

Find

{h)
lowest

line

lioiv

mimber
will

that

zurite

line

the

the

at

divisor

left-hand

and

it,

divisor

the

left of

them,

times

the

of

with

the

between

many

eontain

dividend,

Write

(a)

"

result

betweeii,

the

for

the

at

the

in

the

of

figures

the

eontained

is

dividend

of

the

of

the

right

first figure

quotient.

the

remainder

If

(d)
write

(e)

a?iy

cipher

and

dividend

tmtil

all

partial
in

there

with

the

Proof.

be

the

the

zvrite

subtract,

dividend.

the

product

annexitig
Divide

of

figures

remainder,

dividend

ivill

quotient,

annex

the

to

the

before,

as

dividend

have

remainder

if

the

7iext

at

last,

write

it

there

be

the

quotient
to

any,

the

by

the

product.

dividend,
divisor

Thus,

quotient

dividend

63)4235(67H
378

455
441

remainder

Proof,

the

divisor,

figure

of

the

after

the

tient,
quo-

under^ieath.

Multiply

"

eontain

not

before.

as

divisor

the

the

proceed

If

61

be

and

used,
of

quotient

used,

been

the

this

by

figure

next

contiiiue

thus

divisor

dividend

partial

the

under

and

the

Multiply

(c)

1 4

quotient

0 7

divisor

0 3

201
402

4221

remainder
dividend

1 4

4 2 3 5

Ans.

divisor,
The

and

result

add
will

21

ARITHMETIC.

FOR

BXAMPL"S

62*

Divide

the

(a)

120,498

(d)

8,207,594

(c)

11,408.202

(^)

2,100,315

{e)

969,936

PRACTICB.

following:

by

58.

6y

7G7.
234.

by

by 581.

4,182.

(c)

48,758.

'

by 4,008.

242.

{e)

by 1,021.

(/) 7.328.

1,525,915

by 5,008.

(^)

(A)
In

1,646,801
mile

double

(d)

(/). 7,481,888
(^)

lay

2,181.

(//) 3,615.
^^^-

1.

(a)

by

there

are

one

mile

row

305.

("") 4,821.

881.

5,280 feet.

How

long,

woiild

rails

many

feet

30

rail being

each

it take

long

352

Ans.
How

2.
a

cylindrical
being

rivets
Note.

It

3.

G loads

inches

find

how

it will

of

bricks

the

build

bricks
at

to

team

in

in

60

the

rivets.

120

inches.

if

days,

How

each

7,020,000

bricks

draw

brick.

make

many
draws

team

Ans.

the

of

and

riveted,

large foundry.

load

loads

one

boiler

rails.

seams

Ans.

to

the

many

take

double

apart

draw

to

longitudinal

the

joint being

the

1,500 bricks

and

Find

"

long,

7,020,000

for

required

be

length

the

require

day

days

many

spaced

it

per

Note.

20

requires

will

teams

boiler

feet

First

"

will

rivets

many

to

13

teams.

how

then,

CANCELATION63.

Cancelation

in

division

dividend

and

3
the

factors
A

65.

by
are

of

factors

factors

are

any

equal

out

number

will

of 15, since
of

56, since

number

itself

except

number

prime

shortening
factors

tions
opera-

from

both

which,

eqiial

that

number.

15.

Likewise,

is

one

and

//lose numbers

are

Thus,

8 and

50.

which

Thus,

1.

not

can

be

divided

2, 3, 11, 21), etc.,

numbers.

prime
66.

of

process

casting

multiplied together,

when

are

by

the

divisor.

The

64.

and

is

is

factor

prime

any

factor

that

is

prime

number.

Any
number,

prime
to

the

that

number
and
factors.

product

be

may

Thus,
of

its

is

not

prime

produced
CO

is

prime

is

called

by multiplying

composite

number,

factors, 2x2x3x5.

composite

together
and

is

its

equal

22

ARITHMETIC.

Numbers
of

two

them

the

Thus,
are

does

3,

22, 25, and

21

of

principle
Write

and

the

68.

both

composite.

or

each

to

other,

so

numbers.
both

from

make

both

by

does

which

dividend

dividend

the

and

sor
divi-

the

dividend

45

00

is the

which,

by

quotient.
abovt^

the

line^

it.

9 x

by
the

over

the

dividend

below

divisor

number^

same

the

divisor

the

and

change

not

make

Divide

Placing

"

composite

in

factor

numbers

Example."

Solution.

q,

prime

are

the

1 ;

except

prime

no

quotient.

division,

which

those

all

"

them

dividiyig

as

same

11

when

other

number

any

either

5, and

the

change

not

by

equal factors

caficelingoi

The

the

numbers

each

to

be

viay

Canceling

67.

prime

divided

be

can

be

to

themselves

numbers

also

said

are

24.

divisor,

and

cancelin^^

10

l""i?2"f?-^-60

Ans.

Explanation.
divisible

both

are

divided

by
it ;

over

by 4,

equals

also,

4 in the

The

"

off

Cross
the

45

by

write

in the

24

equals

four

the

and

24

^ X

and

4 divided

since

6.

off

cross

dividend

1, and

write

and
6 under

the

divisor

it.

24

the

Thus,

60

in

60

since

dividend

the

60

divided

Cross

off the

write

1 under

and

by

60

equals

write

and

it.

G in

10

divisor

the

10, and

it ;

over

are

divided

also,

divisible

by

cross

off

by

equals
the

6,
1.

6 and

Thus,
1

10

^X45x

Again,
by 9,
1.

since

Cross

9 and

in the

45
45

off

write

divided
the

the

45

and

dividend

by
and

i under

it.
1

^ X

the

VxW

divisor
9 divided

5 over

it ;

Thus,
^^ X

the

5, and

equals

write

'

in

10

are

by

^Iso, cross

divisible
9

equals
gff the

23

ARITHMETIC.

Since

there

and

are

in

one

1, without

all

Multiply

their
in

numbers

quotient.

it is

product

The

dividend

equals

uncanceled

5 X
in

numbers
1

of

all

1 X

10

the

result

the

50;

divisor

of

the

be

in

numbers
of

product

equals

all the

will

uncanceled

dividend

product

The

1x1

=50.

the

by

the

all the

1.

10

Hence,
^

in

except
further.

cancel

to

dend
divi-

in the

number

any

numbers

divisor.

the

by

impossible

product

the

(one

numbers

divisible

uncanceled

the

divide

and

uncanceled

the

divisor)

the

remainder,

together,

remaining

two

no

^^

Ans.

^^^

^
1

It
of

is usual

writing

them
5.

divuiend
the

and

the

by

product

the

be the

factors

factors of

remaining

the

product of

remaining

the

{a)

(b)

3 X

18

16

65

8 X

4 X

(d)

164

divisor^

quotient.

PRACTICE

FOR

9 X

60

11

11

6 X

8 X
30

by

by

7 X

6 X

7 X

by

100

3 X

321

40

50

82

321

13

4 X

9 X

by

60

3.

5 X

10.

3 X

(e)

50

100

(/)

48

63

110
115

200

X
X

150

120

55

84

400

72

X
49

by

7 X

by
32

1,000

by

21

11

1,000 by

144

11

X
23

15
X

1,000

32.

{U)

250.

(r)

1.

{e)

100.

(/)
X

64.

60

48.

48.
100

{a)

{d)

7.

Ans.

(h)

of the

Divide
14

(g)

both

factors from

common

the

of

BXAMPLBS

70.

instead

them,

divisor,

will

result

canceling

the

Cancel

(a)

divide

Then

(6)

when

I's

above.

"

and

dividend

the

as

Rule

69.
the

omit

to

5.
105.

(^)42.
X

{h)

800.

5.

FRACTIONS.
71,

is

fraction

one-third^ two-fifths are

72.
one

nator.

numbers

Two
called

the

part

of

whole

number:

One-half^

fractions.

are

numerator,

required
^nd

to

the

express

o^her

the

fraction,
^^aomi-

ARITHMETIC.

24

The

73.
with

how

into

shows
The

or

names

of the

that
:ind

parts,

If each

is read

one-half.

is read

three-fourths.

is read

three-eighths.

read

five-sixteenths.

|-^^is

read

twenty-nine-forty-sevenths.

the

is to

apple

called

be

the

parts

4x2

written

these

five

one-eighths,

into

which

for

the

into
had

parts,

been

divided

Hence,
The

75.
means

the
The

divided

of

\,
are

of

by,

value

and,

In

other

smaller

if

is

equivalent

the

fivethree
the

parts

the

parts
is less

words,

J,

for

divided

be

object

same

is smaller

than

than

amount

-J,
one-

f.
is

the

result
;

as,

and

numerator

and

of

object

an

\.

as

that

fraction

the

denoniinator

f is equivalent

figures

number

-4-

or

would

in

of

since

than

the

between

pieces

consequently,

fraction
the

pieces

one-fourths,

the

than

is less

by

is

smaller

many

It is evident

if

is

numerator

line

in

cut

were

three-eighths,

because

parts;

as

these

three

taken.

parts

also, f

value

parts

three-eighths,

etc.

the

apple

of

one

called

divided;

7 one-ninths

eighths.

twice

greater

and

parts
into

that

dividing

is

than

the

it is clear

74.

the

of

is smaller

example,

equal

these

of

expressed

be

one-sixteenths,

number

same

be

be

would

smaller,

are

the

three-fourths,

anything

themselves

into

cut

three

of

all;

would

and

denominator,

the

in

abbreviations

are

been)

that

then

pieces

words

sixteenths, etc.,

larger

would

pieces

The

|.

shows

fourths,

or
^

has

(or

considered.

or

one-eighth,
of

Three

the

denominator

the

apple,"

an

be

taken

are

or

of

**J

numerator

of

before,

as

are

indicates

also

is
-jPj-

equal pieces, there

two

is divided.

one

equal parts

these

denominator

the

fourths^

or

of

or

and

parts.

expression

the

denominator^

the

unit

the

many

The

considered.

taken

4 shows

how

2 shows

is

|.

as,

e(jualparts

many

numerator

in

them;

line between

denominator^

the

above

placed

is

numerator

to

3 -^

4.

to

8,

-r-

obtained

|^

2, -I =

denominator

by
3.

ARITHMETIC.

The

76.
called

the

value

The

77.

of

terms

nominator

of

whose

are

de-

and

numerator

or

four-fourths,

I,

or

eight-eighths,

=1.
1.

is

fraction

its denominator.

fraction

value

Its

1.

whose

numerator

less than

is

1 ; as,

f,

IT*

An

79.

one

or

or

than

;"t7r^

SO.

^;/^/

mixed

|^,|, f f

as,

4f

It

is read

is

is

81.

and

two-thirds.

their

of

terms

reduced

the

reduced

\ by multiplying

to

higher

the

by

value

is not

object,

an

these

say
be

parts

it is evident
the

entire

apple

these

piles (containing

originally

all,

i. e.,

was

removed,

be

into

cut

six-eighths.
there

But,
are

ing
chang-

by multiplying

by

f is

Thus,

2.

piles,

each

containing
of

been

equal
be

equal
since

equal

the

Now,
there

removed,
parts,
one

three-quarters

or

pile, or
left.

2 parts,
amount

had

case

parts.

if

the
of

one

will

equal
one

If

parts.

same

the

that

suppose

into

composed
have

For,

|.

divided

parts)

containing

of

process

8'

would

as

been

each

will

pile

apple

piles left

into

arranged

each

is

apple,

an

to

^6

since

changed,

/r^^-

equivalent

number.

terms

4X2
The

is

terms

same

both

3^X

is

value.

their

to

fraction

value

and

number

is the

changing

fractio7i is

ator
numer-

Its

and

fractions

without

form
A

82.
both

of

whose

FRACTIONS.

OF

Reduction

whole

number,

REDUCTION

fraction

mixed

four

denominator.

the

number

tio7i united.
4 -f-1".

than

greater

v"

is

fraction

improper

equals

of

fraction

is 1.

^,

proper

is less than
s"

fraction

sixty-four sixty-fourths,

or
"Jl^,

78.

of

fraction.

equal,

are

denominator

and

numerator

25

be

parts

3
in

quarter,

Hence,

=^

\,

ARITHMETIC.

26

The

of

course

same

the

number

same

does

both

alter

not

be

may

multiplying

Therefore,

case.

reasoning

to

of

terms

similar

any

fraction

by

its value.
6

2_

applied

"

both

fraction

83,

the

by

terms

both

dividing

is

reduced

by

lower

to

number.

same

terms

8'

Thus,

dividiytg

by

terms

is reduced

-^

\ by

to

2.
4

2_

A"^

""

10

That
Art.

/o

82

%',%"
both

^s

i^

of

terms

both

tVj a

fraction

from

seen

for, multiplying
^^^"

iV

readily

5'

-T-

the

of

terms

equal

niust

the

by

explanation
the

fraction

number

same

^ by 2,

Hence,

|.

in

given

dividing

does

alter

not

its value.

fraction

84.

a?td

numerator

number^

is

reduced

denominator

be

not

can

lowest

its

to

when

terms

divided

by

the

its
same

}, .f ^.

as

85*

To
to

reduce

How

"

Solution.

fourths,
Example.

"

Solution."

86.

Reduce
8

Sf

x|

Rule

6.

"

the

denominator

add

Reduce

to

V-

Multiply

^.

the

number
to

numerator

under

improper

the

result.

FOR

PRACTICB.

fractions:

(b) 5^.

(^) 37f.
(e) 50|.

by
the

the

be

inator
denomand

product
^

ia) 4i.

{c) 10^.

will

Ans.

whole

the

1). in 5 there

fraction.

BXAMPLBS

87.

in 1 (4
Ans.

improper

an

".

of the fraction

place

to

5 X

ber
num-

in 5 ?

4ifourths

are

fourths,

20

or

there

mixed

or

fourths

vadiny

Since

"

number

fraction

Improper

an

Example.

5x4

ijvtiole

Ans.

ARITHMETIC.

88.

reduce

HTo

mixed

or

Example.
Solution.

divided

also

to

mixed

4 is contained

"

i^holc

number.

in 21, 5 times
is i.

4, its value

by

to

Reduce

"

fraction

improper

an

number

27

and

remaining;

1
5

Therefore,

i,

5^,

or

is

is

this

as

the

ber.
num-

Ans.

89.
the

Rule

7.

quotient

will

be

will

be the

be any^

there
which

Divide

"

whole

the

the

the

of

same

remaindtr^

fractional

if

part

of

of

the

denominator

the

as

dcnomipiator:

the

by

number;

numerator

is the

denominator

the

the numerator

ifnproper fraction.
BXAMPLB9

90*

Reduce

FOR

whole

to

PRACTICK.

mixed

or

numbers

('0

24J.

(^) "U.
^.

1108.

^")

Ans.

(./) 49jj.
(.") 4.

I (/)

91.
is
of

thQ

which

number

fractions

of

find

To

Example.

"

Solution.

"

ttie

Find

the

^We

first

contain

least

least
least

or

tions
frac-

more

dcnonnnators

the
least

will

without

coininoii

contain

all

of

denominator
in

^, \, J, and

row,

-^^.

separated

by

commas.

) 4, 3, 9,

16

2)2,3.9.

3)1,3,9.

3)1.1,3,

4)1,1.1.

4
1

1, 1, 1,
4

2x2x3x3x
Explanation.

which

will

"

144, the

least

Divide

each

divide

at

(ifpossible),bringing

least
down

denominator.

common

of
two

them
of

those

them

by

of

remainder.

denominator

denominators

the

of

that

common

common

place

two

The

number

fractions

the

all

remainder.

is the

denominators
92*

will

without

denominator

the

of

denominator

common

"'5.

some

without

denominators

Ans.

prime
a

to

ber
num-

der
remain-

the

row

ARITHMETIC.

28

will

which

below

contain

not

each

Dividing

of

Dividing
the

Dividing
continue
of

all

row

the

last

until
the

2 will

again

third

divisors,

divisor

numbers

the

2, 3, 9, 8, since

becomes

the

the

2,

contains

row

row

mainder.
re-

4.

1, 3, 9,

So

1, 1, 3, 4.
The

I's.

2x2x3x3x4=

or

is

is

only

second

9 without

result

result

3, the

by

3 and

der.
remain-

the

by 2,

divide

not

by

without

144,

product

is

the

least

denominator.

common

93.

Example.

"

Find

least

the

) 9, 12,

Solution."

86.

94:"

To

4,

2)1.

4,

2)1,

2.

1.

Example.

3, 4, and
smallest

The

"

2.

f, and

denominator

and

numerator

to

fractions

having

divided

A"

12, 4

f by 4,

is

nator.
denomi-

common

will

which

12, because
2 without

tain
con-

it is the
a

der.
remain-

A*

times.

we

tions
frac-

to

number

3, 4, and

by
A"

in
of

is

denominator

be

is contained

f,

common

can

Reducing

"^^.

denominator

least

which

fractions

more

denominator

common

The

number

or

common

Reduce

"

Solution.

ti^vo

^, ^,

Ans.

reduce

bavins

of

18

3)3,

1,
3x3x3x2

denominator

common

By

multiplying

both

find

2X48^,^
-g-

95.

*^"

Y^'

Rule

8.

denominator
the

I^

the

of

fraction by

"

the

Divide

Reduce

(") h
(^) A.
W

to

way

the

^j.o^,.
find

we

and

multiply

fractions

FOR

y"y.

by

both

terms

having

PRACTICE.
a

denominator:

common

(") 1. 1, f
(*) A.

A.

4,A,H.

quotient.

I, -J.
h

and

denominator

common

given fraction^

BXAMPLBS

96.

same

Ans.

H. A-

fJ. A.

IS-

('') f*. }J. H(^)

A"

A"

A*

(/) A. H. \\*

vy

iJ. A.
) ta"

"o"

Htt*

the

of

ARITHMETIC.

ADDITION

Fractions

97-

denominator.
since

Suppose

these

we

shall

add

these

that
we

of

is

what

1|^, and

are

the

other

six

since

eighths

had

the

reducing

4 +

Example.

will

which

least

The

"

contain

all

t +
Explanation.
of

names

the

total

99.

As

the/^r/j,

"

the
the

The

What
least

The
whole

sum

numbers

of the
=

fractions

84|^.

rect,
cor-

reduce

adding,

the
2

to

common

or

/east

the

number

|.

Ans.

tells

only
by

of

sum

12f

12Jf

14f

14iJ

33

or

is

denominator.

12f

are

fJ

\\\,

which

38

indicates

or

added

to

the

denominator.

14|,

and

in

this

denominator

fJ

By

is 8.

indicated

sum

it

adding

and

result

case,

common

numerators

common

J,

is

apple.

reduced

denominator

is the

neither

fourths

1.

f"andi

if
Hut

The

denominator

oi parts

Example."

Solution.

of \, |, and

sum

Now

six

than

this

be

least

is evident

for

with

|+|=^^4^=Y=12.
"

number

then

something.

-}; whence,

denominators

have

we

should
the

is less

since

It

one-eighths.

in

common

the

sizes.

and

parts,

eighths.

-|

the

stand,

now

parts.

begin

to

Thus,

Find

common

different

fourths,

not

can,

result,

"

which

we

preferably

denominator,

Solution.

fractions

adding,

98.

Or

correct

eighths,

eighths,
1.

is

J,

are

to

quarters.

4 quarters,
Before

eighths

is

apple

of

equal

and

It

only

they

as

equal

two

result

quarters

to

into

something?
we

into

apple

the

eighths.

to

an

to

hare

they

parts

2 one-fourths

parts

for

eighths,

added

parts

have

this

represent

divide

we

be

not

can

unless

add

not

can

FRACTIONS.

be added

?iot

can

denominators

Fourths

divide

OF

We

the

29

l^ti

added

the
obtain

T^p^ ?
case

is 16.

Ans.

34}^.

to

the

sum

of

the

ARITHMETIC.

30

Example."

is the

What

Solution.

least

The

"

17, ISy'^y,/g, and

of

sum

is 32.

denominator

common

3^

13^

13/^, 3^

17

A
3A

100"

Rule

9.

having
the

of

sum

the

the

the

other

mixed

whole

if

Find

"

the

whole

and
is

stun

the

add

and

H^

".

The

if

(^)

1,020 lb., 75} lb.,

and

lA-

{h) 1.

of

weights

ifl-

(/)if-

^h) i it, f
1.

lA.

id) ifi.

Ans.

".

A.

number

of

li" H.

A.

(^)

whole

A.

(/) fi

Jiumbers^

PRACTICB.

FOR

sum

H.

lb.

68J

of

number

What

castings

total

their

was

412} lb.,

were

weight

bolts

Four

long

of

iron

inch

altogether

for

piece

required,

are

will

be

cutting

2}, IJ, 2^,

required
oflE and

in

the

to
manner

same

Example.
Solution.

as

"

The

in

j from

Subtract

"

A-

the

H-A

IJj inches

1,8471b.

ends

subtracted

case

of

an

in.

9^

yi\\)^oyx\. first
This

of addition

-Jf.

Ans.

How

long.

allowing

from,

J lb.,

FRACTIONS.

denominator

common

the

denominator.

common

be

not

can

them

cut

OF

Fractions
them

to

finishing

SUBTRACTION

102.

and

270

Ans.
2.

the

tion^
improper frac-

an

i. I. A-

(^)

write

numbers.

BXAMPLBS

1 Ol

their

7iumber

tions
frac-

to

denominator.

common

numbers

fractions firsts and

it to

and

denominator^

mixed

are

fractions

given

the

common
over

there

reduce
with

least

numerators

When

(h)
add

the

Reduce

(a)

"

Ans.

33}|.

sum

^^

is

16.

A-

Ans.

can

be

ducing
re-

shown

of fractions.

ARITHMETIC.

103"

Example.

Solution.
so

that

"

6|

"

104.

is

What

"

The

"

of

denominator

common

Example.

From

"

The

4^'',.

denominator

of

minuend

4^

than

and
Since

As

in

therefore,

borrow

add

the

it

to

borrowed

was

1 06.

Example.

Solution.

"^;

take

subtrahend

which

from
or

II,

to

from

-^

9.

107.

Rule

having

the

from
8 from

lO.

"

and

8|J
8^

\\

\\
no

fraction
-J-|

||.

0.

in

(a) Reduce

denominator.

common

other

\l

Sy'g or

place the

is

KJ.

1"|

.-

the

i)

in

from

end
minu-

the

f^-^"!

\l

l)e subtracted;

not

can

is

\l

4;

11

--'-

-}-

8^.

is

there

t\iQ

take

8 is left.

9, only

from

As

"

it

from

difference
Explanation.

\li\

siihtrahcnd

the

9, 8 remains;

minuend

"

UJ^

Ans.

in

\\,

or

tV +

From

is ;J*2.

fractions

the

minuend,

the

1,

from

"

fractions

the

\\\

fraction

the

fraction

the

ITj*, and

4^^

or

difference \\\
"

between

SJJ

9y\

subtrahend

greater

+5.

Ans.

8J^

take

9^

common

Explanation.

:-

9Jf

difference

"

that

see

Vl\\

subtrahend

Solution.

we

difference

the

minuend

105.

6 4-1

Ans.

Example.

Solution.

|.

since

therefore,

6|.

7 take

From

"

31

Ans.

fraction
the

minuend

the

siibtraJioui^

Since

the

in

1,

borrozvcdivom

was

fractions

Subtract

remai7ider

borroii'

to

numerator

one

the

over

fractions

common

dc-

nominator,
.

(b)
and

When

whole

by side.

there
numbers

are

mixed

numbers,

separately^ and

subtract

place

the

the

fractions

remaijiders

side

ARITHMETIC.

3^

When

(c)
the

fraction

in

the

in the

minuend
which

from

it

to

the

is

whole

EXAMPLES

108.

in

the

number^

the

number

minuend^

subtrahend.

denominator
in

whole

than

borroiv

is the

1;

same

the

as

and

subtrahend^

duce
re-

it

place

subtraction.

fraction for

that

the

in

fraction

the

of

the

fraction

fraction
a

is greater

from

the

to

ivhose

fraction

it

minuend

the

denojninator
over

add

subtract

When

(d)

borrow

minuend^

and

subtraherid

the

in

fraction

the

FOR

PRACTICE.

Subtract

{a) H^romH.
{b) A

from

iJ.

(b) A.

\c)^

from

^.

{d) if

from

IJ.

(e) {i

from

{f-

from

30i.

12i

from

27.

from

(A) 5i
1.

An

oil.

of

i of

and
of

the
2.

and

gallon

week

H.

day.

line

wheel.

shaft
A

of

developing

full

67^

gate,

210|i
P.

How

H.

of

oil

test

H.

P.

P.

It

P., and

plant

the

251|
H.

much

In

109.
the

on

also

remained

power

found
the

to

of

an

end

the
and

engine

engine
water

Ans.

was

wheel,

machinery
belting
76ff J

was

H.

it is not

having

necessary
nator,
denomi-

common

'

110.

Multiplying
multiplies

the

the

numerator

fraction.

P.

FRACTIONS.

fractions

fractions

by

the

that

day,

the

43|f gallons.

the

shafting

unused

OF

multiplication

fractions

of

and

three

fifth
at

run

that

(horsepower),

was

friction

the

showed

cylinder
for

the

remained

plant is

manufacturing

of

MULTIPLICATION

reduce

gallon

much

How

of

day

Ans.

main

The

consumed

day, \i

gallon

water

under

on

} of
of

24f.

48^ gallons

hand

on

used

he

fourth

sixth

the

had

week

the

on

he

that

following

gallon

capable

324

the

I (A)

80.

found

engineer

During

days,

j^^

(/) 13i
(g)

a-

or

dividing

the

inator
denom-

to

ARITHMETIC.

Example.

Multiply

"

Solution.

"

as

Ans.

3.

fractions

of

multiplication

times.

or

-7

Ans

3.

**of"in

word

-|^^=V

fx4

or,

same

4.

f X

f X4

The

33

the

means

Thus,

of

J
Ot

i
Example.

Multiply

"

^^=

3.

T2

ff-

2.

| by

3x2
Solution."

|x2=rr

=f

Ans.

},

3
"

I X

or.

Example."

Solution.-

4 ^

cancelation,

by

or,

is the

What

AV

j*jand

J ?

b'e.

-_

Ju-^

of

product

-^ ^ -g

Ans.
.

111.

^^^'

''*'

Tx~8

112.

3 X

^ X

What

"

df
VXV

"^

the

11.

product

to

the

by

cancelation.

numerators

5f

HS^

15|

15|

"

of
and

(a)
the

of

i"i and

5^ ?

Y-

15J by

"

Rule

product

Multiply

47i

by

A
Ans.

^V

3.

is the

tors

J^
__^

^J-|-

Example."

115*

J"

=
_

Solution."

Solution.

} of

/^

.^___

Example.

114.

of

Solution.-

113.

is

What

Example."

5'l5i.

45

Ans.

3.

or

45

Divide

the

denoviinators.

denovmiators

2i

product
All
should

47f

of

Ans.
.

the

factors
first

be

numcra'
eonimon

cast

out

ARITHMETIC.

34

multiply

(b) To
both

improper

to

the

multiply

is

product

mixed

fractional

reduee

by another^

number

by

by the

part

fr action

improper

an

number

them

fractions.

multiply

To

(c)

mixed

one

whole

number^
and

multiplier^
it

reduce

to

the

if

mixed

first

number

add

and

whole

the

whole

and

number

Find

the

FOR

of

product

{a) 1^.

14

fiXA-

power,

change

3.

and

The

hour

of

belt
belt

the

P.

how

same

of
P.

H.

many

of

feet

There

of

many

coal

7^ pounds
of

pounds

an

of

of

to

is

substituted

for

be

can

as
ItjP-

used

in

20

contains
hour

water

water

are

In
the

OF

division

of

fractions

Dividing
divides

to

after

the
the

numerator

fraction.

the
H.

P.

weighing

5f

per

square

an

hour

Ans.

796iJ

square

feet.
of

foot

If

grate

by

the

the
area,

of

pound

per

evaporated

pounds.

coal
in

boiler

1,276 J pounds.

FRACTIONS.

fractions

fractions

it.

mile.

Ans.

117.

use

much

153J|

wire

copper

feet

5,280

boiler

steam

of

miles

2|
are

DIVISION

nominator

it is desired

transmitting

lis.

15.

as

but

width

capable

be

to

belt,

8-^ pounds

how

reduce

U)

weight

evaporate

burned,
1

100

grate

burns
can

107|- H.

transmit

can

double

is the

per

boiler

125.

Ans.

What

pounds

single

the

(/)

14.

double

the

as

2.

32.

single belt

power

Ans.

7.

{h) it

Supposing

if.

"X7.

(^)

more

^-

(/) 17M

(^) 4|.

A.

(/)i*

1.

plier
multi-

PRACTICB.

(") 7XtV

of the

product

number.

BXAMPLBS

116*

the

to

part

it

is

having

or

not
a

to

necessary

common

multiplying

nator.
denomi-

the

de

ARITHMETIC.

Example.

Divide

"

8.

f by

When

Solution.

dhndin^

"

35

the

numerator,

have

we

"*"

multiplying

When

3=

-*-

the

Divide

"

2.

by

Ans.

i.

^
Example.

have

we

Ans.

i.

denominator^

^-^-2

Solution."

Example.

Divide

"

Ans.

-^^=^.

7.

J| by

14-1-7
Solution.

"

"*"

'^

"oo"

''^"^"

i*"-

82

To

119*
that

invert

the

make

is,

Invert

1 20.
Solution.

solution

the

This

The

the

is

e/ianji^eplaees.

divisor,

the

:i tinus.
i'*^,

for

tin-

containtii

in

ilu*

is

numerator

one

now

in

contained

invert

quotient

We

the

not

are

| by

divide

not

can

"

in

as

Divide

"

denominators

second

we

same

Example.

Solution.
the

^^,

the

first

multip!\\

\,

| by

\^

as

in

the

therefore,

first

we

must

3_X
-g^l-=2^^H.
^X

Ans.

same;

tX4

Solution.

and

case.

case.

1 22*

is

gives

121*

-^^

and

same,

If

2.

denominator

doicn

-J.

fraction

the

are

times.

upside

it

turn

Divide.^^ by -j*^.

"

1.

"

denominators
other

numerator

Example.

is to

and

it becomes

and

fraction

Example.

"

}^

"

inverted

6 X

Divide

by

becomes

ii

|J,

?iii5
=

10

\%,

19

8.

Ans.

case

solve

for

above,
as

in

the

^6

ARITHMETIC.

1 23*

Example.

How

"

3J

Solution."

7^^

inverted

y
4

119

is

times

many

contained

3}

in

7/^

Y/.

becomes

_219_X^_

^.

119_-,B9

^^^"

^^*

'16"^T5'"";^X15~'60""
4

1 24.

Rule

1 2.

divisor

the

Invert

"

ajid

proceed

in

as

multiplication.
We

1 25.

indicates

numbers

divided

the

by

be

to

that

number

divided

fractional

by

that

number

below

it.
is

divided

be

if

true

above

line

the

^^- shows

Thus,

"

-r"

two

is to

that

line.

means

be
is

18

fraction

below

or

by f ;
"^8+4

between

placed

above

also

placed

to

line

the

be

is

that

This

3.

expression

means

"r-

learned

have

or

that

16

8+14
7 is to

3^X

divided

be

by

value

the

of
"

16

"fis

will

It

the

and
be

by
it

the

be

noticed
This

is

Whenever

heavy

all

that

indicates

whether
a

is

is

line

above

the

between

otherwise

as

in

to

be

is

there

divided

be

to

used,

line

line

heavy

since

necessary,

show

to

is

there

that

nothing
8.

-^
^Jf.

as

same

by

the

above

divided

the

would

or
,

case,

by

all

it,

below

BXAMPLBS

1 26*

FOR

PRACTICB.

Divide

{a)

15

by

f {a) 2^.

6f.

{b) SObyf

ip) 40.

("r) 172

{c)

by f

WHbylA.

J (^)

Ans

215.

{e)

iojL

"/) W

1.

362^

(^)

"

|-inch

pounds.

by

14|.

by

17i.

(^) IH.

(/) A^.
(^) AV.
L ("5) AV-

by Vi^.
by 72J.

boiler

plate containing

What

is its

weight

per

24

square

square

feet

foot

of

Ans.

surface

weighs

15^

pounds.

ARITHMETIC.

2.

equal
in

certain

to

35

If

3.

has

the

feet

927J square
of

area

the

of heating

grate.

distance

how

around

revolutions

many

rim

the

of

will

wheel

Whenever

following

is

ones

transposing

however,
is

-^

line

heavy

three

simplified by

denominator

the

when

of

numerator

3- X

line,
care,
ferred
trans-

so

fraction

fraction

above

whose

de-

3
^

"

r"

"

9X4'

'9X4

the

yi^ ; for, regarding

the

as

is 9,

nominator

before.

as

7,

9x4

9
2

the

the

be, taking

may

682

revolutions.

below

to

is

f-

the.

that

case

wheel

multiplier.

-^

1.

above

the

as

be

feet.

traveling

of

one

gp*ate

square

52^

always

may
from

above^

to

indicate

to

it

obtained,
denominator

the

below

from

or

in

make

like

expression

an

the

drive

Ans.

127.

26

locomotive

the

of

area

Ans.

is

which

surface,

is the

What

the

feet,

13^
feet

times

feet

square

boiler

37

"^

"

12.

1^

is the

The

proof

for,

regarding

in

as

same

first

the

I
case.
6

5x4

3^

the

as

numerator

3x9

"f

4x9
of

is |,

denominator

whose

fraction

|
^

and

5X45X4
,

".

-4-X4
principle

This

^^^^

be

may

used

Reducing

"

40

4i

^,

tions,

transferring

cases

like

to

frac-

numbers

310

fI

72

"

Now

"

-r^

of

the

fractions

^i

40

denominators

the

mixed

the

in

advantage

u
becomes

expression
^

'

great

'

.u
the

.'

5i

to

and

canceling,

310

1 X

27

72

2 X

1 x

6
""

40

9 X

i=i""-

31

12

;0
^;p
^0

f
*

3
X

^T
X

^;

^
^^
X

3
X

$Z x

;^

^
"~

ARITHMETIC.

38

Greater

exactness

this

using

be

if

obtained

by

the

should

subtraction

or

by

reducing

principle, however,

sign of addition

not

either

occurs

line,

dividing

the

or*below

obtained

be

The

be

usually

can

can

decimals.

to

employed

above

than

principle

fractions

results

in

DECIMALS.
Decimals

1 28.
of

unit

expressed

are

dredthSy thousandt/is^

of

ten,

in

common

with

line

figures

the

on

the

The

first, as

indicating
of

and,

second,

that

each

figure

the

on

and

figure, serving
The

1 30.
number
the

right
The

decimal

of

of

first

the

of

places

figure

parts
hun-

to

point

in

it,

in

the

-the

as

of

the

next

merator
nu-

etc.

next

ding
prece-

.figure.

depends

number

the

notation,

as

unit

the

out

is

the

ways

100, 1,000,

large

as

the

on

two

right

system

number

or

of

point*

figure

is 10,

small

decimal

decimal

the

times
as

nator
denomi-

distinguish

to

next

be

numerator^
The

regarded

Arabic

times

it would

as

order

the

on

10

multiple

the

the

and

or

consisting
In

be

the

merely

unit

the

tenths^

as

y^^-

denominator

10

reading

yf^,

number

right being

figure,

succeeding

is,

ten

under

called

may

of

part

it

figure.

figure

the

always

numerator

(.),

whose

as

unit

point

fraction

ten,

expressed

^,

the

unit

decimal

right.

is not

as,

period

between

placed

of the

of

is

writing

by

understood,

figure,

scale

which

them;

right

; that

etc.

1,000, etc.,

between

always

unit

the

on

fractions,

is

is

10, 100,

as

fractions

the

denominator^

The

1 29.

tenth

are

of

upon

the

figures

figure.
the

to

right

of

the

unit

figure

expresses

figure

expresses

tenths.
The

second

figure

to

the

right

of

the

unit

hundredths.
The

third

figure

to

the

right

of

the

unit

figure

expresses

the

unit

figure

expresses

unit

figure

expresses

thousandths.
The

fourth

figure

to

the

right

of

ten-thousandths.
The

fifth

figure

hundred-thousandths.

to

the

right

of

the

to

ARITHMETIC.

The

sixth

figure

the

to

39

of

right

the

unit

figure

expresses

millionths.
Thus:
.3

.03

.003

.0003

.00003

-f^

3 hundredths.

Y5^

3 thousandths.

tojflfl

3 ten-thousandths.

3 hundred-thousandths.

1 0

"^"W^3
The

places

in

of

figure

the

This

We

to

its

The
is

the

unit

that

second

its

much

the

decimal

""f decimal

of ciphers

of
of

be

the

number

the

number

is called

figure

figure,

above

will

written

be

The

the

t""

equivalent
assistance

//.v///

fracticn.
in

in j^

read

left of

the

to

decimal

point

decimal

affects

point
the

only

is

figures

right.
whole

number
is

expression

mixed

second

the

mind

may

When
the

in

the

denominator

the

number.

whole

the

equals

1 in

of

decimals.

writing
Whatever

in

see

kept

millionths.

right

decimal

fact

the

place

etc.

ft

first figure to

place,

and

0^00

^ooYofto3

first decimal

tenths.

=3

decitnal

and

mixed

number.

decimals

and

written

are

Thus,

tojrcthcr,

and

8.12

17.'^.")arc

numbers.
of

relation

clearly

shown

the

by

whole

following

numbers

table

each

to

other

(A

a.

'i
"2

_c

.1^

987654321.
The

numbers
In

is made

figures
;

^^/A

to

those
the

the

the
to

-"

left of

the

decimals

the

right
and

starting point

are

decimal

i
.

45G789

point

represent

ivhole

decimals.

whole
of notation

numbers,
and

the

units

numeration.

place
The

40

ARITHMETIC.

decimals

decrease

the

zvhole

Tht

first figure

units

is

third

distant

equally
decimals

numbers.

number

in

million,

six

the

in

the

which
the

whole

numbers,

for

in

and

so

if

and

the

hundred

fifty-

millionths.
of

scale

ten^

the

^-thousandths^

at

hundredths,

is

tenths^ or
decimals

both

the

of

hundred

next

through

on

from

them

hundred

figure

next

The

name.

three

begin

you

figures

eighty-seven

four

on

the
bers
num-

The

hundred

left

and

W/^/^

the

htiit-

is

numeration

million,

the

great,

as

hundredths^

the

Nine

the

to

right

distinguishes
is

left of

the

to

right.

eighty-nine

that

see

you

times

on

the

which

hundred
increase

is ten

so

on

twenty-three

seven

table,

and

left,

first figure

thousands^

is

fifty-four thousand,

decimals
as

same

ths^

table

hundred

thousand,

left

following

above

and

the

the

to

and

the

to

the

place correspond

ending
The

twenty-one,

The

units

ten

figure

figure

decimals

the

the

second

The

to

of

scale

right

the

to

is te7is^ and

units

thousandths^

from

have

whole

six

is

left and

the

on

figure

ten

the

second

the

third

right

the

left of

and

of

on

is tenths.

of units

The

to

the

to

hundreds,

dredths.

scale

increase

numbers

right

the

to

the

on

times

ten

and

whole

numbers.

Annexing

131.
a

decimal
.5 is

does

y^^;

affect

not

is

.50

decimal

point

divides
"^

Taking

1 33.

multiplies

the

10

.05

"

by

The

differs
the

from

numbers
Whole

of

10

only
addition
to

be

numbers
to

the

left.

by

1^

^^

cipher

of

totJ

decimal

.50.

and

the

10.
'^^'

^^

TTir

from

10

To^ir

the

left

of

decimal

respect
whole

Yo

.5.

DECIMALS.

OF

of

.5

10.

ADDITION

134.

between

~=~

To"

away

decimal

right

the

at

"^^^\ therefore,

decimal

the

^^

^^

cipher

cipher

away

its value.
but

y^,

Inserting

132.

taking

or

in

which

addition

numbers

is

in

decimals

of
the

placing

of

added.

begin
Decimals

at

units

and

decrease

increase
on

the

on

scale

the

of

scale
10

to

ARITHMETIC.

point

decimals

and

/land

right

the

in

of

right
of

column

decimals

left of

of it.

In

figures

the

decimal

whole

to

hand

left

the

decimal

the

brings

line, which

the

the

to

are

to

are

side

and

line,

in

be

numbers

Whole

right.

the

41

be

numlH-rs

added

side

must

points directly

in

be

must

under

each

other.

468.190

sum

136.
decimal

the
in

Rule

whole

directly

13.

points

zvill be
and

numbers^
under

the

Place

"

the

Find

the

points

FOR

{") 21.781,

(^/) .8724, 104.15,

{e) 200.172,

and

21.417,

14105,

2,478.1,

were

ring,

The
as

and

yoke,

the

sidh

PRACTICK.

1.413.

and

.705, and
and

weights
Shell, 3,626

270.84

as

above.

100.042.

lb.;

of

and
the

lb. ;

stays,

805.9647.

0)

204.

(.')

5078.

225.9H14.
234.3285.

(/) 1,437.7601.

21.073.

and

3.7652.

{b)

{d)

7.2.

10.0041.

41.65, .7243, 104.067,

follows:

Add

in

point

tJiat

so

otJicr.

Ans.

12.1465,

estimated

decivial

added

(^0

iJC)4,107.2, .00875, 21.716, 410.072,

1.

cacJi

.7816.

and

(/) 1,427.16, .244, .82, .082,

(g)

be

1.1417.

41.8788, .72,

188.72,

to

of

sum

{b) 788.5, 21.478, .2101,

under

the

place

decimal

.2148, .105, 2.8042, and

(")

numbers

directly

BXAMPLBS

1 37.

Ans.

{g)

(//) 4,539.02625.

.0345.

parts
tubes,
etc.,

2,640.6143.

of

3,564.5

return

1b.;

1,089.41b.;

tubular

boiler

manhole

cover,

steam

nozzles,

ARITHMETIC.

42

handhole

236.07

lb. ;

boiler

supports,

and

covers

350.6

lb.

What

120.25

yokes,

total

the

was

lb. ;

feed

estimated
Ans.

of

pounds

feet

20

$8.30;

can,

engine

bill for

oil, $24.

machine

4-inch

of

$0.84;

waste,

supplies

room

How

did

cylinder

the

billamount

the

left hand

and

the

OF
same

decimal

points

Solution.

decimal

from

.3063.

minuend

difference
Example."

Solution.

is the

-What

Subtract

"

Solution."

.625

minuend

so

that

the

Subtract

other.

point

14.

in

extend

the

as

above

those
them

(")

in
and

{b)

the

of

decimals,

placed

are

in

line

4 3

Ans.

between

7.895

and

.725

take
take

7 0

from

7.17

or

Ans.

11.

00

10.3

the

7 5

subtrahend
will

be

subtract

FOR

as

end^
minueach

place the decimal

the decimal

points above.

of the

part

minuend^

the

the

directly under

and

numbers^

decimal

under

subtrahend

place ciphers

in

the

before.

PRACTICB.

235.0004.

(a)

1.7042.

172.3846.

{p) 21.0138.

^^

{c) 1.868.17
(^)

70.00017

take

13.6817.

take

7.000017.

9 5

From

407.885
22.718

.17

directly under
in

KXAMPLGS

1 42.

whole

$54.74.

.6 2 5

points

in

figures

beyond

minuend

decimal

remainder^

the

When

Place

"

11.0

difference
Rule

.13

7.1

subtrahend

141.

of

.725

difference
Example.

gallons

other.

7.8

subtrahend

14:0.

12

Ans.

addition

difference

minuend

"

$1.65;

.3063

subtrahend

1 39.

20

to?

numbers

each

"

in

as

under

.133

Subtract

Example."

1 waste

pipe wrench,
oil, $8.75;

lb.

DECIMALS.

reason

of

figures

the

9,291.91

items:

following

of

gallons

much

the

For

the

belting, $11.20;

SUBTRACTION

138.

had

lb. ;

of

weight

boiler?
2.

34.75

pipe,

(0
I (^)

1,354.4883.
63.000153.

ARITHMETIC.

.6804.

take

(e) 630.680

(/)

421.73

(^)

1.000014

48

217.162.

take

^^^

If

1.

the

2.

and

887.874

2.46

In

barrels.

4.

cistern

much

How

hold

rod

of metal

826.5

it lack

does

wrought-iron

thickness

the

will

that

is

off

turned

of

barrels

of being

2.58

full

inches

in

that

the

so

how

is \hv

.41

1 7s.(;2.""

arr

What

barnN.

l"f

nui"t

2. !"."" imlu-s

be

Ans.

2.h7

pi|M- ?

147.s7.*)

will

diameter?

is

.2(":" in" h.

"--

there

diametor.
rod

dtj^ms.

piin*

Ans.

drj^jrei-s

1(W.91

water

227.964

many

thick

How

inches.

.2413;W.

is

wrought-iron

Ans.

3.

(A)

Ans.

21-inch

1."KKH"M.

pressure

degrees,

pressure

of

diameter

pounds

at

higher

diameter

inside

the

steam

pressure

the

at

steam

outside

The

inches

pounds

100

at

is the

warmer

of

temperature

and

degrees,

204.5IW.

.542814.

take

("^) .783652

629.9906.

I (/)
1 {^n

.00001.

take

f (0

.o:r)

-^

in

.017.").

2
...

OF

MULTIPLICATION
In

143.
decimal

points

subtraction.
decimal

/land

We

the

of

number

of

the

of

the

whole

point off the

Example."

.826

the

one

proceed

in

both

by

a(hlition

time

mull

as

tlu-

in

and

rii;/i/-

niulti})li-

multiplying^,

multiplicand

tin?

ipliiand,

is under

exactly

and

i)t'ini;to

the

ilic

co/n//

the

multiplier^

in the product.

number

same

of

the

\)hicc

not

in

as

under

After

places

Multiply

Solution."

and

other,
numbers.

decimal

for

do

we

other

multiplier

right-liand figure

fignre

cation

and

Place

each

attention

7io

pay

decimals,

under

directly

points.

that

so

of

multiplication

DECIMALS.

13.

multiplicand

.8 2 5

multiplier

1 3
2475
825

product
In

this

example
and

places are

none

pointed

there
in
off

are

the
in

the

1 0. 7 2 5

three

Ans.

decimal

multiplier;

product.

places
therefore,

in
3

the

tiplicand
mul-

decimal

44:

ARITHMETIC.

1 44.

Example.

"What

is the

of 426

product

and

the

decimal

005

Solution."

multiplicand

42

multiplier
product
In

this

example

and

places

left

pointed

2.13

2.

or

the

change
1 46.

the

therefore,

multiply by

to

they merely determine

Ciphers to the right of a

the

in

plier
multi-

decimal

product.

necessary

they only

as

Ans.

places

multiplicand;

in

is

decimal

are

decimal;

places.

not

the
off

It is not

of

in

none

are

145.

there

.0 0 5

make

the

ciphers

number

decimal

figures

more

the

to

of

should

deal

the

on

mal
deci-

be

moved,
re-

and

with,

do

value.

Example."

Solution.

Multiply

1.205

multiplicand

"

1.15.

by

1. 2 0 5

multiplier

1.15
6025
1205

1205

product

and

places
1 47.

there

example

this

In

in

the

off

the

in

example

there

decimal

are

multiplicand,
3

which

multiplier,

the

3,

148.

or

Rule

15.

cand^ disregarding
as

in

whole

places
"

the

Place

multiplicand
in the

232
in

prefix

6, decimal

mal
5, deci-

Ans.

the

makes

places
must

we

or

product.

.000232

multiply

we

2,

plicand,
multi-

.0 01

product
this

the

.2 3 2

multiplier

In

in

.001.

by

multiplicand

"

places

therefore

in

.232

Multiply

Ans.

decimal

multiplier,

Example."

Solution.

5 75

are

pointed

be

must

1.38

in

each,.

the

the

multiplier
to

the

232,

the
but
and
to

digit
since
the
make

product.

multiplier under

position of

numbers\^ and

product,

the

ciphers

by

the

in

decimal

the

themultipli^
points.

tiply
Mul-

product point off

as

ARITHMETIC.

decimal

many

places

there

as

45

decimal

are

multiplicand^ prefixing ciphers if

and

BXAMPLB8

1 49*

Find

the

necessary.

of

product

.0020377656.

{a)

{b) 4,003.3X1.2.

(b) 4.80;j.84.

{c) 78.6531X1.08.

(c) 81.012693.

(^/)

.3685

042.

X.

{e) 178,352

(/)

.00045

(g)

.714

{h)

feet.

00004

of

00001

engine

an

will

the

found

was

by

cross-head

.000(KH)32.

measurement

in

over

pass

If
at

runs

in

steam

58J

minutes

3.

Wishing

revolutions

600

minute,

wrought

iron,

obtain

calculated

was

cubic

63.5

the

Assuming
of

inch,

weight

of

brass

rod

the

.303

that

the

decimal

point

until

number

of

of

weight

and

number

decimal

decimal

of

places

Divide
oi decimal

places

contained

wrought
of babbitt

cubic

in the

we

dividend

the

ciphers^ the
places

as

in

in the

dividend^

pay

division

the

exactly

.27.S

inches

of

inclics

of

j)ound

wliat

pound,

from

103.94

per
the

was

pounds.

DECIMALS.

decimals

in

cubic

be

to

.204

it pump

inj^-rod

10.4

iron

and

7, 130. .*)(;.")
j^allons.

294.H

and

brass,

OF

after

equal by annexing

the

would

water

connect

iVcL

stroke

{x^r

Ans.

division

divisor.

rod
of

inches

pound,

of

weight

the

3,5844

water

of

In

1 50.

the

gallons

many

DIVISION

to

of

gallons

Ans.

to

it

cubic

2.89

how

drawing,

babbitt.

delivers

pump

strokes

51

2.9S7

bo

to

An"

2.

42S.

(A)

feet

many

.ooooo2"n"r).

(g)

008.

X.

stroke

How

(/)

.00002.

.015477.

{e) 1,783.52.

.0045.

The

1.

(//)

01.

X.

tiplier
mul-

PRACTICB

FOR

.000492X4.1418.

{a)

in both

places

and

number
whole

divisor

7io

is

attention

to

performed.

must

made

places

in

Subtract

numbers.
from

The

equal [be

of decimal

the

the

point offsiSmany

number

decimal

of

ARITHMETIC.

46

quotient as

in the

places

there

in the

units

are

remainder

thus

found.
Example.

Divide

"

.625

25.

by
divisor

Solution."

quotient

dividend

.6 2 5

.0

Ans.

2 5

50
125
125

remainder

this

In

example

3 decimal

and
minus

0,

has

be

to

1 5 1

there

prefixed

decimal

no

dividend

the

3, decimal

or

in

places
the

to

25,

Divide

Example."

"

are

in

places

6.035

One

3 decimal

are

cipher
places.

.05.

by

6.0

divisor,

there

therefore,

the

dividend

,0 5

Solution."

the

quotient.

make

to

divisor

the

in

places

quotient

3 5

1 2 0.7

as

if

Ans.

To
10
35
35

remainder

In

this
it.

before
in

than

off

example

in

There

the

the

1 52.

divide

we

is

divisor

one

by 5,

decimal

more

therefore,

the

in

place
decimal

one

cipher

were

dividend

the

place

not

is

pointed

quotient.
Example."

Divide
divisor

.125

dividend

.0 05

Solution."

.005.

by

quotient
Ans.

).1 25(25
10

25
25

remainder

In

places

example

this
in
has

the
no

dividend
decimal

there
as

are

in

places,

the
the
and

number

same

divisor
is

whole

of

therefore,
number.

decimal
the

tient
quo-

4t

ARITHMETIC.
1 53.

Divide

Example."

326

divisor

dividend

.26)8

Solution."

.25.

by
2

quotient
An"

6.00(1304

26
76
76
100
100

remainder

this

In
to

make

in

the

problem

of

The

divisor.

1 54.

ciphers

two

number

the

decimal
is

.0025

Divide
1.2

Solution."

whole

the

to

number

number.

1.25.

by

.0 0

divldond,

the

to

places equal

quotient

Example."

annexed

were

2 5 0

( .0 0 2

Ans.

250

remainder

Explanation.

the

evident
we

therefore,

must,

the

dividend

the

figure

cipher
places.
2 decimal
decimal
mal

places

places

places,

two

thereby

making

consider

the

except
the

in

is contained

it

In

must

the

divisor,

In

the

.002

the

at

determining

1+1,

left
the

to

of

tlie

is

T)

the

and
-2,

"

otT

or

of

decimal

:5,

kV^kA-

tli^aire '2,
to

neeessary
when

the

one

dividend

decimal

position

thert^

i)iit

point

not

dicinial

'"i (Keinial

otT

to

c
])la(

wn-

that

in tiie

prefixed
It

Vi:"\

""r

point

quotient.

divisor

dividend;

order

be

must

otT

the

must

Itarly

*2.")0,
so

in

plaees

quotient.

ciphers

in

rememi)ere(l

we

It is(

^i:\,tiiiis niakiui^

be

5 decimal

in the

tiie

pointinjj^

making

also,

present);

the

to

*-".""(disregarding

or

V17),

or

twice

places

are

the

contain

not

cipher

thereby

ciphers

when

will

one

decimal

there

Since

left, for

by

.00-2")

number,

number,

quotient.

annexed,

was

whole

divide

to

are

we

its

at

25

quotient,

four

only

were

as

whole

annex

the

in

125

250.

the

in

places

as

dividend

the

that

example

ciphers

two

divisor

the

consider

this
dividend

the

Consider

1.25.

In

"

dividing,
point

in

quotient.
155.

dividend

Rule

and

16.

proceed

"

as

(a)

Place

in division

the

of

divisor
whole

to

tJic

numbers^

left of
and

the

in the

48

ARITHMETIC.

quotient^point off as

tnany

places in

decidual

ciphers

to

the

quotient^ if

ciphers

annex

there

are

still be

shows

sign (+), which

1 56.

Example.

"

it

is the

What

Solution."

of

15)199(13

of

divisor^

mainder^
reas

to

dividing until
then

if

quotient by the plus

the

quotient

generally better

be carried

can

be

quotient^ and

the

terminate

tltat

the

continue

and

places in

remainder^

there

over

it is

quotient^ but

Jf.decimal

or

placed

remainder^

the

to

number

in t/te divisor^ prefixing

those

by another

be

can

the

as

necessary.

number

one

of the

fractional part

there

dividend

retnainder

the

places

exceed

the

If in dividing

(6)

decimal

further,
divided

199

15 ?

by

Ans.

15

1 0

remainder

13tV

^
It
that

division

the
to

and

irequently

very

how

carry

the

thus

the

quotient

the

preceding

(" ),
as

the

thus

indicated

work

places

obtained

figure by

indicating
; if the

1, and

figure

plus sign (-|-)after

the

the

or

write

If

greater

quotient

thus

obtained

quotient,

the

be

last

number,

is not

than

cide
de-

carried,

figure

of

increase

minus

quite

is less
thus

cases,

is to

it the

after

example,

such

division

the

the

above
In

further.

is 5

that

in

as

place

one

4-

terminate.

never

decimal

4-

.266

happens

will

many

13.266

as

sign
large

5, write

indicating

that

ARITHMETIC.

is

number

the

had

example,

decimal

four
five

it been

desired

places,

the

13.2667".

This

given

of

some

retain

as

figures

the

decimal

if

be

1 57.

101.6688

{b)

desired

{d)
(/)

.00875

(g)

.004

In

.4

by

in

quite

PRACTICB.

'(")

123.107.

2.

There

contains

load

of

test
be

an

follows,

as

26.34.

24.20, 26.7,

duration,

hour's

different

What

the

together

in

How

25.78,

horse-

average

25.6880,
and

average.

divide

81.6

gallons

barrel.

by

barrels

many

Ans.

of

18.75

tons

of

coal

cost

$60.75.

IIow

the

-j^ by

If -inch

What

is the

boiler

weight

rivets
of

weighs
one

of

the

100

88.5

barrels.

much

it

was

per

pounds

rivets
Ans.

there

are

"3.24

Ans.

of

horsepower

intervals

was

horsepowers

50.

7.

or

rivets.

.003.

the

lO-minute

at

ton?

keg

.00008.
-6.

(//)

to

the

are

596

10.

(/)

engine

2,787.75 gallons

per

(.^-).00001.

found

tests,

car

{b)

.008.

25.08,

43.08.
1.52.

{(i)

^^^

400.

by

^Add

"

of

fact

the

to

exact.

Ans.

number

the

calculations,

attention

ix"wer?

worth

five

seldom

are

exact

1.25.

by

by

was

26.13,

it would

Both

they

by .024

steam

developed

3.

to

by 8.75.

.0008

(h)

in

omit

to

"

.008.

by

{e) .0144

Note.

other

retain

to

.24713

as

have

any

desired

by 2.86.

187.12264

{c) .08

25.64,

to

.2471253,

omitted

FOR

to

if it is desired

number
was

carried

Divide

(a)

1.

is

last
to

would

answer

Thus,

particular

BXAMPLB8

been

the

correct

answer

it

when

except

is not

In

applies

expressed

call

to

the

remark

^^

arithmetic,

obtained

result

the

and

frequently

are

is desired

it

when

have

in the

it would

of

outside

used

.247+

signs

"

would

decimal.

the

places

as

places,

4- and

in

decimal

three

the

decimals,

involving

expressed

that

work

indicated.

as

obtain

to

13.20066,

calculation

be

than

slightly greater

places, obtaining

been

49

ton.

and

?
.168

pound.

ARITHMETIC.

50

TO

REDUCE

1 58"

Example.

FRACTION

Solution."

decimal

what

J equals

"

TO

DECIMAL.

4)3.00
f

or
,

.75

Example.

"

What

decimal

is equal

to

Ans.

) 7.0 0 0 (.8 7 5

Solution."

.75.

64

60
56

or

Ans.

.875.

40
40

159.

Rule

divide
in

places

the

ciphers

denominator.

the

by

^Annex

17.

quotient

Point

there

as

BXAMPLGS

160,

Reduce

off

as

PRACTICB.

FOR

fractions

common

to decimals:

{c) .65625.

21

{d)

61

^?-

Ans.

.16.

{e)

SZ'

(/)

.625.

ig)

U)

.05.

(A)

(h)

.004.

if)

161.

To

reduce

to

decimal

foot

is 9

Indies

of

parts

Example.

"

foot,
the

and

What

decimal

Since

Solution."

by

.796875.

foot

.875.

(d)

?"

.46875.

(a)

(^)

decimal

many

15

(^)

and

numerator

annexed.

ciphers

are

following

the

the

to

above

inches

rule,

there
is 9
shows

1 2

of

part
12

are

rV

^^

what

inches

^^

~60
60

in

^^^*-

decimal

) 9.0 0 (.7 5 of
84

part
a

foot.

inches

one

foot,

This

reduced

of

Ans.

foot

inch
to

inches

is ^
a

of

decimal
is.

ARITHMETIC.

162.

of

Rule

foot^

18.

divide

(6) Should
desired

is

and

is

the

Reduce

to

(")

3 in,

unending

an

at

increase

decimal

of

part

1.
with

the

27

ft. 8

in., 23

ft. 4

.25.

{b)

.375.

{c)

.4167.
.5521.

{d)

in.

line

main

{a)

Ans.

of

lengths

The

.9167.

{e)
belting

shaft

required

88

to

found

were

in., and

ft.

with

6 in.

How

countershafts

three

connect

tape

of

feet

many

2.

The

belting
Ans.

crank

of

stroke

from

measured

is 14

engine

an

the

of

center

inches.

shaft

is the

What

to

of

center

3.

inches

1.668

when
in

expansion

TO

steam

decimal

Example.

Solution.

125

"

Example.
Solution.

1 65.
the

to

its

with

places
lowest

by the

-^^^

1 9.

in
terms

same

as

the

to

to

Under

"

many

decimal^

found

How

it.

much

to

J.

to

the

feet

foot.

.5833-h

Ans.

TO

J.

the

expand
its

was

.139

foot.

FRACTION.

fraction.

Ans.

Ans.

figures of the decimal, place

ciphers
and

by dividing
number.

was

ft.

fraction.

}J

joint

of
in

crank-pin

foot?

.125

J^^

.875

Rule

digit

decimal

.875

"

admitted

of

Reduce

^^^

Reduce

"

expansion

DECIMAL

"

an

was

parts

REDUCE

164.

with

pipe fitted

steam

were

89.5

length

Ans.

be

to

measure

necessary

fourth

foot:

(^)6|in.
{e)

the

PRACTICE.

5 in.

11

the

say

place farther,

one

ib) 4iin.
{c)

it

and

one

pointy

some

greater^

FOR

the

parts

12.

division

or

decimal

to

sign -\-.

EXAMPLES

163*

be

the

carry

omit

by

division

the

place,

one

iftckes

resulting decimal

if the fifth figure

figure by

reduce

of inches

nu^nber

terminate

to

decimal

fourth
and

the

the

(a) To

"

51

its

at

reduce

both

right

the

numerator

as

there

are

resulting fraction
and

nator
denomi-

ARITHMETIC.

52

1 66.

following

the

Reduce

PRACTICB.

FOR

BXAMPLBS

to

fractions:

common

.125.

(a)

(d) .625.
A.

(c) .3125.
(d)

.04.

(e)

.06.

(/)

-75.

("")

.15625.

Ans.

(^)

.875.

(A)

TO

FRACTION

AS

APPROXIMATELY

DECIMAL

EXPRESS

HAVING

GIVEN

DENOMINATOR.

1 67.

Example."

.5827

Solution."

Hence,

.5827

Example.

"

.3917

.3917

1 68.

obtained^

tI

in

20.

the

^y

result

A*

Ans.

Reduce

"

fj.

say

12ths.

"~7o~"

1 to a

the

given

will

be the

BXAMPLBS

1 69.

"

64ths.

in

Ans.

Multiply
and

^r

"

nearly.

^,

Rule

denominator.

.3917

Express

Solution."

Hence,

JJ

ff, nearly.

.5827

Express

FOR

fraction having
decimal

by

the

fraction

fraction required.

PRACTICB.

Express
{a)

{c)

( {a)

.625in8ths.
in

i^b) .3125
.15625

32ds.

f.

{b)

\,

(0

A-

{d)

^,

16ths.

in

^
*

{d)
{e)

(/)

.77in64ths.
.81
.923

in
in

48ths.
96ths.

the given

{e) ff-

[ (/)

f|.

so

ARITHMETIC.

The

1 70"

is read

there

of

of

$25

dollars.

Since

third

mill

of

dollars

-one-

decimal

cent,

mills.

and

sixteen

dollars,

twenty-five

-^^ of

is

figure represents

twenty-five

is

cent

one

figures

two

cents.

the

is read

is read

$25,168

It is read

dollar,

first

the

represent

dollar,

in

cents

dollar;

$25.16

Thus,

100

dollar

ttjVt

or

is

are

of

hundredth

part

dollars

dollars.

25

Since

for

sig^

53

sixteen

cents;

and

cents

eight

mills.
The

171*

vinculum

[ ],

and

and

are

used

together;

13

13

13

13

and

X,

"

In

subtraction

addition

or

division

has

plication
two

or

sign

until

of

factors

as

In

the

the

the

that
of

multiplication

the

of

sign

of

sign

are

connected

thus

connected
and

when

by
are

not

or

niiilti-

that

being

indicated,

product

addition

multiplication

reason

numbers

be

must

no

of
rii:;Jit

cases

expressions

signs +,

signs

the

sign
the

all

have

we

the

by

indicated

the

is to

Ans.

on

precedence,
or

used,

by

if

number

multiplication,

is not

right, except

to

performed

numbers

Ans.

connected

performed.
the

05.

indicated

left

the

Ans.

3 =101.

of numbers

be

been

takes

104

subtraction,

more

of

parenthesis

from

follows

division

or

or

that

13.

G5.

operations

may

by

considered

be

tp

3), shows

"

bracket

aij^ij^reij^atlon,

are

(8

=13X5

13

series

the

13

or

"

in order

performed
or

which

multiplying

(8-3)

any

-r-,

3,

"

vinculum

the

1 72.

of

symbols

numbers

8 before

from

When

called

are

include

to

thus,

taken

be

{ }

brace

( ),

parenthesis

as

the
garded
re-

rate
sepa-

numbers.
What

Example."

Solution.

4X24

1.296

-f-

Performing

"

96; 96-8

173*

160

1,296

Solution."
22

from

multiplying

268
22

What

"

22

3J

X
+

12

because

by a|,

we

of

the

34

4x

17

in

105.

is the

8 +

"

operations

88; 88-i-

ExAMPLB.
13 +

value

is the

17?
from

order

left

to

right,

Ans.

of

value

the

following

expression

108;
the

get

108

sign

of

77, and

160

268;

here

multiplication
268

77

191.

we

cannot

/^/A^7"'5 22;
Ans.

tract
sub-

hence,

ARITHMETIC.

54

Had
22

above

the

3|

22

7 +

-4-

been

-|- 25

all

have

the

been

77-^7

3i=:;:77;

written

In

268-

it

-j-, before

"

is

160

result

would
257

257;

to

necessary
included

adding

"

ded
divi-

have

to

11

division

or

and

or

"

11;

words,

multiplication

-|- and

the

12

-4-

final

and
=

other

1,20G
necessary

subtracting,

Ans.

of

signs

the

22

been

would

7 before

282.

it

25,

3i by

have

expression

form
per-

between

subtracting.

or

Also,

had

24^

"

the
7

-T-

3^- +

multiplied

3^- by

multiplication
would
267

It

25

division

be

performed

In

obtained

Thus,
24

by
3^4

obtained

from

-T-

of

20,

{a)

(8

{b)

5
5

to

right

the
"

result

the

last

the

same

indicated

24

24

FOR

of

values

5-1)

4-

result

the

following

expressions

4.

-4-

15.

Ans.

(/
(g)

(h)

2,080

540

(90
90

559)

268

"

120

80

60

-^

25)

4-

60

H-

25

5.

-^

57.

1,670.

29.

not

multiplication
^.

that

would
in
be

must

that

PRACTICE.

32.

(1,691

(^)

result

must

operations

-i-

of

sign

multiplication

expression

144-5x24.

{d)

operations

aggregation
the

the

BXAMPLBS

if)

right.

Find

have

final

operations

same

vinculums,
9 x

of

indicated

the

performing

to

1 7 4:*

the

24x3-t-4x2-=-9X5

the

symbols

two

by
left

Thus,

obtain

to

right,

left

first.

using

160

+
to

the

24^

-^

indicated

the

performing

to

since

succession

from

order,

order

by
left

from

if

occurs,

performed

be

Ans.

in

24^,

24^

24^;

that

signs

necessary

and

12

-^

Ans.

follows

and

1,296

been

precedence,

292.

likewise

must

3^

have

dividing

the

been

would

before

takes

have

267

it

25,

written

been

expression

be

order,
used.

becomes
would
in

be

order,

ARITHMETIC.
(CONTINUED.)

PERCENTAGE.
175"

is

Percentage

the

of

process

calculating^

by

htaidredths,
The

176.
words

of

cent,

which

number

is

the

the

by

of

the

of

of

is

rt-riaiii

hunchvds

number

125

Latin

the

hundnd.

number

cent,

per

abbreviation

an

by

mean

indicated

is

Thus,

cent.

per

which

number

is

cent,

per

centum^

per

per

/rrw

of

125

units

in
*

i!;,,

iliat

ot

ilu-

"""

*"""

of

cent,

per
is

432

tVtj

six

cefit.

20

43

of

cent,

per

pMimds

V.Vl

pounds.
of

sign

is read

6^

Thus,

-fi^

185.76

The

177.

per

is 80

80

j^, and

is read

Vl\^

cent.;

per

is

cent,

per

is read

tzcclic

nfit.

per

and

ou-Iialf

etc.
,

it

culations

is

-j-J^,^*^,

and

to

of

number

it

express

instead

Thus,

of

cent,

per

customary

fractionally.
as

the

expressing

When

to

al

insuad

decimally

expressing

in

usr

""l

(ir^, t",y;. and

J.)
.

and

is usual

it

^^^

to

thcni

express

rl^),

.()";.

as

.43.

either

expressed

will

table

following

The

as

show

decimal

or

how
as

TABLE

Decimal.

Cent.

Per

per

any
fraction

rnl.

Ix'

an

3.

Fraction.

Per

Cent.

I)cimiiki1.

l''r:u tit"n.

.01

IJ^....

150

.02

2^

500

^c.
"^.

i.rx)

:.

(I

II

(I

(I

1I

II

r).()()

,1

or

or
1

10^....

.10

II

or '^
*

.25
...

50^....
i

u^

TolT

TTTTJ
7

.75

.01e5

or

.OS

"""

'^

12^^.

nr

....

100^....
125^....

1.00

TTTo

1.25

ISA

nr
O^

or

1
^

.125

(;2j^.

or

si

or

"i

"^

()i
^'^

loo

.025

^^^

-^
"5 0
1

*'J

1G|^.
1-

i
^''^

50

.50

or

iMi

^2

1
'

.005
1

25^

II

11

;"

.05

5j^....

J-

"'

ARITHMETIC.

56

The

1 78.
are

the

and

amount^
1 79.

of

names

base^

the

different

the

rate

elements
the

cent,

per

in

used

centage
perthe

perce7itage,

difference,

the

The

base

is the

The

rate

is the

number

which

on

the

is

cent,

per

computed.
1 SO.

The

181.

of
is the

Thus,

the

rate,

The

is

$180

the

base

base

is

and

the

percentage.

obtained

earns

6^

or

$180

+$10.

$10.80

rate,

useful

other

tracting
sub-

by

he

more,
80

the

will

$190.80.

percentage,

and

percentage,
From

.16

base,

left

amount

125

the

16^

evident

that,
the

multiplied by

be

must

the

it is

foregoing

base

the

it in

20

"

20

rate,

difference,

the

105

the

the

is

125

125

"

of

16^

uses

resistances,

is 125

work

Here

horsepower.

horsepower

125

and

friction

percentage,

of

engine

performing

rate.

percentage.

he

.06,

the

base, 6^

the

by

base.

and
X

age
percent-

$1.75, $25

remainder

the

$180

is

$25

base

dredths^
hun-

of

amount.

an

overcoming

184.

from

$180,

$180

the
if

Again,

the

the

the

or

the

of the

sum

is the

has

man

altogether

$190.80

the

of

number

or

rate

of

is the

is the

difference

the

7^

$1.75

percentage

if

part,

by

that

and

amount

The

Thus,

105

hundredths

by multiplying

is the

the

for

obtained

it is stated

1 83.

Here

indicated

base

when

1 82.

have

is the

percentase

result

base, 7^

and

of

taken.

be

to

number

find

to

the

Hence

rate.

following
Rule

21.

To

"

find

the

percentage^

multiply

the

base

by

rate, expressed decimally.

the

Example.
How

many
Solution.

300;
above

hence,

of

Out

"

tubes
"

the

Expressing

the

of
300

the

rule

boiler

tubes

76^

were

used

in

boiler.

expressed

rate,

number

rule

of 300

used

were

76^,

lot

used,

tubes
.76
as

percentage

decimally,

228

or

base

we

percentage,

Ans.

tubes.

formula,
=

the

is .76

have
rate.

the

is

base

by

is
the

ARITHMETIC.

found

be

may

of

100^,

result

Rule

the

of

100

by dividing

at

12

For,

then,

1^,

if

But,

since

by .06,

for

200.

base

rate.

Consequently,

2.

or

the

by
number;

some

the

given,

are

=1^,

the
12

or

same

.06

-^

that

22.

find

-h

rate

percentage

yf^,

or

"

|o

arrived

be

may

the

is 12

or

it follows

200

6^,

number

the

y^,

or

is

12

and

percentage

dividing

by

that

suppose

yI^,

the

When

1 85.

57

When

"

the

divide

base,

and

percentage

the

rate

the

by

percentage

given,

are

to

expressed

rate,

decimally.
Formula,
Example.
of

boiler.

in

were

If

the

lot

Solution.

of

lot

the

^i:^

percentage

boiler
of

number

tubes

tubes

in

used

are

used

rate.

-j-

228,

were

construction

the
how

tubes

many

?
Here

"

applying

hence,

of

76^

"

base

is the

228

the

and

percentage,

76^,

.76, is the

or

rate;

rule,
228

76

-^

300

tubes.

Ans.

When

186.
the

the

rate,

dividing

the

is desired

to

200
cent,

.01

12,

the

and

if

is 2, 12

1^

the

that

result

same

is

suppose

evidently

as

since

base,

12

it

200

is

200

12

or

-r-

dividing

by

-4-

per

many

in 12,

obtained

be

by

that

1^ of

200.

is contained

may

the

by 200,

percentage,

For
is of

find

to

decimally,

expressed

12

cent.

per

given

are

base.

the

of times

number

But

found,

by

what

Now,

2.

percentage

be

may

percentage

6^.

base

rate

find

the

as

the

=.06

6^.

Hence,
Rule

the

23.

divide

rate,

will

be

When

"

the

the

Formula,

per

cent,

Out
of

the

Solution.

Here

"

applying

of

total

of

number
300

the

228

-=-

base,

percentage

^=^

boiler

300

used

was

is

given,

are

and

to

the

find

result

decimally.

rate
lot

base

the

by

percentage

rate, expressed

Example."

and

the percentage

base

-h

tubes,

228

base.
were

used.

What

?
228

and

the

percentage

hence,

rule,
rate

300

76

76$?;. Ans.

Example."

What

Solution.

applying

"

Here

per

of

cent,

875

is

the

875

is 25

base,

and

?
25

is the

rule,
25

PROOP.--875

.02J

--

25.

875

=.02?

2?^.

Ans.

percentage;

hence,

ARITHMETIC.

58

BXAMPLGS

1 87.

What

is 90?

{d)

900

is 360?

(c)

125

is 25?

PRACTICB.

of

cent,

per

360

(a)

FOR

(^) 40^.

I (rtT)500^.

(e)

280

is 112

{e) 40%.

(/)

400

is 200

(/) 50^.

("") 47
(/t)

is 94

(A) 50^.

be

found

given, by multiplying

the

base

The

amount

For

decimally.
when

amount

is the

percentage

is

Art.

the

amount

be

obtained

182,

result

may

1.06,

since

Rule

200

24.

.06

200

base

plus

the

it

is

and

6^

is the

12

rate,

pressed
ex-

find

to

The

definition,

But

the

by

200

rate

rate.

to

212.

and

desired

according

by multiplying

same

.06,

or

Hence,

212.

the

the

that

12, and,

When

"

by

base

is

1.06

when

suppose

200

200

200^.

U)

is 250

500

may

1 88.

the

20^^.

(0

(./)150is750?

are

25^.

{a)

and

base

rate

given

are

the

find

to
^

the

multiply

amount,

base

Formula,
Example.
how

more,

Solution.
is

If

"

Here

"

725

725

found

be

may

expressed
the

percentage

is

Art.

the

since
Rule

183,

be

may
200

X
25.

.94

"

10^ is the

$797.50.

by multiplying

the

base

the

200

.06

difference
obtained
=

difference, multiply

base
12
=

is 200
;

amount

the

to

by

find

to

The

definition.

But

200

rate,

is 6^,

rate

188.

difference

it is desired

according
12

"

the

the

".06,

same

or.

94,

Hence,
the

the

base
base

and

by

rate

give?!, to find

are

minus

the

difference

base

(1

"

the

rate, expressed

decimally.
Formula,

10^

year

the

minus

the

and

and,

200

by

by multiplying

188.

When

next

and

rate,

given,

that

suppose

the

Ans.

are

when

and

year

and

rate).

rule,

For

(1 +

year,

rate

the

decimally.

difference

result

base

mally.
deci-

rate, expressed

and

When

1 89.

the

1.10

in

second

base

is the

applying

Hence,

required.

$725
the

earn

base

earned
he

the

plus

amount

man

did

much

by

rate).

ARITHMETIC.

Example.

; how

boiler

one

Solution.
find

of

Out

"

tubes

many
Here

"

When

190*

found

be

may
For

the

by

1065^ of

the

the

base.

dividing

But

by

212

same

.OO

or

to

result

the

rale.

etjuals

"M'^

find.

1o(K'

"

"

sequently,
Conion

_-

i)e ()l)tainr(l

may

since

l.OO,

base

numlKT

t""

2, and

the

some

that

is desired

plus

ecpials

*iVi

it

f"

the

by

it is evident

that

it is desired

j^iven,

are

amount

Then,

in

usvd

wer^

Ans.

rate

that

K
lOr,;?:,

and

rate,

tubes.

the

(base)

24'?

but

rule.

the

and

itself.

is the

228

amount

number
if 212

200

applying
=

all

24^

it is known

by 0;^ of

increased

base,

dividing

that

suppose

tubes

used

(1 -.24)

boiler

were

Hence,
300

300

is the

300

difference.

the

lot of

r"0

212

l.or,

-^

l)y
"."()0.

-:

Hence,
26.

Rule

the

IV/ien

"

the

divide

base^

the

and

amount

by

amount

rate

arc

the

plus

fuhi

to

,i^nrf/,

exprrssi'd

rati\

decimally.
base

Formula,
Example.
at

of

piston

Owing

than

greater

and

itself.

255^of

applying

be

For

suppose

by dividing

if

wlun

pump

ning
run-

y^all""ns pt
this

value

*2."),

incnastd

hari^r i1\imm
*J'". is

amount.

day

is

ili^* harirr

actual

(Hm

is the

188

Rule

27.

by
"

divide

the

rate,

100

same

the

("

"

result

difference

difference by

iss

.1)4,since

or

jj:iven,tin*

are

by

ISS

and
minus

minus

less

number

some

An^.

^raiions.

rate

difference

04f":, \"

".06,

the

the

the

22:M'JS

and

equals

188=

When

1.2r)

-^

equals

188

But

200.

dividing

base^

certain

is thr

278,910

ni/t).

dc*ttcts

actual

the

is 'JTsjuo

other

What

difference

evidently

and

equals

minute

per

278,910

the

Consequently,

the

leakage

Consequently,

that

188

2X100

to

discharge.

discharge

found

may

feet

278,910

When

191*

100

of

(1

rule,

actual

Then,

Here

"

-^-

discharge

of

actual

the

Solution.

by

speed

hours.

10

theoretical

The

"

amount

of

m;
!"4

rate

are

the

base

difference -^

(1

"

itself.

loO',

obtained
=

rate.

niimbrr.

200.

=3

by

Hence,

^i^iren,to find
rate,

decimally.
Formula,

of

2, and

.!"4

(;';"

some

maybe
4-

the

base

rate).

expressed

ARITHMETIC.

60

Example.
"")f
in

of boiler

lot

If

boiler.

lot

the

From

"

there

tubes

72

were

76jg

unused,

tubes

in

used

were

how

the

tion
construc-

tubes

many

were

Solution.

73

Here

"

difference

is the

and

76^ is the

tubes.

Ans.

Applying

rate.

rule,
72

Example.

required

minute
total
how

to

Solution.
is the

127,344

127,344

192*
of

Example.

of

3 inches

is

the
it

and

percentage,

base.
is

find

the
etc.,

base

hence,

rule,

the
Ans.

of

draft

2.76

inches

increased

was

to

is the

3 inches
3

of

pump

is the

draft

the

Consequently,
to

the

cent.

per

that

required

work

gave

feet

gain

the

was

leakage,

foot-pounds.

20

height

friction,

Applying

chimney

per

If 30^

required

rate.

181,920

it is evident

Here

"

inches

rule

What

water.

Solution.
2.76

the

increasing

By

water.

to

is the

30^

certain

"

required

actually

.30)

for

work

127,344.

is

allowed

be

of

foot-pounds

feed-pump

actually

and

(1

-f-

boiler

number

difference,

of

number

are

the

Here

"

300

required

foot-pounds

many

operate

actually

number

76)

theoretical

The

"

(1

-"-

2. 76

"

the

inch

.24

is

Hence,

rate.

that

and

amount

the

applying

23

gain
193*

Example.
After

water.

inches

1.2

cent.

per

equals
inches

is

applying
loss

194.
Rule

final

28.
;

afterwards
does
and

he

gain

or

Solution."
the
he

applying

cent.

=1.8-^3

the

gain

divide

this

sold

lose, and
$2,100?

The

cost

total

of

1.8

-^

to

(since it

itself) and

is the

inches

age.
percent-

the

the

condenser

value,
he

or

0968

=
.

9.

and

of

cost

sells

he

$1,860

.25

$1,860

was

$2,325

lost

if

$2,100

68^ loss.

Ans.

+
=

and

value.

$1,860

the

was

cost,

initial

for

cent.,

initial

the

between

25^ of
per

cent.:

per

engine
for

Ans.

60^.

loss

or

much

$2,100,

2, 325

of

loss

rule,
225

reduced

difference

the

cent,

.60

steam

initial
for

1.2

"

difference by

how

for

them

condenser

is

per

difference

buys

man

purchases

condenser

Since

per

the

If

"

was

of

cent.?

inches

1.2

draft

the

3 inches

23,

Find

"

values

Example.

rule

find

To

by

in

of

draft

gave

per

certain

Ans.

8.7^.

put

loss

the

Consequently,

base.

Hence,

been

is evident

it

.087

chimney

was

diminished

the

2.76

had

What

Here
inches

-5-

certain

economizer

water.

Solution."

"

an

of

.24

some

time

the

engine,

both

engine

=$465;
$465

$225.

sequently,
con-

$2,325.
Hence,

ARITHMETIC.

FOR

BXAMPLB8

1 95*

Solve

01

PRACTICE.

following:

the

'

{a)

What

(d)

"

(c)
101

is

(e)

784

*"

'"

*"

"'

"*

*'

""

day.
of

pounds

(/)

Hijjv

is $450f?

is 112?

consumed

an

which

the

was

of

JJ,(J4() poumls

alterations

What

day.

of

average

certain

made

per

(/") JMO.H.

is 160?

280

engineer

250

^^^

$3,606

plant

steam
The

('/) i4"i;.

(4

tt

""

IH.

(^")

number

what

^ of 960

What

(A)
1.

SS^%

(fi) r).oi".

54?

""

eSi% of

("7) $112.50.

627?

"*

**33i^

( ^)

(^)

i%

**

**

(/)

l^iJiCof $900

is

of

cent,

per

in

coal

If

should

the
on

price of

list

If

5.

which
for

per

for

on

much

showed

on

that

this

and
have

engine

an

ISi^of

the

on

How

much

adding

14;?,and

the

decreased
and
be

20j?.

required
the

the

weight
engine

the

to

of
of

to

coal

coal
run

coal

could

engine

in

power

DENOMINATE
A

196.
and

may

inches,

ten

of

dollars,

but
etc.

creased
in-

hour

was

li()rsej)ower
would

what

(ondenser,

1.")").()pounds.

is

number

simple

or

compound,

as

number,

coiKTcte
S

qtiarts,

feet,

etc.

197.
units

either

50

P.

was

per

the

Ans.

H.

NUMBERS.

denominate

be

with

availa])le

power

hour,

per

hour,

an

the

develoj)

horsepower

per

l.")-,of

U\\.x\

horsepower

per

originally

used
full

engine,

steam

of

consumption

3| pounds

total

assuming

If

condenser

So.iM.*).!).").

was

power
Ans.

By

I have

horsepower,

use?
6.

that
Ans.

190.4

the

was

J?2,2U.r)().

amount

of

allowed

was

fittin";s,what

interest

developed

friction.

in

is

it

.si.l.")0.and

2.")'/discount
the

niiniUc
would

rcvt)liiti("ns.

n"

boiler,

ing
sav-

per

Ans.

money

consumed

was

12i"^

and

of

If

$340.

two,

boiler,

$1,100,

man

how

test

the

the

$1,400

was

KM.

7',, nearly.

minute

plant?

the

I lend

interest,

on

22%

of

cost

4.

many

engine

an

fittings

engine,

actual

6^sf,

revolutions

126

at

revolutions
Ans.

necessary
the

how

The

3.

running

engine

an

increased

make

then

of

speed

the
be

per

saved

Alls.
2.

coal

rtsultrd

simple
one

denominate

denomination,

number
as

10

cents,

consists
10

hours,

of
5

ARITHMETIC.

62

198*
units

of

of

yards,

In

1 99*
of

two

or

^w^hole

and

increase

decrease

is

the

on

similar

kind,

as

ounces.

in

and

numbers

of

10, but

scale

the

law

the

decimals,

scale

numbers

denominate

or

of

pounds,

; 3

consists

number

denominations

more

1 inch

feet,

denominate

compound

in

pound
com-

varies.

MEASURES.
A

200*

unit

standard
of

which

by

custom^

or

of

the

^weight,

is

measure

of

quantity
measure

pound;

of

liquid

are

of

six

established

kind

any
is

dry

Measures

201

unit

standard

is measured.

1.

Extension.

4.

Time.

2.

Weight.

5.

Angles.

3.

Capacity.

6.

Money

202*

OF

of

Measures

lengths,

distances,

value.

or

in

used

are

and

LINBAR

etc.

EXTENSION.

extension

surfaces,

gallon,

"

MEASURES

bushel

the

measure,

kinds

The

Winchester

the

law

by

measuring

solids.

MBASURE.

4.

TABLE

Abbreviation.

inches

12

(in.)

feet

5J yards
40

1 foot

ft.
.

1 rod

yard

furlongs

in.

yd.

rods

36=

rd.

198

fur.

7,920

mi.

63,360

30J
160
640

1 mile
.

660

5J
220

40

=5,280

=1,760

320

square

square

yards

=1

square

rods

(sq. in.)

=1
.

square

foot

square

yard

square

rod

040

sq.
=

rd.

102,400

sq.
=

3,097,600

yd.

sq.

rd.
A.

square

yd.

sq.
=

ft.

sq.

acre

=1

acres

sq.

....

A.

5.

feet

mi.

MBASURB.

inches

16i=

square

sq.

fur.

TABLE

rd.

yd.

furlong

SQUARB

144

ft.

mile
.

ft.

27,878,400

sq
=

sq.

in.

4,014,489,600

mi.

ARITHMETIC.

CUBIC

63

MBASURB.

6.

TABLE

cubic

1728
27
128

(cu. in.)

inches

=
.

=1

cubic

cubic

feet

=1

cord

feet

yd.
1"*

27

OF

IVEIGHT.

pounds
2,0001b

The

203.

T.

cwt.

20

is

weight

Avoirdupois

pound

lb.

hundred-weight

ton

divided

33,000

into

for

used

oz.

2,000

cwt.

T.

lb.

is

ounce

in.

WEIGHT,

=1

P.

7.

(oz.)

or

yd.

46,656

TABLE

cwt.,

cu.

ft.

cd.

cu.

AVOIRDUPOIS

ounces

cu.

perch

ft.

cu.

MEASURES

20

yard

feet

cu.

100

foot

cubic

24f cubic

16

cubic

halves,

weighing

quarters,
and

coarse

etc.

heavy

articles.
LONG

TON

TABLE.

8.

TABLE

16

ounces

=1

pounds

112
20

cwt,

In

2,2401b

or

all

the

will

2,000

long

(2,240 pounds)

pounds

is

be

grains

pennyweight

12

ounces

=1

(gr.)

=1

204"
ware,

weight

Troy
jewels,

etc.

It

is

one

the

succeeding

ton, unless

the

mentioned.

pennyweight
1

used

is used

240

oz.

pound

lb.
gr.

in

pwt.

....

ounce

pwt.

oz.

12

and

9.

20

==

this

IVEIGHT.

24

T.

considered

TABLE

lb.

cwt.
....

ton

especially

TROY

lb.

hundred-weight

throughout

volumes,
ton

calculations

pound

5,760

weighing

by jewelers.

gold

and

silver

ARITHMETIC.

64

MEASURES

CAPACITY,

OF

MBASURB.

LIQUID

10.

TABLE

gills (gi.)

pint

pt.

pints

=1

quart

quarts

=1

gallon

81i gallons

=1

barrel

gallons

=1

2
4

63

bbl.

hhd.
1

gal.

quarts

pecks

quart

qt.

=1

peck

pk.

=1

bushel

bu.

bu.
1

pk.
4

32

60

minutes

24

hours

days

366

I
,

months

min.

1 hour

hr.

day

da.

week

common

wk.

years
Note.
"

It

is

customary

to

MEASURE

consider

OF

ANGLES

seconds

60

minutes

90

degrees

360

degrees

(")

yr.
"^

leap year.
century.
month

one

as

OR

30

days.

ARCS.

13.

TABLE

60

year

days

100

minute

''

12

TIME.

12.

(sec. )

days

365

64

OF
TABLE

seconds

pt.

qt.

MEASURE

60

2,016

11.

TABLE

pints (pt.)

504

MBASURB.

DRY

gi.

pt.

252

bbl.
hhd.

hogshead

qt.

63

qt.

gal.

1 minute

degree

right angle

1 circle

'
.

cir.
1

360**

21,600'

1,296,000"

or

quadrant

L
cir.

"

ARITHMETIC.

rH5

OF

MEASURE

MONEY.
MONEY.

STATES

UNITED

14.

TABLE

mills

10
lO

cents

10

dimes

(m.)

1 cent

ct.
.

dime

"!.

1 dt)llar

3*

10

eagle

dollars
.

d.

E.
1

10

cl.

m.

1,000

100

TABLE.

MISCELLANEOUS
15.

TABLE

12

things

12

dozen

12

gross

2
20

are

are

league

is

fathom

U.

cubic

British

It

feet.

be

of
their

changing

value.

They

denomination
tion.

or

arc

contains

2:M

pounds,

standard

i"

a'n.

t:iil"i.

2, 150.4

contains

"

in.
in

iil"h

nearly.
m-.iiU

gallons.

to

the

studeiii

t""

carefully

is

tin-

NUMBERS.

denominate

numbers
without
from

lower

to

chani^nni;
hii^iicr

higher

cither

"

to

ilu

ir

lower

is

j)r.).

rechu
-

As,
2

hours

32

206*
to

sheets,

pounds.

changed

from

(|uirc.

4"M)

or

8.355

denomination

be

may

10

arc

gallon)

S.

hcs.

inches.

DENOMINATE

Reduction

of

iiu

tables.

above

the

U.

advantage

great
of

wine

7.481

OF

205*

inches.

quires,

weighs

water

weighs

gallon

REDUCTION

cess

of

contains

water

of

all

memorize

(also called

gallon

imperial

will

is 8

1 bushel

gallon

of

foot

inches.

sheets

20

iMKJJT

nearly

is 4

is

1 span
24

score.

standard

S.

U.

pair.

standard

palm

gross.

miles.
6

is

S.

is

meter

1 hand

great

are

things

gross.

are

things

dozen.

are

10,000

Principle.

lower

ounces

reduce
:

minutes.

120
2

poimds.

Denominate

numbers

are

"

denominations

by
To

by

and
inultiplyiiii:;,

to

ehanj^ed
Jiii^Jur

dividing.

denominate

numbers

to

louver

nations
denomi-

nomination
de-

ARITHMETIC.

66

207*

Example.

Solution.

Reduce

"

Explanation.

of

inches

204

in

20S*

in

yards

Example.

are

and

feet,

15

or

inches.

to

feet

in

feet

plus

and

Solution."

feet
12

in

17

inches

211

17

yards
feet.
=

204

number

Ans.

inches.

6 hours

yard,

therefore,

7 inches

Reduce

"

Ans.

3 feet
15

foot

plus
2

inches.

there

inches

12

and

inches

3,

are

inches,

Since

"

are

There

in.

"

211

there

ft.

yd.

seconds.

to

hours.

6
60

minutes.

3 6 0
60

216

Explanation.
six

hours
to

number

of

cipher

2lO"
est

hour,

one

minutes

360

minutes

by 60,

there

as

are

to

get

in
no

the

seconds.

In

omitted,
rods

in

360

or

multiply

we

minutes

60

are

60,

Ans.

0 0 seconds.

there

are

add,

209.
be

"

there

minutes

As

order

it

represent

inches

for

feet

Rule.

denomination

mistakes,

by

cipher.

insert

inches,

to
;

avoid

to

if

denomination

any

Thus,

before
for

cipher

reducing

yards

and

as,

"

rd.

yd.

ft.

in.

Multiply
by

the

the

number

number

representing the high-

of units

in

the

next

lower

ARITHMETIC.

to

make

add

the

required

product
to

in

this

!"

that

of

until

manner

BXAMPI^BS

21

units

of given

and

lienomination,

higher

the

titc

to

denotni-

lower

is reduced

number

denomination.

required

the

number

Proceed

nation.

the

of

one

G7

FOR

PRACTICR.

Reduce
4 rd.

{a)

(^)

rd.

pk.

100

ft.

to

qt.
2

yd.

5 mi.

ft. to

yd.

bu.

(J) 13
{d)

qt.

ft. to

10

ft.

yh)

ir)4(it.

(r/)

-JsjMloft.

ft.

ft. to

rd.

74

(*/)

ft.
Ans.

8 lb.

{e)

if) 52
(g)

5 cir.

(k)

14

21Z"

oz.

24

to

gal.

Solution."

3 ft. in

are

ft.

Reduce

The

over.

the

213*

)2

pt.

) 1 7 f t.

"

qt.

denoiiiiiiationn:

hijijherdcnominiitions.

to

yd.

2 ft.

Ans.

inches

12

feet

17

7 in.

are

yd.

WX

1 1 in.

and

in

and

the

foot

inches

ft. divided

17

quotient

lOS.tlSM'.

(^^')

in.

therefore,

answer,

Solution.

12

last

Example.

(/)

pt.

211

There

by

yd.

to

lilglier

divided

^x,

401
","";.

(//)

211

is.l-n

pt

to

1 2

"

(.)

qt.

"

Explanation.

gr.

minutes.

to

lo'w^er
Example.

to

pwt.

20'

16"

bu.

reduce

To

hhd.

There

over.

by

:)

fore,
there-

"

yd.

remainders

two

and
stitute
con-

ft. 7 in

14,1'^r)gi.

Reduce

higher

to

denominations.

4)14185

"

3 )

85

3 3 pt.

4 )

1706
441

31.5)441.

gi.

1 pt.

qt.

gal.

qt.

0(14bbl.

815
1260
12

Explanation.

there

are

as

"

many

There

pints

are
as

6 0

gi.

in

is contained

pt.,

and
in

in

14,135

14,135,

or

gi.

3,533

ARITHMETIC.

68

pt. and
3,533

qt. in

gal.

there

last

The

bbl.

214.

and

30.

by the

The
the

but

to

viake

make

be

is

last

deno7nination

left

Reduce

{a) 7,460
{e) 8,000

sq.

to

in. ;

lb.

13

oz.

the

cwt.

higher.

7iext

Divide

of its denominatiori

until

or

the

of

one

constitute

the

efiough

higher.

next

the

until

is not

there

this

required

Continue

higher.

The

required result.

PRACTICE.

denominations:

yd.

{c) 148,760

5 sq.

yd.

{b)

1 A.

90

{c)

{d)

4"

ft.

rd.

17

sq.
5

yd.

cu.

6 sq.

116
sq.

ft. 152

"

50

54'

cu.

in. ;

{d)

17,651"

cu.

sq.

yd.
cu.

in.
4

ft. 72

sq.

sq. in.

in.

11".

hhd.

18

61
4

T.

gal.

cwt.

50

lb.

DENOMINATE

OF

; 12

nation
denomi-

ADDITION

12

this

of

denomination^

{a)

(/)

Example.

units

nomination
de-

lb.

\e)3

216*

representing the

same

higher
sq.

the

of the

FOR

of

constitute

be

make

to

{b) 7,580

Ans.

in

nation.
higher denomi-

reached,

units

86,450

gi. ; (/)

and

next

next

EXAMPLES

215*

bbl.,

and

of the

the remainders

quotient and

gal.

unit

of

the

of

number

of

of units

highest denomination
of

the

will

will

unit

one

in

There

441

are

in

gi.

one

quotient by the number

to

there

remainders

number

remainder

quotient

three

Divide

"

given,
required

the

1 pt. 3

2 qt.

Rule

1 qt., and

remaining.

pt.

J gal.

31

are

in

pt.

bbl.

14

quotient

14

answer,

1,766 qt.

There

are

are

and

qt.

in

and

gal.,

There

1,766

are

remaining.

qt.

441

there

pt.
4

are

gi. remaining.

Find
lb.

the
13

oz.

NUMBERS.
of

sum
;

27

lb.

37

cwt.

46

oz.

10

Ans.

lb.

12

oz.

; 8

cwt.

ARITHMETIC.

Begin

Explanation.
"

13

42

13

10

H-

ounces

12

and

pounds
column

Then,

make

27

of
and

column,

add

hundred-

and

21
1

-weight

ft.

7.
10

17

make

Place

the

ton

-+-

pounds

10

in.

is
1

yd.

The

sum

or

26

inches,

the

of

the

numbers
and

yards
plus

yards

The

remaining.
rods.
to

and

21
10

in.?

and

inches

8.

Example."

feet

of

sum

rd.

:^

yards,
of

inches,
rods

What

ft.

which

-^

next

the

in.

ion

rd.

the

oi

sum

feet

of

the

rod

column

the
2(5

to

foot

of

umn
colThe

plus
.\ yard
rods

ft.

and

^\

umn
col-

J yards

3
1
is

rod

2(1

reduced

yards

feet,

next

and

inches.

47

first

the

remaining.

sum

sum,

added

yards

in

plus

The

the

is

ton

Ans.

inches

cohimn

or

in

is

sum

yd.

numbers

and

next

fractions

26

the

remaining.
9

the

sum

avoid

To

foot

in

Ans.

ounces.

of
feet

or

20

~-

ft. ?

sum

"

weight
hundred-

or

24

Explanation.

])ound

hundred-weight.

24

Hence,

the

and

the

next

therefore

pounds

100

under

the

column.

pound
as

37

to

ounce

hundred-weight

remaining.

37

11

100=

1 -+- 12

What

rd.

pounds;

-r-

Example."

in.

137

hundred-weight

weight

hundred

or

under
or

pound,

ounces,

ounces

next

137

Next,

10

the

4r)

hundred-weight

of

to

pounds.

column.
20

12

make

ounces

10

column

right-hand

remainder

pounds

37

KJ

as

;
a

hundred-weight,

the

at

Place

+50

remainder

ounces

ounces.

add

add

to

and

10

and

42

r"9

feet

Ans.

rd.

yd.

ft.

ARITHMETIC.

70

Solution."
be

can

When

added

47

to

rd.

are

and

Rule

31.

under

each

add.

denomination
Place

ft.

10

10

the

Place

"

other.

25

{a)
18

lb.

16

(^)
14

3 cwt.

46

{d)

10

yr.

17

yr.

17

17

tons

da.

lb,

sq.

oz.

14

yd.

mo.

; 11

28

lb.

da.

11

sq.

sum

23
11

oz.

yd.

unit

the

of

and

this

in

higher.

next

added^

this

of

the

carry

until

manner

PRACTICB.

of

pwt
2

units

of

gr.

16

pwt.

2 ft.

16

"

lb.

17

"

16

pwt.

lb. 4

15

12

oz.

pwt

gr.?

rd.

1 ft. 5 in.

yd.

16

",

2 rd.

mi.

3 in.

oz.

wk.

lb.

9^

cwt.

3 da.

4
8

ft.

lb.

49

cwt.

yd.

; 12

42

yr.

2^

7 da.

mo.

lb

21^

cwt.

7 yn

18

mo.

wk.

; 16

oz.

47

tons

16

lb.

12

ft.

19

sq.

in. ; 105

sq.

in.?

cwt.

sq.
165

14

lb.

13

oz,

20

13

tons

cwt.

oz.

sq.

yd.

16

86

lb.

\b) 25

mi.

(0

18

cwt.

(^)

78

yr.

{e)

65

16

oz

47

240

ft.

sq.

rd.

2 lb.

sq.

in.;

7 gr.

pwt

1 ft. 5 in.
14

oz,

Ans.

(/)
SUBTRACTION

OF
Example."

From

tons

167

rd.

yd.

rd.

ft.

21
9
11

ft.

in.

6i

lOj

3^

8i

yd.

3 wk.

mo.

9 cwt.

yd.

28

136

3 da.
lb.

sq.

13

oz.

in.

NUMBERS.

DENOMINATE
21

sq.

6^ in.,

lOiin.
Solution."

tons

sq.

12

{a)

221.

in, ?

(0

(/)
42

lb.

rd.

13

yd.

15

oz.

10
;

gr.

{e)
14

lb.

9 mi.

rd.

column,

is reached.

given

FOR

is the

What

like denominations

right-hand

Continue

BXAMPLBS

220.

the

column

column.

next

that

number

one

the

denomination

highest

make

to

Ans.

so

at

the

by

sum

ft., which

yd.

in.

numbers

Begin

under

the

to

the

rd.

Thus.

yd.

remainder

quotient

in.

required

the

10

equals

it

rd.

the

Divide

ft.

yd.

or

219.

ft. is reduced

Ans.

take

9 rd.

yd.

71

ARITHMETIC.

Explanation.

6J inches,
the

in

to

20

rods

3| yards

avoid

i yard
gives

1 foot

Hence,

feet

in.

47

47

is

rods

11

Then,

-f- 1 yard

yards

:5

S} inches,

to

inches.

the

reduce

we

added

becomes

rods

11

difference

is the

"What

it.

rd.

yd.

yards

between

rd.

yd.

ft.

ft.

dates

t^vo

4 o'clock

Ans.

of

interval

the

time

be-

Example.

between

and

answer

(approximately)

find

223*

this
feet

yard,

possible,

as

equals

or

t^ireen

rods

i)

ft. ?

Solution."

To

*21 rods

yards

:U

remainder

the

inches;

18

above

Example.

and

from

inches

2{

222.
10

much

as

the

from

taken

be

J yards,

the

Ans.

3 feet

7.1

Hence,

which

inches,

or

ISJ.

from

foot

not

can

ii feet

the

O.l -|- 12

GJ.
Then,

rod,

71;

inches.

8}

fractions

26i

yards.
0

5i

inches, obtaining

to

feet

the

yards
1

from

inches,

12

or

to

borrow

1 1 rods.

foot

it

foot.

we

2.

foot,

from

taken

be

not

can

8} inches.

J inches

add

inches

foot

it

To

and

lOJ

"

add

from

borrow

therefore,

yards;

and

10

column

next

remaining

must

we

inches

18^

Since

"

How

"

of

p.m.

many

June

months,

years,

15, 1868, and

days,

lOo'clock

and

hours

September

a.m.,

28,

1891?
Solution."

mo.

yr.

P.M.

is

the

28

10

1868

15

16

12

18

the

previous

and

on

earlier

Counting
hour

16th
On

midnight.
elapsed,

"

June

problems.

15,

under
Count

the

28,
5

hours

24

from

September

date

hr.

1891

23

Explanation.

da.

Ans.

in

of

beginning

and

months

months
the

later

30

days

and

15

date,
as

day,

the
28

days.
subtract

month.

o'clock

clay,

days
After
as

or

have

ing
placin

the

ARITHMETIC.

72

224.

32.

Rule

with

quantity^

larger

Beginning

tinder

successively the

denomination

in each

subtrahend

under

quantity

denominations

like

rights subtract

the

at

smaller

the

Place

"

the

from

each

other.
in the

number

and

above

one

the

place

the

differences underneath.
denomination

any

is less

than

the

be borrowed

must

one

higher denomination^

in

number

under

number

minuend

the

it in

front the rninuend

reduced,and

BXAMPLBS

225*

the

If

added

FOR

of
trahend^
sub-

the
the

of

next

it.

to

PRACTICB.

From

{a)

125

lb. 8

oz.

{b)

126

hhd.

27

{c)

65

{d)

148

T.

{e)

14

16

mi.

34

28

rd.

10

16

yd.

226.
Solution.

lb.

1 qt.
11

pt.
14

cwt.

132

oz.

yd.

sq.

136

3 mi.

27

rd.

11

11

oz.

(a)

28

lb.

(b)

22

hhd

^^^

^^

'^' ^ ^^^"

12

sq.

{")

71

bu.

(/)

11

mi.

7rd.

in.

yd.

4 ft. 10

yd.

gal.
^^
16

pk.

14

pwt.

gr.

qt. 1 pt,
^^

^^'

^^*

ft. 6 sq.

sq.

in.

qt. 1 pt.

yd.

in.

9 ft. 1 in.

NUMBERS.
13

oz.

pwt.

pwt

15

by

gr.

12.

gr.

13

sq.

pt.

16

7 lb.

4 gr.

pwt.

{d)

oz.

10

oz.

DENOMINATE

Multiply

"

T.

take
1

qt.

gal.

il in. take

ft.

OF

Example,"

lb.

16

in.

sq.

Ans

MULTIPLICATION

14

take

pk.

13

96

hhd.

oz.

ft. 142

bu.

take

gr,

104

lb.

sq.

take

bu.

take

64

cwt.

18

pwt.

gal.

yd.

sq.

100

(/)

14

14

15
12

89

Explanation.

"

and

pennyweights

grain

column

Now,

13

and

ounces

12

68

ounces;
12

12

grains remaining.

1G3

5
3

-=-

12
89

12

the

carry

pennyweights

7 X

grains

180

pennyweights

and

pounds

pounds.

pennyweights

The
12

180

Place

163

Then,

grains.

20
X

product

12

Ans.

is

24

89

in

the

remaining.

ounces

entire

12

to
^

-f-

the

pennyweights

remaining.
5

Ans.

grains.

15

and

12

the

next.
ounces

G8

Then,
pounds

ARITHMETIC.

227.

Rule

33.

denomination

the number

Multiply

"

the

by

73

multiplier^ and

denomination^
addition

and

of denominate

22S*

Note.

In

"

denomination

product

quotient

the

to

each

under

the remainders

the

to

next^

in

as

numbers,

easier

before

division

and

multiplication

it is sometimes

numbers,

the

carrying

each

reduce

higher denomination^ writing

next

each

representing

the

reduce

to

denominate
lowest

the

to

dividing, especially if the

is
in
above
divisor
decimal.
the
Thus,
a
multiplier or
example, had
would
have
been
the multiplier been
to
1.2, the easiest
multiply
to
way
the
number
reduce
the
reduce
to
grains, then, multiply by 1.2, and
For
product to higher denominations.
example, 7 lb. 5 oz. 13 pwt. 15 gr.
given

43,047 gr.
Also, 43,047

43,047

The

student

12

51,656.4

516,564

gr.

BXAMPL.BS

229.
{a)
145

lb.

11

12

oz.

3 pwt.

oz.

12

90

cwt.

gal.

12

12

10

yr.

76

pt. by 9; {e) 8 cd.

3 da.

4 wk.

mo.

79

{b)

180

yr. 11

(r)

229

mi.

{d)

112

gal.

cwt.

Divide

Example."

lb.

Solution."
8

follows

as

8 is contained

remaining.

3 X

20

-h

grains

48

entire

grains.

grains;

quotient

60 ; 60

is

in

11
6

grains
6

rd.

qt.

116

cu.

ft.

40

gal.

qt.

quantities
six

48

66

-t-

pounds

melted

up

without

with

pennyweights

and
6

nyweights
pen-

2 X

24

Therefore,

grains.

ounce

ounces

; 66

remaining

above,

as

times

once

ounces
=

Ans.

6 gr.

pwt.

the

pennyweights
48

20

pennyweights

Ans.
A

ExAMPLB."

he

gr.

oz.

in

2 wk.

mo.

8.

by

pwt.

placing

remainder.

hhd.

48

pwt.

8 is contained

oz.

11

After

"

11

oz.

48
6 lb.

Explanation.

lb.

48

cd.

lb.

NUMBERS-

DENOMINATE

OF

DIVISION

50

(a)

l(/)

proceed

mi.

pt. by 12.

\e) 128

230.

11

by 14; (r)

ft. by 15; (/ ) 4hhd.

cu.

Ans.

which

gr.

above.

as

PRACTICB.

FOR

by 5; {b)

lb.

by 20; {d)

gal. 1 qt.

the

8.4

pwt.
gr.,

Multiply

15

rd.

gr. =
lb. 8

89

or

method.

either

use

may

12

multiplying

of

number

made

silversmith
into

6 spoons;

what

was

2
the

lb.

10

oz.

weight

of

pwt.
each

of

spoon

silver,
?

74

ARITHMETIC.

Solution.

lb.

oz.

pwt.

10

"

6)2

Since

Explanation.

pwt.

divide

not

can

we

oz.

Ans.

gr.

pounds

by

G,

we

"

it

reduce

+
2

to

ounces

grains.

pennyweights

each

Ans.

pounds

ounces

spoon

grains,
contains

24

50

and

48

ounces

and

40

weights
penny-

and

pennyweights,
and

50

pennyweights

grains

-^

ounces

ounces

pennyweights.

pennyweights
48

and

ounces,

-f-

ounces

40

24

32

pennyweights

10

-h

Hence,

ounces

over.

32

ounces

ounces.

nyweights
pen-

over.

pennyweights

grains.
8

ARITHMETIC.

231.

Divide

ExAMPLB."

820

75

rd.
rd.

ft

ft.

yd.

112)820

Solution."

yd.

by

rd.

in.

yd. ft.

2(7

112.

Ans.

5.143

784

8 6

rd.

rem.

5.5
180
180

198.0

yd.

11

2)

202

yd. (1 yd.

112
9 0

yd.

rem.

8
27

1 1 2

ft.

ft.

2 7 2

ft. ( 2 ft

224
4 8

ft.

rem.

12

96
48

11

in.

2) 576

42

(5.1

-fin.,

or

r".14:nn.

560
160
112

~480
448
320
224

~960
896
6 4

Explanation.

remaining.
202

yards;
90

feet

5.5

-^

inches;

112
576

30

202

yards

270

feet

inches

first quotient

The

"

4-

112

feet;
and
-v-

112

yards;

198

270
48
=

5.143

IDS

yard

feet
feet

is

-|- 4

*.)()

yards

feet

remainin*^^;

inches,

t":--"

yards

ing.
remain-

feet;

272

570

48x12

nearly.

rods

30

yards

and
2

with

rods

Ans.

ARITHMETIC.

76

The

preceding

numbers

the

been

the

expressed

5^*^

will

result

232.

Rule.
in

the

the

Reduce
add

first

it the

denomination.

Continue

Find

be the next

in

this

The

reacffed.

in the
this

times

the

dividend

new

denomination
the

successive

the

by

tained
con-

dividend.

divisor.

that
The

quotient required.

lowest

will

quotients

is

expressing

in the

until

manner

dividend.

denomination^

dividend

given

divisor,

the

lower

common

the divisor

of

next

the

by

112

H-

original

the

as

many

to

576

using

denomination

(if any)

number

of

have

might

Thus,

multiplied

be

how

it

decimal,

same

highest

or

Divide

will

the

be

"

remainder

to

quotient

34.

Instead

mentally..

advantage

quotient

always

with

fraction.
chief

The

because

as

common

if the

is that

fraction

and

as

by long division,

deal

to

result

last

5^ inches.

the

large

too

are

expressing

of

is solved

example

denomination

constitute

the

is

entire

quotient,

BXAMPLBS

233*

48

cwt.

mi.
lb.

64

18

PRACTICB.

Divide
376

(a)

FOR

mi.

lb.
rd.

oz.

276

49
24

rd.

by

16;

{d)

78

yd. by

12;

(/)

100

gr.

by 8; {h)

oz.

14

18 pwt

bu.

by 22; {b) 1,137

yd.

sq.
tons

112

An

18

cwt.

mi.

48

qt. 1 pt. by

ft. 41

sq.

16

pk.

18
rd.

mi.

17

{b)

113

(c)

5 cwt.

{d)
{e)

12

lb.

11

(c)

in.

by

oz.

by 15; (^)

18;

84

{e) 148
36

100.

by

{a)

sq.

10;

rd.

41^
3

bu.

pk.

28

sq.yd.

lb.
4

qt. \ pt.

3^

oz.

sq.ft. 2^

sq.in.

(/)

mi.

112

6 tons
4

{g)

lb.

1 mi.

(h)

rd.

14

cwt.

oz.

38i|

2
41

pwt.

yd.
lb.

7}

3|f

oz.

gr.

rd.

INVOLUTION.
234.

by

is the

Involution
itself

multiplying

one

or

number

times.

more

by

of

process

itself

The
is

multiplying

obtained

product

called

of

po^ver

number.

Thus,

the

second

power

of

3 is

9, since

3X3

are

9.

ber
num-

by
that

ARITHMETIC.

The

third

^^ex

Th%

fifth

power

235.
and

An

raised,
factor,

236.

required

is also

It

of

root

32,

237.

3*

2'

of

since

27,

since

second

The

used

be

root

be

as

of

of

9, since

the
3

9.

are

Also,

27.

ber.
num-

is

32.

are

is

number

used

which,

number

are

32.

factor, produces

as

power

it is to

3x3x3

2 X

right

the

power
to

32.

are

27.

is that

3 is

9.

number

cases,

below

is

number
*

what

to

and

of times

above
root

*" ""

show

27.

are

figure lAdiCQiXto

of

small

3'

root

the

figures

since

to

times

number

the

number

small

The

In

is

many

the

as

2 is 32,

exponent

how

or

27, since

3 is

of

little above

the

of

77

its

called

square.

5* is called

Thus,
value

is 5

238.

//"r^

5* is called

5X5X5

find

239*

of

square

5,

or

squared,

and

its

25.

The

Thus,

To

the

of

power
the

cube

is called

number

of

5,

or

cubed,

and

its cube.
its value

125.

any

Example."

of

po^ver

third

is the

What

Solution."

number

35

35

power,
x

35

or

35
175
105
1225
35

6125
3675

r"^if

42875

Ans.

35,

or

cube,

of

35

is

ARITHMETIC.

78

240.

Example.

is the

"What

fourth

Solution."

15

15

15

15?

of

power

15,

15

or

15
75
15

225
15
1125
225
8375
15
16875
3375

fourth
241.

power

Example."

1.2"

what?

Solution."

Ans

50625

1.2

"" 1,2

1.2^

1.2

or

1.2
1.44
1.2

"288
144
1.728

242*

Example.

Solution.-

(i)"

243.

Rule

to

are

units

{b)
and

To

in

the

raise

35.

power

any

is the

What

"

"

it

factor

or

power,

whole

of

| ?

Ans.

AV

as

cube,

number

or

times

many

fraction

to

the

85".

^^^

(")'"

to

the

following

(")

as

any

power

FOR

to

the

power

mal
decithere

raise

both

the

indicated

by

the

exponent.

PRACTICB.

powers

14*.

ator
numer-

indicated:

f {a)

7,225.

Ans

(d)

exponent.

denominator

Raise

as

raise

BXAMPLES

244.

To

(a)

use

third

=1^1^

Ans.

{c)

42.25.

{d)

38,4ia

ARITHMETIC.

("5)

79

1.4*.

EVOLUTION.
245.
of

process

The

246.

of

root

involution.

number

used

Thus,
247.

The
used

when

cube

It

is the

is considered

which

The

249.

cube

that

The

of

root

the

is

which,

number.

:5 X

3,

:]\ =27.

or

before

number

4.

number

phiced

that

root

radical

the

when

^,

2',

the

:} X

numbtT

number.

'2, or

is that

27, since

sign

of

number

of

some

4, since

that
the

factor, produces

root

Index

left of

the

as

radical

indicates

of

of

root

is

number

factor, produces

root

times

three

248.

as

square

3 is the

Thus,

to

twice

is the

of

root

square

when

which,

and

the

finding

of

reverse

power.

as

is the

Evolution

is to

be

ber,
num-

found.

small

fii!;ureplaced

show

what

sigjiyto

over

is to

root

be

found.

Thus,

250.
IS

|/100

denotes

the

square

Vl25

denotes

the

cube

4^256

denotes

Xh^

the

When

omitted.

generally

of 100.

^TOO

indicates

the

is

figure

9, and

with

written

figures 999,
9,999'

the

each

In

largest

The

9'

figures

two

and

999'

99,980,001,
of

number

number

the

so

extracted,
the

on.

the

index

scjuare

of

root

square

r(X)t

225.

is

90, and

number

09*

\s\\\\

written

be

can

largest

998,001;

be

25(1, and

indicates

that

the

81;

of

ROOT.

SQUARE
251.

100.

125.

root

is to

root

Thus,

Also, 4^225

of

root

fourth

square

of

root

that

can

with

0,S()1;

==

four

with

figures 9,000,

one

be
tJiree
and

etc.

above

contains

it will

just

be

tzviee

noticed
as

that

the

square

fiji^ures as

many

of
the

number.

is

In

order

to

find

to

how

find
many

the

square

figures

root

there

of

will

the

number,
be

in

the

first

root.

step
This

ARITHMETIC.

80

beginning

each,
indicate

Thus,

of

the

square

root

root

(5'0C'25)

the

root.

contain

must

in

figures

be

of

50,625

will

periods

get 83'74'08'01,

we

figures

two

the

periods

or

like

In

root.

contain

must

figures,

figures,

periods.

Find

Example."

in

of
of

number

83,740,801

must

square
are

2SZm

of

periods

\r\to

The

figures

periods,

there

the
there

off the

number

right.

number

consequently,
manner,

the

at

the

since, pointing

since

off the

by pointing

is done

the

of

root

square

31,505,769.
root.

Solution."

31'50'5

(a)

(^/)

7'69

Ans.

( 561

25

_5^

{d)

100

(c)

650
686

6
106

1457

(e)

1121

33669

1120

38669

1121
1
11220
8
11223

Explanation.
it is

each,

the

find

equal
6'

to

long

first

the

5 in

first

the

also

and
of

figure

at

Bring

down

the

6,

shown

Add

the

annex

cipher

trial

the

at

this

to

and

found

in

50, and
we

the

the

is

the

as

than

the
the

as

call

right,

first

shown,

in
is

{a) by

at

period,

remainder.

the

(c) by

and

mainder
re-

10, and

which

the

the

dividend.

(a), getting

probably

as

This

it to

it 100,

or

since

5,

(a).

at

dividend

6, which

root,

the

annex

5 at

making

10, thus

obtain
6

to

it to

under

obtain

{c), which

Divide

Write

and

period

next

divisor.

(^),
root.

Subtract,

already

root

divisor

{d).

result

the

is less

multiply

Now,

Now,

root.

evidently

shown

left, as

root.

write

is

figures

two

the

square

Write

31.

the

to

the

and

root,

as

than

in

figures

This

period.

of

periods

whose

number

is greater

shown

as

of

which

division,

the

the

31, the

into

four

are

largest single

36,

there

that

seen

off

Pointing

"

call

we

the

next

also

trial

figure
add

it

81

ARITHMETIC.

the

100,

to

trial divisor,

this

Multiply

to

which

at

(^), which

from

the

the

next

we

call

the

root

to

annex

of

the

6, the

by

result

the

thus

getting 1,120.

next

figure

Annexing

cipher

253.

The

and

last

the

second

cipher,

we

figure

it, and

by

shown

as

annex

by 1,120,

this

tract
subis 14,

it 1,407,

100,

1,457

and

remainder

Add

divisor

result

and

last

last

get

of

the

the

as

root

from

subtracting

period, (JO, the

of

figure

the

result

the

is 3, the

is

root

to

the

in the

and

annexing

it

Adding

is 33,r)0!).

result

hence,

by

33,0()9

root.

it, the

by

remainder;

no

is 33,009.

Dividing

figure
sum

result

1,121,

is 11,220.

fourth

.1'

254.

the

also

than

the

determine

begin

the

number

righty point off

if

the

"^51,505, 709

in

decimal

period

the

number

.751'

the

Hence,
and

it, annex
of

"

number

squared

be

but

has
The
a

(^f two

figures

figure,

one

cipher.
Example.

"

What

is the

root

square

of

.000576

root

Solution."

.0 0'05'7

T76

40
4

44

6(.0

176
0

2 4

Ans.

an

way

decimal

towards

going

to

not

best

of

root

is

required

decimal

the

periods

contains

etc.

cipher.

point, and,

For

sciuared.

if it

in

always

.504001,

the
a

figures

into

decimal

wholly

that

decimal,

decimal

the

last

noticed

figures

the

as

decimal.

of

at

number

.0169;

be

of

root

square

number

Then,

.13'

.01;

any

figures

many

as

It will
less

always

of

square

twice

example,

to

the

there

The

contains

is

root,

the

Ans.

5,613.

to

trial

multiplying

Subtracting,

even

the

called

is 336.

result
and

11,220,

find

is

dividend.

Adding

next

the

(c).

period, making

root.

before,

as

the

11,220,
to

the

adding

Now,

the

in

figure

dividend

Dividing

remainder

the

1,457,

of

second

ne^w

the

multiplying

1,120,

to

This

divisor.

complete

figure

it 10(5.

making

annex

the
each.
a

82

ARITHMETIC.

Explanation.
off

figure
of

first

of

into

number

the

the

that

Beginning

"

the

root

of

periods

be

should

be

and

The

perfectly

ing
point-

it is

hence,

ciphers;

cipher.

point,

figures each,

two

of

composed

must

solution

the

is

period

decimal

the

at

the

remaining
from

clear

seen

first

portion
what

has

preceded.
256*

If the

consist
result

of

interminable

an

be

may

places

perfect

of

number

carried

to

of

the

power,

decimal

of

The
decimal

each

ciphers

two

will

root

places

number

required

any

periods

annexing

by

is not

number

the

to

number.

257*
five

to

Example.
decimal

What

"

is the

of

root

square

3 ?

Find

result

the

places.
root

Solution."

3.0

20

200

0 0000

000

3205+

0(17

Ans.

189

27

1100

1029

340

7100
3

6924

343

1760000
3

1732025

3460

27975
2

3462
2
346400
5
346405

Explanation.
to

the

is 1.
200

right
To

is

261,

of

get

by 20,
Trying

"

we

result

periods

the

decimal

point,

the

second

figure,

it is 10.

9,

five

Annexing

add
which

This
9

to

is

is

20,

the
we

evidently
and

ciphers

each

first

figure

of

the

find

that,

in

dividing

too

multiply

considerably

of two

root

large.
29

larger

by 9,
than

the

200;

result

hence,

ARITHMETIC.

is too

large.

large.

In

Trying

7, 7

figures,

two

the

is

root

annex

and

another

cipher

next

decimal

places,

The

S*

25
places

the

Example.

stop.

of

is, then,

is

What

The

259"

number,

as

In

"

.3, making

decimal,
it.

is

5, and

the
as

1.73205

next

is

ij;reater

kind,

this

we

it 34r),40O.

17,")0(), 1,T";(),0(K).
iivc

have

now

we

Ans.

-f.

of

root

square

than

fij^ure in

34, (JK)

making

thereby

the

fifth

of

loo

The

root.

case

period, making
root

smaller

The

is also

.3

lo

five

decimal

Explanation.
to

the

divisor

In

34,640,

will

"

of

found.

trial

the

that

result

figure

easily

to

of
we

180,

17,600.

next

root

square

second
are

the

figure

is

27

since

dividend

bringdown

The

2,

new

the

than

and

it is found

way

times

cipher,

same

7 is the

therefore,

200;

the

83

the

was

first

above

If it is

of

before,
the

required
at

the

example,

work

to

find

decimal

we

since

period .30,

mentioned

remainder

begin

the

should

the

square
and

cipher
of

figures

two

perfectly

be

point,

period

every
have

must

annex

root

of

point

in

clear.

mixed
off

the

ARITHMETIC.

84

both

periods
be

then

the

exactly

260.

The

ways.

same

in

as

Solution."

1^

20

158

_6

15j8

26

22449

J8

22449

cases.

16.07

8.24'49(

2'5

will

root

of 258.2449

root

square

the

finding

previous

the

is the

What

Example."

of

manner

Ans.

8200
7
3207

Explanation.
than

224,

and

of

the

Since

root.

261*

will

root

the

will

262*

into

Find

ip)
the

first

or

in

figure

36.

is

it

exact

an

is not

the

root,

fourth

figure
of

root

square

decimal

the

of

sqtuire

the

power

result

of

square

part

units

at

and

place
^

if

there

number

also^

the

it,

whose
Write

left-hand period.
root;

the

the

separate

figures each^ proceeding frorn

two

the greatest

the

the

bringing

square

power

exact

an

(a) Begin

"

periods of

with

right

the
the

root^

square

nearly equal

very

Rule

number

of

Then,

be

to

remainder,

no

prove

number

equal it; if

root

to

To

"

the

If

is

figure

it 3,200.

is greater

320

Ans.

Proof.

obtained.

third

is found

there

is 16.07.

the

320, making

to

since

example,

for

cipher

period 49,

next

258.2449

above

the

cipher

the

down

place

we

annex

In

"

write

is contained

square

this

it at

left

is any,

number

the

the

as

left of

the

in

first
given

number.

Multiply
and

root

this

number

subtract

at

the result

the

second

(c)
first
is the

period
Add

column
trial

the
on

to

the

the

from

divisor.

the

the

first figure of

first period;

then

the

annex

remainder,

first figure of
the

left by

left^ and
Divide

the

root

the

to

cipher

annex

the

dividend

to

by

number
the
the

in

the

result; this
trial

divisor

ARITHMETIC.

for the second

divisor

trial

the

from

dividend^

of the
it to

annex

the
a

second

the

which^

if

in

cipher periods

down

(e) If

at

dividend^ place
divisor

trial

this

If the

continue

and

the

trial

the

is desired

to

and

terminate

decimal

fourth

figure by

and

263*

Short

the

not

exact

be

may

decimal

many

the

root,

in

number

by

above

higher

expressed
form
to

annex

-r-

the

by
the

the

case

the

figures

in

divide

the
the

higher

take

in

root

have

above,

manner,

last remainder

this

In

4, the

the
next

manner

obtained
in

ber
num-

Divide

usual

the

been

usual

7.

the

number.
we

ample;
ex-

integral part

the

how

5, for

say

determining
-f 2

to'

work

to

thus

obtained

trial divisor

in

places

3^; hence,

of

carried,

number

cipher

be

next

the

cases,

terminabl
in-

an

root

Determine

the

extract

number

same

of

example,

Now

number.

the

Then

have

we

case,

is to

work

take

such

be

the

extract

follows:

root, in this

the

and

for

In

is to

root

will

root

to

places.

number

the

2,

say

figures

of

until

this

to

the

usual

as

the

places

add
of

decimal

shortened

greatly

fourth

the

whose

number

square,

is then

It
of

number

certain

the

say

place further

o?ie

increase

greater^

If the

"

an

decimal.

pointy

some

it

sign -f-.

Method.

is

extracted

be

omit

at

and

decimal^

operation

or

the

to

period,

operation

is 5

in the

cipher

interminable

the

period^ after

contained

annex

another

carry

if the fifth figure

1

annex

required^ bring

are

is not

root^

an

the

place^

Add

operation.

divisor

the

contains

root

ure
fig-

per iod^ and

last

root

(/)

the

dividend.

the

bring down

and

third

new

to

manner

cipher in

this

larger than

complete divisor^ and

places in the

time

any

subtract

for the second

the
a

plete
com-

divisor,

additional

any

to the

root

trial

new

Continue

(d)

the

is

the

to

the

Multiply

result

for

figure

root^ and

down

bring

remainder

last

this

be tried

must

Now

figure of

cipher for

(If this

number

root.)

in the

figure

dividend.

smaller

add

complete divisor.

second

by the

root^ and

the

the

form

to

divisor
result

in

figure

85

as

this

4.

case

but

by

was

the

ting
omit-

trial

ARITHMETIC.

86

divisor,

as

quotient
7

case

there

as

"

of

Consider

in
root

The

the

the

the

the

are

3,

figures

in

long division, obtaining

in

the
one

manner,

figures.

The

root

place

further

and

in

root,

is the

this

ing
remain-

the

next

and

the

first

is

1,094

of

the

root

root

found

(with

division
is 5

figure

contains

or

method

This

1.

-r-

72,

are

the

last

the

791

root

carry

if the

three

Then,

the

figure by

preceding
unless

for

ures
fig-

places

to

Always

desired,

are

root

is 791.

figures

two

.54772+-

than

used

.547

remainder

last

there

the

divisor

trial

the

Here

extract

obtaining

the

be

not

the

obtained

258*

Art.

therefore

being

increase

should

in

next

and

whole

greater,

so

We

root.

.723,

remainder

of

root.

usual

figures

example

cipher omitted),
1,094

remaining

of the

figures

many

as

five

or

more

figures.
Note.

"

If the

cipher, carry

last

the

of

figure

process

the

in
before

further

place

one

the

regular
dividing

manner
as

is

described

above.

BXAMPLBS

264*

Find

the

square

FOR

root

of

ROOT.

CUBE

it

265.

In

can

shown

be

divided,

whose

the

same

that
cube

PRACTICB.

the
root

in

as

manner

periods
is

to

be

the
into

case

which

extracted,

of

root,

square
a

must

number

contain

is

ARITHMETIC.

that

figures, except

three

whole

mixed

or

first

the

number

87

left-hand

or

contain

may

of

period
two,

one,

three

or

figures.

266.
Solution.

is the

What

Example."

cube

of

rtxn

87r),741,sr":j,"lM)"

"

(3)

(2)

(1)
7
7

roor

49

375'741'853090(72

98

343

10

Ans

32741

14700

14

424

1512

210

2 4 9 3 8 5 3

4 2 8

5 7 3 0 1

15

5 5 2 0 0

15

212

2 48

30

9 3 "M

2161

9 2 0 9 "

9 3 0 4 9 2 (I 9 0

1557301

214

2162

155952300

2160

129816

156082116

2161
1

2162
1

21630
6

21636

Explanation.

be

this

is less

and

than

or

on

the

also

on

Multiply
7, and

Multiply
root

column

7,

the

the
and

whose

(3).

Find

largest

the

to
as

first

in

41)

cohimn

product

first

the
the

at

(-2)by
343

under

the

first
the

Write

of

the

root,

cohimn

figure
of

cube

7.

case

of

head

is t(^

root

whose

figure

head

tlie

at

(1) by

product

in this

a?

cacli.
lii^^iircs

number

first

the

cube

of tlirec

period,

for
left

column

the

the

shown,

extreme

number

write

number

periods

the

write

the

columns

three

in

it off into

right,

7 in

work

point

equal

the

the

right place

and

extracted,

Call

the

the

On

follows:

Write

"

of

(1).

the

root

column

(-2).

figure

of

the

figures

in

the

ARITHMETIC.

88

Subtract

period.

first

for

32,741

first

of

figure

(2), and

column

cipher

obtain

the

dividend

and

write

the

the

ding

to

from

period,

column

(1), we
the

by

the

remainder

what

has

267.
as

the
annex

of

the

as

number

this,

in
plied
multi-

added

to

the

trial

figure

of

the

root

second

new

in column

number

Annexing

gives

ding
Divi-

2,160.

divisor,

third

figure

be

perfectly

obtain

we

of

one

the

root.

the

right.

work

the

should

clear

from

preceded.

the

extracting

In

above,

Begin

result,

dividend.

the

trial

trial

Annexing

new

divisor.

new

the

subtracted

the

as

the

to

+,

/wUU

J.,000,
The

write

and

+,

216

correction
the

last

correction;

second

trial

by

the

and

Divi-

the

to

2,493.

to

root

ciphers

new

dividend

new

'

..^

second

the

first

the

new

for

annex

multiplied

and

root

root

gives

two

the

the

the

Adding

Annexing

to

of

figure

(2) gives 1,555,200,

cipher

new

correction

new

correction.

the

as

15,552.

first

the

to

of

in

Add

This

of

figure

the

=2

root.

added

the

2,493,853

get 214

divisor, gives

of

obtain

we

second

and

remainder

the

divisor.

figure

call

212, which,

root,

complete

gives

second

the

Adding

obtain

the

second

the

by

third

the

of

the

15,124,

dividend,

the

and

the

210.

obtain

of

figure

of

number

obtain

we

the
in

divisor; also,

and

divisor,

second

figure

divisor, gives

multiplied

trial

the

as

trial

correction,

correction,

second

the

by

the

call

figure

the

to

the

number

21, which

ciphers

of

by

the

first

the

taining
ob-

14, which

to

obtain

for

14,700

the

by

second

and

figure

correction

product

two

second

first

first

Add

147.

Annex

the

to

the

correction,

correction.

second

the

the

period,

next

(1), obtaining

add

obtain

first

the

to

root

column

root,

the

Add

Multiply

the

(2), and

column

one

in

correction.

first

the

down

bring

dividend.

the

number

the

to

root

and

taking

pointing
If

ciphers

that

care

the
until

off
last

at

each
the

period

it does.

cube

root

period
decimal
does

not

of

decimal, proceed

contains

three

figures.

point, going

towards

contain

figures,

three

ARITHMETIC.

89

609

Explanation.
off
is

the

second

divisor
GO

the

in

column

(1).
1

figure

of

the

269"

get

root.

Example.

divisor;

129

hence,
down

the

write

the

annex

sor
divi-

cipher
period

next
to

than
root.

trial

trial

the

cipher

one

dividend

new

ing
point-

the

ciphers

also,

the

of

that

two

Dividing

figure

seen

bring

root;
annex

trial

anew

we

the

it is

and
is less

cube

first

dividend;

dividend;

new

trial divisor,

of

figure

form

to

the

point,

whose

the

figure,

than

decimal

number
is

second

is greater

the

at

largest

hence,

2;

finding the

form

the

be

to

1,200

to

the

shown,

as

seen

When

for

Beginning

"

the

by

to

new

329

Complete
is the

"What

+,

the
cube

and

write

work
root

as

the

third

before.

as

of

78,292.892952

Solution."

root

16

782

8^

64

4800

14292

244

120

5044
2

5 2 9200
2

8869

124

538069
2

8918

1260

54698700

102544

1267

54801244
7

1274
7

12810
8

12818

9 2 95

10088
4204892

248

122

9 2.8

8766483
4384

4 3 840995

9952
2
0

(4 2.7 8

90

ARITHMETIC.

Explanation.
decimal

the

at

in

each,

figures,

both
and

largest

the
the

larger

work

dividend
the

root,

that

the

than

should
the

quotient

was

large,

the

first

the

by

too

was

is

the

for

divisor

8 -f ;

but,

on

Therefore,

but

the

two

than

When
third

is

78

The

trying it, it

divisor

complete

figures

root.

clear.

perfectly

trial

divisor.

trial

the

of

begin

three

is less

cube

figure

be

of

period contains

whose

number

number,

periods

first

The

mixed

off

point

directions.
the

of

have

we

and

point

consequently,

4 ;

of

Since

"

mainder
re-

ding
divi-

figure
was

of

found

being

considerably

used

was

instead

8.

270*

Example.

What

"

is the

cube

root

of

5 to

five decimal

Solution."

root

5.000'000'000'000'000(1.70997

12

3"00

4000

J.

259

3913

30

559

87000000

J_

308

78443829

87

8670000

8556171000

45981

7
44

7889992299
666178701000

8715981
7

614014317978

46062

5100

52164388027

876204300
9

461511

5109

876665811
9

461592

87712

5118

740800
3590839

87716331139

51270

51279
9
51288
9

512970

7
512977

places?

ARITHMETIC.

Explanation.

periods

of

decimal

part

the

and

of

the

of

the

1, obtaining

by

places.

preceding

three

root,

first

the

the

of

ciphers,

figure

next

In

"

placing

be

for

it

5,
the

we

is

to

increase

we

correct

for

to

root

that

see

the

the

between

point

easy

five

annex

the

to

decimal

the

Since

will

1.70998

example

ciphers each,

cipher.
root

91

last

the

figure

decimal

Ans.

271*

ExAMPLB.

^What

"

is

the

cube

of

root

.5

to

four

decimal

root
,

.500000000'000(.7

93

7 +

343

157000
150039

16671

210

6961000

2052

5638257

1872300

219
9

1322743000

7119

228

1321748953

994047

1879419
9

7128

2370

188654700
166579

188821279

2373
8
.

2376
3

28790
7
23797

Explanation.

ciphers

to

the

periods

of

three

this

we

write

.5

as

should

of

the

work

of

the

preceding

the

In

"

complete

to

ciphers
the

above

first
be

example

each.

figure

first

the
The
of

the

perfectly plain

examples.

cube
root.

from

period,
root

The
the

two

annex

we

and
of

500

three
is 7 ;

remainder

explanations

ARITHMETIC.

92

)272"

Example.

is the

What

"

cube

163968000

388800

96

162685504

8704

1282496

"97504

102

decimal

four

to

3180032

612

.05

3344000

3276

90

of

root

8768

40627200

1080

44176

40671376

1088
8

1096
8
11040
4

11044

273*
taijicd.
the

will

root

will

root

the

is

it ;

37.

if

not

exact

afi

exact

an

the

ob-

result
the

power

cube

cube

of

cube

column.

work
is

root

Begin

at

to

in three

the

number

decimal

{b)
than
the

part
Find
the

decimal

the

from

if

be extracted

units

in

place

and

the

sep-

first figure

first column.

of

the

the

Multiply
i^

the

figures each, proceeding

towards

point

number

greatest
in

three

the

the

right

with

the

is any.

there

number

fi^^l fig^^^

periods of

tfito

the

columns^

arate

of

the

power

the

rrange

whose

number

root^ cube

it.
A

(a)

"

right-hand

or

fiumber

fiearly equal

Rule

placing
third

given

equal

very

274*

cube

"

the

If

prove

To

Proof.

whose

Write

first period.
root

the

rooty

and

also,

number

write

clibe

write
in

it at
the

is
this
the

not

number

head

first column

the result

in

greater

the

as

of the
by

the

second

ARITHMETIC.

Multiply

column.

first figure
and

period^

annex

in

the

product

the

figure of

ciphers

in the

number

second
the

to

number

second

the

form

by

the

the

to

the

remainder

of

the

root

number

add

root, and

If

("f)

before.
has

period

(e) If
desired

to

if

the

figure by
Art.

root)

263
as

well

the root

third

period

second

figure
the

form
second

to

the

second

in the

second

first

figure
Add
the

form

correction,
column

to

Is

the
be

to

after

thus

operation
the

carry
5

down, proceed

brought
the

or

at

of

root

obtained

interminable

an

the

omit

as

from

divisor.

cipher periods^

annex

contains

place,

can

result

correction

to

be

to

remainder

fifth figure
and

number

periods

found,

terminate

decimal

fourth

is

there

root

first

sor
divi-

the

complete

cipher

one

more

figures of

the

the

to

last

the

to

complete

the

by

the

by

sor
divi-

the

to

root

trial

the

column

the

divisor,

are

been

The

before.

and

there

If

root

the

to

trial

new

product

last

the

sum

the

the

Add

first

and

find

to

the

to

annex

first correction

Annex

ciphers

the

the

the

figure of

two

in the

the

correction.

form

as

the

second

the

figure of

root, subtract

dividend.

first

correction^

result

and

the
the

divisor

Multiply

column,
new

multiply

the second

and

for

to

correction

second

third

the

the

divisor,

secojid

the

divisor.

add

form

vtultiply

add

the

column

trial

the

Multiply

Add

secofid

second

by the

root^ and

number

to

root^ and

to

trial

first column^

figure of

in the

the

to

Add

complete

second

dividend

the

the

correctiojt

is the

root.

the

root

the

first
for

colu7nn.

ift the

number
column

the

second

cipher

dividend

in

figure of

to

last

the

the

remainder

correction.

first

first

one

the

figure of

the

to

the

the

first figure of
in

second

Divide

(c)

the

the

to

the

by

product from

period

the

column

second

the

first figure of

number

the

to

subtract

for

root

the

the

Annex

correction.
two

in

second

by

the

to

root

column

first

correction

first

number

the
add

dividend;

new

of

the

of

the

93

and

will

proceed

operation

say

the

place further^

increase

greater,

it is

and

pointy
one

as

be decimals.

decimal,
some

last

the

the

fourth

any

other

sign +.

applied
square

to
root.

cube

(or

root

Thus,

in

the

example,

ARITHMETIC.

94

Art.

there

270,

Extracting

the

root

figures,

get

for

we

is

of

the

root

the

in

the

is

ROOTS

it is

If

the

required
and

extract

powers,
write
the

find

to

is

numerator

the

276*

^64

at

or

decimal

the

the

figures

two

fore,
There-

.98.

for
is the

What

What

and

perfect

are

separately,

and
and

numerator,

new

the

of ^

is the

4/. 625

is the

.25,

38.

"^i

of |J ?

cube

root

of ^ ?

"^T25
the

separately;
the

extract

root

of
FOR

EXAMPLES

the

Extract

"

denoininator

root

64

What

"

cube

J.

64

cube

of f ?

root

square

.7906.
is the

What

Rule

Find

decimal

If, however,

root

square

most

denominator.

new

each
a

and

and

^
=

"

Since

and

to

of
for

fraction

fraction

the

numerator

Example.

281.

with

simplest

decimal.

root

Solution."

the

required

of

fraction

the

i/-?! i^
"^

and

of

form

it, the

the

root

Example."

280.

mainder
re-

^64

|/f

Solution."

of

of

Example.

Solution."

reduce

"

i/A

Solution."

279.

say

last

divisor
next

root.

3,

The

.976, say

the

denominator

Example.

278.

the

root

denominator

the

277.

Hence,

is in

some

to

of

root

of

root

trial

the

FRACTIONS.

number

method

extract

next

8,762,043

OF

given

required

exact

-4-

figures 1,709.

the

-r-

to

manner

8,762,043.

in

figures

is 1.70998.

root

275*

usual

and

8,556,171

are

5 -f 1

first four

the

8,556,171,

omitted

ciphers

be

to

are

root

required
or^

the

.62996+.

reduce

of

root

the

the

numer-

fraction

to

deciinaL

PRACTICE.

of

r(^)f
{b)

2 to

{c)

4,180,769,192.462

four

decimal

places.
to

three

{b) 1.2599+.
decimal

places.

{c) 1,610.962.
^^^"

id)
W

(/)

{d) .8862+.

,%.

{e) .7211-+-.

|.
513,229.783302144

to

three

decimal

places.

L (/)

80.064

ARITHMETIC.

EXTRACT

TO

AND

Example."

Solution."

^256

this

In
The

V^5G,

example,
indicated

root

283"

by

Example."

the

sixth

is the

indicated

and

square

cube

284.
into

be

the

the

by

285.

Solution.
extract

the

|/452.8601
286*

the

therefore,

2.

0, which

is
cube

the

equals

2x3.

therefore,

root;

the

succession.

in

extracted

factors

Ans.

2.

the

and

index

of

the

required

suecessively

extraet

The

obtained.

the

roots

result

final

root

zuill

What

is

sixth

the

root

of

92,873,580

to

two

21. 28

8x2.

Hence,
of

root

the

the

extract
result.

cube

root,

and

then

-^'92,873,580

452.8601,

is extracted

first, but

and

Ans.

It matters

which

not

easier

probably

is

3's),

several

square

and

more

root
exact

to

extract

the

cube

root

first.

BXAMPLBS

287.

Extract

(a)

Fourth

\b)

Fourth

(^r)

Sixth

2.

root,

"

=8.

index

Separate

"

Example."

places

are

(2's and

required

decimal

is

39.

factors

indicated

by

roots

Rule

its

j/gJ^the

of 64

root

|^04=

Therefore.

root

equals

root;

square

f8

The

is 4, which

twice.

What

example,

Ans.

4.

4/64

this

256

16.

the

Solution."

In

of

root

index

is

is extracted

root

square

fourth

^^/^

Therefore.

ROOTS.

CUBE

is the

What

THE

THAN

ROOTS

OTHER

SQUARE
282"

95

FOR

PRACTICB.

the

root

of 100.

[(a)

root

of

\ (/) 235.

root

of

3,049,800,625.

9,474,296,896.

Ans.

( (r)

8.16227+.

46.

it

ARITHMETIC.

96

RATIO.
288.

Suppose

larger

is

20

4.

than

4,

quotient

times

large

as

We

4.

is

be

to

in

abstract

For

is terva^A.

birds,

other

as

be

horses

to

the

bers.
num-

that

the

in

the
both

must

the

kind.

same

horses

20

compare
ratio

of

with
be

may

numbers

-J,

ing
compar-

expressed

of

is

20

two

numbers

two

-^

evident

is

Hence,

4.

between

comparison

absurd

with

20

numbers

concrete

or

4
of

units

many

|; thus,

be

two

is

of

of

the

20

part

It

the

that
as

ratio

must

for

operation

the

finding

words,

it would
20

or

20.

This

compared

numbers

example,

obtain

times

what

know

to

comparison.

obtain

times

bers,
num-

many

say

we

and

.2 of

-Jor

then,

numbers

be

20

how

and

contains
desire

by

by

two

compare

know

Hence,

20

e.,

to

to

20

5.

we

is

numbers

unit;

-f-

divide

Ratio,

same

divide

4, i.

as

Hence,

two

two

20

desired

wish

we

we

suppose

then

.2.

or

thus,

Again,

4.

as

If

and

20

say

it is

that

the

fined
desame

kind.
289.

ratio

it is desired
as

to

ratio,

expressed

be

may

and

20

compare
be

it may

and

4,

done

in

three

20

son
compari-

4 ; 20

-f-

if

thus,

this

express

follows

as

ways

4,

or

20

All

-T-.

three

ratio

the

read

are

of

20

to

The

A.

ratio

of

4
4

The

would

20

to

first

seldom

of

never

used

or

likely

to

while

fractional
and
of
to

form,

better

the
is

ratio, though

simple
straight

ratio

like

vertical

that
line

modern

by
to

arithmetical

students
The

or

thus,

Instead
20

"

is

correct,
oftenest

one

form,

of

is

called

algebra
form

second

used

never

or

in favor, and

subjects,

above.
;

the

20,

the

mathematicians,

is still another

seldom

is used

third

The

subjects.

given

is

form

second.

There

ratio, although

advantages

to

20

-^

rapidly growing

preferred

adapted

second
is

third

ordinarily adopt.
a

the

mathematical

higher

shall

great

possesses

be

expressing

the

supersede

thus

expressed

method

with,

met

be

| 4.

one

we

of expressing

way

in the
of

seems

is

and

and

the

of

colon,

case

ARITHMETIC.

290.

The

compared
When

both

couplet

called

the

in

thus,

considered

of

is

ratio

20

direct

20

the

by

The

inverse
is 4

ratio

is

is

quent.
conse-

couplet,

of

20, and

direct

The

ratio

20

is

to

inverse

the

sometimes
of

the

Thus,

4 form

term

the

term

reciprocal

number.

called

first

the

terms.

are

Invers^e.

20

to

they

and

or

the

the

are

be

to

consequent.

direct

inverse

ratio.

reciprocal
divided

An

the

of

second

4, 20

4, while

ratio

4.

20

and

be

may

is 20

to

The

20.

ratio

the

ratio

antecedent,

ratio

the

and

20

together,

and

in

numbers

two

separately,

antecedent,

291.

ratio,

considered

when

the

are

above

are

is the

20

the

ratio

terms

Thus,
and

of

terms

97

called
is

number

of

reciprocal

is

17

"

of

is

1-^|

fraction

be

|; i.e.,

inverted.

expressed

the

the

Hence,
4

as

20,

or

as

inverse

^"

20

for.4^20

292.
that

293.

The

performing
ratio

ratio

ratio

the

as

same

is

antecedent

By

example,

the

the

of

of

division

the

other

other

ratio

may

values

we

is the

numbers

obtained

result

obtained

by
of

the

by dividing

the

the

Thus,

quotient

say

numbers.

the

indicated.

we

numbers,

two

two

is

When

two

first

the
the

5, it is the

by

294*

between

to

equal

ratio.

some

between

value

the

20:4

as

vary

the

that

implies

vary

numbers

two

mean

term

have

20

the

lxi-f

The

of

ratio

Both

-.

is

fraction

i,andl-^

of

reciprocal

value

consequent.

expressing

the

in

ratio

fractional

the

for

form,

20

both

of

laws

of

by

ratio.

the

to

as

"

-,

if both

that

same

number,

is

it

to

easy

it will

alter

not

20

""

20

100

_
-

20

20

-^

5
_

-T-

from

multiplied,

be

terms

see,

Thus,

20
4

20

fractions,

divided
the

ratio

1'

the

or

value

ARITHMETIC.

98

295*

is also

It

When

4, the

to

antecedent

regard

number

and

the

whether

to

not

otherwise

To

express

to

first

it

express
named

if

as

second

the

as

the

to

itself

ratio

expressed

in

to

the

place

the

occupied

by

fractional

the

of

20

the

first

the

cedent
ante-

and

antecedent

the

it is
ber
num-

the

consequent

4, first

to

direct.

doing

transpose

invert

form,

ratio

inverse

then

When
be

to

of

with

the

as

inverse.

way

of

without

understood

by

occupied

regarded

or

ratio,

and

ratio

consequent,

simplest

direct

the

as

always

are

the

antecedent,

the

to

consequent

multiplying

or

is direct

ratios

were

place

that
mul

consequent

words,

the

as

ratio,

it

in
is

named

inverse

the

fractions,

antecedent

the

expressed

specified,all
an

express

is

the

of

laws

ratio.

the

ratio

the

dividing

or

dividing

divides

consequent
296*

20

and

ratio;

tiplies the
the

antecedent

the

multiplying

from

evident,

fraction.

if

or

Thus,

it 20:

write

the

4, and

20
the

transposing

then,

terms,

as

20;

or

as

and

"

then

in-

may

be

verting

as

taken,

the

Or,

"

above.

explained

as

reciprocals
To

of

numbers

the

invert

ratio

is to

pose
trans-

its terms.
FOR

BXAMPLBS

297.

What

{a)

98

(^)

$45

{")

6i

{d)

3.5

("?)

The

49

to

to

ratio

of

$9 ?

to
to

of the

value

is the

PRACTICE.

4.5?
inverse

ratio

of 76

to

19 ?

of

49

to

98

to

24?

(/)

The

inverse

ratio

{"")

The

inverse

ratio

of

18

{/t)

The

inverse

ratio

of

(/")

The

ratio

of

10

to

3, multiplied

The

ratio

of

35

to

49, multiplied

by

(k)

The

ratio

of

18

to

64, divided

by

9 ?

(/)

The

ratio

of

14

to

28, divided

by

5 ?

(j)

298.

p^^

of

Instead

single number,

as

to

15

expressing

above^

by

the

3 ?
7 ?

value

it is customary

of
to

ratio

express

by

it by

ARITHMETIC.

of another

means

of

pieces

two

weighing
is then

30,

the

find

to

iron, one

ratio

The

ratio

of

and

heavier

the

other

the
the

to

lighter
frac-

the

Using

expression.

Thus,

weiji^htsof

the

pounds

45

of

inconvenient

an

is 1.

consequent

the

weighing

pounds.

30

45

which

it is desired

that

suppose

in

ratio

99

45

tional

form,

have

we

Dividing

consequent,
obtained

as

A
or

ratio

numbers

two

the

cube

is

is 105

be

may

readily

form.

of

It

-t-

be

root

any

1^

may

1^

or

Tp

for

above,

299*
power,

obtain

we

l.V,and

105*

as

for, expressing

seen;

and

becomes-"-,

the

cube

Also, if it is

desired

105*

may

G3*, it

by 3, obtaining
in the

as

way

300.
5*

by simply

G3.

This

of

case

the

antecedent

indicated

24"

576
16

by
324
=

without
4'

1}
or

IJ

1, the

the

1.

105'

irrespective

same

4'

result

and
10

as

G3'

to

03

plied
multi-

be

always

570

03'

it follows

cubed),

same

cubed

105

altering

Also,

the

that

the

ratio

exponents

105'

may

24'

: """

the

in

value

For, performing

3".

exponents,
or

of

Thus,

of
3

to

number,

same

the

IJ

the

18*

cubed

10.)

proved

ratio

consequent

roots,

or

indicated

Hence,

by

powers

Thus,

of

and

divided

or

ratio.

ratio

the

fractional

it follows

is read:

corrcc

..,,

root

ratio.

the

ratio,

is

the

dividing
be

of

ratio

").)

cube

may

cubing

this

(^)'= (|)*,
the

equals

hence,

done

(this expression

cubed
that

105

0.)

the

extract

to

be

Since

3*

any

this

cube

in

I ..-J

IS

to

if the

That

ratio

the

bo

raised

or

to

("3*.

lA.

"

Thus,

it is desired

and

expressed

taken.

result

same

30

-^

cubed,

squared,
be

is the

45

30, the

by

terms

This

1.

it may

G3,

both

the
18'

and

before.

of

any

of

the

tions
opera324.

3'

9;

Also,

"*""

",""4

ARITHMETIC.

100

The

statement

f24'

Thus,
and

^'

and

i?^

Note.

If

"

the

different

have

indicated,
This

is

24

IJ

or

numbers

hence,

in

not

v^2?

24

Also, y^

and

antecedent
of

4*

be

not

reduced

either

expressed

described

as

numbers

are

performed.
in
the
expressed

When

8^.

consequent

those

300cannotbe

Art.

can

be

ner.
man-

same

the
1.

roots

ratio

which

IJ

or

the

r^y

can

For

different

the

the

1.

described

it becomes

and,

IJ

it

or

for, consider

form,

18

in

roots

^\

composing

operations

evident;

(^ j

as

^T'

exponents,

the

fractional

or

3;

for

proved

^*

and,

18;

be

may

as

above.

PROPORTION.
301.

indicated

being

equality
the

is

Proportion

equal

two

value

2,

Thus,

).

we

double

the

by

::

8:4

302.

by

of

reason

older

work^
being

are

unless

In

the
The

this

extensively

most

one

shall

all

in

mathematical

on

the

adopt

the

second

clearer

by

form,

using

the

to
new

A
read

proportion
the

way

student

is
may

above
:

the

read

be

may

proportion
of

ratio

it either

read

to

was

in
:

two

The

old

ways.

is to i

Jf.equals the

way,

but

we

as

ratio

is to

of

304.
the

Each
above

ratio

of

proportion,

proportion

is

is

recommend

couplet,

termed
and

so

3.

the

couplet.

is 6

S ;

to

latter.

In

the

forms

entirely supersede

made

be

can

used,

third

and

writers

probably
we

employed

second

modern

paper

forms:

following

exclusively

will

time,

same

form.

303.
way

the

The

statement

some

third

in

and,

form.

is

all

by

the

have

(3)
^
^

mathematics.

on

proportion

(2)

been

having

adopted

subjects,
first

its

of

sign

(1)

form

first

The

both

three

of

equality

the

by

or

form

which

the

the

ratios,

(; : )

6:3

of

the

3,

of

one

in

4 and

employ

may

colon

write

to

ratios,

equality

an

3.

101

ARITHMETIC.

The

305.
terms

numbers

and

right, thus

they

the

forming
numbered

are

proportion

called

are

from

consecutively

left

to

first

second

fourth

third

8:4=6:3

Hence,
second

in

of

ratio

the

equals

term

ratio

the

proportion,

any

of

the

third

the

first term

term

fourth

the

to

the

to

term.

called

the

extremes

307"

direct

The

in

Thus,

31

40.

the

by

42

!"

either

the

Solution."

the

and

which

are

both

which

one

as

lets
coup-

be

the

ratio.

written

8:4

inverted.

be

must

requires

inverse

an

must

of

one

product

useful

most

sections
it

arithmetics,

proportion^
the

of

gives
What

The

"

the

is the

42,

51

was

the

product

the

of

means.

14

the

of

term

the

42

the

714.

divided

extremes

proportion
714. and

of the

product

other

the

of

equal

meaii.

rule, 17 X

first

products

product

third

The

"

42.

both

other

the

is the

Applying

14, since

Applying
Rule

Example."

is

(couplet)

/;/ any

"

41.

What

extreme

the

three."

gives

Solution."

either

51

mean

312.

terms

proportion,

Rule

Example."

in

one

grandfathers*

our

17
X

is

3 is to

as

forms

of

rule

equals

extremes

are

means.

expressed

ratio

In

Rule

17

be

to

second

arithmetic.

310"

third

proportion,

proportion

'*

proportion

and

second

proportion

Proportion

called

the

are

inversely

the

e.

309"
of

couplets

8 is to

3 ; i.

and

the

foregoing

inverse

the

Thus,

the

of

terms

ratios.

An

of

and

direct

308.
one

fourth
and

in

Thus,

are

and

extremes,

means.

first

The

306.

17

714-5-51

51
=

14.

Ans.

divided

means

42

by

extreme.
of

term

rule, 51

the

14

proportion
714, and

714

-h

51

42

14
17.

42

Ans.

ARITHMETIC.

102

313*

When
is

terms
as

stating

unknown,

last

the

Thus,

X,

would

example
;r

51

missing

the

represent

be

14

of

value

the

have

we

of

one

by

term

the

letter,

written,

42

51
for

and

which

in

proportion

14

17.

"

-rz:

42

314.

If

divided

(2)

or

raised

to

terms

be

the

taken,

numerical

is

-J-

operations
of

terms

the

enumerated
this

couplets

be

student

above

proportion,

be

be

terms

of

all

the

the

portion
pro-

by
himself

satisfy
will

be

if any

performed

it

becomes

of

the

five

all of

upon
will

fraction

it

as

proportion

form,

that,

by

used,

the

third

first

the

other

statements

form

is

the

inverted,

Consider

prove

In

root

can

the

tion,
propor-

(1) multiplied

all

these

prove

it in

to

are

we

77o

same

purpose.

Expressing

What

the

be
if

(3)

fractional

The
to

6:3.

the

destroyed.

(4) the

will

and

ones.

suited

if both

excepted)
of

terms

proportion

if

We

example,

better

8:4

(5)

or

the

number;

power;

holds.

similar

of

same

same

of

thereby

not

terms

the

by

still

other

the

subtraction

and

all

upon

is

proportion

if all of

words,

(addition

same

performed

be

operations
the

the

still

the

equal

fraction.

second

8x7
all the

Multiplying

1.

6X7

42

56

by

terms

^'

3"^'

the

21-

28
either

of

value

is

ratio

r;

42

^^^^^^tly

^^^28

7;

say

56
.,

number,

any

^q^^l^

^^^""

21'

2, and

the

is

same

of

true

the

original proportion.
Q
2.

Dividing

C-^^

^-^
same

as

3.

-3

or

in

the

This

|.

by

terms

number,

any

...

7,

say

^63^,',

TT-D..84_
1

Raising
-3.

all the

But

-^

2, and

y-r-

also,

the

original proportion.
all the

is

terms

evidently

and^;=(|y=2^
=

8also.

to

the

true,

same

since

power,

say

-j

the

cube,
2'

8,

103

ARITHMETIC.

Extracting

4.

root.

t:=

same

It

is

r:=.

^
.

of all the

root

evident

that

,_

f^,

and

couplets,

If

both

divided

both

the

factors

7.1,

7. 1

is

one

12

can

of

term

other

the

required

the

this

$25, and
evident

that

the

amount

that

since

other

either

extreme,
The

the

student

amount

to

find

and

the

ing
remain-

how

week,

one

much

one

of

can

then

the

the

relation

same

rcmaininj^
form

the

to

bears

terms

proportion

to

which

by

himself

ask

in

calculation

every

men

12

bears

men

the

the

other

of

product

set

set

earns.

Ilencc,
as

the

12

12

amount

earn

men

men

earn

"

X
"

"25

12

men

divided

means

12
=

$75.

Ans.

we

is to

men

have

we

earnincr
It

relation

same

men.

$25

to

one

men,

the
4

to

is

earn

men

of

sets

bears

earn

men

equals

extreme

two

dollars

many

12

as

amount

have

how
12

earn

"

We

know

to

12

in

$25

bear

must

S25

the

is

proportion

found.

be

amount

the

proportion,

in

want

we

We

it is dollars.

case

(that

\)

3()0-)

givcn^

earn

must

as

term.

is it I want

What

r:

7. 1, whence

a".

before

term

kind

may

is

by

calculations

can

time

same

same

term

proportion

first couplet

always

men

required

first question

The

In

the

remaining

the

all

are

If 4

"

The

"

the

note

equal

found.

in

earn

men

45:0

Art.

terms

Example.

Solution.

given

be

to

7"

the

of

proportion

in

of

article,

couplet,

or

stroyed.
de-

not

the

5:1

(See

is

proportion,

of

terms

of

multiplied

preceding

any

terms), obtaining

35.5.

the

in

the

terms

principle

Three

31

-T-

The

this:

both

both

9 from

316*

or

since

true,

proportion

from

Thus,

42.

or

divide

may

we

41

the

Hence,
from

be

couplet

evident

be

canceled

be

rule

is, cancel

or,

is

which
u

either

294.

Art.

may

applying

**

also.

*\

number,

same

should

from

also

and

of

terms

by

This

by

true,

equal ^.

315*

j:

cube

likewise

^
i^

0=7.,
o

both

the

say

is

this

^J-^

^=
A.

both

Inverting

5.

terms,

ifl

^^

s/8

;v^= ^

since

the

men,

to

the

have
4

is

the

men;

by

the

104

ARITHMETIC.

Since

it matters

problem

could
the

being

be

stated

in

same

$25

{a)

place

as

each

the

which

not

12

the

of

product
4

(^)

earn

men

the

men

earn

men

$25

men

earn

$75,

by

the

{")

of

product

12

men

men

earn

318*
as

of

the

If

the

product

it

though

of the

were

Find

1.

$16

{b)

\d)

24

(dT)

18

{e)

$75

if)

15pwt.

75

If

will

3.

;r

94
:

::

;:

10

::

15
2

::

$100

is

the

or

either

equals

mean

other

mean.

inverse

an

first

one,

and

then

it

form

invert

one

17.

40.

If

inches,

of

100.

$15

following:

the

Ans.

10.

$5.

lead

[ (^)
what

$2.10,

cost

jr

would

225

125

piece
to

do

what

the

does

any

two

what
of

be

days

of

circumference

will

in

and

63

days

circles

which

cost

circle

circumference

the

7
of

each

other

inches

in

circle

Art.

ratio.

how

86

days.

as

their
is

diameter
31

inches

97f

in

inches.

PROPORTION-

308,

required

at

$3.50.

days,

Ans.

?
to

are

Ans.

In

inverse

pounds

it in

does

320.

yd.

Ans.
in

of work

circumferences

The

each

x.

of

PRACTICB.

$4.

^=21

yd.

in

INVERSE

an

$25

?
does

diameters.

one

earn

men

proportion,

of

75

pounds

it take

diameter

85

rate

same

$64

If

2.

as

extreme.

$75, since
the

by

FOR

value

the

{a)

{g)

22

12

couplets.

319*

long

extreme

divided

BXAMPL.BS

the

either

since
other

the

by

or

-.

direct

the

or

12

proportion

earn

men

$75,

amount

extremes

equals

mean

mean.

12

or

the

the

or

divided

the

$25
12

that

amount

12

-.

means

men

men

either

other

amount

the

12

since

the

the

equals

men

divided

men

or

"

-r

$25
12

that

amount

of

value

the

the

12

extremes

12

forms,

following

the

occupies,

term

amount

S25
12

amount

of

any

required

the

or

inverse

an

one

Sometimes

of

the
the

proportion
couplets
word

to

inverse

be

was

defined

expressed
occurs

as

in the

ARITHMETIC.

of

statement

written

be

can

the

conditions

the

whether

is direct
and

required,
in

that

term

is smaller

than

smaller

be

than

than

the

the

fourth
tell

always
smaller

the

refers

the

to

whether
than

the

other

other

and

inverse,
321*
A

the

to

of

one

do

of

piece

"

in

42

required
Hence,

stating

since

the

to

than
A.

7 is greater
of

statement

A;

Therefore,

5,

than
the

it will

hence

which

Had

the

piece of
in

days,
longer

"

example

work

is to

what

time

time
to

do

time
B

can

the

will

inverted.

work

is to

is

work

be

an

jr

its conditions
smaller

or

nations
determiit

B*s

7, and

it ?

do

days

of

as

is

it

will

take

proportion.

to

of

that

see

days

referring
faster

works

do

to

the

should

and

one,

But,

42.

than

greater

student

x.

inverse

work
be

than
stated

42,

Ans.

thus;

that

than

quired
re-

otherwise,

will

direct

number

days.

do

number

it is easy

less

stated

been
the

30

"

be

43

example,

take

5
from

proportion

the

must

or

the

two

direct;

the

as

larger

larger

is

time

than
can

which

If the

what

is

term

be

from

be

to

doing

in

days,

Now.

of

rate

larger

this, the

kind.

same

couplets

If A's

The

is

larger

student

to

ascertains

term

the

the

work

work.

the

and

must

is

term

will

couplet

first

the

term

the

determined

proportion

Example."

does

Solution.
B

of

mind,

is

what

if

be

term

the

Having

required

term

agree,

of

example,

the

first

the

proportion.

third

must

in

doubt,

whether

true,

the

the

required

term

belongs.

term

then

the

be

term

this

in

direct

may

third

carefully

ascertaining

as

if

or

lets.
coup-

ascertained

to

as

term,

the

whether

than

second

Keeping

term.

When

first

by

fourth

term,

inverse.

himself

the

by

it be

proportion

the

on?y
can

proportion

the

the

second

or

proportion

of

one

that

example

satisfy

the

stating

order

Then,

the

inverse

or

the

cases

inverting

is direct

always

can

proportion

such

happens
of

proportion

student

the

frequently

the

studying

in

directly, merely

it

But

example

105

it 1

time

The

requires,
it

is

it would

as

evident
A

that
5

requires

7; A

that

hence,

can

would

do

it in

do

take

it would
;r

to

be

42
B

greater
7 X

than

42,

58.8

and

days.

the

proportion

would

be

direct,

the

value

of

being

"

42
-=

"

106

ARITHMETIC.

FOR

PRACTICE.

of

BXAMPL.BS

322*

in

Solve

1.

If

20

hr., how

following:

the

which

pump

discharges
it take

will

long

gal.

water

min.

per

12

gal.

rivets

when

discharging

pump

fill

can

is

min.

per

fill it ?

Ans.
circular

2.

The

2J

in. ;

how

of

seam

would

many

boiler

requires
if the

required

be

50

pitch

to

hr.

6|

the

pitch

in. ?

3J

were

tank

Ans.
The

I in.

thick

spring

3.

are

in.

wide

4.

on

thick

in

they

for

of

are

in.

2J

are

sectional

same

wheels

16

if the

slip being

made

wheels
in

It

323.
raised

to

is

case)

affected

so

of

root

both

324*
as

the

Example.

diameter
180

of

cube
if

pounds

8 inches

in

"

This

Dividing

both

Example.

755^1 pounds
Solution.
the

cubes

"

"

48

sphere
of

diameter

of

terms

33

as

is

3,636^

rev.

that
or

some

of

terms

power

same

could

be

taken.

manner

both

the

one

of

root

of

the
the

or

of

weight

the

of

weight

of

diameter

is evidently
63

is the

ference
circum-

let
coupsame

the

sphere
6

sphere

inches

material

same

varies
in

weighs

Solution.

whence,

in

it

be

power

the

that

what

diameter,

its

sphere

Knowing

"

would

ratio

might

such

some

to

in.

taken,

be

must

terms

it

cases,

raised

be

7nust

to

all such

In

that

of
in

stated

PROPORTION.

299

root

raised

be

must

Art.

but

runs

ft.

22

were

either

IN

any

frequently

taken.

be

in
or

power

couplets

it must

stated

was

any

proportion
the

ROOTS

AND

area,

revolutions

many

Ans.

POW^ERS

and

circumference

ft. in

how

distance,

wide

Ans.

'

revolutions;

same

(no allowance

locomotive

engine

driving

5,000

the

going

certain

are

with
in

distance

on

another

how

locomotive

certain
make

hangers

those

40.

another

83

;r

first

the

;r

direct

180,

27

or

in

sphere

Hence,

we

write

180.

couplet

by

64

(see Art.

2^

;r

180

300),

Ans.

75Jf pounds.

8 inches

proportion.

weighs

diameter
of

the

same

180

material

pounds
which

; what

weighs

?
"

of

of

weights

Since

the

their

diameters,
J80

we

75|f

two

any
have

83

the

:^\

spheres
proportion

are

to

each

other

ARITHMETIC.

required

the

r.

is cubed

couplet

180

whence,

Since

of

all

not

the

of

term

the

hence.

^?^5it^r^216

of

its value
solved

all of

the

terms

of

(Art. 314).

the

above

root

same

the

by extracting

thus

numbers,

The

direct, and

326*

obtaining

cube

"^*/Tso:

the

diameters

of

roots

square

diameter

dia^ieter

their

of

shall

which

cylinders

root

To'5-

have

and

the

neither

Since
the

12

terms

81

;r*

long,

15

nor

(Arts.

325

15

12;

if it is desired
be

as

one

volume

write

we

and

x'

the

lo

find
and

inches

in

proportion

we

all

scpiare

obtain

and

^-r=
"^^

as

long,

is 9

that

squares,

314)

whence

1.5 inches

the

perfect

are

ditlerent

but

inversely

other

is to

is

preferred.

be

Hence,

that

same

inches

12

each

to

and

longer

equal volumes,

lengths.

cylinder

is to

have

are

is

however,

process,

first method

the

If two

diameters,

of

the

been

inches.

so

the

512

other

whence,

Six;

have

might

example

the

Ans.

change

not

x"

or

inches.

taking

does

x",

8*

But,

323).
512

proportion

of

7511

^^^216

325*

Art.

(see

because

cubed,

be

must

term,

107

-"

04. S,

1.)

and

4/64.8

inches

8.05

BXAMPLBS

327*

Solve
The

1.

from

feet

object
2.
from

"

In
the

brightness
3.

the

away
be

of

intensity

distance

at

gas
at

When

illuminating

last

example,

feet

powers

20

feet

from

the

gas

gas

as

the

jet
how

as

the

much

that
it

jet

the

object

have

been

squares

an

2|

times

had

another,
of

the
their

object
will
as

compared

intensities
distances

with
as

30
the

bright.
40

been

^^

tance
dis-

the

brighter

Ans.

with

of

square

illuminates

Ans.

would

light

one

vary

suppose

bright

comparing

inversely

If

cylinder.

distinctness,

of

how

varies

15-inch

PRACTICK.

examples

light.

certain

jet;
30

light
of

source

with

the

FOR

following

the

of

diameter

feet
its

bright.
of

their

from

the

ARITHMETIC.

108

If

source.

feet

50

from

4.
the

square

flow

of

root

when

the

when

the

powerful

air

the

pressure

pressure

pounds

pounds

is 3.6

In

had

last

the

68,034

example,

required;

been

quantity

suppose

what

would

Many

solved

by

which

AND

be

or

the

329.

in

first
3

the

second

of

are

the

effects.

cause

and

ft

change

easily

effect.

called

be

may

thing

or

That

alteration

or

is the

first

pounds

is the

second

is to

the

effect.

plished,
accom-

how

of

second
in

the

call

we

; 7

of

men

effect.
2d

the

Hence,

if

men

complish
ac-

cause,

the

pounds,
1,400
and

write

may

1,400

cause,

second

we

weight),

first

the

question,

and

2d

effect

1st

cause

3:7

is

effects
as

can

the

the

men

the

same

(since they

causes

lifting

two

the

cause

pounds

many
the

the

when

of

ratio

Thus,

men

viz.,

effect

cause

7x1

the

equals

cause

effects

two

lifted, viz., 1,400 pounds

If

pounds

whence

this
sq.

more

effects. Hence,

produce

and

men

pounds

Ist

be

may

alteration,

like

pounds,

something,
number

for

3.81-1- lb. per

something,

or

causes

first

lift 1,400
call

we

the

the

is to

can

men

lift }

of

words,

effect

kind

same

ratio

other

of

producing

produce

causes

the

the

per

effect.

Like
of

proportion

change,

nearly.
minute

EFFECTS,

principle
as

will

min.,

feet
necessary

pressure

accomplishing

as

and
is the

kind,

the

regarded

something,
cause,

in

examples

using

may

causes

ft. per

cubic

Ans.

328*

the

CAUSES

in

be

per

much

cu.

70,000

that

a"

flow

air

how

foot,
foot

square

per

directly

of

feet

square

per

Ans.
5.

cubic

60,000

the

86.6-1- feet.

varies

mine

watch,

distinguish

he

Ans.

through
If

is 2.8

could

his

by

flowing

pressure.

indicated

time

the

distance

what

at

as

of

quantity

The

minute

light,

3 times

light

just distinguish

can

certain

from

time

man

effect
x,

400
-^-

"

"

3,266f

pounds.

330*
in
we

The
the

shall

principle

solution
now

show.

of

of

cause

examples

and
in

effect

compound

is

extremely

ful
use-

proportion,

as

ARITHMETIC.

COMPOUND
All

331*
heen

of

cases

been

the

of

both

causes

Example.

in 81

earn

days

Solution.
since

and
the

up

which

reason,

86

make

16 days

2d

cause

of

(see

something,

1,280

is

without

is

86

86

men

is also

days

%x

40

Then,
make

days

81

is

The

causes.

and

and

and

cause,

dollars.

men

effect

also

289),

and

; i. e.,

the

second

the

of

all

the
40

ratio,

shall

we

the

use

becomes

1,280

equal
1, 280

effect
"-

""

the

express
above

product

must

81

to

^J

lines
86

^-^so

the

2d

effect

colon

the

using

Art.

expression,

them

will

16

are

and

and

first

the

li

vertical

the

than

more

much

men

days

81

1st

16

between

40

dollars

cause

40

last

how

something,

earn

and

men

first cause,

$1,280

we

instead

the

of

an

days,

16

proportion,

write

In

in

by

than

compound

to

consist

this

cases,

more

compound

four

all

to

are

the

up

cause.

line

in

has

many

have

belong

have

term

are

terms

cases

earn

in

is earned,

1st

Now,

the

$1,280

men

days

same

which

Hence,

vertical

of

or

each

There

illustrate

earn

40

16

second

effect.

i. e.,

examples

will

men

Since

the

effects, that

such

considered

"

For

men

40

take

they

cause.

If

"

; all

effects

We

numbers.

two

all

all

both

or

or

far

so

number.

one

two

In

proportion.

proportion

proportion;

but

in them

number

one

of

cases

which

in

however,

PROPORTION.

simple

composed

109

of

the
of

product
16

included

numbers
all

the

numbers

x,

Orx=?5.^1^
332.
of

factors
any

The

might

numbers

in

within

number

without

number

both

the

above

numbers.

the

16

been

Ans.

solved

canceling

by

original proportion.

the

has

that

lines,

Thus,

have

lines

the

$2,232.

factor

factor

may

is contained

to

common

be

if

For
any

from

canceled

in

40
n
1,280,

1,280.

times.

80
40

36
_

Cancel

is contained

31
16
in

and

80, 2

^
1%^
1,280,
times.

"^,
and

write

Cancel

80
40

above
and

80,

ARITHMETIC.

110

write

and

2 above

that
result

same

333.
in

other

side

43.

line

forming

equality
this

the

to

form,

Write

"

third

this

of

in

the

second

in its

the

Multiply

lines, and

There

in which

334:"
wide

and

occurs,

wide

feet

Solution.

ditches

24

the

40

men

in

dig

40

and

men

effects.

dig

time,
the

the

how

time

same

24

men

are

second

lines

write

value

those

of

of

feet

ditch

ing
(cancel-

the

of

720

fect
ef-

within

product

ditch
a

numbers

wanting,

the

be the

long

numbers

the

product

the
other

numbers

the

the

will

can

is

without

by

of

right

the

on

many

in

term

of

the

the

as

and

divide

result

certain

men

Here

"

are

in

deep

the

If

"

could

contain

not

Example.

and

3 feet

do

which

all

all those

previously, if possible^,and
numbers

be

any

the

of

composing

column^

first cause,

the

sign

on

right;

must

together

also

the

to

first effect; hence, if

place.

vertical

in the

as

and

numbers

fourth

effect.

cause

in the

as
X

second

the

the

first

on

all

Write

line

vertical

line

column

column^

of

line^ write^ for

the

composing

second

the

vertical

the

forming

vertical

he

$2,232,

article.

cause.

column

first effect^drawing
side

in

numbers

draw

second

right of

and

31

bers
num-

more

no

are

last

the

all the

write

the

36

in

column^

this

of

;r

obtained

was

vertical

numbers

of

as

Rule

cause

canceled,

be

can

there

since

Now,

80.

others
x.

long,

6 feet

5 feet

deep

and

the

two

?
the

and

causes

Hence,

m
24

i9

3 whence,

jr=24x5X4

480

feet.

Ans.

335*

Example.

length

and

cylinder
is

what
24

inches

directly

10

Solution.
be

m.ay
causes.

10"

volume

long

of

this

In

"

considered

and

another

of

its

20

inches

cylinder

varies

directly

If

volume

diameter.

cylinder

]^l

the

1,570.8

either

example,
causes;

squaring

Then,

256

whence,

square

of

long
16

is

the

1,570.8
in

inches

its

as

of

cubic

inches,

diameter

and

20

the

as

in diameter

inches

the

volume

The

"

6 X

x=-

the

say

we

dimensions
take

the

or

the

dimensions

volumes

for

diameters.
or

X,

1,570.8

1,570.8
=

6x100

the

4,825.4976

cubic

inches.

Ans.

x;

the

ARITHMETIC.

336*

Example.

ft. thick
ft.

12

weighs
ft.

long.

Solution.

lb., what

wide

and

set

Example.
25

up
8

days
of

12

long

pages

sheets,

In

an

inverse

in

the

its

as

of
a

weight,

body

circle

by

weighing

15

be

the

to

18

inches

is increased
Solution.

12

and

and

18

granite

have

we

Ans.

fwunds.

the

of

10

hours

in

ixige,

the

each

how

ty|x?,

same

hours

many

sheets

G4

the

comi)ose

in

that

causes,

335,

Art.
various

the
then

from

should

numbers

as

those

transpose

inversely

is 187

12

inches,
force

speed

the

centrifugal

15

15

20"

24"

12

18

(since

the

of

bers
num-

side

one

of

the

and

inversely
If

body.
when

pounds
with
of

the

the

same

force

187

radii

are

as

radius

eentrifugal

the

body
of

24

effect,

feet

20

feet

we

of

force

revolves

when

body
to

the

directly

the

the

velocity

is increased

varies

rcvolvinj^ body

velocity
of

ond,
sec-

per

the
per

in

radius

second

have,

X.

to

vary

inversely)

and

ing
squar-

24,

2
25

of

^
m
12

12x2x187
=

187

'^

Hence,

and

its

center

and
the

and

write

centrifugal

Calling

"

Transposing
20

radius

will

up,

and

block

days

to

in

wide

force

pounds
of

ft.

side.

of

the

set

like

vary

square

having

what

to

in

effects.

occur,

of

28,800

lines

days,

stated

other

described

32

long.

effects,

7,200

page

the

centrifugal
the

as

the

examples,

the

The

"

4 X

each,

lines

said

to

the

compositors

to

examples

line

circle

the

and

are

Example.

jr

ft.

weight

the

as

compositors

lines

preceding

vertical

13

proportion

which

ft. thick

compositors,

pages,

338.

be

pages
18

can

Here

"

16

40

each,

Solution.

and

of

sheets

hours

granite

will

or

If

"

of

weights

the

^.

337*

block

7.200

Taking

"

If

"

Ill

jr. or

.r

^^

._.^
179.52

pounds.

Ans.

ARITHMETIC.

112

BXAMPLBS

339*

Solve

If 13

1.

how

can

16

many

long

in

days

of 9 hours

rods

dig

men

proportion:

by compound

40

trench

dig

men

rods

following

the

PRACTICB.

FOR

in

18

24

of

days

10

each

hours

Ans.
If

2.

lb.,

how

and

24

in

high
build
a

4.

The

the

of

the

of

feet

the

many

days

wide

and

8 feet

if the

will

in

is 48

pressure

minute,

per

effective

mean

the

in Art.

example

inches

in

diameter

and

of

product

wheels

make

long

and

by

the

will

long

42

and

9.
to

The

its width

pulley

on

horsepower
makes

125

transmitted
inches

of

square

diameter

in

hold

in

and

it

which

revolutions

by
diameter

belt

that

miles

belt

12

wide

will
in

and
of

how
when

revolutions

wide

inches

20

is

running
per

its length
inches

boiler

in
feet

16

gallons.

proportional

will

the

by

transmit

diameter

over

minute
Ans,

hour.

made

in

run

diameter

48

horsepower

many

be

1,151.5

belt

the

per

to

revolutions

inches

pulley

minute,

200

by

driving

miles

long

of

when

inches

capacity

of

number

inches

makes

hour

Ans.

over

per

is the

feet

portional
pro-

number

is proportional
12

the

45.360.

with

47.12

Ans.

boiler

what

and
If

running

when

is

directly

the

an

72

transmitted

be

may

runs.

inches.

what

is

many

diameter

the

volume

cubic

and

in

; how

boiler

diameter

that

power

7,539.84

miles

gallons;

1,128

inches

the

""

locomotive

wheels

having
minute

diameter.

its

29.45

cylindrical

pounds

horsepower.

be

is 945,

minute

per

per

of

capacity

The

driving

runs

locomotive

piston

is 56

will

wheels

will

diameter,

locomotive

minute.

diameter

revolutions

220

its

one

revolutions

150

hour

running

in

inches

06

in

of

hour

per

112

square

Ans.

of

make

they

wheels

miles

cylinder.

per

204.8

3x5x7X9

days.

horsepower

86 ?

14 X

in

of

product

diameter

the

revolutions

the

speed
to

8.

15

6 X

The

one

that

the

pressure

inches

24

80

pressure,

pounds

in

what

335,

to

men

8 hours

develops

what

is 16 inches

cylinder

lb.
feet

working

diameter

Ans.

in

32

of

Ans.

to

Knowing

7.

it take

effective

mean

wide

1,828^
and

high,

600

in.

wide,

diameter

inches

feet

and

the

20

cylinder

14

is 500

minute,

per

inch

square

the

as

of

effective

mean

develop

feet

varies

cylinder

piston speed

Referring

6.

long,

feet

long,

how

engine

an
as

the

engine

square

rods

72

each,
4

long,

having

is 600

5.

wall

hours

and

when

and

another

per

10

rods

speed

horsepower

speed

build

horsepower

engine

inch

ft.

is 16

that

weigh

rods.

weighs

Ans.
can

96

piston

an

iron

6 in. thick

and

wide,

36

Ans.

If

4 in.

long,
of

piece

of

days

wall

7 ft.

men

60

day

as

thick

If

3.

iron

will

much
in.

of

piece

each,

10
that

may

be

pulley

80

16

horsepower.

ARITHMETIC.

10.

The

directly

is

feet

deep,

and

the

safe

long

will

beam

feet

load

support

width

its

to

15

supported

its

to

proportional

inversely

20

that

proportional

inches

what

load

will

beam

at

and

the

If

leng^th.

long
that

113

safely
10

an

carry

inches

the

ends

two

of

siiuare
oak

Ix-ani

wide,

its

of

load

1"{

Ans.

will

di-plh.

inclics

i:i,N24

inches

2:".(M()

is

carry
and

wide,

12

()ounds,
deep,

and

iM"unds.

Mensuration

Algebraic

IN

The

340"
in

technical

as

method

of

formula

expressing
and

words,

in

rule

symbols

be

rej^arded

may
rule.

when

ivhich

it becomes

expressed

so

formula

Any

rule.
Formulas

show

do

case

with

require

not

in

read

be

expressed

times,

in

rules;

formula,

as

performed;

be

in

both

space,

than

they

is

as

i)riiited

the

whenever

short,

is

formula

the

the

their

understand

to

one

less

much

up

four

or

rules;

to

are

three

enable

to

than

that

operations

note-book,

one's
be

can

the
to

take

they

convenient

more

rules,

most

and

rule

all

glance

meaning;
book

much

are

at

they

in

expressed

be

fact,

in

as

and

mathematics

in

used

as

defined

be

may

ofivords

shorthand

can

books,

Letters

of

Formulas.

formula,

term

instead

used

are

Use

and

be

to

preferred.
As

the

define

will

we

**

term

applied

of

operations
when
what

we

the
or

do

"two
in

general

more

341.

The

indicative

of

these
will

memory.

signs
here

to

convenient

very

more

its

meaning
used

operations,

be

can

in

formulas

and

the
in

in

nary
ordi-

the

or

word

signs

of

more

bers,"
num-

is

quantity

number.

the

are

etc.,

exactly

state

word

the

the

to

to

and

**two

say

arithmetic,

order

is

multiplication,

quantities;'*
than

use,

quantity

subject

to

specific

more

we

explained

explained

desired

is

to

one

word

the

subtraction,

Thus,

or

signs

are

be

addition,

is.

thing

it

that

wish

not

is

mathematics,

In

it.

anything

to

"

quantity

ordinary

signs
All

aggregation.
but

refresh

some

the

of

them

student's

MENSURATION.

116

Division
line

indicative

signs

The

is indicated

between

and
both

the

^11

14

divided

below

the

the

is

the

on

above

line

the

quantity

is

When

line,

be

left

the

is

to

is

quantity

one

indicates

between

to

/ 17,

17.

the

on

When

line

25

horizontal

same

right.

straight

by

divided

straight

| 17,

25

divided

be

to

the

Thus,

viz.

number,

by placing

or

-^,

the

on

that

the

other,

sign

25

placed

that

quantity

below

that

are

by

the

in

six

are

quantities.

indicates

line

straight

operations

by

two

indicate

quantities

be

of

that

the

by

one

it.

sign (|/) indicates

The
the

is to

right

indicate

what
is

Index,
when

the

within

square

rpot

the

signs

The

of

taken,

the

sign,

this

is to

of

root

of

is to

25
be

to

aggregation

small

quantity

be

to

To

sign.
called

figure,

being always
Thus,

taken;

taken

omitted

4/25

cates
indi-

indicates

25

the

; etc.

four

are

the

radical

indicated.

be

is

25

the

be

root

square

cube

the

is to

root

of

root

some

; it is called

taken

placed

that
that

be

that

in

number;

viz.,
,

and

( ), [ ],

{ }, respectively
the

it

when

is

if

Thus,
be

desire

8 X

culum

is

8)

placed

above

custom

vinculum

is

sign.

be

8}

correct,
In

cases

for

the

the

signs

of

where

but

is
one

root

plus

sign
is to

of
be

7.

are

to

is to
add

shown:
The
be

used

vin-

treated

as

shown

somewhat.
with

the

8), "^[5 +

8, all of

nearly always

operations.

in connection

^(5 +

here

be

use

cluded
in-

employ

may

as

and

actually

we

which

may

to

same

their

writing

root

vinculum

7, { 5 +

used

are

operation.

of

sum

wish

renthesis,
pa-

quantities
same

aggregation

to

except

cube

when

8]

four

of

the

of course,

of

restricted

instead

Thus,

the
the

to

they

multiplication,

subjected

used

all

quantities

those

the

brace

not

the

vinculum,

the

do

the

7, [5 +

has

rarely

that

we

signs

of

one

any

above,

^{5 +

and

the

subjected

and

the

that

indicate

7,

7, (5 +

While

be

four

the

quantity

one

to

indicating

of

one

indicate

to

by

8 before

any

to

are

multiplied

5 and

as

desired

we

and

brackets,

them

by

called

which

used, |/5 +

aggregation

is needed

The
radical

8],

or

would
8.

cept,
(ex-

indicated), the parenthesis

MENSURATION.

is

used.

always

of

Hence,
the

expressing
If two

parenthesis
within

[(20

example,

by

5)

"

and

{[(20

quotient

obtained

by

is

subtracted

is to

be

divided

Should

it be
the

by

equals

omitted,

were

the

be

and

the

the

brace,

14,
10

-f-

is, if several

order
There

the
in

sign

addition

that

is

aggpregation

the

nor

the

between

the

after

xM)
*2L has

the

result

of

ay^gre-

sijjns

brackets

inside.

several

the

the

next,

For

exami)le,

quantities
addition,

be

by 4,

1, since

2x5

in

above

case,

be

the

by

Thus,

before

equals

nected
con-

subtraction,

first.

performed

the

are

indicated

operation

would

of

adding

equals
if the

^, whereas,

multiplication

10,

brace

inserting

by

by

and

before

sign

are

are

used,

indicative

"

and

5.

value;
minus
in

performed

-^

from

equal

by plus
be

may

of

of

sign

subtracting

connected

operations

sign

example,

subtraction
are

the

comes

For

importance.

quantities

other

one

that

means

12.

always

quantities

indicated

which

For

is 36.

divided

of

outside,

the

when

being

signs

i)laced

inside.

obtained,

of

vinculum

result

result

The

brace,

bein^

that

all four

Hence,

1.

the

of

thus

being multiplied

order

2,

and

by 9,

put

must

in

signs,

plied
multi-

the

brace

-t-

signs indicating

the

equals

result

difference

the

-5-8}

Following
division

the

21}

"

use

division,

equals

10

-r-

to

would

and

Similarly,
10

this

tween
be-

8.

multiplication

3x4

and

For

difference

parenthesis

product

arithmetic,

multiplication,

2.

the

various

the

multiplied

9-21]

the

dividing

necessary

in

by

to

be

next,

stated

and

3]

-h

by

to

{[(20 -5-4-3)

2 +

outside.

required,

are

used,

are

next,

5)

"

brace

parenthesis

of

and

parenthesis

the

and

by 3,

way

brackets

placed

that

means

aggregation

from

been

sign

the

having

being

divided

be

brackets

example,

As

parenthesis

the

outside,

gation,

3]

of

signs

brackets,

brackets

the

-t-

avoid

usual

the

7.

needed,

are

to

be

and

plus 8,

as

would

9.

three

and

so

5 is to

and

20

If

used,

are

of

8)

aggregation

parenthesis,

(5 +

product

of

signs

117

the

placed.
which

of

is
an

neither

operation

sign
to

of
be

118

MENSURATION.

is

performed;

it

that

all

means

other

side.

on

of

in

Divide

the

pounds

per

the

of

area

is

This
will

is

(viz., the

of

area

rule

it

and
be

might

as

shall

we

rule

the

expressed

the

number

(in pounds
of

piston

This

quantity
by

of

of

area

strokes

for

the

would

**//,"

inch

square

the

single

letter

the

per

by

the

length

of

of

quantities
reduce

the

stroke,
are

tiplied
mul-

Hence,

by 33,000.

stroke

pressure
^

of

u\

inch)

square

X
,.

^n

(in feet)

strokes

shortened

aaa
^^'^"^"

by

effective

length

square

of

inches

**iV,**and

they

by representing

thus, representing

mean

in

that

the

qq

letter;

minute

per

quantities

strokes)

"*"

be

piston

occupy

(per minute)

the
**/',**

by

ness
clear-

as

follows:

number

could

expression

will

the

"

inches)

square

far

so

four

per

horsepower.

that

(in

feet^ the

of strokes

show

is divided

as

,.

area

t?i

little, if anything,

number

effective

mean

be the

follows:

as

show.

-._.

Horsepower

stroke

however,

will

result

the

the

formula,

pressure,
and

piston,

together,
the

as

the

effective
pressure

very

formula,

effective

the

and

rule,

of the

mean

will

result

The
space,

and

plained.
ex-

finding

stated

mean

length of

by expressing

less

the

of

be

the

be

25.

signs

now

for

rule

the

certain

to

it

on

(14" 9)

will

may

inches

simple

very

examination

An

the

in square

concerned.

deal

great

the

saved

be

inchy

by SSfiOO

which

product

square

piston

minute

per

continued

attention

all

to

2, 5X

well-known

the

equality

of

sign

themselves

steam-engine,

5"3

formulas

the

the

exactly equal

particular

consider

First,

it is

2=2,

called

formulas,

horsepower

of

side

example,

Having

in

is called

), and

one

For

342"
used

horsepower
in

pressure
stroke

in

by

**^,**

substituting

represent,

the

above

each

feet
the
these

pounds

by **Z,"
number
letters

expression

to

PY.Ly.Ay.N
//

33,000

much

simpler
is called

2i

and

shorter

formula.

expression.

This

last

sion
expres-

MENSURATION.

just

formula

The

that

ning,

multiplied

be

to

are

that,

when

them,

the

or

quantities represented
further

be

can

this

Bearing

simplified

tlic

being

always

with

in

they
and

understood
between

sign
letters

mind,

pressing
ex-

sij^n

when

number

no

these

by

fact

omit

to

adjacent

are

of

between

it

begin-

method

quantities

more

or

the

in

shorthand

quantity,

letters

two

multiplied.
g^ven

two

stated

we

however,

together,

representing

letter

really

between

multiplication

of

is

as

It is customary,

rule.

shows,

given

formula

118^

formula

the

be

to

are

just

to

PLAN
rr_
*

33,000
The

of

sign

between

multiplication, evidently,

two

or

however,

which

economize

2"3

placing

the

numbers

same

dot

as

542, 749,

and

1,000

i)ut the

dot

point.

1,000

indicates

be

multiplied

to

are

is

this

decimal

54:^.74'.).

3;

the

it is desired
lo

the

by

this,

to

and

when

it is usual

cases

sible
impos-

between

together,

position occupied

means

the

that

the

approach

mathematics

such

be

then

near

multiplied
on

In

space.

than

higher

in works

done

frequently

by

be

to

are

it would

as

numbers.

attained

be

may

numbers

Thus,

the

distinguish

to

to

numbers,

more

omitted

he

not

can

together.
is also

It

similar

expressions

{b-^-c) X

by

the

them

omitted

not

included

so

it

be

-\~ c)^
(/"'

(^ +
("'),

{b +

c) ^,

quantities

desired

is

to

are

-\- c\ \]

several

when

and

;3

r,

in

mullii)lication

Vl^

\/b +

of

sign

the

following:

vinculum,

quantities

the

is

sign

included

to

etc., writing

^,

The

etc.

omit

to

customary

indicate

to

multiplied

are

that

another

by

~b

For

quantity.
etc.,

are

Before

to

the

use

puzzle
of

is
who

one

what

^ +

3 X
as

here

used

by

printers

call

formula
it

encounters

rule,

formula

makers

superior

\^0 -\-c

a,

a^

printed.

mathematicians

what

-{-c

^',

further,

proceeding

that

device

apt

written

always

343*
other

example,

call
and

designate

will

we

makers
for

the

primes

inferior

explain
which

and
first

time

and

by

"

subs.,

characters.

quantities

one

the

is
it is
and
As

initial

MENSURATION.

118^

of

letters

the

volume

represent
This

in many

carry

throughout
the

primes

14.7

pressure

per

If

hand).

this

gauge

than

it

be

by

and

in pressure

that

initial
is

of three

thus, /'

or

to

absolute

/j
the

of

major

etc.

i).

sub.

fij.might

sub.

sub.

The

identifying
however^

it

the

the

sub.

gauge
the

the
to

represent

letters

have

quantity

is not

use

the
the

^auge

to

use

to

sent
repre-

usually

of

to

the

in

one

represent

prime

prime)

may

mark;
be

the

or

one).

sidered
con-

initial

figures

sub.

so

shall

this

engine,

the

sub.

sure,
pres-

How

do

or

of

small

beginning

thus,

Third,

by

i and

sub.

(read / second)^ /,,

pressure

of

advantage

represented;

convenient

the

P^ (read /

or

manner/"

same

is

pressure,

major

letters; thus, /^
In

major

always

absolute

may

of

is

by

boiler.

We

use

by

and

one

the

letter/

the

and

Second,

used

be

pressure

initial

the

represent

pressure.

use

at

prime

{vQ^Ap

P^ (read /

or

pressure

First, by

pressure:

the

at

pressure

still retain

and

ways

word

the

initial

the

represent

we

decide

there

at

represent

we

and

be

to

is not

pressure

boiler

sure
pres-

indicated

practice

represents

the

First,

pressure
we

ferent
dif-

at

gauge

shall

Further,

or

the

than

how

gauge

so,

between

pressure,

less

the

the

in

suppose

pressure.

gauge

"drop"

stroke,

Doing

letter.

/,

the

letter, and

two

steam,

pressure

absolute

pressure,

gauge

capital

(lower-case)

the

the

things.

barometer

sent
repre-

when

to

assumed

by/,

letter

same

different

to

the

when

sent
repre-

condenser.

equal

plus

(usually

Since

the

is

represented

pressure

greater

which

inch,

square

and

necessitates

applied
the

serves

letter

represent
as

inch

reading
per

but

the

same

etc.

represents.

mentioned,

and

square

the

practice

boiler

pressure,

barometer

pounds

the

word

pounds

the

by

the

the

by

above

name

is absolute
in

subs,

same

between

stages

this

it

farther,

nature

having

Now,

and

same

the

have

consider

there

the

thing.

the

quantities
Thus,

of

book, always

the
same

of

practice

itself

which

little

they

A,

by

letter

the

as

quantity

the

example,

by /, height

commended,

the

For

quantities.

pressure

identify

quantities

all

the
v^

be

to

cases

authors

use

by

is to

practice

Some

of

names

in

many

them,

in

at

or

release,

still further

instances,
which

case

MENSURATION.

primes

and

to

etc.,

superior

main

The

wAen

liable

are

thing

the

represent

like

all

timeSy

their

and

J,, their

that

same

bodies.

three

bodies

those

j^, and

ze/^,s^^ Z^, to

another

of

the

780";

2X

pounds,

.0951,

80";
the

then,

for

values

these

that

their

.0951

80

7.8

80";

and

final

temperature

w^,

80

the

cal
numeriindicated

zfj, j^, and

of

t^

s^, and

w^^

/,,

pounds,

Zg, 3 J

is, substituting

in

the
letters

the

and

s^^

letters

of

the

of

yalues

of

one

when

substitute

and

respective

the

to

perform

the

to

different

the

by

then

be

refer

formula

is to

suppose

and

1,

and

should

; etc.

above

required

letters,

respectively,

.1138, and

is

It

refer

all

/j,

temperature

subs,

body

the

apply

that

Thus,

pounds,

t^

different

/^, Z^, and

final

same

any

formula

three
and

the

subs,

or

the

together.

the

w^^

All

operations.

7.8

mixed

having

to

of

weights

eral
sev-

differ in

in

Thus,

quantities represented

the

values

are,

letters

easy

known.

are

which

those

represents

been

Thus,

very
of

values

have

occur

primes

same

specific heats;

while
;

bodies

noted

is

while

the

represent

w^

.y,,s^^ and

the

It

the

is that

student

letters

same

different quantities.

temperatures

after

having

letters

exponents.

w"

bodies;

the

p\ /', /', /",

the

by

in which

quantities

same

respect represent

w"

remembered

is given

formula

for

it is inadvisable

example,

mistaken

be

be

to

for

notation

prime

/'", Z**',/**, etc.

figures,
to

The

instead.

follows

as

use

they

as

used

are

continued

be

may

subs,

llSc

formula,

the

3j:X.1138

780

_
~

2
15.216

.0951

624

7.8

288.483

.1138

3ix

927.699
p
_

.1902

In

substituting
are,

the

of

7. 8 +

the

to

the

rule

""8.36005""

numerical

course,

multiplications

.36985

are

written

values,
in

performed

previously given.

the

their
before

plication
signs of multi-

proper

places

adding,

all

ing
accord-

118^/

MENSURATION.

formula

involving
and

with,

meet

student

The

344.

for

its

one

or

which

does

We

that

similar

Expressions

require

not

to

he

the

that
of

his

any

he

may

logarithms

attention

to

forgotten.

have

may

apply

to

use

call

sometimes

rrr

able

expressions

will, however,

facts

other

be

now

only algebraic

solution.
two

should

the

occur,

heavy

line

oOO

"25"

indicating

that

by dividing
be

by

660

impossible

If

the

lines
160

obtained

quotient

be

to

by

it

light

were

was

divided

be

to

by

both

whether

was

""

25

divided

be

25.

tell

to

whether

or

-TT^,

is to

160

divided
If

25.

would

by

this

latter

660

160

result

every

were

desired,

case

the

divided
In

the

like

expression

an

be

written

-"

it is

all above

that

In

-.

be

to

it.

all below

by

indicates

line

heavy

would

expression

the

following,

-"

r,

the

heavy

obO
M

line

is

not

175

660

is

that

operation

the

since

necessary,

required

7 -I,

it

is

impossible

to

be

performed.
175

660

..

"

.,
substitute
,

if

"

we

mistake

to

since

But,

660-

660

for

,
"

",

lA

the

heavy

line

becomes

clear.

resulting expression

in

necessary

order

make

to

the

Thus,

160

160

_16Q

_
""

"^

175

660

"""25
Fractional
radical

cube,

exponents

sign.
fourth

f^37, 4/37, etc.,

Should

etc.

be, indicates
to

be

raised

these

the

that
to

the

than
the

of

25

of

indicating

indicated

are

of

instead

used

quantity,

some

the

1, this

quantity

power

835

sometimes

instead

roots

numerator

other

quantity

some

etc.,

root,

660

25

are

is,

That

by

fractional

quantity,
affected

indicated

as

by

by
the

the

of

square,

37, by

4/37^

37^ 37^ 37^,

exponent

whatever
the

the

it

exponent

numerator;

be
may
is

the

MENSURATION.

denominator

it may

root;

may

also

cube

root

of

the

words, |/37*

(1 4-^' ^)*,a

will
of

some

give

now

the

several

4/(1 +

simpler

formulas

37,

index

the

examples

of

square

Likewise,

much

difficult

more

the

being

37^

written

We

denominator

Hence,

root.

of

^^'

^)*

expression.

showing
that

how

student

the

encounter.

may

The

1.

of

area

(or equal to)

in which

semicircle

of

area

=8.1416;

radius;

angle

and

=s

height

angle

long,

of

height

Solution.
vr^E

The

of

segment

arc

inches

is

radius

83.46",

50

feet, and
Solution.

long

^In order

"

side

feet

that

that

is 21

is 46

and

^..

2-(7.5-1.91)
=

inches,

square

which

of

the

area

the

sides

of

be

may

Ans.

nearly.
found

by
and

area,

of

means

^,

^,

and

feet

apply
long

long.

the
;

^,

Then

triangle

sides

whose

21

are

feet,

?
to

feet

inches

inches,

7.5

,"

in

is the

-"What

is 10

10

7.5^X83.46

triangle

lengths

just given,

360

18.018

any

ter
cen-

formula

the

the

chord

whose

segment

is

chord

3.1416

of

the

Example.

Ct the

from

,,

27.95

area

represent

side

of

area

following formula,

the

of

lines

"

formula

the

2(''-'*)

40.968

the

is 1.91

c,

than

less

segment.

by

^Applying

"

^="360

2.

of

subtended

segrment

is

that

by

by drawing

segment

is the

^What

expressed

extremities

of

chord

circle

segment;

the

"

is

obtained

ExAHPLB.

of

segment

any

to

46

the

in other
be

apply

of

37^, the

345"
to

index

written

be

the

the

writing |/37*for

of

instead

always

is

118^"

formula,
the

side

we

suppose
that

substituting

is 50
in

the

let
feet

long

formula,

sent
repre; and

MENSURATION.

118/

=r

25|/441

25

The

farther
the

is
been
the

19.312

than

was

46-foot

3.

The

least

load

had

side

and

the

and

been

will

cause

have

by

a^

c,

the

determining
column

long

mula
for-

would

by

for

to

last

represented

side

21-foot

order

The

answer

same

formula

that

pounds

in

done

was

extended

been

process.

side

the

Rankine-Gordon
in

the

50-foot

the

by ^,

; it

of

step

Ans.

have

examples

necessary

every

i/372.9375

25

feet, nearly.

above

perfectly general,

obtained

68.0625

square

in the

student

4/441

25

482.8

operations

much
show

8.25"

is

break

to

SA
P=

in which

load

ultimate
of

(pressure)
material
of

inches
^

/
G

and

of

the

material

least

of

inch)

square

column

the

in

column

(multiplier) whose

shape

composing

per

square

the

length

(in pounds

cross-section

factor

pounds;

strength

the

area

in

of

ends

the

radius

in

of

depends

the

the

composing

of column

value

upon
and

column

on

column;

inches;
of

gyration

of

cross-section

column.
The

in

books

which

Example.

iron
11

Solution.

.7854

columns

(14*"

5,
this

length,
For

"

A^

formula

20

and

steel,

the

11*), di and

load

diameter

feet,

area

d^

given

are

in

tables

printed

in

occurs.

least

outside

whose

G^

and

^,

is the

What

"

column

inches

Steel

of

values

is
ends

whose

that

150,000,

of

being

will
14
are

and

break

inches;

the

outside

hollow

wrought-

inside

diameter,

flat ?

cross-section,

the

and

for
-jr^-TrTrTr

.7854

inside

flat-ended

(^i*

"

d^a*)=

diameters,

MENSURATION.

IIS^'^

'

respectively;

20

12

24()

ami

inches;

(/*

'

'

'

-:

_.

^^.

in

values

these

Substituting

SA
P

formula,

the

.7^*"""t(14'

150.(HM)x

11")

i7j
8,":J5.750

150,000X58.905

."-^.".
=

Um'

4.

Example.

value

the

of

When

"

the

in

yl

/?

10,

following

,
'"^^"*'-^ ^ 1"'""^^^-

"

i-H.iitf3

8, cr=5,

and

^^"^-

I"

\,

"

is

what

/"'"'

(a) Substituting,

Solution."

C^nO
3,

to

denominator,

the

simplify

To

fraction

and

multiply

"

/
/

rosultinj^

/'jno

decimal

|^0.0G(""

jff=

the

have

/HiO

to

5, add
we

1")()
1";()

fraction

the

Simplifying?,

100

Reducing

by

4 and

the

square
10.

before

extrartin"?

1.S23.

Alls.

the

eube

root.

ifi)Substituting,

10-:,..'"".".!i

10-jx4+*^
10

4-

1.)

i)

,../,:Si
7 +

17.066+

10

345|"
has
of

"

always
the

In

sign

the

be

preceding

equality,

known

is

by

by

the

Ans.

the

from

by

all the

any
others

unknown

letters
wliich

letter
are

quantity

letter

single

possible, however,

represented

represented

the

pages,

while

values
It

.,
_^.^
J5.0()8+.

represented

found.

quantity

values

of

-h
=

|/4

the

been

represented
could

24.066
=

"

""-"

at

the

known.

the

find
a

the

right

required

to

in

at

the

have
values

value

formula,
For

left

if

of
the

example,

118A

MENSURATION.

let it be

required

having
to

develop

40

lb. per

find

to

piston

in., and

78. 54
if

in.

sq.

the

minute

per

in

effective

stroke

an

make

must

mean

of

length

the

strokes

many

of

area

horsepower,

60

sq.

how

order
is

pressure

ft.

gine
en-

substi-

By

PLAN

tuting

the

formula

in the

values

given

//'=

40

XiV

78.54

XljX

'

33,000
in which

the

Ny

it is evident

But

of

number
that

expression
40X

,.^
equality

of

sign

equal

is

is to

strokes,

the

be

found.
the

on

liX

78.54^^

,^^--.

to

have

we
,

00,000

right
,,

of

the

iv

fraction

a
,

00,000
whose

is

numerator

numerator

to

single

number

multiplications,

we

obtain,

If 60

N,

then

equals

.119

of

composed

factors.

the

Reducing

by performing
after

indicated

the

canceling,

equals

60

divided

by

119

hence,

fiO

N=

""

of

method

The
unknown

in

is

procedure

quantity

Thus,

revolutions

504.2

-r

in

occurs

theforinula/=

1.25
^^^
o I 0

if

60^

hence,

equal

must

_
"

375,

the

A=9,

4,500

numerical

S, ^=10,

^~

d^

2.

^o

by

divided

then

r,

by 375,

375

FOR

values
^

3,

of
and

4,500;

r=

'

or

i(^i"i).
=

ce

12.

=
4

PRACTICE.

in

the

following

formulas,

when

^=2:

Ans.

Ans.

x^\\.

40*

1.25,

divided

BXAMPLBS

formula.

Find

the

4,500

_
"

equals 4,500

375

of

that/=

But

when

same

substituting,

Then,

60.

the

denominator

suppose

and

essentially

the

minute.

per

^.

'

ir."

MENSURATION.

5.

Ans.

Ae

.r^29.

5
Ans.

.r

2.

/""-r"
Ans.

r^i'j.

.1"

-*"

"

/y^:^/
6.

Ans.

jr

.1

:.\m-\-.

(^-9
MENSURATION.
346*

Mensuration

and

surfaces,

angles,

direction

AND

line

points
line

The

direction

curved

the

349.

each

(see
so

351*

352.

5)
any

is

one

not

distant

1.

Fir..

^Z.

Fig.

;j.

to

incline

are

from

to

it

when

4)

vertical

towards

meets

it

towards

center
as

horizontal

that

makes

vertical

line.

is

line

the

known

is also

and

Pk;.

side.

either

points

(Fig. 3)

perpendicular

Fig.

as

2.

points.
is

line

3.

of

plumb
line

right

Fk;.

4.

Fig.

5.

that

one

the

its
one

its

letters,

Fig.

equally

line

that

distin^uisli

lines

more

ABC,

are

all

Curved

or

lines

at

350.

three

by

Parallel

other

another

change

called

changes

point.

line

which

those

be

line

every

designated

are

on

curved

at

lines,

treme
ex-

letters.

by

1 would

Fig.

To

not

B.

348*

as

in

shown
A

line

the

designated

does

length.

its two

another,

are

that

one

its whole

from

of

measurement

ANGLES.

is

line

straight

throughout

straight

the

solids.

LINES

347.

of

treats

earth,

line.

(see Fig.
angle

with

120

MENSURATION.

An

353.
intersect

is the

angrie
the

meet;

or

of

point
of

the

line.

the

the

at

is

vertex

stands

angle

an

angle, only

angle

referred

and

in

as

ABD^

line

each

on

formed

called

\^

at

line

formed,

mistaken

need

be

used.

simply

as

the

A;

the

When
for

Thus,

any
the

angle B,

the

meets

between

angles, ABC
which

-D

called

are

angles.

adjacent

middle.

the
be

designated

point

in

not

can

letter

be

Fig. 7, two

are

it

vertex

straight

one

straight

its ends,

the

might

to

If

another

point
angle

angle

the

or

placed

that

so

C,

always

alone

other

354.

and

vertex

6.

angle
letter

the

Fig. 6,

lines

the

which

distinguished

are

and

vertex

in

Thus,

the

by

Angles

angle.

lines

two

is called

meeting

by naming

Fig.

between

opening

Fig.

When

366.
A

Cand

8, they

D^

called

are

adjacent

these

7.

equal,

are

rigtit

angles,

as

in

Fig.

angles.

-^
Fia

An

366.
a

8.

Fig. 9, is

ABC,

right angle.

is less

angle

acute

than
acute

an

angle.
9.

Fig.

An

357.

358.
bounded

by

is

obtuse

circle

curved

every

from

than

point

an

line,
of

point within,

right angle.

(see Fig.
called

which
called

is greater

angle

obtuse

(Fig. 10)

angle.

II)

is

the
is

figure

ference,
circum-

equally
the

tant
dis-

center.

fig.

11.

1*^

MENSURATION.

An

369*

of

arc

circumference;

its

sidered

divided

be

to

called

arcs,

b^ Fig.

every

into

300

degrees;

into

divided

of

circumference

The

and

thus

of

part

any

1*^, is

an

circle.

the

of

arc

is

circle

is

minute

every

con-

parts,
is

degree

\^

or

^^

sub-

-'''
*^'"

called

^"

minutes,

divided

again

is

equal

every

equal parts,

GO

circle

into

equal

GO

called

parts,

seconds.

Since

is

degree

"-"

of

any

will

be

it f()ll()\vs that

circumference,

oOO

of

length

the

degree
viz.
,

the

but

sizes,

of

-^T"

different

of

proportion

the

of

will

dillVrent

of

in circles

length

circumference

whole

the

to

("f

arc

an

the

be

always

one

same,

circumference.

the

360

", ', '.

and

minutes,

Degrees,

14

degree

the

Thus,
and

minutes,

The

360*

seconds

37"

expression

44

denoted

are

14'

44^

is

symbols

the

by
read

dci^nccs,

Wl

seconds.
of

arcs

circles

An

angle
of

circle

the

B.

is

/'V)*

the

the

at

measured

bv

its

arc

If

angles.

measure

its vertex

between

Fig. 13,
O

to

having

included

used

are

sides;

the

in

angle

the

arc

thus,

measures

arc

ter
cen-

^20^

contains

20
or

"

of

FOB
Fig.

angle
In

A
be

B,

18.

of 20"
the
the

14'

if

adjacent

90" ; two

or

the

20"

line

equal

360".

it

18%

four

One-half

be

drawn

*20'^ ; if it

would

be

an

is

therefore,

circle

will

the
which

will

angle

an

of

be

'"
"

right
of

to

of

each

measured

are

perpendicular
and

equal,

angles,

right angle,

and

of

angle

an

14'

Dho,

will

angles

right angles

circumference,

be

angle

etc.

four

into

right angle.
or

18%

the

circumference,

would

contained

figure,

divided

the

angles
a

by
by

180",
the

right angle,

half

or

ference,
circum-

whole
dis

the

B^

is

an

122

MENSURATION.

of

angle

45".

angle

of

than

90".

An

angle

acute

less than

and

90",

values

These

obtuse

an

defined

be

now

may

angle

as

of

one

and

important,

are

as

an
more

should

be

remembered.
36

From

it will

foregoing

the

"

of
of

is

formed

180".

right angles,

of

number

any

the

of

sum

through

of

right angles,

the

angles

right angles,

two

on+FOE

or

COB
of

given point

360".

be

drawn,

formed

angles

intersection
or

all

the

at

Fig. 14, angles

c+E

lines

straight

all the

points

the

side

same

meet

of

to

in

Thus,

line

sum

equal

the

ber
num-

180".

or

if

Also,

362.

the

if

that

on

straight

point,

same

lines

straight

given

evident

be

about
four

equals
in

Thus,

Fig. 15,

anglesHOF+FOC+COA+AOG
+
=

GOE
four

in the

In

"

being
Solution.

"

equal

together

with

12

how

arms,

the

between

equally

spaced

BOB'

360".

or

fly-wheel,

included

angle

DOB

right angles,

Example.

arms

EOD

of

lines

center

degrees

many

two

any

there

are

the

arms,

Since

there

360".

Hence,

12

are

angle

one

there

arms,

equals

angles,

are

12

of

360",

or

which
30".

=
^

Ans.

BXAMPLBS

1.
2.

How
How

amount

8.

in 32"

seconds

many

degrees,

many

PRACTICB.

FOR

Ans.

14' 6' ?
do

seconds

and

minutes,

How

right angles

many

in

there

are

of

angle

an

In

between
5.

If

given
six

If

with

pulley

the

10', what
6.

center

does
a

point,

lines
line

straight

one

its adjacent
of

number
all

equal angles,

being
how

what

five arms,
of

any

angle

many

the

equal
lines

same

degrees

side
are

of

so

as

to

form

of

of

is included

angle

given

the

there

given

in

each

line

straight
line,

angle

so

of

159"

Ans.
a

2'.

right angle.

an

?
meet

43'

right angle

Ans.

arms

another

meets

straight
on

two

part

10"

If right angles.

Ans.

4.

170"

sec.

seconds

38,582
Ans.

to

116,046

as

to

Ans.

20"
50'.
at

form
30".

1 T.\

MENSURATION.

QUADRILATERALS.
A

363*

bounded

surface

364.

by straight

There

four

are

the

rectangle,

of

kinds

whose

quadrilateral

angles

and

the

is

(Fig. IG)
all

are

the

parallelograms:

rliombus,

rectangle

whose

posite
op-

parallel.

are

366.

is

parallelogram

sides

by

lines.

365*

the

nquarc,

rbomboicl.

gram
parallelo-

right angles.
iMG.

367.

whose
and

equal

are

angles

whose

the

rectangle

length.

same

opposite
and

parallel,

right angles.

not

are

is

(Fig. 18)

rliomb"ld

parallelogram

sides

all of

are

is

16.

17.

368.
a

(Fig. IT)

square"

sides

whose

FIG.

flat

or

bounded

figure

plane

plane

lines.

curved
is

of

part

any

or

quadrilateral

straight

four

is

figure

plane

369.
is

in,,

sides,

and

(Kig.

rhombus

parallelogram

ih.

having

whose

angles

ID)

equal
not

are

right angles.
Pia

370.
a

18.

which

quadrilateral

of its sides
371.

The

lines

372.
it is

has

only

is

two
^

parallel.

The

supposed

of

altitude

distance
dotted

(Fig. 20)

trapea^old

in

between

Figs.
base
to

the

18, 19,
of

stand.

anj^

""Tunjo"
is

parallelogram

parallel sides,
and

as

the

dicular
perpen-

shown

by

the

20.

plane figure

is the

side

on

which

124

MENSURATION.

373*

The

unit

squares

of

its side.
is the
and

of

unit

area

of

incliy

is called

Rule

44.

Note.
the

to
and

either

altitude

Example.

inches

base

and

together,

10.25

Example.

shape
length,

What

"

of

Solution.

"

is to

The

base

in

rods,

be

each

in

line

are

in.

feet
until

inches.

to

iron

it contain

each

are

10^-

reduced

to

decimal.

Multiplying

them

Ans.
of

rods
is

piece

rods

be

of land

long,

reduc^

to

the

who6e

feet

feet.

200

in

and

side, is 200

altitude

the

should

this

to

and

feet

reduced

be

given in
together

mensuration.

inches.

which

rods

200

the

side

foot

base

the

or

when

perpendicular

is 8

be

sheet

does

square

of

must

of
of

10.25
sq.

side

should

feet,

piece

inches

area

on

square

multiplied

be

to

inches

105.06+

one
a

square

is called

foot

altitude

base

subject

the

10.25

is the

on

the

altitude.

and

not

square

base

reduced

are

rhomboid,

measured

answer

inches

10.25

and

of

side

and

the

by

could

square

altitude
X

side,

parallelogram

is, if the

they

of

many

10^

"

the

been

sides

How

foot,

were

one

inch

any

base

throughout

The

long.

Solution.
The

had

holds

"

of

that

inches,

altitude

the

number

ft.

sq.

the

on

measures

Square

area

units;

in

length,

the

number

for

square

in

by

each

the

inch

that

and

the

of

unit

the

unit

on

be

one

multiplying,

kind

principle

would

one

Multiply

"

Before

"

same

the

This

find

To

If the

unit

etc.

in.

sq.

number

1 inch

1 foot

foot.

to

inch,

expressed

contain.

the

square

is 1

be

measures

and

the

by

having

measures

would

surface

that

square

unit

measure

contain,

square

expressed

square

sides

whose

it would

given

it would

375*

if the

would

the

abbreviated

is the

surface

inches
square

The

of

is

contain.

square

each

area

the

surface

example,

square

square

feet

unit

For

the

of

it will

374.

of

area

As

rods.

the

Redu-

QQ

cing

200
rd.

sq.

16i

-^

To

Rule

12.12

rods.

Hence,

area

8 X

12.12

96.96

the

Multiply

"

area

one

of

trapezoid

-half

the

sum

of the parallel sides

altitude.

Example.

feet

find

45.

the

inches

-i-

Ans.

376.

by

200

wide

does

"

the

at

the

board

board

14

other.

contain

feet
If
?

long
the

is 20

ends

are

inches

wide

parallel,

at

how

one

end
many

and

square

16

125

MENSURATION.

Solution.
inches
of

feet.

1|

One-half

"

dimension,
Rule

46.

Example.

What

and

212

occupies

many

engine

space

the

feet

square

Solution."

is 22

3 feet

by

outer

bearing,

of

feet

12

Area

of

Area

of fly-wheel

Area

of

outer

feet.

of

12

sq.

ft.

8 sq.

f t.

2 X

bearing

2 X

"56

704

56

"

Example.

four
the

and

feet

square

How

"

sides

the

648

many

ceiling

windows,
baseboard

of

16

room

feet,
6 inches

coming

Solution.

and
above

doors,

the

of ceiling

Area

of end

walls

Area

of

walls

above

side

862

sq.

16

20

320

sq.

ft.

2(16

H)

352

sq.

ft.

2(20

H)

440

sq.

ft.

sq.

ft

800

rods

long

Solution."
rods

in

one

all,

over

acre,

112

sq.

ft.

Doors

3(9

4)

108

sq.

ft.

width

feet

to

of
be

square

acres

many
520

800x520

number

doors

three
deducted

112

feet

to

be

(72
+

12)

"

108

plastered

X
30
=

r^

30

250

1,112

sq.

ft.

sq.
"

ft.

250

Ans.

yd.

and

the

4)

sq.

How

"

1,112

the

deducted

area

4(7

of

95

or

Example.

land

9x4

number

ft.,

having

high,
feet

cover

Windows

of

number

Hence,

be

must

less

Baseboard
Total

to

"

Area

Total

From

it take
feet

11

each

floor

the

ft.

Ans.

and

feet

20

three

sq.

plaster will

of

yards

ft.

sq.

704

flooring required.

square

7x4

each

of

32

How

?
ft.

pit

22

room

feet.

sq.

12

the

2 feet

of

space

36

3 X

room

by

engine-bed

of engine

feet

for

required

Total,
Area

212

cases:

The

fly-wheel pit,

space

engine-bed

special

32

by

; the

be

is

area

Ans.

few

feet

will

flooring

whose

illustrate

room

one

dimension.

given

8 feet.

-^

and

parallelogram

26^ feet

is

212

of

examples

of

feet, and

26^

-f-

An

"

width

altitude

the

to

18

"

jr

parallelogram

the

by

"

Ans.

dimension

area

length

following

Example.

is the

whose

Solution."

The

the

of

area

other

Divide

"

"

feet

square

the

the

ft.

sq.

corresponds

board

31

sides

parallel

the

the

li

given

find

to

of

14 X

Hence,

of

sum

length

Having

377.

by

The

trapezoid.

the

rods

are

wide

416,000
of

acres

in

contained

rectangular

tract

of

?
sq.
=

rd.

Since

416,000

-r-

there
160

are

2, 600

160
acres.

square
Ans.

120

MENSURATION.

EXAMPLES

1.

What

inches,

is the

and
A

2.

roof

square

How

5.

of

and

How

12

the

of

rate

How

at

$1.80

one

square

feet
wide

of

3^ X

10

room

feet,

mile

plastering
feet

and

windows

3|

feet

high

feet,

An

having

one

Fig.

see

plane figure having

of

An

of

is

is any

The

side

any

tains
con-

baseboard

53.5

three

yd.

sq.

sides.

equal;

triangle
all

of

its

length.

same

having

fig.

of

two

no

22.

triangle (Fig. 23)

scalene

its sides

is

equal.

triangle (Fig.

rlslit-ansrled

triangle

opposite

having
the

right angle.

one

right angle

is called

tiypotenuse.
In

room

23.

24)

sides

having

one

the

one

382.

its

equilateral

381.

Fig.

the

is

triangle

isosceles

two

(Fig. 22)
sides

case.

for

21.

380.

21.

; the

at

TRIANGLE.

is

triangle

ft.
feet

each

required

and

at

much

$8,976 in
be

ft.

sq.

and

How

will

15

long

foot

square

per

240
15

wide

Ans.

Ans.

15

three

long, 18 inches

sidewalk

1,8401b.

Ans.

of

contains

Ans.

379.

the

end

floor

high?

378.

roofing

weight

feet

of

yards

lay
cents

yard

square

12

other

to

20

THE

Fig.

total

ft.

sq.

tin

by

the

the

side

other

board

the

at

of

rate

per

in

the

If

ft.

16

of

it cost

the

square

walls
door

length

inches

many

and

ceiling

8 inches

is

what

foot;

n;ieasures

is the

would

much

wide,

room

many

6 inches

6.

size, is covered

in

is 84

21

Ans.
side

end,

one

base

whose

Ans.

square

per

rhombus

feet

80

by

pound

feet, what

4.

is 3 feet

feet

of

One

3.

roof, 46

PRACTICE.

feet

square

altitude

one-half

weighing
the

area

whose

flat

FOR

in

triangle

the

of

sum

the

25,
C

the

two

if

Hence,
are

or

of

sum

equals

angles equals

three

right angles,

Fig.

24.

fig.

any
given

180".
the

the

third

angles,

right

angles

two

and

angle

in

Thus,

Fig.
and

angles A, By

it

25.

find

two

is

180".

or

of

required

angle
trito

127

MENSURATION.

Rule

47.

their

Example.

If

"

does

what

2.880'
47

16'

H-

60'

2,896'

2,820'

180"

180

60

reduce

48"

180"

10,800'

Adding

reduced

to

10,800

subtract

angle.

and

50'

47"

tively,
respec-

48"

the

2,880';

50'

5.766';

Reducing

and

together,
2,870'

nience
conve-

47"

manner,

2,896'

5.034'.

60

angles

two

minutes,
=

48

like

In

for

minutes,

to

angles.

5,766

16'

50'

2,896'.

2,870'.

48"

47"

the

16'

third

be the
=

and

and

16'

48"

hence,

50'

equal

subtracting

from

subtracting

angle

and

adding

in

will

triangle

third

the

First

Solution."

of

angles

two

given angles^

two

result

the

180";

from

sum

together the

Add

"

last

this

5.034
number

and

degrees

to

minutes.

83|J"

83"

Hence,

54'.

the

60

third

in

angle

the

In

383.

the

and

is

angles

evident

that

angles
90".

the

result

48.

if in

will

Example.

ABC,

If

"

is

angle,

known,

30",
30"

"

known

to

angle,

does

60".

Ans.

y^, of

third

be

formed

the

first

ABC,

E
E^

(1)

Side

side

(2)

Side

side

DE=

(3)

Side

side

E=

of

equal

side,

the

to

the

will

be

line

second
sides

triangle
will

side

formed

side

side

side

line

C,

we

portional
pro-

drawn

triangle
shall

have

side

C; and,

side

C; also,

side

of

triangle

Ehe,
the

and

be
sides

in the

Thus,

if the

drawn

be

corresponding

triangle.

triangle

triangle, parallel

whose

Fig. 27,

parallel
27.

sides

the

right-angled

straight

two

to

the

angle

the

If

through

will

90''; the

angle from

acute

as

what

to

26.

angle.

acute

384.

Fig.

or

Fig.

the

acute

one

"90"

acute

right-angled

any

other

one

is

angle:

Fig. 26, equals

Solution.

it

two

but

be

can

all

of

right

Subtract

be the

there

triangle

angles,

angle

acute

"

Ans.

sum

the

one

acute

other

Rule

of

sum

equal

one

54'.

the

right

two

Therefore,

triangle
find

since

the

must

83"

right-angled

any.

angle,

right

triangle

C,

'

MENSURATION.

128

ExAHPLB."

does

in, l{

Fig.

In

2i.

for

the

18, and

Writing

"

.^i":8

wbence^Z'

24:18!

values

these

sides

in

?^^

of

sum

described

yl
the

sides
find

Rule

right

angle

each

of

in

the

nuse
hypotethe

to

sum

described

upon
B

and

C.
the

given

having
right-angled

rightsquare

the

equal

is

28.

triangle,

hypotenuse:

the

49.

Square

"

add

angle;

the

is

sides

Hence,

forming

then

squares

the
^

Fig.

upon

two

triangle,

B,

at

described

!''"!"

other

liABC,

angled

equal

squares

the

right-angled

of

the

upon

sides.
a

is

hypotenuse

the

to

right-angled

any

thesquaredescribed

the

on

Ans.

10|.

In

triangle,

the

S, whit

(1),

385.

to

equal?

Solution.

two

Z"

the

the
and

together,

squares

sides

the

forming-

take

the

right
of

root

square

sum.

Example.

If

of

the
So

hypotenuse

LUT

the

V'"+

10

If

the

found

Rule

50.

of

square

the

the

inches.

what

inches,

is

the

length

given
of

sum

3'

sides,
and

16,

and

4'

16.

hypotenuse

the

Ans.

and

side

one

are

given,

the

other

side

follows:

as

Subtract

the

"

the

jBC

of

of

root

square
=

inchesand

each

hypotenuse

be

can

Ci

1/2S

"Squaring

I OK.

Taking

"

hypotenuse,

of the

square
and

given

the

extract

side

from
of

root

square

the
the

remainder.

Example,"
what

is the
Solution."

Ans.

The

side
of

length
3'

the

given
other

9-, 5'-25.

is 3 inches,
side
25-9

the

is

hypotenuse

Inches

16.

and

the

Vl6

inches.

MENSURATION.

Example.
is to be

If

"

attached

feet from

the

supposed

to

the rope

be

have

the

to

base

level), what

In

"

high

be

The

7,225.

as

base
in

of

D,

the

of

Rule

51.

in

product by
Example.

"

feet, and

29,725

is

aline,
the

the

angle
C,

the

to

Fig.

Fig.

30,

or

31.

straight

be

drawn,

opposite

corners

it
into

BandD

of

parallelogram,
Hence,
the

or

to

base

will

equal

in

Fig.

one-half

the

product

by the

What

is the

whose

altitude

in square

area

is 7 feet

feet
inches

of

the

of

find
area

Rule

dimension.

189^
the

52.

"

9 inches

altitude
base

Multiply

7|

feet

feet.

69f square

the

and

the

triangle
divide

and

triangle

base

or
or

altitude

the

area

-j-

whose

base

31

one-half

of

2,

7 feet

Solution."

one-half

of any

altitude^

The

32.

equal

area

the

triangles,

will

the

two

divide

triangle

find

the

connecting

two

each

called

line,

diagonal,

Multiply

"

150*=

base

in

as
as

altitude!

the

and

t60

7?, and

from

the

area

of

area

we

altitude

drawn

parallelogram

Picas.

the

Here

7,225

triangle

3isA

To

roj^e
is 85

of

the

parallelogram

is 18

which

ground,

from

at

perpendicular

extended,

any

feet

The

base,

the

hif^h.

Ans.

opposite

base

feet

being

length

rope.

22.500

vertex

the

85

square

of any

the

the

represents

the

feet, nearly.

172.4

stake

hypotenuse.

386.

If

the

triangle, right-angled

right-angled

1^29,725

and

steeple,

the

22.500; of C i9, 85"

to

in

stake

is 150

(the ground

must

29,

Fig.

feet

is the

top, and

of

which

steeple

steeple, 150
of

church

the

to
center

Solution.

foot

from

129

31

feet.

18

-j-

139^, and

Ans.

of

triangle, having

given

and

given

by 2^

divide

by

the

MENSURATION.

130

Example.

metal

What

"

100

contain

to

Solution.

100

be

must

200

; 200

-4-

BXAMPLBS

2.

of

size
3.

the

One

of the

ladder

is 25

feet

5.

the

to

and

Letter

the

write

text,

is 18

base

whose

feet

equal

94.5

100"

triangle

20"

equals

the

to

wall

is the

high
through

49'

Ans.

and

then,

existing

between

60

line

55'.

its foot

when

draw

is

What
69^

sides

two

wall

of its

lines,

different

of

top

is

79'' 56'.

5'.

Ans.

ft.

sq.
What

4'.

10'

and

long,

Ans.

proportions

the

out

PRACTICB.

reaches

How

triangle,

base.

Ans.

long

sheet

Ans.

inches.

triangle together

angle

wall.

the

Draw
the

to

feet

long

acute

65

20

inches

is 10

base

of

triangular piece

right-angled

other

from

scalene

10

triangle

6 inches

angle

of

angle

size
4.

third

the

of

feet

of

angles

Two

the

FOR

area

is 10

altitude

whose

the

is the

What

1.

if

inches,

square

of

height

the

without

ft.

lel
paral-

referring
of

sides

the

the

triangles.

two

6.

the

triangle

of

weigh

per

7.

The

inches,

How

foot

does

is the

long

its

and

24

weighs

height

feet, how

If

pounds.
much

base

metal

the

does

square

measure

hypotenuse

inches.

If the

2 lb.

altitude

is

triangle

92

are

feet

and

feet

69

Ans.

8 in.

Ans.

right-angled

base

the

Ans.
is 16

triangle

of

metal

sheet

the

sides

Two

feet

of

area

what

8.

is 4

square

of

piece

triangular

long.
ft

115

POLYGONS.
A

387.
lines.

The

than

four

and

the

sides

sides.

of

with

one

all of

sides

of

lengths

is

polygon

angles

Hexagon.

of

are

sides

etc.
are

shown

five

sides

tiexagon;

the

straight

figure having
called

are

sides

Regular
Fig.

more

the
is

sides,

called

which

called
of

Octagon.

polygons
33.

in

one

is
one

Heptagon.

in

by

the

all of

the

equal.

Fig.

tagon,

all

bounded

polygon.

polygon

six

Pentagon.

the

to

lines

bounding

regular

389.

the

the

figure

plane

usually applied

The
of

sum

A
and

is

term

perimeter
388.

is

polygon

In

seven

pentagon;

sides

Decagon.

tiep-

Dodecagon.

33.

having
any

from

polygon,

five
the

to
sum

twelve

of

all

MENSURATION.

the

interior

180"

angles, slsA+B+C+D

multiplied
than

less

the

of

of sides

less two

gon.
poly-

of

of

one

any

regular polygon

Multiply

"

is two

in the

size

the

angles

53.

sides

of

ISO""

the

by

divide

and

E, Fig. 34, equals

which

number

find

to

interior
Rule

by

number

Hence,
the

131

ber
num-

the

result

the

by
will

number

the

be

number

Example.
in

there

If

"

is

in

regular

angle

-5-

in

five

are

to

column

cut

what

"^f
the

Pjq

angle.

the

this

one,

the

with

saw

let

Now,

which

in

fit around

to

the

of

pieces
column.

the

equal

180

side

of the

is one-half

angle

then,

miter-box

run

the

across

run

saw

molding

of

angles
of

sides
720

720,

size

polygon

by

6 ; 6

miter-box,
A

is

BO

but,

the

as

angle

interior

the

angle
is

polygon

ABC,

-j-

and

they

as

the

find

the

and

CD,

BC,

AB,

First

Number
4

the

represent

should

saw

the

il/ TV

gon.
hexa-

regular

35

4; hence,
each

of

should

the

rule.

above

3 and

miter-box

molding

Fig. 35, let

In

"^f ^h"

^^^

"

fit around

will

make

to

of

shape

angle

represent

etc.

are

Ans.

the

having

Solution."

j^\""T-- ^2)

degrees

sides; hence,

strip

miter-box

the

V^^

angle.

many

is desired

It

"

which

At

//

how

angle.

each

Example.
in
a

34.

fig.

interior

pentagon,

there

108"

each

pentagon

; 540

540

34

Fig.

In

"

quotient

the

of degrees

interior

each

Solution.
180

sides;

of

which

"

in

120*^

tion
direc-

the

by

made

regular

have

we

120

found
with

to
the

be

120".

The

390"
be

may
center

found

find

the

Rule

54.

by half

the

center^

of

area

product will

lines

"

and

angle,

triangle

and

regular

any

by drawing

of

area

at

run

an

angle

of

-^

60"

any

distance

the

from

area

from

the

computing

the

regular

product

be the

polygon

formed.

thus

Multiply

that

should

saw

miter-box.

the

each

to

of each

area

to

of

side

the

Hence,

Hence,

polygon

length of
the

by

the

side

to

side

A^^^C

the

number

of the figure.

of

Fig.

sides.

36.

The

last

132

MENSURATION.

In

Example."

and

inches

Fig. 36

distance

the

side

the

(9 is

10.4

oi

regular

the

inches;

is

hexagon
the

required,

of

area

12

the

polygon.
10.4

Solution."

-*-

12

6.2;

5.2

374.4

the

dividing
triangles

and

compute

the

of

area

Fig.

find

to

the

into

polygon

of

areas

these

and

rately;
sepa-

will

sum

the

be

figure.

of the

area

Fy and

are

E,

FG
of

altitudes

and

the

and

in

polygon

G.

and

BC

EF,

Let

above.

line

the

triangles

the

of the

lengths

the

C F
into

FC

polygon

the

and

figure

rectangle

the

figures

indicated

as

the

E, dividing

to

diagonals

the

Draw

"

perpendicular
B

onals
diag-

37.

Solution.

the

draw

87.

It is required

"

the

of

area

quadrilaterals,

their

Example.

the

irregular polygon,

any

Fig.

Ans.

obtain

To

391.

in.

sq.

it be
sides

FG
B

F,

supposed

that

DG^

and

B,

Then,

16X7
Area

56

sq.

in.

35

sq.

in.

140

sq.

in.

45

sq.

in.

14X5
Avedi

BCF

Total

area

Area

7^Ci"

Area

FG

56

-|- 35

(7
E

-|- 140

How

276

sq.

Ans.

in.

PRACTICB.

in

there

are

"

FOR

degrees

many

10

^^

"

45

BXAMPLBS

1.

14

of

one

the

of

angles

2.

Find

the

3.

long,

polygon

dimensions

CDEF

of

area

one

regular
side

to

heptagon,
the

sides

whose

being

center

621

4.

At

fit around

pentagon?

what
the

angle
edge

should

of

the
table

saw

run

top, made

in

in

miter-box
the

shape

to

58.1

ia

sq.

strips

cut

of

in.

4 inches

are

Ans.

the

sq.

inches

4.15

posing
sup-

IJ times

to

Ans.
a

135".

(see Fig. 37),

increased

be

to

figure.

from

distance

the

given

the

is the

What
the

the

in

given

of

area

of

each

length

regular

Ans.

octagon?

to

regular

Ans.

54".

I'M]

MENSURATION.

THE

392.

bounded

by

curved

line,
of

point

every
from

(Fig.

circle
a

CIRCLE.

is

38)

the

called

which

is

called

point within,

figure

ference,
circum-

tant
dis-

equally

the

center.
Fi";.

The

diameter

line

passing

393*

straight
and

terminated

of

thus, A
of
Fig.

40),

The

circle, A

of

radius

straight

line

drawn

The

ter.

An

two

straight
thus,
of
a

the

the
e

is any

41)

41.

line

is

ctiord

points

in

circle

of

eter
diam-

^[

in

t-

diame-

of

is

radius

Fig.

circle

of

arc

part

of

40.

the

line

whose

it is

or

of

extremities

is

b^ Fig. 42,

(see

/;,Fig.

joining

line

straight

circle

its circumference.

circumference

joining

straight

{Y'\g,

equal

all radii

395.

any

is

(Fig. 39)

cumference
cir-

the

equal.

are

396*

center

by

center

the

plural

and

radlly

is

one-half

to

the

It

length

Pig.

from

circumference.

the

to

circle.

89.

394.
is

the

the

ends

is

circle

through
both

at

3s.

arc

an

chord

corresponding

arc

is

b.

Fig.

An

397.
whose
a

and

Thus,

scribed
the

in

angle,
arc

sides

Fig.
and

ADC,

43,

it is

one

circumference

one-half

by

is

ans:le
the

on

whose

measured

arc.

half

lies

vertex

circle,

is

Inscribed

4)2.

of
It

are

chords.

the

intercepted

measured

is

an

by

inone-

MENSURATION.

134

Example.

of

Since

"

the

BCis

of

angle

an

If

398*

is

hence,

by

circumference.

the

circumference,

it is measured

angle,

of

360^

the

ABC?

angle

inscribed

an

or

oi

DC=l

72"

The

therefore,

angle

72".

circle

is divided

and

semicircle,

arc.

360"

arc

inscribed

the

angle

intercepted

the

43, the

Fig.

circumference

whole

in

measurement

Solution.
one-half

If

"

is the

what

into

is called

is

circumference

half

each

half

each

halves,

called

semi-circumference.

Any

one-half
2

-^

An

399.

sides

sides

The

of

of

the

have

they

circle, and

the

as

ADC

in

semicircle.

lie

vertexes

on

45.

agon
hex-

radius

circle.

the

If, in

circle, a

any

to

in

halves)

C, Fig. 40,

the

radius

chord.
is

perpendicular

to

circle, and
of

one

two

of

parts

the

Solution.

it is

since

which

the
is

an

of

lengths
of

perimeter

the

the

gon
penta-

has

sides,

all the

pentagon,

of

perimeter

the

sides

and

of

are

pentagon,

around

distance

the

five

it,

equals

or

46.

length

of

inscribed

perpendicular
the

regular

equals

perpendicular

the

pentagon

lengths;

equal
Fig.

B,

"

inscribed

be

drawn

are

side, the

inches

27

being

what

sides,

D=

pentagon
is

radius

45.

AB,

regular

a
a

the

chord

the

If

"

Fig.

radius

to

Example.
a

(cuts

if the

Thus,

in

pendicular
per-

it bisects

chord,

any

drawn

be

equals

180"

or

whose

regular

length

same

by

right angles,

are

whose

one

Fig.

inscribed

an

is

is

measured

angles

inscribed

are

slsABCDE,

chords,

are

Fig. 44,

polygon

of

the

Thus,

ABC,

Inscribed

circumference

the

90".

since

44.

is

it

semicircle

semi-circumference,

and
Fig.

since

right angle,

in

inscribed

angle

to

length
to

it.

the

sum

one

side

of
=

of

each

bisects
of

27
its

pentagon,
chord

all

the

it,

-5-

sides,

the
5

5f inches.

sides
we

parts

5J
the

-?-

side,

inches.

fore,
There-

Since

chords,

are

have
of

27

is

cut

the

and

2^
by

as

inches,
a

radius

gon
pentaradius
which

pendicular
per-

MENSURATION.

If, from

400.
a

perpendicular

vide
which

will

be

the

the

That

other.

between

Fig. 47,

any

point
C

D:

between

If
H

circle,

/A.

or

feet

15

15

::

the

two

perpendicular
feet

-j-

of the
of
the

the

two

diameter

/" ?

///.

is the

feet, what

to

feet

15

into

of

And

7? /

/.-/

and

circle.

the

of

which

it is

///

///

::

//"'

-+-

28^

.^

Ans.

circle

divided

found

be

may

and

together

parts

feet,

2S\

diameter

perpendicular

the

proportional

mean

4;

diameter

the

parts

ri.,.

being

//?

and

=-^=^

When

401"

{7 /"

B,

feet,

36^ feet

diameter,

/A.

/A

Therefore,

parts.

circtnnference,

30

being

30

a-^'

be

B.

HK=

Solution."

D:
D

and

Example."
the

^"^

Cy^

the

will

two

given

the

ili

pendicular
per-

is to

the

is the
on

Dr.

the

to

perpendicular

is, the

B,

then

ratio

of

one

perpendicular

If A
and

parts,

circle,

it will

diameter,

given

upon

of

circumference

the

on

two

same

proportional

mean

of

into

in

as

fall

let

be

diameter

the

point

any

i:{.""

and

the

given,

are

the

length

the

by multiplying

extracting

of

lengths

the

lengths
of

root

square

product.
In

Example.

Fig. 47,

"

of

diameter

the

circle

the

/ /"

1^0^ feet,

is

and

As

Solution.

feet,

J A

8 and

B/isS

distance

the

equal

28^ feet,

diameter

the

"

is

feet;

36^

to

and

what

"

of

28^

product

their

is the
the

8 X

length

circle

feet.

of

is

The

28^

line

li""^feet, and

two

^l-

225

//A'?
/"* / is S

as

therefore,

parts,

8 x

the

the

are

square

root

of

///.

//A'=

their
15

55.

Example.
15

inches

80

the

15

feet, and

II

as

///+

/A',

the

diameter

circumference

of

by

3.

circle,

the

What

diameter

circumference

is the

of

IJflG.

circle

whose

diameter

?
15

find

To

being given

or

Ans.

feet.

Multiply

Solution."

403*

1^225

"

"

find

given

Rule

To

402.

being

product

3.1416

the

47.124

diameter

inches.

Ans.

of

circle,

the

circumference

is

MENSURATION.

136

Rule

56.

Example.

What

"

the

circumference

diameter

is the

of

by

circle

S, H16.

whose

circumference

is

inches?

65.978

65.973

Solution."

Rule

57.

circle

and

arc^

Example.

being

in.

What

the
is

arc

by

the

length of

circle:

of

the

of degrees

in

circumference

the

by

part

of

arc

an

number

S60,

length

is the

18

113.1

of

length

Ans.

of

an

of

arc

radius

24*, the

of

the

arc

Solution."
3.1416

the
divide

"

18

the

inches.

21

Multiply

"

which

of

3.1416

-*-

find

To

404.

the

Divide

"

in.

36

diameter

=the
of

circumference

in., the

the

of

the

of

circle

circle.

which

36

the

is

arc

part.
24
113.1

To

405.
Rule

7.54

in.,

find

the

oSK

58.

of

area

circle

diameter

the

Square

"

of the

length

the

or

and

multiply by

Example.
Solution."

15"

Rule

59.

the

225

area

of

Divide

"

of

area

; and

225

Given

406.

root

is the

What

"

the

circle

176.72

circle,

by

area

diameter

whose

.7854

Ans.

arc.

sq.

find

to

^^ and

.785

785

is 15

in.

J^,

inches

Ans.

its diameter

the square

extract

of the quotient.

Example.

"

its diameter

in

The

of

area

feet

12^ feet,

Solution.
=

circle
area

is

the

find

the

for

4'

7854

the

ring

78. 54

area

of

included

area

square

or

areas,

48.

as,

of

78.54

example,

between
the

inches;
12.57

is

the

12. 57

"

area

the

radii

two

square

difference

(a

sector

area

square

of

10'

the

inches.

The

these

inches.

of
the

E^ Fig. 13):

small

between

sector

and

inches,

large circle

the

65. 97

fiat circular
is 10

is 4 inches
of

area

diameter

diameter

The

"

of

area

outside

whose

inside

Ans.

is the

What

"

whose

.7854

diameter.

the

or

ring. Fig. 48,

and

To

is

What

inches.

150

Example.

407.

inches.

square

.7854

-j^

Fig.

17,671.5

i/lMZl^

Solution."

circle

Ans.

cle
cir-

ference,
circum-

MENSURATION.

Rule

60.

by

sector

Example.

The

"

the

from

radii
circle

is 75".

of the

sector

"

the

of

the

49

result

area

by

the

and

(a

chord

C\ Fig. 4!)):

height of
the

extract

the

segments-

by

of

root

square
the

U times

divided

then

and

circle

square

3^ will

give

i^ /^

is the

20"^54
S

of

area

is

being

^Ar^i/

is

formula,

and

of

height

the

where

follows,

as

the

.G08.

the

54

segment

inches,

inches

20
in

Substituting

circle,

diameter

segment
"

of
between

multiplied by

as

the

What

the

area

quotient^

of

whose

4
=

is the

nearly.

Fig.

"

Solution.

Area

the

inches.

square

included

area

segment^

oiABCA

circle

height

of

arc

what

segment

the diameter

This

see

Example.
a

the

Ans.

area.

of

is the

the

from

diameter

segment,

of

of

inches;

113.1

the

area

rule, expressed

Area

is 12

.7854

very

the

of

by drawing

formed

angle

extremities

circle

inches,

the

Divide

"

12"

example,

height of

area^

the

the

to

the

and

circle

for

.608

The

of

square

remainder.

the

circle

c%a\

find

of

61

the

of

of

23.56

its arc;

the

in

of degrees

diameter

^^r

ST

sesment

subtract

circle

the

of

area

the

of

are

part.

center

To

Rule

the

by

the

408.

and

result

the

number

The

Solution.

113.1

is

sector

of dej^recs in

number

the

Multiply

S60.

the

which

Divide

"

i:C

the

formula,

the

4x400

4X20'^
^^^
.608.

__
-

20

3
Fig.

1.600

/54

'

-"^

^'2:092

20

1.447;

4i".

pc\c\

1.447

771.7

sq.

in.

Ans.

BXAMPLBS

1.

An

angle
How

2.
disUnce

Suppose
B/=

inscribed
many
that
8 feet

FOR

in

degrees
in

Fig.
What

PRACTICB.

intercepts

circle
are

47,

there
the

is the

in

the

one-third

angle

diameter

length

of

^
the

^
line

of

the

Ans.

ference.
circum-

15
//A'

60".

feet, and

the

Ans.

12

ft

MENSURATION.

138

it to

around

inches

80

of

length

71f

make

to

its diameter

an

of

arc

is

turns

while

Ans.

of

the

the

of

area

circle

feet

in

inches

What

of

diameter

the

be

must

Compute

9.

Find

inches

the

of

radius

whose

the
and

circle

of

area

breadth,

and

3.976

PRISM

solid,

their

their

and

is

is

prism
A

!"
are

having

one

having
is

cylinder

equal

parallel

41

50)

2.
is

which

whose

and
in

sq.

84.82

is
in.

sq.

length,

enclose
called

ends

it

called

are

edg^es.

and

equal

are

of

their

for

triangle

hexagon

body

bases.

for

of

Thus,

its

its

base;

base,

uniform

allel
par-

Prisms

parallelograms.

are

form

the

in.

diameter

dimensions:

are

sides

whose

one

sides

solid

from

names

prism

ends

is

289.04

Ans.

three

intersections

prism

polygons,

41

square
11.28

CYLINDER.

has

The

ft.

inches,

11

outside

whose

is 6 inches.

body,

or

is

height

ring

AND

thickness.

410.

circular

in.

sq.

100

Ans.

diameter

inside

and

faces,

take

33.51

contain

to

inches.

flat

whose

segment,

is 21

arc

whose

409.

of

area

THE

the

being

arc

Ans.

8.

12

going

ft., nearly.

diameter.

inches?

the

ft, 6^^ in.

Ans.

Ans.

7.

distance

56

radius

64**, the

the

Ans.

Find

6.

inch

an

What

feet.

18

observed

was

was

is the

What

5.

of

16th

wheel

is

fly-wheel

nearest

What

yards.

800

the

carriage

4.

of

diameter

The

angular
tri-

onal
hexag-

etc.

diameter

whose

circles.

(Fig.

parallelopipedon

prism

bases

whose

(ends)

are

parallelograms.
A

413.

faces

whose
All
Fig.

to

the

perimeters
do

their

of

ends
a

cube

is

are

prism

squares.

Fig.

51.

equal.

are

6U.

In
with

and

faces

the

(Fig. 51)

cube

with
contents

the
or

of

case

and

areas.

areas

of

volumes.

plane
In
their

figures,
the

case

outside

had

we

have

of

solids,

surfaces,

to

do

we

have

and

with

MENSURATION.

The

414.

The

415.

equal

the

length
of

number

will

will

contains

it will
of

is 1

the

will

measure

number

of

1 cubic

foot

of

the

whose

expressed

unit

cubic
of

of

by

volume

this

inch,

cube

inches

the

solid

length

is 1

foot,

Cubic

etc.

edges

volume.

unit

If the

be

is

inch,

each

edges

of

each

entire

included.

not

are

iinit

of

area

the

as

volume

contain

its volume.

be

cube

The

length

and

of volume

unit

the

unit.

whose

inch

1 cubic

being

is

same

ends

the

the

ends.

the

is the

of

areas

the

to

unit

cube

the

solid

volume

times

if the

be

the

of

unit

in

Thus,

of

is

solid

any

solid, including

the

that

surface, except

is

of
surface

convex

of

surface

entire

outside

whole

the

13y

cubic

inch,

and

foot,

cubic

Instead

of

the

find

To

416.

cylinder
Rule

62.

square.

Solution."
in.

the

of

area

the

block

of

What

is the

9 X

the

the

expression

cubical

the

surface

convex

of

prism

36

marble
area

the

the base

is

24

inches

long,

of

its

convex

surface

of

perimeter

the

the altitude.

by
and

its

ends

are

base

36

24

864

Ans.

area.

convex

perimeter of

find

To

9 X

the

to

pipe

for

necessary

the
=

63.

Example.
feet
per

and

"

What

long
cubic

10

is to

find

and

Inch.

of
feet

sq.

the

sq.

the

area

of

in.

Ans.

iron

sheet

of

areas

the

will

the
ends

two

be

required

the

long, neglecting

inches

weight
in

perimeter,
=

of

area

of

diameter

surface

convex

4.712

metal.

of

volume

is the
2

3.1416

ft. of

the

the
The

long.

1.5

Multiply

"

and

feet

10

47.12

find

To

Rule

pound

10

1,026

add

amount

3.1416

li X

4.712

feet

square

problem

in diameter
base

417.

16

The

"

the

Thus,
162

diameter

lapping

Solution.

\\ feet

in

surface,

outside

area.

many

1^ feet

the

in. ; 864

sq.

How

"

of

area
convex

162

Example.
a

entire

the

ends

two

of

ft., and

cu.

used.

Multiply

"

"

9 inches

for

in.,

cu.

Example.

to

volume,

word

is sometimes

contents

sq.

abbreviated

are

yd., respectively.

cu.

or

yard

or

of

cylinder

circumference,
The

feet.

convex

face
sur-

Ans.

prism
the

base

length
?

or

of

by

cylinder:
the

altitude.

wrought-iron

Wrought

iron

ing
shaft-

weighs

.28

MENSURATION.

140

Solution.

end,

is

iron

given

192

.28

Example.
12

inches

in.

of

the

In

B,

whole

of

polygon

or

prism

2.598

in

12

X
It

Example."

space

54
of

outlet

inches

inches

16

casting

Solution.

within
the

rule

"

for

being

the

of

segment

the

multiply

By

the

may

finding

base,

the

above

and
M

result

formula

the

weight

the

Fig. 52.

of

area

Cto

center

and

one

side

one

in.

.5'^

the

is

of

length

4/^,

inch.

one

sq. in. ;

.433

Hence,

or

the

polygon

B,

^V

side

A,
the

area

contents

or

of

the

of

the

Ans.
the

of cubic

number

The

boiler

is 16

feet

feet

of

steam

long between

53.

the
of

top

(i)"

"

find

to

CD

since

hypotenuse,

sq.

in.

cu.

the

obtain

and

the

2.598

boiler.

the

MNis

line

water

mean

volume

The

at
of

tance
dis-

the

steam

neglected.
of

volume

The

boiler

the

be

12

long.

distance

j^V-

CB

diameter,
from

inch

triangle

inch,

in Fig. 53,

shown

in

prism.

from

Fig.

heads,

hexagonal

to

CD

required

is

The

the

found

16

one

ot

be

must

volume.

one

order

being

31.176

boiler

the

In

side

triangle

.433

being

one-halt

C A

side

Area

weight

inches

to

of

area

the

shaft

the

the

right-angled

the

Hence,

inch.

of

of

base

"

hexagon,

.866

Since

The

found.

be

must

52.

in.

distance

the

end,

FIG.

sq.

contents

Solution.

it A

long.

Ans.

edge

each

long,

feet

feet, reduced

cu.

cubical

the

16

contents
16

603.19

lb.

Find

"

the

length,

168.89

3.1416

inch,

The

3.1416x192

in.;

003.19

cubic

per

cylinder

.7854

2" X

inches.

cubic

in

base,

the

or

is

shaft

The

"

the

the

volume

the

length

S, whose

by 16,

the

the

steam

surface
of

NO

prism
the

height

length

of

previously given,

the

which

space,

NO

P
or

of

the

is 16
the
area

water,

cylinder,

altitude.

inches,

is

First
in

the

that
is
area

obtain

segment

by

MJVS
the

feet;

square

boiler.

of the

space

found

area

then

I4I

MENSURATION.

i^^i^
Hence,

the

feet,

square
3.942

16

In

area
=

63.07

for

Example.

In

"

the

mean

cubic

in

cubic

inches.

This

inches,

the

of

Total

the

of

area

water

to

therefore,

volume,

the

by

They

is

stays
shown

not

are

ends

of

by

the

of

the

ends

the

tube
60

will

by 231,

.7854

found
3.25*

1,065.38

the

give

the

Find
inches

4^

in

the

Find

2.

area

8 feet

3.

What

is the

base

is shown

inches;

in

of

diameter

tubes,

Fig.

inches;

(a) Compute

boiler, 16 inches.

52
has

heads,

between

length

the

boiler

multitubular

4.

area

in.

area.

This.

in.

cu.

285.171.2-*-

whence,

the

long.

5 inches
of

the

of

surface

convex

surface

entire

above

of

bar.

1,:J70.9 sq.

hexagonal

the

Ans.

?
the
15

distance
the

following
feet;

mean

steam

space

of

sq.

in.

diameter,

tubes,
line

water

in

in.

prism

77.190

dimensions:

number

of

of

bar

I,i548.5li sq. in.

Ans.

Ans.

whose

in.

1,(M)5.;^Ssq.

2:55.171.2

sq.

in.

sq.

net

gallons;

surface

entire

of

plying
multi-

by

PRACTICF^.

of

inches

and

the

S, and

in.

sq.

407.75

in.

12

of

507. 03

497.75

sq.

Ans.

square

of

16

FOR

diameter,
area

number

BXAMPLBS

1.

1.224.85

boiler

then

8.2958
60

567.63

the

in.

sq.

in

tubes

of

segment
and

is

gallon

the

end

example,

.7854

of water.

in

last

of

boiler

inches.

in

8.2958

1,224.85

gallons

in

tubes

the

2,290.23

of

up

jxirt of the

one

inches,

boiler

gallon

volume

of

of

area

in

contents

the

square

the

subtracted

be
"

the
in

as

one

contents

1,018.06

54"

the

boiler

fill the

to

that

/^^Az/area

the

of

length
=

of the

2,290.23

cubical

P^ since

NO

tubes

NS,

to

area

Subtracting,

the

end

one

end

of

of the

Hence,

and

of

outside

inches

3^

inches

inches

it subtract

it subtracting

Area

in cubic

tubes,

it take

cubic

231

being

from

60

are

will

water

by first finding

of segment

Area

The

the

from

result

the

divided

of

done

in square
areas

volume

there

of

there

the

inches,

be

may

Area

level,

surface

given

iron

reduced

This,

in.

occupied

simplicity.

gallons

Find

"

the

the

space

boiler

above

many

water

Solution.

231

the

of

sake

the

How

diameter.

below

sq.

ft., and

figure.

in the

to

1.663.

Ans.

solution,

considered,

not

sq.

|/2?r67

567.63

3.943

ft.

.608

1663

144

-*-

cu.

above

the

341.83

567.63

^^

341.33;

cubic

50

56;

outside

from

top

feet,

{d)

of

Find

the
water

number

of

gallons

of

water

required

to

fill the

boiler

line.
.

up

to

the

mean

j {a) 56.4 cu. ft.

I (b) 800 gallons.

142

MENSURATION.

THE

PYRAMID

AND
A

418.
whose

is

polygon,

triangles uniting
called

419.

solid

a
Fig.

54.

uniformly

tapers

The

420.
is the

perpendicular
The

421.
from

the

from

slant

the

vertex

Rule

64.

the slant

of

the

vertex.
^^'''
or

to

is any

cone

convex

of

the

the

of

line

the

drawn

base.
or

of the base

perimeter

drawn

sides

pyramid

base.

line

straight

of

area

the

is

of

one

the

to

vertex

pyramid

^'

cone

the

circumference

Multiply

"

cone:

by one-lialj

height.
is the

What

Example."
side

of

the

to

find

To

422.

height

circle

pyramid
from

of

are

surface

distance

height

is

the

perpendicular

vertex

The

base.

slant

sides

is

(Fig. 55)
base

whose

solid

vertex.

called

of

altitude

and

is

common

convex

point

cone

whose

to

at

the

whose

^^^

(Fig. 54)

pyramid

base

point,

CONE.

the

base

Solution.

convex

measures

The

"

has

consequently,

five

inches,

of

base

of

area

and

the

pentagonal

pentagonal

if

pyramid,

slant

height

pyramid

is

14

and.

pentagon,

one

inches

sides.
14

6 X
the

or

inches,

oO

of

perimeter

the

or

30

base.

the

-g-

"

Example.

height

is 17

is

What

"

and

inches,
The

Solution."

sq.

in.,

Ans.

area.

convex

210

entire

the
whose

base

perimeter

of

of

are?

the

is 8

right

in

inches

base

8 X

whose

cone

diameter

3.1416

slant

25.1328

in.

17
Convex

Area

of

area

base

25.1328

8" X

Rule

the

area

65.

volume

the

the

Multiply

"

of

213.63

50.27
263.90

in.

sq.

in.

sq.

in.

pyramid

of the

area

sq.

or

base

Ans.

cone:

by one-third

oj

altitude.

Example

of

find

To

.7854

Entire

423*

ir

whose

"What

base

measures

is

vohime

the

inches,

of

and

triangular
whose

pyramid,

altitude

is

each

edge

inches?

MENSURATION.

Solution.
it will be
sides

Draw

equal parts,

since

an

isosceles,and

will

be

\xi order

to

altitude

must

In
and

side

.^

from
the

altitude

obtain

the

area

be

determined.

Z"

^^^

D-

of

3^

6
the

base,

or

hypotenuse

inches,

^
"

side,

nearly.

5.2
"^

^o

C,=

this

inches,

5.2

of

the

other

also

base,

A,

the

two

is

triangle.

the

the

find

to

vertex

into

triangle

of

triangle

inches,
B

Area

whose

the
base

equilateral
the

right-angled

the

divide

will

it

base;

of

all

long.

perpendicular

to the

inches

in Fig. 56;

shown

as

equilateral triangle,

an

are

base

the

Draw

"

143

^^-^

^"-

^1-

the

volume

altitude

is

Il^nce,

o
=

15.6

Q-

41.6

in.

cu.

Ans.

Example.

inches,

and

is

What

"

whose

base
of

Area

Solution."

of

volume

the
is

14

the

inches

base

in
14*

whose

cone

diameter
.T"54

18

?
15:5.04

in.

sq.

Hence,

18

volume

the

153.94

923.64

-oo

EXAMPLES

is 28

the

Find

1.

and

inches,

of

edge

one

PRACTICE.

FOR

of

surface

convex

Ans.

in.

cu.

whose

7^ inches

is

base

whose

pyramid

square

long.
Ans.

2.
base

is the

What
measures

volume

of

inches,

and

triangular

whose

pyramid,

altitude

4*^0

the

Find

of

circumference
Note.

"

volume

Find

of

whose

is 31.416

base

diameter

the

of

FRUSTUM

THE

If

plane,

lower
the

If

to

be

the

base,
in

as

is called

the

by

cut
so

Fi^.

cu.

and

314.16

cu.

area.

OR

PYRAMID

parts,

part

its

then

whose

COXE.

as

57,

frustum

pyramid.
cone

as

Fig.

two

and

base

5.2

inches,

Ans.

inches.

pyramid

parallel

form

the
of

OF

424.

to

the

is 12

altitude

whose

cone

scj. in.

?
Ans.

3.

of

edge

one

inches

is 4

heij^ht

slant

in

be

cut

Fig. 5S,

in

the

similar
lower

ner,
man-

part

is

57.

called

the

frustum

of

the

cone.

Fig.

5a.

in.
the
in.

iU

MENSURATION.

The

425"
is

cone

called

pyramid

or

Rule

Given,
of

base

of

in. x

10

"

lower

is the

frustum

pyramid

or

end

the

lar
perpendicu-

of

frustum

of

of the perimeters

sum

of

height of tlie frustum.

of

triangular

inches,

10

measures

and

in., the

18

the

slant

whose

in

which

the

upper

pyramid,
side

one

of

is 9 inches

height

; find

the

surface.

convex

Solution.
6 in. X

base

inches,

the

the

surface

frustum

the

lower

the

measures

area

of

convex

by the slant

bases

side

and

base,

Multiply one-half

"

Example."
one

of

cone:

66.

two

the

frustum

bases.

the

find

To

the

altitude

between

426.

of

upper

The

distance

the

the

base.

lomrer

end

upper

in., the

30

perimeter

of the

perimeter

of the

lower

base.

base.

upper

80+18
24

jr

24

bases.

Example.

If

"

1416)

(12x3.
_

of

the

upper

Area

of

the

lower

The

entire

sq.

67.

slant

of

cone

height

is

12

12

8* X

base
of

find

12^

.7854

.7854

frustum

the

"^^
^
376.99

50.27

sq.

in.

113.1

sq.

in.

376.99

of

volume

the

the

Example.

^,

the

m.,

sq.

-f

50.27

-h

113.1

of

frustum

the

540.30

pyramid

; each

Solution.
base

12

areas

|/25

one-third
=

the

12

144

144

the

volume.

sq.
60.

in. ; the

is 16

25

5 x

these

lower

two

areas

144

of

three
60

25

each

what

sq.
the

in. ;

base
of

edge

the

is its volume

of

area

of

product

results,

229;

whose

(one

inches,

inches;

root

square

Adding

pyramid

is 12

base

base

upper

of the

product

square

its altitude

altitude.
Ans.

lower

the

and

of

Area

"

of

edge

inches,

of

frustum

and

upper

of the altitude.

by one-third
a

the

of

areas

the

of

root

square

Given,

is 5

base

upper

the

together

sum

"

square)

Add

"

the

multiply

in.

frustum

cone:

basis^ and

by

base

area

To

Rule

is

the

Ans.

427.
or

of

and

frustum

the

two

surface.

convex

of

in.

bases

two

(8X3.1416)^.^
^

-^

the

Area

of

the

Ans.

area.

the

of

perimeters

the

respectively,

area

Solution."

area

of

inches,

entire

of

sum

convex

diameters

the

is the

the

in., the

sq.

and

what

inches,

one-half

or

216

inches

12

are

in.,

and

229x-y

the

lower
two

multiplying
=

1"^H

c^

MENSURATION.

ExAMPLB.

feet

deep

Solution.
tank

of the

frustum

inches.
base

There

.7854

base

220,766.4

in.

cu.

48*

2,827.44

220,766.4

Find

edge

of

base

is 14

the

lower

whose

inches

FOR

surface

convex

is 15

base

long,

of

and

955.7

of

area

6.898.95

Find

be

gallons,

frustum

inches

of

of

the

the

of

diameters

the

and

volume
of

the

whose

long,

slant

is

height

of

edge

one

If

one

it hold

would

of

frustum
upper

and

bounded

point

bases

of

word

(Fig.

which

is

called

whose

of

58

5.734.2

sq.

in.

631

8 and

to

in.

cu.

is

12

feet.

10
cu.

ft.

gallons

many

gallons, nearly.

RING.

solid

surface,

distant

from

center.

is

generally

sphere.

find

To

curved

slobe,

or

one

upper

766.55

3. how

example

is

59)

equally

the

ball,

instead

429.

are

CYLINDRICAL

uniformly

point within,

used

AND

spliere

by

The

of

Ans.

SPHERE

428.

every

dimensions

the

Ans.

altitude

whose

cone

lower

THE

had

one

its altitude

supposing

frustum,

above

Ans.

tank

in

inch.

respectively.
4

pyramid,

Ans.

Find

lower

nearly.

square

inches.

3.

feet

volume

the

96

in.

cu.

Ans.
2.

12

2.261.95.

231

are

inches;

8 X

shape

PRACTICB.

the

whose

there

231

2.827.44

the
48

in. ;

sq.

6.898.95;

since

12

depth

1,809.56

2,261.95

Now,

hold

will

the

volume

the

is in

4 x

and

.7854

BXAMPL.BS

1.

bottom,

the

at

tank

diameter

inches,
X

The

in. ; i^l,809.56

sq.

contents.

tank

the

hold,

tank

gallon, and

inches.

upper
60

2,827.44

1.809.66

Whence,

gallon,

of upper

60" X

The
12

5 X

in

inches

in cubic

cone.

diameter
Area

round

in diameter

feet

top,

cubic

found

be

of

281

are

should

lower

the

the

at

will

water

"

of the

of

gallons

many

in diameter

feet

is 4

which
and

How

"

145

the

area

of the

surface

^^^'

of

^^'

sphere:
Rule

by

68.

"

Square

the

diameter

and

the

multiply

result

3. U16.
ExAMPLB.

is 14

"

inches

Solution."
8.1416

615.75

^What

is the

area

of

the

surface

of

sphere

eter
diam-

whose

Diameter
sq.

in.

squared
Ans.

3.14.16

14*

3.1416

14

14

MENSURATION.

146

this

From
the

equals

diameter,

often

used;

rule
of

for
is

could

To

430"
Rule

69.

find

with

described

the

volume

of

of

sphere

and

th^

by

is th^

it^

through
sphere

Any

g^ven

on

sphere

sphere

diameter.

diameter

the

of

passing

circle

in.

of

multiplied

circle

plane

great

of

surface

circle

great

2i

be

Cube

"

the

great

the

circle

circles

great

its surface

instance,

that

seen

of

intersection

diameter

be

circumference
a

center;

will

it

in.

of

number

sphere.
:

the

multiply

result

by

.6236.
Example."
a

of

Solution.

in.,

cu.

.41

lead

or

weighing

of

find

To

ball

12

inches

in

diameter,

?
12

The

12

12

weight,

.5236

therefore,

904.78

904-78

Ans.

pounds.

431.

.5236

X
ball.

the

lead

pound

.41

cubed

volume

of

weight

Diameter

"

the

370.96

is the

What

inch

cubic

the

of

area

convex

cylindrical
bent

to

circle.

the

length

The

base

of

on

center

O,

The

the

is

dotted

Hence,

same

to

drawn

D.

cross-

from

find

to

as

line

center

inder
cyl-

of the

the

correspond
line

the

is

altitude

bending

will

section

(Fig. 60)

ring

before

cylinder

cylindrical ring:

the

the

convex

^^^"^-

area:

Rule

70.

cross-section
line

the

Multiply

"

line

the

on

circumference

by the

By

of

length of

inside

If

"

outside

the

is 8

diameter

Solution.

is its

what

inches,

of

diameter

The

"

of

diameter

the

the

ring is

convex

of

8.1416

The

is

107.4

the

sq.

the

therefore,

inches.

the

inches,
of

Then,

in., the

convex

outside

and

inside

31.416
radius

inches
2

center

circle

center

length

inner

of

circle

the

diameter

2 X

3.1416
area.

diameters

is
of

the

the

6.2832

Ans.

center

inches;

equals

and

the

"

one-half

the

10, and

10 X

"

line.
of

cross-section

inches,

inches,

12

area

12

the

D,

Example.

sum

imaginary

an

and

outside

the
on

the

circle,
line

6.2832x31.416

B
=

MENSURATION.

Rule

The

71.

altitude

dotted

is the

O,

the

be

line

line

Hence

drawn

By

the

find

to

volume

of

der
cylin-

base

the

the

from

that

of

whose

of

ring:

as

same

length

and

D,

cross-section

as

the

equals

center

same

the

on

will

volume

cylindrical

"

whose
the

of

volume

the

find

To

432.

147

ring
center

of

drical
cylin-

ring^

imaginary
by

the

the

multiply

cross-section

length

diameter

12

is

The

Solution.

B^

cylindrical

inside
of

diameter

^^^'

of

whose

and

Inches,

an

D,

volume

"

line

line

center

is the

What

Example.

the

on

the

of

of

area

the

is

circle

center

"

12

of

sum

10

3.1416

The
4

inches

inches.

inside

the

of

3.1416

the

in.,

sq.

one-half

equals

the

1^-

"

the

inches;

center

line.

of

inside

the

cross-section

the

inches

outside

4-8

"

of

of

diameter

the

.7854

circle

outside

length

the

inches,

the

therefore,

2*

Then,

31.416

radius

diameters

outside

and

whose

ring

diameter

^i.

of

area

line

the

on

circle
A

imaginary

the

cross-

section.

And

8.1416

31.416

98.7

inches,

cubic

BXAMPLBS

What

1.

is

FOR

of

volume

the

Ans.

volume.

the

PRACTICE.

sphere

30

inches

diameter

in

Ans.
How

2.

inches

square

many

in

the

surface

of

14,137.2
above

the

Ans.
8.

Required

outside

diameter

7i

the

of

area

the

of

ring

the

being

of

surface

convex

10

inches,

and

4.

Find

cubical

the

contents

of

the

ring

in

the

sphere

circular

the

the

The
volume

surface

of

the

of

sphere

sphere

contains

314.16

square

sq.

ring,

107.95

in.
the

sq.

in.

example.

Ans.
5.

diameter

inside

last

in.

cu.

2,827.44

Ans.

Inches.

33.73

inches.
Ans.

cu.

What
528.6

cu.

in.
is

in.

ELEMENTARY

ALGEBRA
AND

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

ELEMENTS

USE

In

433.

figures

not

may
if

letters,

rules

often

numbers

There

be

represented

It

simplifies

their

for

be

later

solution

such

symbols,

represented

seen

why
as

use.

are

will

the

other

by

the

by

however,

reason,

no

numbers

letters.

represented

are

is

provided

algebra,

and

figures

LETTERS.

etc.

are

In

434.

OF

arithmetic,

1, 2, 3, 4,

numbers

ALGEBRA.

OF

of

the

that

both

by

and

examples

of

use

ters
let-

shortens

calculations.

The

does

it
the

letter

any

only

being

for

figures,

we

20

bushels

bushels

of

wheat,

bushel

would

be

as

by

the

rule

of bushels

of

is

Multiply
and

2,

are

letter

the

for

for

3,

number,

any

stand

always

between
as

follows

worth

40

the

price

this

solving

bushel^

wheat.

oats,

what

for

follows

price per

of

shall

difference

example,

an

letter

represent

letter

they

for

example.

same

this

take

may

exchanges
8

the

to

is that

figures,

1, the

taken

that

illustrate

To

436"

be

may

in

number

same

number

letters

unlike

Thus,

the

necessary

of

advantage

meaning.

stand

not

but

etc.,

their

in

general

principal

the

divide

per

of

the

of

bushels

by

farmer

wheat

others

result

and

bushel,

and

7iumber
the

If

cents

problem,

letters

the

for
per

like

of
number

it,
oats

ELEMENTARY

150

This
the

number

the

wheat,
A

of

manner

same

according

bushels

of

bushels

of

bushels-of

wheat

wheat.

bushel

per

^T

r"

""

of

price

"

"

oats

oats

of

in

letters

use

rule,

price

i"

and

oats

of
of

bushel

per

the

to

oats
"

of

price

the

is to

Thus

bushel

number

^/=

rule

of bushels
per

with

do

to

of

prices

this

stating

price

what

us

be.

may

number

the

in formulas.

as

Let

Then,

of

way

AND

tells

with

and

they

concise

it

because

bushels

whatever

more

the

general^

is

rule

ALGEBRA

wheat,

wheat

ay^b
,

or

a,

In

the

Hence,
the

in

example
for

writing

price

question,
b,

a^

of

bushel

per

expression

and

"

their

wheat

corresponds

the

difference

20

noticed

be

8, d^

is to

this

but

to

8.

Here

100.

"

20, 40, and

values,

and

^=40,

20,

40

applies

only

to

this

example,

and

answer

can

be

same

that

way

is, while
this

b,

a,

example,

example

and
to

and

any

of

may
the

of

example
while
the

represent

the

same

numbers,

in

in

place

of

may

letters

are

according

to

another
the

ters,
let-

the

swer
an-

figures

ways
al-

general,

more

the

8 in

obtained.

be
of

combinations

the

That

general.

indicated,

kind

numbers,

same

in

20, 40, and

values

operations

or

is

numbers

other

the

figures

any

for

one

application,

numbers

their

writing

by

its

given

the

stand

may

in

only

conditions

example.

437.
two

for

performing

represent

general

previously

stand

they

hence,
by

rule

the

Consequently,

and

is

while

obtained,

indicated

operations

the

by performing

An

is

equation

expressions.

Thus,

of

statement

x-{-y=S

is

equality
an

between

equation,

and

TRIGONOMETRIC

that

means

is

equal

the

and

which

by figures.

idea

of

Example.
is four

If

"

times

Then,
But

the

4 X
the

of

of

the

other,

the

two

parts

Whence,

438"

The

between

called

4L39.
Since
be

the

the

by

30.

30.

the

letters

by

will

give

that

so

shorter

an

part

one

part

number,

longer

part.

total

length,

the

feet.

apply

noticed

the

An

both.

to

similarity

formulas

All

unless

however,

feet.

30

Ans.

formula.

rules

same

the

of

both

two

any

probably

and

formula,

Algebra

treats

of

equations

use

before

necessary

letters

of

the

involves

considering

it is

are

equation
of

statement

and

equation
the

of

use

equations

multiplication,

subtraction,
which

has

aid

rule.

general

student

and

x=6

5,

equation

an

equations,
not

4x,

by

of

equal

must

5.r

dividing

and

part.

x-\-4x

Adding

is

represent

length

the

in

is the

long

how

may

Hence,
and

algebra

is cut

long

shorter

4;r)

by

feet

30

letter

any

length

sum

the

as

(written

.r

in

represented

are

solution

rail

iron

Since

"

represented

solved

are

151

following simple example

of

long

as

Solution.
Let

The

an

numbers

numbers

method

the

the

Examples

in

equations,

of

sum

8.

to

FUNCTIONS.

letters,
take

to

etc.,

of

used

to

its

use.

it will
tion,
addi-

up

in

expressions

used.

are

NOTATION.

The

440"
number
A

is to

that

is

quantity

pounds,

10

expressions

term

subjected

be

strictly

yards.

containing

two

convenient
The

4L41.

to

signs

in

arithmetic.

omitted,
writing

however,
the

The

books,

as,

numbers,

symbols,

such

called

quantities,

as

the

and
a,

x,

term

-^

sign

together.

are

the

in

same

algebra

of

multiplication

quantities

processes.

represent

more

any

use.

"

as

to

often

are

one

number

used
or

designate

mathematical

to

concrete

Symbols

bd^ 10, (^-|-12), etc.,

being

is

quantity

multiplication
being
Thus,

indicated
abe

means

is

usually

by

simply

b X

c\

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

152

2.r/

means

omitted

between

of

quantity
taken.
and

it

in

indicates

that

-\-a

together,

any

of

the

i\a^ of

axy\

of

as

written

it is understood

The
when

3, and

and

444.
and

exponent

is to

latter
the

An

above
taken

be

times

written

as

should

plies

the

quantity
a

plied

is to

by

itself.

definition

of

446.

quantity

two

an

or

it

3 X

2^^.

how

is

is

led.

as

Thus,
18

is

to

Any
to

the

^,

right

times

understood

2,

2,

the

at

many

aaaaa.

that

a^

a
"

will
is

coefficient

precedes

indicates

exponent

more

itself. Thus,

to

Thus,

power

4'

quantities
it.

understood.

which

exponent

is

between

added

be

same

the

number
a^

when

64,

used

be

quantity
have

the

b.

clearly

quantity

An

-\-a.

be

of

only

produce

Thus,

likewise

coefficient

figure placed

the

that

cient
coeffi-

coefficient

are

it shows

factor.

difference

The

445.

b^

small

exponent

an

thus,

since

2ad,

quantity

factor

18, since

is

as

without

exponent

of

showing

exponent

three

will

is

plied
multi-

the

is the

quantity

^,

is, \a

however,

cd

be

of

coefficient

Thus,

1.

the

to

are

as

numerical

together,

of

is

general,

no

is

that

regarded
6

to

coefficient

times

numerical

of

factors

factors

In

be

to

the

little

prefixed

quantities

^axy^

When

multiplied
the

be

in

the

of,

four

may

etc.

factors

are

are

o( y,

above.

meant,

which,

20

latter

is the

several

them

spoken

the

When

Thus,

Gax,

is

443.

plication
multi-

of

means

the

4^,

taken

be

-\-a.

others.
xy\

coefficient

24

letter

or

times

many

is to

figure

expression

the

-\' a

\,o

how

shows

Thus,

equal

is

coefncient

Thus,

be

not

can

instead

addition

as

indicated.

be

sign

4.

442.

figures^

then

the

Evidently

"'.

two

would
instead

-f

AND

the

times

be

ei

it
3^

ci'.

shows
=

3 X
is to
more

ponent
ex-

inultithat
^,
be

or

the
^

viulti-

complete

later.

obtained

factor.

an

coefficient

quantity

given

result
as

and

For

by

taking

example,

16

is

TRIGONOMETRIC

the fourth
has been

taken

third power
A

8, and

and

the

other

the
of

the

quantity

is

one

4, 8, and

10,

like

4/ ;

is

under

the

is

written

fourth

called

radical.

Hlv:n,
For

indicate

called

the

root.

cube

root,

square

scpiarc,

figure,

far-

root,

a.

of

the

explained

in

use

is

vinculum

the

The

448*

of

etc.

root,

the

or

a*, (i\

a\

radical

it to

above

of

the

with

but

equal

second,

is called

used,

the

root

the

4, 2

of

is

factors.

equal

2x2
one

rt-

f/^, |/rt:,
|/rt,
etc., signify

Thus,

since

that

sign

is the

1(5 ; a*

its

it is called

symbol

root,

of

manner,

denotes

it

until

a*.

10, 2 being

itself

produces

which

same

factor

In

quantity

roots

as

153

multiplied by

extracted

be

index

the

symbol

is to

root

of

root

case.

The

etc.

of

in each

tors

times

because

a,

root

is the

2, because

four

of

447.

Thus,

of

power

FUNCTIONS.

of

symbols
enclosed

parenthesis,
Art.

them

aggregated,

are

symbols
that

meaning

affsresation,

within

These

341.

and

brace,

bracket,

the

are

ties
(quanti-

collected,

or

into

quantity.

one

The

449.
which

parts

are

;ir*, 2-r;/,and

of

consisting
thus,

xy

literal

Like

terms

^ab"

and

because

hab^

term

one

452*
terms

; as,

453.
terms

; as,

terms

is

is

b,

2a

2ab

5^,
is

trinomial

a^ +

the

term

an

expression {a-]-x) being

an

are

and

other

Thus,

".

a"

of

+/^

2 rr

"

letters,
part

the

the

part
term

Ixy.

which

hab

the

\abc^ dx^^ 2ax^,

binomial
^

literal

b and

monomial
as,

the

; all others

like

and

those

are

signs -|- and

expression

those

are

contains

one

451*

are

expression

figures

of

part

coefficients

numerical

the

both

is called

is the

450"

of

terms

letters

the

by

contains

term

algebraic

an

connected

j/' are

"

When

of

terms

differ

unlike

only

in

Thus,

terms.

hab"^

are

their

unlike

terms,

b.

expression

consisting

of

only

etc.

expression

consisting

of

two

etc.

an

b\ (a +
treated

expression

x)'
as

"

one

consisting

2{a -f x)y +y\

quantity.

of

three

etc., the

(Art. 341.)

ELEMENTARY

164

454.

be

the
the

right,

The

according

in

The

456.

square,"

abc

is read

abc

'*

fifth.

*'

ia

It should
a

is

not

be

can

7n

or

Let
be

the

left

to

arranged
of

exponents

of

terms

has

**

the

the

same

value

same

is

7^^

**

4 times

it will
a

"

to

whether

if

4(^

4 times

the

be

understood

* *

by

since

each
the

"'

is to

were

parenthesis
4
**

-\- ^mn

read
be

pressions
ex-

understood.

word

m{m^
so

minus

b)

"

that

the

be

b,

read

reading

or

Again,

should

^^

when

is

a""

"

be

monomials.

2?"") +

b cube."

b would

^,

Thus,

fourth

Za

Thus,
"

cation
multipli-

used.

Za^b

"

required

"

case

which

not

minus

4ca

"

**^," **;r,"

square

2^'

polynomials.
binomial

as

is

times"

cube,

2^

read

are

in

"2'^ +

the

with

doubt

^', etc.,

is read

quantity

whole

used

plies
multitimes"

-\- n^)

that

multiplied

there

by

not.

the

observed

polynomial

4- "^xy -\-y^ has

monomials

care

which

/;," in

no

* *

read

m{in'^+

and

2 +

;r,

b, plus

^,"

minus

the

a,

lad^b^

";

square

be

minus

Thus,

x^

word

the

containing
read

the

reading

Considerable

"

b^

cause
be-

(Art.
is

a^

EXPRESSIONS.

polynomial

The

'*", plus

In

etc.

indicated,

458.

"

like

Quantities

is

4^*^

ALGEBRAIC

READING

**^

from

term

ab^ +
of

of

right.

to

as

each

said

is

a^

"

1 understood.

of

j' +'^'" j^st

to

2.

457.

left

its value.

%xy

as

from

Za^b

"

being

a^b^ +

arrangement

affect

not

value
as

order

only

applied

increasing powers

decreasing poivers

the

to

decreasing

first

polynomial

2a*

in

of

consisting

terms.

more

increase

the

usually

a^b +

the

to
a

of

exponent

444.)

does

of

exponents

or

according

arranged

is

four

polynomial

AND

expression

an

name

of

consisting

The
to

The

term.

one

expression

an

is

polynomial

than

more

ALGEBRA

distinction

to

be

made

in

reading

|/!^_i:and \/m + -JL^,

X

"

"

the

following

TRIGONOMETRIC

In the first case,

fraction#" +

"only

is

"

over

by

expression

"plus

"

459.

When

should
times

that

shows

should

indicated

be

read,

marks

will

that

second^
minor

minor

small

they

prime,

major

letters
are

height

of

of

'.ht

it

"/,

"

in

sub-two,

major

the

letters.

nate
desig-

to

figures,

/"'',T'",

etc.,

etc.,

third,"

major

primi\

C" d^,

^"

another.

geometrical

minor

*'^

clitTer-

one

.r,

(7,^,

problems

used

second,

major

; ^"

to

also

are

C\,

represent

distinguish

to

lines

c\ d\

algebraic

correspond

or

minor

and

water

in the

minor

read

are

sub-thrci\

when

only

'"a

minor

capitals

problem.

same

a\ b^, for

example,

are

wise
Otherread

''a

the

into
and

the

weight

of

as,

and

distance
of

the

load,

earned

money

tank

depth

applied

terms

are

character

running

and

tower

QUANTITIES.

negative

up-stream

lifting-rope and

used

are

NEGATIVE

opposite

distance
of

after

exponent,

an

B\

letter

same

read

and

Positive

owed,
a

the

'*

AND

quantities

out,

"

/'.

"

square

A\
in

serve

employed

dropped,

POSITIVE

money

and

are

b sub-two,

461.

the

Drawing,

are

major

of

root

'

r'

"

etc.

words

The

etc.,

by

like

expressions

third^**etc.

sub-one,

sub-four,*

the

prime

tnajor

d", c'^\
c

affected

elsewhere

Mechanical

in

.r

square."

etc.,

"

over

the

square

"fraction

by

times

similar,

are

**the

square

word

the

where

case,

o(

root

read,

by

Thus,

corresponding

or

"ds

a\

etc.;

is

have

The

appear

read

are

rf

or

to

343.)

similar

is divided

expressions

', ', '", "

Art.

(See

the

"

formulas

quantities

and

Sa

it is desirable

The

as

of

in

the

rf square,

"

Sometimes

etc., appear

and

clearly.

square

460"

ent

taken,

second

the

divided

square

be

that

^^

''

fraction

the

polynomial

**3a

the

it may

shows

only

be

the

when

"

the

say,
In

plus

is

to

^*,

^"

''quantity

whole

clear

155

;"

**

"y."

quantity,

word

quantity

whole

be

divided

root of the

The

the

it would

and

"^-/,

FUNCTIONS.

water

to

and

running
the

down-stream,
well,
etc.

the

pull

on

Positive

462.

minus,

as

$50,

like

amount

into

running

out

as

positive

of

the

the

to

call

it is customary

positive,
distance

different

signs

of

symbols

that

between
denote

the

positive
the

write

we

"

in

the

this

denote
"

by

$200

the

and

in

this

negative

the

man

In
of

this

addition

addition,

quantities
quantities.

while
denote

of
add

we

that

$500
the
the
the

the

(-

second
three

positive

pose
Sup-

the

sign

in

from

his

amount

since

it

To

we

is

may

by

owed,
indicates

$200

the

sion
posses-

find

how

much

thus:

two,

$200)

-|- sign

signs
or

cumstances
cir-

subtracted

has

man

quantity.

ative
neg-

subtraction,

$300

is

before

"

the

quantities.

$200

latter,

sign

tinction
dis-

the

different
and

former

The

the

tities
quan-

In

under

$200

the

two

etc.

negative
"

exclusively

between

addition

$500

the

the

character

is worth

and

that

and

case

up,

entirely

two

sign -J- and

Hence,

denote

may

$200.

$500,

garded
re-

quantities, however,

the

by

"

however,

owes

distance

in

added,

negative

expression

Suppose,

$500

and

sign

indicates

case

$500.

be

to

are

positive

the

thing
some-

usually

them

placed

quantity

signs

denote

may

thus

used
used

have

we

these

they

they

by

is

negative;

be

may

"

positive

quantity

or

and

operation

indicates

and

negative.

heretofore

senses;

but

opposite;

are

earned
as

taken

be

characters

positive

gained

owed

the

as

quantity

money

money

down,

The

464.

we

Thus,

quantity

same

quantity

long

so

something

of water

a.

which

negative

is

earned

quantity
the

a,

"

negative,

negative.

as

by

matter

not
as

and

by

sign

the

by

money

If the

$50.

"

denoted

does

if

sign plus,

the

by

quantities

Thus,

denoted

which

positive

positive,

is

be

really

and

lost

owed
is

should

It

463.

etc.

tank

negative

ab,

"

preceded

are

and

^tc,

2xj^,

"

running

as

quantities

4-^^"

+2^/,

as

AND

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

156

$300.
the

denotes

immediately

negative

operation
before

character

the
of

the

TRIGONOMETRIC

positive

small

is

how

matter

The

has

of

the

the

term

and

is

"

positive.
the

same

positive

it

if

monomials

expression

understood

that

sign

arranged

letters

the

must

with

written

usually

3",

as

same

minus

with

positive

an

the

are

is

50.

"

being

The

who

Thus,

of

means

b.

"

Polynomials

first, and

term

Za

-\- a

as

than

debt

man

either.

term

omitted,

Thus,

the

expressions,

first

the

is

plus sign

omitted.

be

never

if

in

is $10

and

than

algebraic

or

debt

increase

to

who

is greater

10

"

writing
alone,

positive,

how

matter

no

negative quantity^

any

man

in

off

better

10, and

"

stands

term

is

is $50

who

one

When

466.

in

increasing

as

is conceived

quantity

decreases,

bank

than

greater

is

than

the

in

than

greater

negative

value

off

$5

quantity

large.

value

is better

157

positive quantity^

any

considered

its numerical

as

consider

to

direction

always

no

is usual

It

465.

FUNCTIONS.

alphabetically.

BXAMPLBS

467.

Express
Three

1.

following

the

square

PRACTICE.

FOR

algebraically

minus

square,

cd

two

into
Ans.

2.

The

times

3.

quantity

square

the

plus

A,

b cube

plus

square
c

two

plus

mn

fourth.

square

Ans.
of

root

times

D,

the

3;f

{m'^

the

plus

At

radical

times

the

Ten

over

in

y,

minus

times

seven

parenthesis,

plus

the

the
fraction

When

6, ^

2ab

6.

a"

7.

^a^+Uc-b.

8.

2ac^

9.

abc^

-h

-h

5, and

b^.

4, find

quantity

numerical
6^ +

b).

a^V

"

a'^bc.

V.

i/D(X

V).

K
+

V^(X+

minus

V).
tion
frac-

the

minus

square

Ans.

a\a

n^)a^b^c*.

Xplus

-,/

Ans.

Xplus

._

the

^nin

parenthesis

^^.

two

over

plus

parenthesis,

parenthesis

Ans.
5.

2r//(rt!
^).
+

in

-h

Ans.
4.

square

b,

plus

x^

y\

values

2x6x5

square

"

y^

of:
+

5"

72+60-5
Ans.

121.

127.

11,892.
Ans.

360.

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

158

When

.r

and^

6, what

do

AND

following

the

equal:

(^H-^)(x-^)-|/:^i?^?

10.

Ans.

(8

6)(8

-h

6)

-f/^^T"

26.

"

11

i^{x -h}^^){x*-hjy)

11.

-^M-^y)

jI^

12.

(x

h-

^)(^-h

AND

SUBTRACTION.

PRBLrlMINARY

Suppose

in

and

Fig. 62,

let

Now,

off

call

us

distances

lay

left

82.

to

the

line

right

+,

positive,

or

Let

shown

directions.

opposite

negative.

or

"

the

on

in

Fig.

as

distances

equal

point,

distances

the

to

IDKAS.

take

we

39.5.

1,572.57.

Ans.

ADDITION

468.

Ans.

jy)?

also

us

and

call

movement

the

Suppose
the

after

to

because

after

is

that

the

motion

the

man

to

miles

miles,
miles

walk

west

is

in

of

^,

miles

miles

had
from

east

walked

or

and

miles,

and

10

would

His

in

turn

from

G,

miles

in

instead

miles,
have

we

case,

distance

imagine
and
that

see

positive

of

been

he

the

walk

would

direction;
back

by counting

10

walking

find

from

direction;

around
we

and

miles,

negative

third

taken

Suppose,

west

west.

from

being

direction.

walks

then

If,

2.

he

and

As

west

back
that

and

A^
:=

west,

distance

sign

plus

8 miles

or

His

positive

8.

the

east

east.

farther

east,

(" 4)

the

"

of

negative.

negative

walks

farther

from

miles

Counting

is, -|- G +
he

and

miles,

(" 5)

west.

still be
that

west

from

starts

walks

miles
"

the

left

the

to

one

miles.

miles

man

pause

is

east,

walks

(+ 3)

however,

direction

starts

and

represent

man

pause

is +

right positive,

positive

distances

Suppose

the

to

miles

west

of

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

Aj
For

miles

or

in

the

reference,

results

above

-3
6

+
6

+
should

student

The
additions
their

positive

front

of

the

is

sum

several

the
terms

is

terms

(-10)=

all

carefully

that

before

the

all

is

the

be

to

the

is

sum

numerically

the

than

the

follow

If

there

and

positive

the

of

the
are

positive
of

sum

is negative.

negative,

are

sum

in ji^

tive^
posi-

arc

sufu

is

which

if the

positive

greater

the

greater.

of

part

addition.

of

added

other

in

-\- si^n

the

negative,

are

these

denote

the

be

to

of

each

numbers

have

terms

numerically

added,

in

operation

we

and

positive

while

the

the

"

-4

character,

If

"^"

+-^

illustrations

sign of

negative,

part

(-4)

positive; if

term

one

lias

sum

denotes

these

principle

If

=-8

observe

parenthesis

important

(-5)

negative

or

From

469.

(-* 1^0

^'"+

collected

are

signs immediately

the

the

direction,

negative

159

the

negative

terms.

the

When

which

that

is

would
in

Thus,
the

are

likewise
and

in

second,
is

sum

is

term

third

case

sum,

2, is the

case,

the

is the

add

the

annex

9axy;

and

the

signs

numerical
the

10

have

9;"'", 3w"",

sum

"

the

the

-f- 5

is

other

and

are

different

-|- 3

t5

are

in
and

signs,

U;

alike

however,

different,

likewise

and

("

Thus,

terms.

the

negative,

the
0

the

of

When,

8.

garded.
disre-

were

signs

and

sum

the
the

is

sum

in
and

the
the

fourth
sum,

4,

difference.

literal

the

signs

numerically

difference;

like

containing

terms

coefficients, having
the

of

signs

of

add

To

the

is

sum

the

numerical

470.

the

the

above,

case

between

and

first

difference

above,

if

obtained

numerical

the

sign,

same

numerically

positive

numerical

the

the

therefore

the

the

be

same,

the

one

have

terms

Thus,

part.
of

Sab

Bm'nj

regard

and

and

"

the
l\ab

for

the

of

sum

is

letters,

"

2///'// is ijm'n.

proper

we

signs,

i'uix'v and

Sab;

and

simply

the

and

\]ax''yis
sum

of

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

160

OF

ADDITION

471.
the

sign

same

Rule

I.

add

To

"

like

quantities

the

sum

having

the

Add

"

MONOMIALS.

Quantities.

Like

AND

coefficientsgive

the

common

and

sign^

Rule

II.

separately
the

and

Example.

of

is

of

the

gives

the

as

The

"

sum

the

and

Give

less.

the

annex

%abxy^

"

is 12

gives

and

(remember
is

sign

common

these

to

;ry*,
of

sum

negative

terms,

is

The

+.

result

2xy^, Sxy^,

"

^abxy.

"

the

that
The

"

efficient
co-

common

the

as

6.

result

V^abxy.

"

and

V,

to

end

of

miles;
east,

certain

miles.

to

pass

walked

in

or

how

from

in

move

equal

to

move

miles.

or

from

positive
3.

sign
denote

westward,
Hence,

or

we

B,

denotes

that

the

If

and

we

say

we

-f

Z^

from

miles
serve
Obwhile

say

to

to

from

"

+
8 to

3,

pass

8,

distance

is

and

from

pass

from

which

go

is 3

3.

must

negative direction,

that

has

+3

between

we

pass

quantities

three

we

5)

the

subtraction,

direction

5.

(+

"

difference

The

At

and

walk

must

or

men,

and

between
we

however,
in

the

these

to

two

miles

here

direction,

Suppose,

of

sign

eastward.

walked

what

to

the

9,

is

terms

annexed

62, suppose

distance

to

in

and

far,

to

+5

positive.

are

3, and

xy^,

travel

and

has

the

minus

plus signs

precede

means

from

the

three

Now,

is

part,

Fig.

to

point

time,

positive

MONOMIALS.

positive direction;

a.

that

they

again

from

start

the

II.)

OF

Referring

472.

of

literal

(Rule

4;ry*.

"

difference

Their

common

dxy^.

and

coefficients

the

SUBTRACTION

sum^

abxy,

"

coefficients

the
and

1),

Combine

"

greater

we

the

coefficients

I.)

Solution.

the

subtract

greater

2abxy,

"

annexed

abxy^

part,

the

of

sum

sum

abxy

"

Example.

and

the

The

"

of

sign of

sum

negative

the

and

greater

signs

part.

Find

Solution.

literal

the

from
the

"

different

positive

literal

(Rule

the

Add

"

remainder

common

literal part.

common

quantities having

like

add

To

the

annex

or

we

is

-|- 5;
of

-f

TRIGONOMETRIC

(-f 8)

from
the

==

the

as

point

approach

miles

has

travel

miles

11

(+

7)

The

From
From
From

and

subtracted,

be

quantity

or

pass

we

sul)-

we

-h

-h

10

"

From

From

to

miles

east,

to

to

to

-h

"

to

from

5 to

from

must

be

or

"

"

walked

has

from

pass

from

to

direction.

positive

D,

to

direction;

negative

we

"4

in

connection

what

must

be

Thus,

if I

studied

12

in

either

9.

9)

-h

7.

(- 3)

(-h 2)

is
minuend.

the

far

how

added

added

to

between

to

miles

miles

be

to

go

difference

the
be

must

since

must

travel

must

we

6.

miles,

difference

Fig. 62,

(Art.

sum.

difference

is

to

is

to

"

in

east

same

case.

of

the

"

3;;/;/

subtracted

tain
ob-

passing

that

we

Thus,
to

+4

2, since

^^^

from
if

be

^"

''"^^'^^

-f (5, the
we

the

-f 7

wish
same

to
sult
re-

subtracted
subtracted

1*-^,the
from

tain
ob-

we

subtract

obtain
to

"

'^^'^

^^

quantity

7 added

we

^^

^-

it appears

quantity.
as

"

-f

another,

sign

other

(+ 4)

"

and

If

subtract

Therefore,

the

-f

468.)

-|- 6

we

from

add

we

make

to

if

4;

"

the

is the

if

that

seen

change

from

-h

Similarly,

quantity

to

obtain

to

9, since

is "4.

it

"

4"

sum

add

4.

(" 5)
(-

the

miles.

the

and

"

5.

-h

(-h 10)

"

"

Evidently

is,

(-h 3)

"

"

or

Ay

have

one

-f

case,

added

we

6,

"

of

6, the

difference

if

4,

7
4

2l%

10, the

subtract

or

-h

We

-\'%

7,

that

4;

474.

is +

"

or

-^

gives

in

be

-h

subtrahend

of

and

9,

-h

or

4 is -h

east

east

miles

To

pass

may

or

4.

"

every

miles

miles

8 is 4- 5,

the

to

To

in

or

exercises

-h 6 is

In

added

or

11.

west,

to

473.

11

they

and

east

62:

"

From

"

point

11.

Fig.

are

(" 4)

"

miles

apart

following

with

"

the

tt)

minuend,

the

as

far

travel

Therefore,

quantity

or

walked

how

west,
must

am

consider

always

subtrahend,

we

Suppose

"

shall

l";i

from.

tract

we

We

3.

"

FUNCTIONS

4;;/;/

result

gives

ing
bethe

ELEMENTARY

162

result

same

given

are

^a

-h

^xy

5 -h

(4- 2)

-h

(-h 3)

(- 3)

47

a)

{+

^a

(-h l^xy)

"

-h

Change

"

("

a)

hxy

-h

-\-

followmg

cises
exer-

7.
9.
+

lOxy.

"

quantities:

sign of

the

a.

(" l^xy)

like

subtract

To

Sm

Rule.

H-

The

illustrations:

as

"

AND

^mn.

to

2)

(_

added

3/"//

as

ALGEBRA

subtrahend^

the

and

proceed

as

in addition.
Example.

From

"

Solution.

^ab'^x

"

476.

be

not

can

and

in

So,

in

algebra
of

operations

indicated

of

sum

obtained

this

In

"

Combining

terms,

terms

with

this

result

Sfd^

Example.

bm

"

must

As

2xy

now

is

in

2m

477.
1.

unlike

the

the

subtrahend,

2a\

6a\

2a^b,

"^cd^

equal

are

like

and

part

Connecting
signs,

we

have

?
unlike.
the

like
un-

as

the

2xy,

above,
Art.

terms,

connect

Find
-

Im

example

like

is considered.

Ans.
3 from

"

the

sum,

respective

the

considered

be

^adx

Scd^.

is

example,

475,

have

we

terms

its

have

we

sign

by

their

will

be

like
Im

and
"

2m

unlike

respective
changed,

5;;;.

signs.

giving

us

Ans.

3.

by

"

cated.
indi-

are

arithmetical

an

terms

cd^

their

EXAMPLES

2.

the

between

etc.,

addition,

cd^

"

the

^cd^

result

in

of

part

^cd^

that
the

^cx

"

quantities

it is to

and

n^,

way

Icd^

case,

Subtract

Subtracting

"

same

Sc\v-\- 6adx.

"

"

Solution.

vSince

the

does

like

We

2;"/^, and

"

of

-\- n^, for

2mn

"

in

What

"

Solution.

terms.

tracted.
sub-

or

indicating

by

except

multiplication,

by actually performing

Example.

final

bers,
num-

dab^, Axy, 2;", etc.,

as

composed

are

;;/'*

;;/\

quantity^

one

added

be

not

can

terms,

addition,

trinomial

The

as

ing,
add-

and

unlike

arithmetic,

subtracted,

or

lab^x,

Ans.

by signs.

Expressions
which

In

"

unlike

algebra,

subtrahend,

lOab^x.

dollars,

combined

operations

the

"

Quantities.

books

as

of

sign

(" lab^x)

Unlike

lab^x.

take

the

Changing

"

have

we

%ab^x

"

the
-

FOR

of

sum

ba\

a}b, WaH,

4a\
-

the
-

PRACTICE.

following:

3^^

and

ba'^b, 4:a^b,

aK
and

Ans.
-

9a^b.

Ans.

7a".
2a^b.

TRIGONOMETRIC

3.

2x\

Sxy,

Note.
4.

jr*, 8/,

"

Combine

"

a'^bc,

and

bxy,

like

2ad^c,

"

FUNCTIONS.

Sa^r*,

with

connect

4a*^^,

"

Ans.

7^".

and

terms

103

and

respective

From

6.

From

17a

take
11a

"

signs.

Sad^c

Sa^bi'

"

Subtract

8.

Subtract

9.

What

"

10^"

4cd.

"

from

Ans.
will

10.vy

produce

subtracted

lOxy

ADDITION

AND

from

with

equal

12rv

"

Ans.

I2xy7

"

Example."
and

the

Find

^xy

the

"

22

Av.

^ac

-h

3/^"

"

dd

their

each

lac

2xy,

coin

mn

signs.

proper
"

another,

4/^" +

3rt" +

a*.

"

like

^Writing

"

22.vv.

one

column.

by

sums

of 6a"

sum

5^* -h %ac

"

Solution.

the

connect

"

POLYNOMIALS.

underneath

vertical

same

0.

expressions

in the

like tertns

OF

polynomials

Write

"

separately^ and

Zxy,

SUBTRACTION

add

To

478.

Or//.

"

10^".

to

28"7.

"

Ans.

"

added

does

then,

2Ha.

Ans.

Ans.

Rule.

*^tjfiiK

-h

Ans.

17a.

from

quantity

What,

11a.

"

take

5cd

7.

10.

-h.v^

following:

the

5.

2.rv

5ad*c.
Ans.

Solve

.i"

in

terms

the

vertical

same

column,

we

have

"

5a"

-h

^ac

3a"

-h

lac

a*

-h

^ac

a'

-\-2\ac

"

j""f

Example.
-

2a^x

"

Find

"

and

2ax\

Solution.

the
8a"

sum

3a"ar

"

a^x"

"

+
"

of

a^x

-h

3a.r".

"

%a*x

-h

"

4a*jr

4-0

To

479*
Rule.

with

sign

"

like

subtract

Write
terms

of each

"

term

the
in

-h

4jry

-h

5;r7.

ax^

X*

a*

Ans.

ax

"

x^

"^^

"

"

2a^

2.r*

"

"2xK

ax

-i-

^^.r

2a*

"

subtrahend
same

x^,

"

"

3rt"

Ans.

polynomial

one

the

bb^

3ax"

AaKv

"

%xy

2ax*

2a".r

ax

-h

x*

ax*"

"

2xy

"

\b^

"

"

sum

3"J*

(Arts.
from

of the subtrahend^

the

column.

and

and

455

456.)

another:

underneath
vertical

proceed

minuend,

Change
as

in

the
dition.
ad-

ELEMENTARY

164

Example.

From

"

Solution.

ALGEBRA

Sac
Sac

"

difference
Example."

2.r"

2x*

difference

Sx*y

"

Sx*y

"

jry*

-\-

1.

Find
2b

ax-j-

the

Aby

-h

of

jr"

Ans.

y*.

"

-\-

4y

Sz

"

-\- TV,

PRACTICE.

following:
-\- bx

2ax

Sa

-\-

2ay

2x

"

"

and

by,

"

Tax
w,

"

2a-Sb-Jt^d,

2d"Zc-\-Aa,

2b-Sd-^4c,

Aax

-+-

x-hy

-h

4a

2Lnd2c

Sa

Sa

4.

Qx"dy-h

2n^

7w,

2y

x-hy,

Ax"

"

and

5m,

-\-

Ans.
Solve
5.

the

la

From

From

Sm

bb

Zc

"

"

5// -h

take

7.

Subtract

2x"2y-i-2

8.

Subtract

3^2-1-

73

"

5r

-h

2j

"

2r

take

from

4jr"7

-\-Sn

"

6^

must

to

from

-xy^

have

consider

%ab

"

combining

the

we

123

4jn

5;r"
2x^

-h

Zn.

-f 4.

8r

"

Sn

"

Sy

-r"^

-h
"

Sx^y

3^

"

Zs.

"

2.

"

G^^v* _|_^3

"

4-

parenthesis
expression

used

expression^

what

in

preceded
within

not

that

precedes,
of

terms
as

to

quantity,

"\' U") signifies

the

proceed

being

one

as

entire

from

subtracted

be

etc.,

treated
the

(a"

"

parentheses,
we

be

affects

Thus,

When

without

-\- Sm

Ans.

brackets,

to

are

symbol

only.

482.

When

that

the

are

Zd.

xy^

xy^.

AGGREGATION.

OF

Parentheses,

expressions

terms

-^

5s.

"

x.

"

Ixy'^+y^

"

SYMBOLS

term

-\- Sc

4.

"

Ans.

before

^b.

"y.

x"y

Ans.

481.

z.

"

following:

Ans.
6.

"ay.

z.

-\- Sb

^by

2x-^-4y

"

"

Ans.

Sby.

-h

-k- Sbx

and

Ans.
3.

sig^ns changed

with

Ans.
2.

xy^ -hy*.

"

y^y subtrahend

"

Sxy*

the

Say,

"

sig^ns changed.

subtract

FOR

sum

with

2xy^

-h

KXAMPLKS

480.

d.

"

2xy*

-h
-h

x*

"

Ans.

Sx^y

"

X*

"

ac

dy subtrahend

-^

b -\- d.

"

From

Solution."

-\-

2ac

subtract

2d

"

ac

"

2b

"

AND

any

addition

of

by

minus

the

not

enclose
the

sign

the

first

all
a^

the

only.

expression
monomials.

sign,

parenthesis

as

we

TRIGONOMETRIC

subtrahend,

and

FUNCTIONS.

all

change

105

before

signs

the

removing

parenthesis.

We

If,on

the

may

remove

signsof
of

the

the

be

to

483.

When

first term

is

understood

minus

is

sign

minus

sign

refers

%x

is

^^^^

th"

-(+8;r

by

expression

whole

The

in

written

the

unless

(8;r+

"

quantity.

if

the

parenthesis,

plus sign,

the

in the
the

to

Example.

d.

-h

the

sign

3a

is -f

of

of

from

each

4r

"lb),

"

of

sign
would

full

(3a

"

enclosed

understood,

\ab

-h

be

d).

"

and

term,
have

we

bering
remem-

result

the

as

Ans.
the

Remove

"

parenthesis

the

sign

the

4a^

"

have

to

Changing

"

that
3a

is enclosed

expression

Remove

"

Solution.

"

signs

the

change

not

the

5-2*).

Example.

4r

do

plus,

change

not

must

we

we

is

parenthesis

the

added.

thus,

the

+"

but

because

quantity

given

of

sign

symbols,

expression,

expression

an

the

contrary,

from

parentheses

4a

5.r

"

(fi

"

4.r

"

-h

(jT" 8a).
Solution.
X

Adding

8a.

"

4a

"

5^

"

like

the

(a

"

4jr) -\-{x

"

terms,

4a

others.

In

always
Example.

1^

of

Symbols

484"

-h

5a

-f

[7^^-

Solution.

4a

all

i^d

-h

^We

"

5a.

"

Ans.

will

often

may

be

of

symbols

the

same

as
a

and

Hence,

we

that

-h

6a

with

This
before

is equal
6a

like

Combining
"

^a"a

4a

we

4a

sign

"

i^cd-

7^^+

is

removed,

{"5

"

the

by[\.

4a

2cd-

b]\.

equal
2(d

"

to

"

b\,

to

"^ +

"

7r//

"

4a

led

a-\-

"

b.

terms,
"

cession,
suc-

from

being

have

\;icd-

brackets

the

in turn,

^a

the

\;icd-

{^

6a

which,

minus

subtracted.

parenthesis
6a

This,

{^

closing
en-

pair.

have

the

Removing

be

to

are

in

aggregation

vinculum.

the

remove

parenthesis,
b

"

found

removed

innermost

the

be

the

-h

6a

cr^b)\\.

first

with

the

4.r

they

cases

beginning

Remove

"

aggregation

such

-h

"

4x

8a

"

5.r

"

5^

"

"

4a

have

we

"

8a)

"

b-^b-\-

led

-h

2r^

-h

^cd.

Ans.

in

effect

indicates

ELEMENTARY

166

ALGEBRA

BXAMPLrKS

485.

Remove

1.

"

2.

3.

5a

4.

3;r"

{2mn

[4"

"*

6.

5ar

"

7.

3a

"

8.

9x

"

(2ar

[7a

{200;r

lex

{4ry

"

Note.

(5a

2mn

"

Ans.

c),

"

-h

that

from

n\

ic,

d-c-2.

Sa

6d

"

12.

following:

the

2^)].

Ans.

2m

("

"

4^).

"

7^^)]]

Scy)

-h

cy

sign

the

Ans.

SOOx]

400^:}

^-jr.

Ans.

600jr.

Ans.

lOcx.

ex]]

"

"+" U.

Ans.
-

^.

"

2;ir-2/.

(- 100^)

3"

"

Ans.

5y).
a)]

"

Ans.

"

[500^

[{^cx

"

"

{Sjr-^

Observe

"

-h

"

100^

m^

x).

(x

"

"

2^

-h

of aggregation

S^')

"

following:

Ans.

"

(/"

"

{2jy [6x

-h

(7

""

"

the

Ans.

3a

("

"

symbols

the

5.

10.

3":

-h

from

parentheses

3).

PRACTICE.

"')

"

(2^-5)

Remove

9.

/""

^ 4-

4^

"

the

"

("

"

FOR

AND

before

the

is

parenthesis

stood.
under-

4-

MULTIPLICATION.

PRELIMINARY

In

486.
and

only,
the

algebra,

the

symbols

final

when
the

of

product
the

any

the

and

^.

order,

in
are

are

Since
we

values
is

we

at

indicated
than

more

should

tiplied
mul-

be

substituted.

absence
the

Thus

of

four

3, and

d; hence,

liberty

to

arrange

sign
of

operation

the

3^,

by

2a

2, a,
are

the

m7i,

they

are

denoting

multiply

we

product

3 X

Hence,

numerical

often

nothing

frequently
it is shown

that

quantities

two

If
form

is

answer

their

is

multiplication

written

so

IDKA8.

factors
2a

3^

plication.
multiwhich
2

factors

the

tween
be-

in

have

the

finding

multiplied

product

of

together

and

t/ie

quantities,

two

prefixed

to

the

cients
coeffiliteral

factors,
When

487.

sign of

the

quantities

two

product

is

positive if

are

the

multiplied
two

together,

quantities

have

the
the

TRIGONOMETRIC

sign

same

it is

and

FUNCTIONS.

107

negative if the quantities

have

opposite

signs.
Thus,

is

5"

times

feet,

be

shows
the

("

3w)

(-h 5")

("

3w)

when
is

as

obtain

The

taken;

in

given

the

the

if +

treated

be

negative

sign

of

operation

is

obtained

be

to

quantities;

show

to

$20,

it is obtained.

other

sign

of

after

with

connection

shows

The

$20.

result

the

as,

represents

symbol

The

;;/.

number;

5;/

of

is

sent
repre-

multiplicand

debt

hand,

of

sidered
con-

many

may

value

the

thus,
a

how

shows
3;;/

and

be

must

concrete

of

sign

is to

multiplier,

thus,

any

represent

the

simply

upon

positive,

taken

by

5^

that

the

the

result

Similarly,

The

Ibmn,

the

with

other
That

(+ 3"")

If, on

"

is, (+

the

when

the

3///)

gives

positive

the

in

signs

connection
remain

15/;/;/, and

we

character

has

taken

sign,
3///

same

multiplier

therefore,

(+

hand,

other

sign, the

product

sign

be

is

be

to

(" 3/;/)

subtracted,
combined

"

has

multiplier

multiplier, 3;;/,

the
X

the

when

changed

when

(+ 5")

has

case

by

ply
sim-

("

as

5;/) X

Ibmn.

the

must

bn)

multiplied

on

if the

quantities, and,

its

disregarding

added

be

to

"

each

Now,

is

product

above.

in

product

multiplicand.

sign,

and

multiplier

the

3;;/, considering

number

15/"".

have

be

other

is

is

multiplier

represent

result

15w/f.

"

and

quantity;

abstract

an

Thus,

-+- 15w".

The

depending

the

on

15w".

"

3;;/ above

is to

to

XHmn.

subtracted.

be

the

the

number,

the

Multiplying

as

(~ 5")

taken

how

multiplier

"

the

multiplier

added

is to

(-H 3Mr)

miles.

100

multiplier,

If

multiplicand.

of

may

and

5")

5", may

character

the

("

30, etc.,

21,

60

hn

multiplicand

multiplicand,

"

(-h Sw)

abstract

an

the

15,

the

that

the

as

120,

5")

Assume

488.
that

(+

15;;/;/

the

has

the

and

("

its

therefore,

and,
with

negative

other

quantities.

negative

sign,

("

5;/) X

we

3;;/)

Ibmn.

489"
and

a^

Exponents.
=

"

a.

It
The

has

been

product

that

shown
t-?' X

(r\

a^
or

a^a^

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

108

axaXaXaX(i

twice

as

three

times

times

as

the

of

and

factor,

as

the

rt*

r"X^

the
to

letters
the

Make

of the exponeyits

of

alike

are

Example.

'

be

Solution.

since

"^

since
"

are
__

the

b, and

by
of

coefficients annex

letter

plus^ when
they

the

the

of

f^a^bc,

"

coefficients

the

The

of

of

sign

different

have

20, and

exponent

new

b"^.

'

is

is

5, and

AiU^b

Hence,

to

3, 2,

of

is

product

the

signs.

letters

the

minus,
^a^bc

"

"

Ans.

When

there

three

or

than

more

are

Example.

be

to

Find

"

in

examples

more

each

SU(^cession,

factors,

two

the

product

of

%x'^yz^y

have

we

in

solve

to

rule.

foregoing

by

performed
continued

the

multiplication

^x'^y^z'^, and

"

Z.v^yz.
.

Solution."

Now,
"

signs

unlike.

are

"

simply

equal

exponent

an

letter.

when

The

c.

/5' +

factors

two

20a5^V.

4^^^

product

a,

m*.

of the

that

mimes

factors.

^^s^^nd

491

"

The

"

'

each

product

and

Multiply

"

annexed

the

sign of

the

of

expoyient

MONOMIALS.

product
give

the

factors

the

of both feu tors;

sum

;"*+*

OF

To

The

5.

^.

MULTIPLICATION

"

is

five

used

^'^.

fn^

'

^*

w*

Rule.

of

is used

be

must

is used

that

of the exponents

rt* X

490"

product,

exponent

that

shows

exponent

sum

Thus,

2 shows

exponent

In

the

or

is the

product

the

factor.

factor,

The

a^,

AND

Qx^z^
this

multiplying

Sxy^

product

EXAMPLES

4:92*
1.
2.
3.
4.

Find

a^^

and

Ixy

"

"

Suggestion.

"

by

FOR

product

the

n4:X^

"Sx*yz,

we

^z^

and

have

and
and

"

"

Mx^y^zK

"

54;ry

"

^^

PRACTICE.

of:
Ans.

Ans.

Smn.

2a\x

Treat

"

Ans.

Ix^K

"

yy

", or

6abd.

Ibm^n^

Sa(x

="

Ans.

lQ2x^y*z^.

9x'Yz^

the

"

Ans.

y).
(.r

"

j)

as

though

it

were

6a*b^d.

^dx^K
"

^a\x

45w*"'.

"

single letter.

yy.

TRIGONOMETRIC

Find

5.

the

FUNCTIONS.

continued

of

product

2a^m-.x\

ir,9

3ri*///.r'*,and

"

4"i/;/\r-.

Ans.
6.

does

What

a^dft

"

2r//"

"

3/^^/r" X

"

2rir//*

"

equal

When

493.
Rule.

OF

of

one

each

Multiply

"

and

the

connect

Example."

Find

the

9^*

"

their

by

the

by

^a^b^"\a'^b^

ia'^fi^

"

polynomial

9^7* +

Sa^d^

the

monomial

products

of

product

Solution."

is

of

separate

the

POLYNOMIALS.

factors

term

Via^fi^t-^^f^n*.

Ans.

MULTIPLICATION

24/7*;;/*.r*.

"

mial,
mono-

proper

signs.

-M

"'Sad*.

and

b^

"

-%ab*
27rt"^

When

494.
Rule.

the

of

othery

Example.

"

multiply

to

at

polynomials

add

and

Write
the

to

6^

the

left

Multiplying

(1) by

will

under

(2) and
be

Example.
Solution.
arrange

increasing
Arranging

instead

"

or

in

polynomial

one

4rt

each

by

term

%b.

"

under

and

right,

read

and

multiplicand,

the

the

at

that

other,

With

the

\a

from

as

left, and

the

begin
since

arithmetic,

in

there

jr^
view

.r

(3)

easier

.r'^

by

like

of

the

.r.

in

terms

the

columns,

same

according

either

letter.

same

ten
writ-

are

them.

.r'^ +

"

12^/^,

"

increasing

the

to

and

tt) add

multiplier

powers

Ans.

\^mb

"

be

1 +

and

8/^^

28.?/; -h UK

bringing

to

(2)

Vlab

terms,

according

case

\^ab

it will

"

(1)

l-.r+.r"

Multiplying

(1) by

Multiplying

(1) by

Multiplying

(1) by

(2), (3), and

1
-h
"

gives
.r

gives

h-

.r

.r

.r'^ gives

(4) gives

"

"

"

(Art. 455.)
of

powers

"

.r3

(1)

(2)

.r^ H- .x'^
.r-

-h

.r^ +

x^

.r-

.r-*

.r^

x'^ +

"

3.r=^

the

to

have

Adding

are

like

that

\b

24^-'

decreasing

this

24^?*

the

so

6"

gives

multiplicand

both

of

gives

Multiply

"

by

multiplier

(3) gives

noticed

each

carry.

(1) by 4a

It

Ans.

^ai"\

partial products.

written

Multiplying

Adding

of

\b

"

12^3^'

polynomials

are

term

the

always

are

numbers

no

each

Multiply

"

Solution.

factors

both

Multiply

"

9rr*"^" -h

(3)
"

"

.r^

(4)

Ans.

.i

.r,

we

ELEMENTARY

170

ALGEBRA

is

Multiplication

495.
each

of

the

The

sign

of

quantities

multiplied

are

be

to

multiplied

in

placed

between

is not

understood.

being

parenthesis.

the

When

theses,
paren-

the
is

expression

the

together,

by enclosing

indicated

frequently

multiplication

multiplication

AND

ties
quanti-

said

to

be

"),

the

expanded.
For

in

example,

binomial

is to

2n

"

Performing

the

2n*^ which

multiplied

be

multiplication^

is the

1.

X*

2.

Sad^m^

3.

c^

4.

-+-

2xy

4a^d

d^

-+-/" by

3""

7a

the

Expand

-h

by

2a^

(.r-h2)(,r-2)(.r2-h4).

Qa*

13a"

Ans.

Ans.

;r"

70a"

%a^bhn^.

"

d".

-+- lU

"

y.
20.

Sa

12c

"

"

6a^

Ans.

9ac.

-h

^"^

16.

[x{x''-y')-2][x{x^+y)-h2].

Note.

The

"

xy^

4-

the

forms

and

of

the

b)\

be

multiplication
{a +

by

{a

by

^a"

we

a'-^
-

{a -^b)(a-b)=a'
Hence:

;r*^

"

jr'

Axy^

quantities

two

any

b)\

"

to

.ry*

"

4.

"

"

and

Ans.

EXAMPLES.

following

{a

reduce

is .r*

these

IMPORTANT

{a +
actual

brackets

the

of

The

Let

497.

in

expressions
product

2.

THREE

By

Ans.

5.

3jry" +/.

"+"

4a^^m^

4-

Ans.

7.

find

3a'"^"w"

Sxy

following:

(2a-Sc)(4-^Sa).

jr^ 4-

Ans.

jr" 4-

"y.
-+- 9"

6.

8.

-f

omn

"

expression.

Ans.

a*d''m\

x^

by

n.

"

PRACTICK.

-+-^.

JT

x*-\-xy^-\-_y*by

5.

2;"'

^*.

r" 4-

by

is

2w

following:

"

"

binomial

the

by

of the

FOR

the

Multiply

2") {jtm

"

product

the

form

expanded

BXAMPLBS

496"

{m

expression

the

products
and

{a +b){a-

b).

find
"lab +

b\

(1.)

'%ab +

b\

(2.)

b\

(3.)

--

we

wish

to

TRIGONOMETRIC

The

498.
tile

the second^
The

the
The

the

to

The
he

their

student

Example.
Solution.

"

of

product

The
the

by formula

Hence,

3,r"

Solution.
of

"

is X*,

The

Hence,

by

Example."
"

The

by formula

Hence,

5)"

the

of

xy

is

is certain

he

until

and

the

Sx^

and

first

the

3.r*

9.r*; twice

last

the

Ans.

16rW^

of

3) (jr"

the
a

first
x^

and

3
*
-

9.

the

Art.

495.)
of

the

3,
Ans.

PRACTICED.

following:

4-r-h2.

Ans.

ItJ.r'^ +

3.

3a

5.

9.

second,

2.

term

a\

m'^

("

uct
prod-

last

the

Ans.

is .r^, and

term

jr

.r

(See

of

square
and

3).

"

FOR

Aid

Satx

3)

the

16r*^/*; twice

is

term

Ans.

4.

is 25.

term

5,

25.

and

2, letting

(;r" 4- 3)(;r"

-f.

of

square

30.r"

4-

is 8.r*

m-^-n,

53.
the

to

tion.
calcula-

tedious

1.

Expand

is

committed

be

practice

Scdx;

BXAMPLBS

"

first

quantities

two

save

first term

the

3, letting

Square

the

of

to

second.

should

to

9x*

second

square

(x*

500"

the

equal

x.

formula

"

4cd^

Expand

Solution.

is 30jr*

square

(4cd

is

product

frequently

the

1, letting

first and

the

of

terms

Square

"

and

first

5.

square

(3x"
Example.

to

perfectly.

Square

"

will

equal

squares,

is advised

them

knows

the

statements

use

the

of

quantities

two

difference of

their

is

second.

of

and

sum

foregoing

since

memory,

the

product

twice

square

difference of

The

499.

the

minus

firsts

of

the

of

171

quantities

two

the

difference of

second^ plus the

product

equal

that

the

of

twice

square

the

of

square

of

sum

firstsplus
the

plus

the square
and

the

the

of

square

of

square

FUNCTIONS.

Ans.

Qa'^

2mn

'SOad

"'.

16.r
-\-

-h

25d\

following:

!)(/"

"

1).

(jr"4-j'")(.r"-y).

Ans.m^
Ans.

"

x^-y.

1.

ELEMENTARY

172

6.

(4"

7.

%c'^

separate
the

\m

16a^

the

by

terms
2r*

(r

"

be

to

square

enclosing
d\

"

4^

4^*

"

+^

ering
consid-

and

{c

d)-^

"

d)K

4^"(r

results

these

Adding
2r^+^/".

"

two

becomes

find

we

into

"\- d

"

expression

binomial

as

Ans.

d.

then

parenthesis;

AND

4^").

"

First

"

this

{c

2c^

Square

Note.
in

4^") (4"

ALGEBRA

^/) =

4rV,

final

4r*, the

to

4r"

result

is 4^

4^

"

4r*^/ -h ^'

Ans.

DIVISION.

INTRODUCTORY.

When

501"
find

third

quantity
ab

are

is called

division.

and

be

of

the

will

the

ivill
The

in

Hence,
From
obtained.

of

the

Let

mi

it be

the

502,
any
the

of

if

ab.

finding

the

given

ab

divide

of

one

quantity

must
=

by

Division

the

first

this

third

quantities
if

which,
by

to

^;

tiplied
mul-

our

tient
quo-

is, therefore,

the

the

by

486

if they

have

the

directly

like

signs,

unlike

equal

to

coefficientof

the

in

the
its

the

signs,

dividend

d^.

quotient
the

tient
quo-

we

zvhose

a^

know

in

by

the

is

rules

equal

the

-^

the
is
a^

have

divisor

z:^

its

a^~^
to

to

^\

evidently

equal
for

to

divisor.
We

a^.

by

d^

is 0

exponent

principles,

is

quotient
that

coefficient of

divisor.

exponent

multiplied
The

the

quotient

divide

to

when

which,

foregoing

is

quotient

required

qua?itity

489

to

have

minus

however,

follow

division

divisor

letter

of

sign.

mis

dividend

quotient,

produce
Art.

find

laws

the

divided

exponent

process

Arts.

sign

the

have

503.
obtain

and

coefficientof

exponent

of

plus

dividend
The

the

we

following

statements

have

multiplied

wish

we

multiplication.

the dividend

If

will

give ab^
a

if

to

and

given,

are

Thus,

wish

since

^,

The

from

other,

we

will

a^

502*

By

and

^,

will
inverse

which,

the

by

the

quantity

produce

will

two,

quantities

two

^=^

1.

a"".

1.

division

are

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

DIVISION

504.

Rule,

Divide

"

the

coefficientof

the

letters

the

of
in

sign of

divisor

have

like

and

whose

the

the

to

with

each

its

when

the
its

to

the

ponent
ex-

divisor^

zero.

dividend

the

when

minus

and

in

become

by

annex

equal

exponent

exponents

dividend

quotient

exponent

an

quotient plus

signs,

the

coefficientof

minus

letters

the

Make

the

dividend

the

MONOMIALS.

divisor

dividend^

those

omitting

OF

173

and
unlike

have

they

signs.
Example.

Solution.
their

and

of
of

by

The

"

quotient

of

exponents,
3

"

0,

Proop."

Divide

"

Divide

1.

12m^n

2.

SOxy^bc^

3.

"

4.

"

2a^b^

-i-

8 is 2.
-

^^

*
=

to
-i

1, and

The

by

Ua^^c^

by

by

6a*

"

-^

"^

V^

"^/

6a^cd,

Ans.

Ans.

3w^

following:

Ans.

Ans.

75jr".

divisor

6xbc.
4a^b.

"lOOxyz^.
Ans.

p^^m*.

POLYNOMIALS.

OF

each

"

Ans.

ilab^c^.

the

Divide

Ans.

PRACTICB.

FOR

DIVISION

Rule.

sign

2ab^c,

"

100jr*^2'" by x^yK

When

nent
expo-

2a^b^.

"

6xy^cK

"

an

The

4".

by

506*

has

is omitted.

Ba'^bc^

"

annexed,

be

to

6""^^.

"

2ab^c

"

letters;

The

6a^b*c^

K^a^lf^c^d

"

the

75^^".r"w* by

5.

-s-

equal

Hence,

BXAMPLBS

SOSm

a^, and

IQa^b^c'^d

Solution.

"da^bc^.

"

it becomes

that

so

Sa^bc^

"

Example.

a*

are

is minus.

quotient

the

^a^t^c'^

Divide

"

is

monomial

dividend

the

of

term

by

the

divisor
,

and

connect

Example."
Solution."

the

partial quotients by

Divide

Vla^b^

^ab^

%ab^^12a^b*
quotient

^ab

"

their

proper

by Zab\

^a^b^
Qab^

6a^b*

-h

%a:^b.

Ans.

sigyis.

ELEMENTARY

174

ALGEBRA

BXAMPLBS

507.

Divide

1.

64w*"2

2.

nx^y^z

Sm^n

4-

9xyz*

PRACTICB.

following:

the

32w"*

"

FOR

AND

8w".

by

SS^xYjs^

Ans.

by

l0{x-\-yy--6a{x-^y)-h

6a*{x-hy)hy

9y

"

When

Rule.

the

Divide

first

Subtract

of

Treat

the

first

term

and

of

the

the

S-? 4-

(;r 4-"')

11

ly-?.

tf*.

"H-

"

divisor

according

to

letter.

some

dividend

of

"".

the

by

first

of

term

quotient.
of the divisor

product

and

quotient.

there

until

the

dividend

remainder

the

contains

of

polynomial

dividend

term

the

from

term,

before^

the

for

is

descending powers

or

the

divisor

this

both

Arrange

"

ascending

the

divisor

the

n-

5(x-hy).
Ans.

508.

4"

"

Sx^yz,

Ans.
3.

8"f"'

as

is

which

and

dividend^

new

remainder^

no

term

no

until

or

is divisible

the
the

by

proceed
der
remain-

final
first

as

of

term,

divisor.

the

Example.

Divide

"

Solution.

x^"

x*-{-

9^"

16;r"

"

.r* -h

by

4jr +

4.

"

guotienf.
^"

4^

-h

-h

4)^:4-1-

-f- 4^3

X*

Qx^

.r3-

dx^

3^3

_|_

13^^

of

term

of

the

gives

x^

term

the

dividend,
The

quotient.
X*

of

4;r"

"

X^"

4:X"4:

the

divisor

x^

times;

as

Ans.

1.

12jr

;r*

whole

-\- 4cX* -\- 4:X^

-Sx"

16x

i2x^

"

first

4{x*

4_;,;2

"

The

16x"

is contained

hence,

divisor

x^

is

which

first

the
;tr*,

the

multiplied

product,

in

first

term

this

term

by

subtracted

from
.

dividend

the
It

is not

three

first
the

first
term

divisor

are

as

remainder,

here

necessary

terms

The

gives

to

required
x^

term

of

the

by

this

of
new
new

to

the

down

bring
contain

the

of

"

the

13^'

"

the

3x

4.

16-r"

"

4, since

"

only

divisor.

is contained

divisor

dividend,
term

dx*

"

in

times.

quotient,

"

3^',

the

Multiplying
we

have

"

dx*

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

l%x*

obtain

we

get

4r*

"

last

the
ends

4r

"

leaves

there

are

Example.

Divide

"

Solution.

Zxy

-f.

the

arrange
of

powers

x*

-^
Ojt'j^'

First

"

difference

of

2y" )

jr*

"

X*

"

"

4y*

"

and

9.r V

%x^y

2^"^"

Zx*y

Ix^y*

^^y

9.r V

4y* (

"

"4,
work

dividend

the

to

Divide

the

7.1: +

1.

jr"

2.

jr" +

3.

2jr

4.

jr* +

lljr"

5.

x*-

6.ry

6.

.*""

,r" -h 3jr

"

by

jr

"

3.rr

the

to

Ans.

2y*.

Ay*

e-ry

4r*

PRACTICED.

3.

"

jr4-9.
9 by

"

9jr"

"

.r"

FOR

jr

12.r

accordinj;

following:

by

72by

;r"

"

12

3.r"'.

"

^^y^

"

2x*y*

BXAMPLBS

509*

divisor

"

"

4a'

"

The

.r* -{- 2"''

6.r*^ by

"

dividend

^x^y

"

"

by this,

x*

zero.

in

terms

of

der
remain-

new

"

being

term

divisor

the
from

more

first

of the

term

-4

"

x.

"

"

the
The

subtracted

no

remainder,

down.

brought

"

dividend.

Multiplying

4, which

"

first

the

remainder,

first

the

1 times.

"

since

here,

X*

in

from

anew

original

the

remainder,

descending

4 for

"

is contained

dividend,

or
we

4r

"

from

down

divisor

the

be

j:"

"

brought

this

Subtracting

12x.

"

175

5ar"

"

"

2.ir
4-

^" by

3.

"

Ans.

by

3 +

.i-" -h^' -h

1.

-r"

3.i-.

3.r.
Ans.

.r^

Ans.

.r

Ans.

.r-8

.r

Ans.

.r^

Ans.

.r*

.i"* +

.r^ +

2.r +

a.r

x^

.i

3
2
j

-h

FACTORING.

510*
a

quantity,

divide

that

that

the

is,

quantity

%a^b

and

(23 +

process

quantities

without

Expanding

511.

hence,

is the

Factoring

are

finding

or

numbers

the

actors

which

of
will

remainder.

Qa^b(^lb -\-a),
a)

of

the

we

factors

Via'' b^ -\- i'ui'b \

have
of

12^7;'

i\a^b.

ELEMENTARY

i:c

The
2

monomial

i.

generally
That

512.

of

the

of

5a{2y

"

ba

are

its square

cube.

Any

its cube

root.

8^*

perfect

written

readily

the
and

exponents

x)

"

25a\2y

unequal

both

have

terms

ba{%y

x)

equal

are

xy

"

factors,

but

since

the

expressions.

equal

factors

factors

of

three

is

perfect

is called

quantity

the

^cib

perfect
cube

cube

all

perfect

its

when

roots

its letters

however,

square,

quantity,

any

of

root

"

a,

a^

read

"

may

plus

be
or

X
"

"

a^

minus

or

be
1

a,
a.

and

is
its

2a^

these

fect
per-

square
X

2^^*

and
a

by

perfect

minus

sign;
X

square

root

the

cases

perfect

divided

the
tity
quan-

square

For

2.

squares,

1, respectively.

a"^,and

is

cubes,

Hence^

all

are

and

have

can

^a^b^

power.

can

easily

to

together,

coefficientis

G^*, lbc'^d\ ^a'^b\

are

of

each

called

and

2a^

multiplied

are

produce

of

In

is

able

^ab

because

root.

perfect

squares

and

^a^b^,

be

to

definition,

By

roots.

is

quantity

perfect

are

of

important

that

roots

to

factors

equal

it is

factors

equal

30^''", ^^b'^c^d^, 16^*^'^ and

perfect

square

of

square

exponents

example,

the

added,

exponents

its

of

coefficients

whose

out
with-

of

same

and

"

are

equal

^ab

is

is

2a^

the

the

x)

"

two

the

their

because

and

they

factors

methods

whose

have

in

of

factoring,

Also,

is

of

determine

root.

x)

"

same

quantities

square

the

of

one

distinguish

and

oa{2y

"

several

(2y

x)x6a

"

product

In

515.

8^",

5a{2jy

product

to

not

root.

514.

and

is

since

monomial,

those

are

Thus,

Either

square.

it

3 X

given.

letters

not

here

whose

ba{2y
and

513.

factoring,

recognize

to

division,

are

and

x)

of

into

resolved

in
of

able

factors

signs.

factors

signs

actual

Equal

same

factors

be

may

factors

letters,

same

further

apparent.

labor

discovering

AND

examples

the

out

be

may

solving

student

the

the

In

write

to

customary
are

6^*^

factor

ALGEBRA

No

for,
a^.

let

The
is often

TRIGONOMETRIC

is

quantity
the

and

cube,
Thus,

The

of

sign

of

3x*,

are

the

cube

and

4fcV,

"

its

is

root

177

coefficientis

all its letters

64*Vrf', 8a***"^

roots

when

cube

perfect

exponents

27x",

whose

FUNCTIONS.

always

and

the

by

3.

perfect cubes,

all

1 are

2a*^',

divided

be

can

perfect

respectively.

1,

same

of

its

divisible

by

that

as

cube.

CASB

When

516.
the

Example."

Factor

Solution.

coefficient,

in

2,

we

of

each

each

find

it

Dividing

the

8/"*""

lOf^ny

"

Ascertain

Example."

polynomial

of

in

this

terms,
have

with

its

smallest
We

others.
of

both

higher

or

quotient

our

of

one

the

the

find

and

equal

an

for

of

each

term,

with

if

see

Beginning

others.

w*"*

to

its

ters
let-

exiK)nent.

4;;/*//

-\- 1.

bmy

"

2w"""

2m*n\4m^n

\2ad^(^

if

ISti^cy

"

^my

-\-

^^ah-*

"

Ans.

1).

^Qa^dcY

^^s

factor.

monomial
Solution.

the

Dividing

and

is

polynomial
factors

the

of

are

is 2.

The

by

Qac^

Qac*

and

1.

a*

2.

12a^

FOR

following

the

Factor

all

This

2 and

the

terms

2"JV

quotient
-

Say

-h

iac^

divide

all

numerical

is

Sa-y

"

30/"*""

Ans.

expressions:

4a*.

Ans.

6/r".

iuc^

PRACTICE.

Ans.

2a*

Qac'K

QadcY-

"

-k- ax,

"

nent
expo-

evidently

2fi'^c

12,
the

factor.

smallest

the

factor
is

is not

coefficient,

will

largest

monomial
the

coefficient

smallest

6 is the

in

BXAMPL.BS

517*

both

these,
2 x

the

remainder.

contained

are

and

the

eabc^y*

Of

Therefore,

that

without

2.

2 X

find

we

three

3 X

once.

letters
of

other

of

product

coefficients

inspection

By

"

in

coatained

3.

tivo

2m^n*.

contained

we

into

resolved

have

we

is the

other

are

quantity.

the

be

to

by 2""*"*,

through

Hence,

of

be

may

10"f'"*j/+

"

portion

the

that

by

examine

in

literal

the

take

next

first

expression

an

expression

8i"*"*

We

"

is contained

terms

it

by dividing

of

terms

the

quantity,

same

factors

The

all the

I.

a{a^

2a\6a'^
Ans.

-h

1 +

6n%ry,/i*

x).

2a).
n).

'

4.
5.
6.

16jry"
Axy
49a"^^

"

Sx^

"

12jr V

4-

Ans.

8.
-h

^Sa^b^c*

S.iy^
-+- la-^b^c^.

Ans.
Ans.

8(2.r2^3

4Ay{x'^

3.ry

"

la^^c^(ldc

^-s ^

9ac

ly

2/").

-h

a^).

ELEMENTARY

178

ALGEBRA

CASB

To

518.

trinomial

Any
last

factor

term

the

let

Thus,
and

a^

and

Art.

2,

b in

form

%ab

d^ +

Rule.

the

of

term

Extract

"

second

first

roots

be

and

be

to

{a

b)\

(5.)

-^

simply

the

inverse

of

of

the

second

term

sign

of

sign

second

the

formulas
of
of

term

2ab

and

*Ms

the
the

the

of

roots

the

square.

first

and

last

the

by the sign of

results

the

connect

any

having

perfect

and

trinomial

any

square

quantity

one

that

"

y,

-hy^.

if the

see

last

y.

The

and,

since

Hence,

x-^y.

^xy

4-

the

and

and

x^
first

We

"

roots

the

the

Factor

"

The

must

b)

--

case.

a^

trinomial^

Solution.

their

b) {a

term.

Example.

518.

(4.)

represent

or

follows:

as

square

b)\

the

may

b^

the

(rt+

it is evident

quantity,

quantities whatever,

two

The

second

the

roots.

square

of

the

and

first

and

/^)

are

seen,

particular

Since

other

the

be

the

square

^) (a +

determines

this

519.

[a

perfect

when

any

forms

is

positive^

their

of

497.

always

root,

and

(^

it will

square

of

*"

These,
1

squares

general

^ab^b"

square

b represent

the

a^ 4. ^ab

ivhich

perfect

product

and

have

we

perfect

are

is twice

term

is

II.

trinomial

AND

trinomial

term

second
it

has

have

we

is

term

plus sign,

the

of

square

the

and

product

binomial

the

a^

form

the

Art.

squares,

twice

also

in

stated

perfect

be

to

see

we

form

the

has

root

2ad

"^',

-h

and
2

jr

Example.

last

the

"

the

24m^n^

16;//^ +

(4w2

first
-h

9//"

iq"^4

to

term

of

square
_

the

first

the

last

the

the

term

"

Factor

4x^

-\-

second
be

-^

term

twice

2xy,

find

we

^^
9""

"

(4m^

-h
-

d%

be

to

of

Sn^

the
and

trinomial

the

squares,

2(jd

but

square,
it

product

the

perfect

perfect

Arranging

term.

form

the

is

expression

are

24m^n^

xy^

Ans.

{x +yy.

24:m^n^.

"

Ans.

^n^f,

Example.

(a

24w*^"3

9""
of

term

third

the

and

9w*

-h

Inspecting

4;"*, of

root,

square

that

first

is not.

Sw^, and

{x -^y) {x-\-y)

IQm*

The

"

term

of

square

Factor

"

Solution.
the

-hy^

2xy

we

and

Sn^) (4w"

so

get

16m*

we

have

"

Sn^)

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

Solution.
term

perfect

are

and

first

the

I.

Each

squares^

and

product

of

^*, if

*';

their

divided

^Pq
(2/

by

^*

Example."
Solution.

16r"

we

first

by

"

16H

4/"

.r"-16.r

2.

""

'lab
a^

^')

the

"lab +

"

{a

"/'

"

b)\

Apg

"

$^"

4/*

4-

(4/^

(/'^ 4/*

-h

4pg

"/')

+-

-=

3.

26x*

4.

IQc^-^b^-Sbc.

5.

2mx"m'*

6.

a"^^^

-h

contains
is

16r'j*

the

-+- 4i^^

FOR

is the

Ans.

49y"ar".

^"

1.

Ans.

(;/"'" 13)'^
-

{Ac
"

(m

fif.

xy.

"

(rt/5V3-l)^

is the

which

difference

tween
be-

inverse

of

formula

3,

Art.

497,

formula

(.r -")''.

III.

expression

an

squares

*"

-+-

(5.1--h 7 vr)^

Ans.

the

by

lOr*

trinomials:

Ans.

factor

the

PRACTICED.

Ans.

of

product

16r*

x*,

perfect

expressed

twice

careful

by

Ans.

following

2a^"^

case

also

Thus,

but,

squares,

Ans.

"

To

three

169.

lOxyz

4r".

CASK

be

ttL'iee

square.

64.

26""

-h

two.

2j")".

the

1.

This

perfect

Thus,

4-^*4-^'

have

we

first term

other

the

Factor

two

g^.

4pg

4-

the

that

(4r"

521*

522*

be

perfect

"lab

be

term

518.

%ib

{a^

"

BXAMPLBS

Art.

4p*

"

is

"

expression

see

of

4^

j" 4-

b^

16r"j"

The

"

roots

square

nM"ts;

-\- 2.r-i'

x\v*

-h

.rr,

factored

be

trinomial

other

trinomial

the

gy. Hence,

the

and

with

^pq

Factor

inspection,

the

Ans.

gf'

"

a^

(2/

of

only

4.r*

last

althouj^h

roots

can

have

of

terms

1, becomes

"

Dividing

"

-H

signs^

Factor

"

Solution.
-

like

statement

%ab

Example.

the

of

roots,

this

hence,

the

2.r and

pnxluct

and

we

and

.r*/*. Now,
with

the

to

square,

jr*, and

two

have

Compare

perfect

4-

squares

equal

first

the

Ans.

Should

520.

is only

contains

term

^*(4-f.j^"4-2K).

is not

2^*^

-h

perfect

are

term

that

so

4.r*

have

we

term

second

the

trinomial

the

Case

by

last

trinomial

the

squares,

the

respectively,
hence,

Arranging

"

171)

(^ +

b) {a

b).

(6.)

and

may

Since

523*.

which

itiay

Rule.

the

Extract

the

the

first

Write

first

Solution.
2.

The

from

the

^^

is

'

Solution.

The

"

The

("

-h

formula

by

dy

m'^n^

"

"

{a

is

-h

last

the

^ -^

and

mn,

term

the

mn)

{a-h

Ans.
Ans.

[bxy

{dx

regarded

be

may

and

parenthesis

as

5, the

expression

term;

in

single

operating

on

fact,

3y

-h

-{-by

1) {ax

1)] [^x^

-h

{bx

{^x^y

-\-

"

1).

1)]

bx
-

number

of

enclosing

by
as

should

{bx-\-\y

any

term

them

7^).

"

1).

though

be
terms

them

they

in

were

letter.

single

When

526*
of

the

coefficients

there

single

^c*) {a

4-

4).

"

(l-hl3jry2r8)(i_i3^^2^3).

Ans.

example

4) (^

-h

(9jr3y 4.i)(9^3^2_l).

(ax

{a

{a

(5^2^ -\-bx+\)

letting

6,

expressions:

Ans.

as

tracted
sub-

PRACTICED.

FOR

Ans.

regarded

second

Ans.

mn).

"

Ans.

In

a-^

are

formula

by

Hence,

mn.

-\- b -{-

following

the

Factor

525.

dx*y*

Ans.

first and

the

of

roots
a-\-

/"*"*.

"

roots

is

letting

6,

BXAMPLBS

524*

2,

Zx^y^

are

subtracted

mn,

by

Zx^y^

term

second

the

(3;ry"4-2)(3jr*^8-2).

these

first

the

b and

-\-

of

factor, and

one

last

the

and

square

sum

from
a-=.

{a

first and

the

Hence,

2.

"

for

last

the

and

first

other.

the

for

of
is

roots

Zx^y^

Factor

"

mn.

these

squares

4.

"

roots

9jry-4

Example.

and

of

sum

first

second

square

the

phis the second

root

^x^y^

The

"

pression
ex-

any

perfect

two

of

roots

square

the

"Factor

Example.

and

minus

root

between

that

any

following

the

"

term.

difference

by

formula

and

quantity

one

from

evident

is

is the

factored

be

represent

may

it

quantity,

other

AND

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

180

is

no

solving

rule

in

Art.

of

the

two

use

of

any

523,
terms

examining

examples
first
are

further.

requiring

ascertain

perfect

the

if the
squares;

tion
applica-

numerical
if

not,

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

181

FRACTIONS.

DEFINITIONS.

527.

in

fraction,

indicating
it

being
be

to

above

divided,
in

it,

of

The

considered

sign

write

to

the

horizontal

form

the

is

-i-

seldom

dividend,
with

line,

an

as

pression
ex-

used,

quantity

or

divisor

the

low
Inf-

fraction.

fraction

the

Thus

division.

convenient

more

is

algebra,

that

means

d is

divided

be

to

by

**rt

dy

"

divided

is

and

by

fractions,

the

of

terms

its

numerical

Since

value,
the

we

and

^'-

"

It is read

All

read

in

as

the

tions
frac-

cal
numeri-

simple

below

arithmetic.

line

called

are

respectively,

denominator,

fractions.

(/).

"

except

are

above

dividing
write

may

They

known

are

any

quantity

by

any

quantity

as

itself the

quantity

Thus,

tor.

^^^^

algebra,
which

{c

-7-

in

as

the

as

fraction.

529.

in

the

**^4-

or

way

and

of

case

rf"

"

quantities

numerator

the

{a-\- d)

as

^, }f, etc.,

as

The

528.

same

this

in

read

are

the

"

7x*}^

be

may

-^,

"

by

be

not

king
ma-

denomina-

the

and

change

not

fraction

and

numerator,

written

does

in

altered

value.

530*

when

so

1 for

is

It

quantity.

written

the

of

reciprocal

has

the

of

-J^is f

for

quantity
the

Thus,

numerator.

reciprocal

written

necessarily

not

is

quantity

5 ; the

divided

1
as

the

that

fraction,

but
and

denominator,
of

reciprocal

reciprocal

by

of

'^

.1

is

j'

!)iit the

|,
=

"

-^
I

and

cal

the

of

reciprocal
fraction

The

531.
before
the

the

sign

of

may
tliree

dividing
the

of

"

-r"

be

line,

of

which
and

the

Hence,

recipro-

obtained

sigrns

numerator;

^-^"

"

J'

by inverting
a

fraction

affects
the

sign

the
of

the

are:

entire
the

fraction.

the

sign

fraction;

denominator.

ELEMENTARY

182

When
to

be

the

or

from

than

to

"

performing
may

numerator

will

be

be

may

changed

all

or

one,

any

changed

three, be

from

it

should

enclosed

be

after

-^

in

it

affecting

removed

denominator

the

or

fraction

the

Take

if

undetstood

is

to

-f.

operations
be

fraction

fraction

the

it

omitted,

but

value^

of

the

term,

one

is

signs

signs of

its

lvalue

either

When

these
two

altering

changed,
"

Any

plus.

without

of

one

any

AND

ALGEBRA

as

placing

whole.

more

when

parenthesis

operations

the

has

The

thesis
paren-

completed.

are

and

numerator

denom-

{a-h)
inator

in

parentheses,

have

we

The

"

of

signs

the

{c-d)denominator

and

numerator

fraction

each

are

and

that

of

the

"
.

Let

the

quotient

oi

"

-^

q-, then:

r=:

-b)'_

+(^

-{a-l")_
-{c-d)-

?)=-?"

?)

-?"

-"')

+?"

-?)

+?"

+ {a

-b)_
-{c-d)-{a-b)_

-\-{c-d)-

-^+{c-d)

?)

+?.

^-{c-d)

9)

+9-

-g)

-q.

-q)=-q.

(^

b)

-{c-d)
-(a-

+
+ {c-d)

REDUCTION

To

532.

its

changing
forms,

equal

but
to

reduce

2x.

like

OP
a

value.

values,

fraction

Thus,
since

FRACTIONS.

is to

and

-"

10-r

""

its form

change

"

and

r-

20x

have

-h

without
different

10

are

each

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

The
both

of

terms

be

divided

fraction

the

by

both

may

multiplied^

without

quantity

same

be

183

may

or

their

changing

value.
To

533.
Rule.

"

each

appear

in

In

534.

like

polynomial

that

factors^

operations

polynomial

and

cancel

fac-

fractions^

on

factor

as

the

single

dent
stu-

tity^
quan-

factor.
in

the
in

factors

following
both

jr* 4- 2jrr
Example.

its

examples,

where

and

numerator

there

denominator

canceled.

be

can

all
a

use

monomial

into

form

simplest

both.

is illustrated

This
are

to

its

to

term

performing

learn

must

fraction

Resolve

which

tors

reduce

y'

4-

Reduce

"

Solution.

x^

and

numerator

"itxy4-7*

simplest

both

Factoring

"

its

to
%

form.

denominator,

(-r H-^) (.r -h y)

_

"

{X'^y){x-y)'

x^-y^
the

Canceling

factor

common

3jr'
Example.

Reduce

"

Canceling

535"

the

Sometimes

numerator

number

tk^

"

the

gives,

its simplest

to

we

whole

Solution.-

"

Reduce

""^^^

^rn

"

5-r-3

the

result,

have

factored.

the

as

result,

is

numerator

in
will

the

then

1.

Example.

as

form.

when

denominator

denominator

or

both

#^^^^.

the

or

from

6.r*y

"

factors,

common

denominator,

The

3-3

8"i=J^=

Solution.-

the

s"

4- j'

.r

to

^^^__

its simplest

^.

form.

Ans.

contained

in

numerator.

reduce

to

the

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

184

Example.

Reduce

"

"

form.

simplest

its

to

"

AND

(Art. 529.)
From

536*

last

the

it will

example

be

division

that

seen

x'
sometimes

may

be

(;r*

means

1)

"

from
A
and

dividend

the
factor

x*
be

must

each

to

{x*

-t-

the

x*

quotient

x^

each

to

I
-

numerator

be

to

"

"

1.

+
the

in order

"

canceled

"

of

term

denominator

the

Thus,

divisor

the

gives

common

of

term

and

1),

-"

cancelation.

by

performed

canceled.

^(ZX
factor

the

Thus,

be

not

can

from

canceled

"

"

it is not

both

to

common

BXAMPLBS

537*

Reduce

the

1.

"

:i

a'-d'''

2.

x^

FOR

following

to

"

because

"

denominator.

the

PRACTICE.

their

form

simplest
AnS.

n:.

a-b'

^.
y^

"

-^

of

terms

-\- 4:7n

Ans.

;r* -h

y*.
-^

%abH

54^3^^''
^'

^^^'
"

naHH'

4.

"

rzTT-r.

AnS.

r.

Ans.
"^

is

to

necessary

will

be

alike.

To

539.
Rule.

Take

"

This

reduce

denominator^

them

is called

factor
and

fractions
each
as

find

to

are

See

Resolve

each

"

reduce

so

denominator.

moii

'

4'

fractions

When

538.

4"

"

be

added

that

to

the

into

times

product

as

of

to

Arts.

95

com-

99.

to

denominator:

common

denominator
many

them

Arithmetic,

it

denominators

the

reducing

2'

subtracted,

or

all

"

its
it

these

factors.

occurs

factors.

in

any

one

TRIGONOMETRIC

Divide
the

this

FUNCTIONS.

by each

product

corresponding

denominator

beneath

Example.

quotients^ for
with

numerator

new

the

new

comm'on

it.

Reduce

"

these

by

each

Multiply

of the denominators.

numerators

Write

numerators.

185

"3

and

5,

x^"y^

x-^y

to

rv

-.

de-

common

{x-\-yY

nominator.
Solution.
X

have
in

^*

"

two

{x

^*

"

and

the

fraction

new

product

Hence,

quotient.

our

is

x"

by

student

should

written

in several

confused

if his

written

be

x*y

xy^

"

"

^-

numbers

for

the

4:xz

"^
^

10

15

and

following

ax*

to

i2:?^'

^"""^

m^

-{- 2mn
5

T^^ly^

~^0~'

"

30
^ax^
,

ana

-^"

a^x^

-+- "*

w*

2jr

the

by

3^2

a^x^

Ans.

^^^

and

,,

"

"

2mn

URI-

^"

-.

n^

AHS

"

a^x^

^(^^'

16xY

2
-5",,

a^x

x'

or

Ans.

may

2xyz
'

30

"r-.

"

it

statement

12:?^'

dxy

2J^"

answer.

^'

the

16x^z^

j,,

become

denominator:

80

ana

be

exactly

have
this

common

lyz^

J'

becomes

PRACTICE.

^''^-

and

.2

"y*)

not

{x "7),

+/)

prove

^""^

^'

{x -\-yy {x "y),

ISy^z^

"

-{- n

4.

^)

"

can

with

agree

2xy

a^x*

(jr

la(x^

-^

3
"

-5"-,

y.

47-

o.

is

should

expressions

^5-^

"y"

{x^ +

FOR

^^"^

"3^'

-+- ^)

denominator
he

and

should

student

Reduce

Syz
2J'

(x"y)

x'^-y

and

y)

five

These

BXAMPLGS

540.

{x

we

twice

occurs

y)(x-\-y)

have

Similarly,

always

not

(x+y),

The

substituting

jr-h^

numerator

this

ways,

does

/)

"

y*.

"

value.

same

different
work

{x^

{x

we

new

that

note

(x -\-y) {x -\-y) {x

Besides

Now

(x+yf^^'''''^^^{x
+
yf{x-y)'

(x+yy{x-yy
The

-f- j

;r

^oT

which

is

first

our

{^^yYip^-y)
^^^

of

y,

ble.
factora-

;rH-^not

(,r-hy)(X'j- y).

denominator

this

have

we

-+- yf

{x

and

-^y

common

Dividing

y).

"

as

our

and

y\

factors,

separate

denominators,

the

(x-ity){x"

"

(jrH- J')*. Hence,

{x +yf
x^

Factoring

"

3^(^^+'^)

^(^^-^)
and

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

180

ADDITION

add

To

Rule.

the

over

Example.

Solution.

the

"

"

of

sum

and

"

"

^
"

and

"

jrjr

5a

H-

and

"

5^

gives

"

13a

the

as

reduced

to

which

equal,

are

numerators,

^
b

"

a-j"^

8a

^r~

4^

"

_Sa

4^

"

denominator

follows:

as

6a

H-

5^

13a

2o~"
.

^*-

jrj

"

"

"

2a

do

fractions

the

Reducing

"

20

from
"

Subtract

6^

4-

"^

20

5a

-h

"

""

"

"

8"i

common

is written

20

Solution.

have

to

""5

"

respectively,

we

the

over

work

The

"

"

%a

written

result

The

sum,

Example.

denominator,

common

b.

the'

write

"

j"

the

Adding

"

^rx

commott^

s, and

numerator

and

"

-,

"

"

j"
4

become

to

necessary,

denominator.

common

Find

"

if

the

subtract

or

FRACTIONS.

fractions:

fractions^

the
Add

denominator.

OP

subtract

or

Reduce

"

result

SUBTRACTION

AND

541*

AND

to

denominator,

common

"

"

2a

12ab-db

63-2

\2ab-^a
o
*"
Subtracting

.u
the

u.

"

^77

"

"

So
from

5"7

s"

first, and

the

12ab

12ab

dd

\2ab

.^.
with

the

fraction

must

be

bining.

taken
It

may

in
be
to

will
a

then

db)

(12ab

4a)

^b
^.
parentheses

^,

the

gives

numerator

to

in

numerator

483.

the

//",as

542*

numerator

denominator,

common

{12ab

4a

in

terms

Aa

^"7

like

the

over

6^^"

-^b

\2ab

result

the

writing

^^^^

^"

second

Qao

oao

the

the

change

usually

be

parenthesis
be

just given,
has

removed

sign of

convenient
before

by

uCombining

Ans.

the

one

enclose

rules

of

term,,

before
the
The

combining.
the

of

numerator

term

every
to

"

than

more

"

"

example

subtracted

result

the

as

removed.

Arts.

care

com-

whole
thesis
paren-

482

and

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

jr*

Example.

Simplify
^

"

x^

Reducing

"

x^

x^

Adding

(x*

x^)

4-

_x*

the

subtracting

(x^

jr'

x^

numerators

x^)

x-^1

^.

denominator

common

-,

x"1

x-^1

the

to

or

jr"

Solution.

187

(x^

x'^

"

-^

have

we

1)

.r) -K-r-

1,

"

x^

required,

as

x^

x'-l
with

which,

the

X*

like

Combining

removed

parentheses
-{- X^

X^

"

terms

X^

have

we

X^

"

as

the

X*

"

-^

"

result

x*-l
=

Ans.

1.

x'^-l

Example."

Simplify

Solution.

If

"

of

instead

x"2

Art.

By

53

1,

the

denominator

Xy

"

the

^-"

of

of

the

be

denominator.
the

which,

when

be

may

^-"
456.)

reduced

to

^^,

have

we

x^^

Simplify

2^
is

(^.

equal

"

JI^'

to

S-x
.
__

FOR

the

l-~;r+2

l~(;r-~2)

BXAMPLBS

"

denominator,

common

__

giving

changed,

x-2

^
1.

the

_2-^x

Hence,

543.

before

sign
11

fraction

(Art.

written

were

common

and

denominator

the

fraction

second

the

2)* would

(x"

signs

^-"

PRACTICB.

following:
47jr

X
.

-f-

4;r-8

Ans.

-.

lx-^1

-^.

139,r

Sx

^'

"^

~~5~"."^~3~"

"

T'

30

^-

Ans.

J^-J^7"gi

^8

"

^,_^,
(^

2(a^

^y

H-

H-

/^^)

2^3

H-

^^)

removing

(^

^)'

combining.

and

parentheses

a*-{-2a

-=

"

4m*-\-l
^'

-h

a'^
5.

(^^

Ans.
.

after

4.

~4^"

Ans.

Sm

-^.

"

"

12n

"5

"

T-.

m^

12^

^''^*

"^

"

12"

'

\2m^n

188

ELEMENTARY

^-^^

7.

ALGEBRA

AND

x^

(;r+7)"

"

x^-y

y^^^y^

(-y'

+}i^+jy)-

2^

J^)

Ans

8.

;r+l

^
A

Ans.

1-

"

"

;r"-l

x*-l

MULTIPLICATION

544*

of

is

that

the

in

^,

of

would

Hence,

Rule.

"

the

product^

and

of the
denominator

of

The

resolving

the

over

means

f inch;

the

of

is the

case

same

of

product
of

product

the

nominators.
de-

fractions:

together for

denominators

the

of

of

terms

The

it

each

finding

by

ftumerators

operation

the

canceling.

obtained

in

is

of

process

Thus,

example,

result

the

the

tor
numera-

together

the

for

product,

number

Any

546*

the

for

multiply

Multiply

i^

fraction.

inch,

writing

to

fractions,

The

be

and

numerators

545*

y^j, inch.

or

which

of

part

One-half

f.

f inch
as

fractional

FRACTIONS.

OP

Multiplication,

finding

+y^

Sx

X*

fractions
be

may
the

much

very

fractions

should

product

into

be

multiplied

be

may

gether.
to-

shortened

their

reduced

by

factors,
its

to

and

simplest

form.

Example.

Solution.

24d:4^r,

"

and

153*r,

over

Find

"

of

The
the

have

we

of

product

the

product

of

the

denominators,
for

the

and

-^,

-g"

is

numerators

5 X

3^

product,

^*

=
^^,,

lowest

The

terms.

work

is written

-tj--

6a*

15^V.

-^-r-"

when

2"i^

2^^

^Mc

Writing
reduced

to

its

follows:

as

-5-X-p;X^

-gy.

Ana

Example.

"

Find

the

product
^

of

x^

(;r

tt^,
"

1)*

"

1, and

X*

"

-z
"

"
.

TRIGONOMETRIC

Solution.

First

"

X*

inator, thus,

make

^*

"

fraction

by writing

then,

"

^"

factoring

2^

both

^"-l

^"-4^

of

product

the

Performing

"

subtraction,

the

eXAMPLBS

the

Multiply

"!"!

Find

the

by

"+i

PRACTICE.

IS.ry.

lo.r

"

is

^.

Ans.

H-

4*

"Zli. and
9a"

the

6a^

we

product,
we

are

^"^*

3^

^'

4-

FRACTIONS.

fractions,

process

example,

4-

OF

in

their

and

and
^5-,

Division,
and

x^-^y^

"

"

DIVISION

For

2xy

and

xy^

2^4*

Other.

"

2^

"

-12x"

;^,

-=^

fractions

4rtV*

"

Ans.

exy'

"

548.

1
=

'

6.

4c*

of:

x*"y*

5.

^^^

4^'

-z

"

following:

6f^

4.

?,

-j-

21jr"^.

product

dxy
^-

Anf

"

2.

FOR

use
we

is the

given

when,
are

required

of

reverse

required
to

to

divide

cation,
multipliof

one

find

by-.

to

find

such

fraction

that, multiplied

by

the

We

will
-,

two

Ai

wish

we

a*

and
,

547*

denom-

fraction,

4r*

-=-

1
Solution.

each

JITl

"Find

Example.

its

i)(;r-l)(,J^--^")(*-4^

"

1 for

of

terms

have

(*

189

"

"

FUNCTIONS.

give

-.

ELEMENTARY

190

This

fraction
1

since

for

,s

ALGEBRA

-,

AND

Also

^.

in

If,

r-.

this

we

had

have

had

case,

inverted

and

multiplied,

should

we

Rule.

Hence,

to

Invert

the

"

divide

by

fraction

Solution."

The

as

in

divisor

inverted

,";

^^^

^^*^

"

^*

2jr-hl

by

Art.

By

529,

(x^

FOR

BXAMPLBS

Divide

"

2;r 4-

1) -"-

^3^

-r' 4-

2;r +

PRACTICB.

following:

the

9x^-Sx*

h-

A"^

7.
^

Solution."

^^^
-

jr-h

Divide

xy

""^^^

^X

^^""'y'

"^

550.

multiplication.

2a

^^*^

"

divisor, afid proceed

Example.

-.

if?;*
by -i^.

EXAMPLE.-Divide

Hence

x"

"

549*

the

divisor

-,

Sx^-x^

Sx
.

^'-

1.

^y
24
"3

^^

"

T
rt:":

-^"

"

r^

"

Ans.

2.

by
a

-^

3.

:;

6^V^

4.

by

Ans.
x

An

551.

Ans.
"

a^-^-'lab

is

nor

integral,

1;;-

AND

integral

fractions

3"(1

2^).

"

3"

QUANTITIBS

MIXBD

neither

"

-^

6"^r^

by

2^

"

-\-

rr-L

1 +

-.

COMPLBX

but

the

"

b^.

FRACTIONS.

is

expression

negative

a?'

exponents.

expressions

one

containing

The

^'' +

expression
-^-t"

2^i^~',

3
not.

are

a^-\-b
2
.

writing

,.

The

expression

Iw'^

is

only

another

way

of

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

The

of

use

negative

will

exponents

ll"l

in

explained

be

quent
subse-

paragraphs.
The

552*

Integral

553.
both

by itself, would

if taken

which,

of

part

mixed

and

integral

be

fractional

part

containing

expression

an

parts,

that

integral expression.

an

is

quantity

is

expression

an

2a^

as

Consid-

"

-r

integral

the

ering

(Art.

529),

A
mixed

will

subtraction

or

fraction

be

may

by dividing

provided

the

fraction

to

to

entire

an

be

the

Simplify

"

Solution.

"

Performing

It

the

thus

2^'

the

of
in

up

or

nator,
denomi-

frequently

case

taken

entire

the

division,
The

pens
hap-

fraction

reducing

Art.

535.

1
"
.

indicated

the

simply

an

by

possible.

12;r"

either

numerator

was

tor
denomina-

fractions;

two

to

form.

with
becomes

indicated

quantity
4;r'H-

Example.

the

simpler

of

reduced

division

by performing

reduced

be

fraction

quantity

quantity

that

as

mixed

addition

indicated

2"',

part,

division,

2ar-h3)4jr"4-12;r-l(2;rH-3-j5-^5_s.
Ans.
6^-1

6^H-9
-10

Mixed

555.
to

handle
To

as

reduce

Rule.

perform

quantities
mixed

Write

Example.

quantity

the

Reduce

"

to

addition

;r' h- .ry
-^

zvith

jt' +

"

to
"

second

(x^

fraction
xy

x^y

fraction.

from

y)-

"

-^

^y'^){x--

x"y

tracting the

i, and

-^

^h-v*"
^

denominator

r*

subtraction.

or

Solution.

fraction

integral part

indicated

the

convenient

more

fractions.
a

"

frequently

are

the

first

^x^

-^'"y

gives
-

^-~y

b
^^^

sub-

BXAMPLBS

556*
1.

Solve

to

"

Reduce

jr

From

Ans.

quantity.

"

3^

to

"

"

Suggestion.

First

"

557.

tions

in

2fl H-

"T-

reduce

the

of

-\-

"

-j-

mixed

quantities
is

fraction

both

or

one

"

"

Ans.

"

"

complex

^-^

"

"^

2x-"y

2n

by

"

"

7n

Ans.

2n
Divide

tt-

"

.,

T^.

a^

3 +

"

fraction.

Ans.

B,
5.

2y

subtract

j"

.r

"

^"

Ans.

-^r-

2^

4.

mixed

^^

Simplify

8.

PRACTICB.

FOR

following:

the

Reduce

2.

AND

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

192

its terms.

one

fractions.

to

which

Thus,

"

frac-

contains

and

r-^.

y
a

fractions.

complex

are

"

558.

indicated

the

much

Hence,

Rule.

the

"

thus,

reduced

by

"|.=f-T-J

to

multiply

of

the

to

Multiply

simplify
both

terms

fractional parts.

Example.

be

can

both

fractions

performing

fx|^

terms

by

contained.

|^.
the

"

Simplify

7~]F

7-

complex
by

the

fraction
common

least

Thus,

^"

559.

of

is

way

denominator

"

division;

simpler

common

fractions

Complex

denominator

TRIGONOMETRIC

Solution.

The

"

each

Multiplying

FUNCTIONS.

denominator

common

by this,

term

-^

-^

fractional

parts

is xy.

writing
canceling

y'

^"

be

Ans.

y.

performed

denominator,

common

mentally,
the

at

same

factors.

common

Simplify

"

-H

frequently

can

the

=^

multiplication

Example.

jr'"
=

:;

time

we

without

the

have

The

of

193

1 +
2""
! +

"

1
Solution.

is

This

"

is itself

denominator

the

of

case

fraction

complex

in

which

the

fraction.

complex

First,

consider

the

part
2a*
1 +

"H-

1
both

Multiplying

a(l
(1

4-

fraction

The

by

terms

"

"

have

we

a,

"

a)

"

2a*

l-a*-h

becomes

thus

^'
_

2a^

a)(l -a)-\'

a*

"

__
"

^^

"

-T^*'

7.

a*

"

both

Multiplying

1 -+-

by

terms

1 +

have

"*, the

"i*

1 4-

560*

a*

"

-j-

"

a*

EXAMPLES

FOR

the

following:

Simplify

we

Ans.

_
"

denominator,

common

"*

'5

"

1 -^

PRACTICE.

Sac*
1
1.

-ii

Ans
Ans.

^.

2.

"5.

^^.

Ans.
.

a*

"

c
c

-2"

Ans.

J.

8-2jrH--gSuggestion.
2

by

the

"

least
^

common

2}

2 +

means

denominator

Hence,

8,

and

for

the

add

7.

numerator

^"^-

8"

1.

'

JT

37T3-

multiply

ELEMENTARY

194

ALGEBRA

THEORY

An

561*
444.

In

defined,

the

and

positive
fractional

used

for

in

literal

fractional

letters

exponent
also

there
with

and

^^,

and

a^^ a~^,

3, the

Art.

as

negative

quantities

apply

negative
The

ponent
ex-

for

rules

and

negative

to

the

taken

be
or

",

literal

times
to

etc.,

^,

figures.

as

many

as

same

all

are

read

may
means

there

Such

are

exponents
and

negative,
word

the

by using

a^

as

Fractional,

exponents.

exponents

factor

as

Thus,

factors.

they

numbers,

represent

may

exponents,

called

are

with

the

integral exponents

is to

units

in

Thus,

the

Since

in

exponents.

562.

that

deal

to

positive integral exponent

3, and

"

be

have

exponents.

have

defined

been

already

positive integral exponents,

to

frequently

we

EXPONENTS.

has

exponent

addition

fractional
we

OF

AND

exponent.

a*,ar\

Thus,

a^^ and

minus

d^

**

read,

are

4," **^, exponent

f," **^,

exponent

^,

and

;","

over

**^,

ponent
ex-

nent
expo-

"," respectively.
A

563*
root

of

or

of

the

find

to

^',

we

and

cube
it

write

For

a^

may
of

564*

The

illustrated

as

follows:

502,

we

of

numerator

denominator

a^.

written

be

notes
de-

Suppose

|/^=

it

writing

we

Hence,
denotes

exponent

c^=Y?;

^ applying

exponent

the

power

root.

^\

The

a^ ; instead

a^.

a^

^a

and

fractional

denominator,

example,

power,

root

of

numerator

the

the

the

may

The

Thus,

the

of

expression

an

combined.

root

denotes

root.

is

exponent

and

power

fraction

the

wish

fractional

only
of

meaning

x''

the

to

it be

2c^

2\/?^,

c.

negative

Let

\/^\

exponents

required

to

be

may

divide

a*

by

a^.

a*
Art.

By

-^

a'^~'^=

a"" ;

also,

have,
rt"

"

^^
-r-

a*~^

"

it

a^ ;

rt-""*=

likewise,
a~'^, etc.

a^

-h

From

a^

this,

will

be

seen

that

"

a'"^ ;

but, by

Art.

503}

^"

1,

so

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

that

reciprocal of the

in

principle

in

be

from

the

we

"

last,

the

Example.

the

from

"7"1

Since

student

The

566.
entire

hy'

the

taken

be

in

"

=";

be

(T^

"

written.

fractions,

as

letters

the

with

with

tive
nega-

the

be

4-

3-r

from

changed
that

whole

of

-[,.Ans.

carefully

very

and

-h

"

when

the

transferred

other

to

the

factors

that

numerator

thus

to

changed
Thus,

term.

by

numerator

the

changing
however,

may,

be

c\

of

sign

made

the

by

^'

exponent

multiplying

both

ac''

terms

ac-''

4.U

thus,

The

exponent.

positive

by^

^^

^t^-

-\-d

merely

be

versa,

not

can

7,

r'
5a-"a^

-^

-^

note

can

of

factors

become

"8^"

must

vice

or

is not

transferring

by

only

term

denominator,

sign

denominators,

a-"^-|f-*

4.

the

exponents,

may

have,

we

of

terms

"

^i^i^

if

-i-"2
;
^

positive

with

these

the

to

exponents

inator,
denom-

the

to

numerator,

"

ab'^

abn^

ab

Express,

"

numerator

nb^
-7-1;

denominators,

they

when

following

the

state

the

to

positive exponent

"

Solution.

an

a^

to

changed,

be

'

of

the

eqnal positive

an

changes

may

denominator

,"""!"
example,
^

the

"

denotes

exponent

a""*

the

^"',

"

changed

may

of its exponent

for

thus:

or

the

negative

denominator,

the

factor

For

expression,

quantity affected with

same

Since

565*

this

(Art. 530*)

exponent.

with

affected

quantity

placed

rt*,in

Hence,

rt~'.

-^

for

written

be

may

11"5

..

^^

"

7r~i

"

/,

_,

(^r' +

^x

a)X^

n-

--

"

if

we

b -\- d'

b-\-c^d
a

transfer

the

^~',

it becomes

^^
a//

of the

entire

denominator.

j\y

becoming

factor

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

196

Example.

Clear

"

x^_y-^s-^

r^^

-\

"^

y-^

AND

of

negative

"

a^ +

expo^

x^

"

nents

Solution.

Treat

"

of

each

term

the

factors

the

separately,

expression

^y-^z-^

x^y~~^z~~^

^"z

"

changing

and

the

at

have

In

"3-.

oty-^

or

7;

factors

are

entire

exponents

the

changing

thus,
of

-.

X*

the

""

signs

of

the

to

the

nominator,
de-

exponents,

both

entire

of

terms

ar^"

ab\a^

so

3^"/5-V

.r"

a^-^b

y^z

Solve

the

^^

denomina-

a-^

the

them

3-"

and

factors

as

of

changed

exponents
x

the

thus,

z-

y-

ab''

reciprocal

Wence,
a^b^

the

by

"

write

we

of

signs

the

b)

whole

"

a^-\-b

the

fraction

the

^-r"-

"

numerator,

with

denominator,

of

factor

r^^"

"

is not

y~^

"

"

multiply

must

we

so

^-^

"

y-^

yz
tor,

time

same

negative

2*ry

JT*
we

with

^_,

^s

3^8

"itxy^

Ans.

Example.

"

a^b^

xy

"

ab^'

-^

following:

a^Xa-^;

Write

the

with

answers

Solution.

a^

"

n~^

=;

"

"^+(-^"

a^-^

"*+^-*"

"ir^

1__

_5

"

n^-^

2^

1_

c^\

-*"

x^

-""

^x^.

a^.

Ans.

n^.

Ans.

2X1

__!___

2
=

an

_!i_"!?

Ans.

7.

3^3^'
n

positive exponents.
a-^

sn
XT*

n
n

"4

2^~*

nXn~^\

3r*
aw

n"

"

\/J^

.r^-f-

567.

letter

its exponent
x'

XX'

{a')-^

X
=

Example.

x'

a~\

-^

x'""'

the
=

x^

be

may

by

x^~*

raised

index

x\

the
=

x^.

z=

to

of

{a'by

x'^'"'^
=

any

power

power.

a'^^'d'""'

Ans.

by

ing
multiply-

Thus,

{x^y

a''b'\

[a^

a,

etc.

Find
"

x^

the

values

of

the

following:

(a-^)-4;

(rdf-")t;

TRIGONOMETRIC

Solution.

"

r*^-*, Ans.,
In
jr**

the

1 X

568.

rule
To

Extract

"

and
the

and

",
same

Solution.
4

root

"

-i-

of

"

required

sign of

the

is

exponent

index

this

of

the

principle

tracted
ex-

root.

lowing
fol-

the

of the Jiumerical

root

odd

of

root

even

every

by the

letter

of each

tilery

of

root

cient^
coeffi-

index

positive

of

tity
quanthe

quantity

any

The

4th

^, 12

of 256

root

-I-

|^256^z^^"^.

of

value

is 4.

of

and

3;

positive quantity,

4"^"r*.

-*-

of the quantity.

1 ; of

.r-"''

monomial:

sign of

Find

Example."

Dividing,

an

the

From

exponent

the

the

that

as

is

the

Make

root.

.r"^

with

by

J^

of

the

divide

("v/-*)*

manner,

deduced.

root

any

like

1 x

"

5.

"

(x- ")-*

exponent
=

be

may

extract

Rule.

the

=j^=y+*

y^y

affected

letter

by dividing
Thus,

In

have

we

Ans.

of

root

197

exponents,

Ans.

2 X

"

jr-"*and

the

-f^.

and

f,

jr-***.

"*. or

(jr")-*

one,

-"'"-""'

jr

(a~*)~*

since

next

first, multiplying

the

Hence,

i.

In

"

FUNCTIONS.

The
8

^,

-i-

sign should

the

of

exponent
2.

be

As

this

the

is

an

root
even

V*'
|/25G"r*^*

Hence,

"

in

Ans.

Example."

Find

the

-'

value

3/2'
'V27w8^"

"^6^1S

^27"i"^"

Solution."

positive,

and,

as

this

is

^'i^"c^

Zmx^\
odd

an

root,

its

a^bh-*.

sign

must

The
be

quantity
the

same,

positive.

4/1!^

Hence.

a^b^c^^

BXAMPL.BS

569*

Clear
1.

the

of

Ans.

a^b^c*

FOR

following

^^.

PRACTICK.

negative

exponents:

x^y-^s^.

Ans.

^r-^

2.

%ar^b

8.

^'^y+f\

Express

the

-f

following

4.

4^'b^.

5.

4a

^a-^b-^.

r-\

Ans.

"

2ab^c

"

-^

r.

-.

'^"
''('"
+
Ans.

without

radical

signs:
Ans.
Ans.

(^-2)ior

\acr^b~^

b'K

\i^b~^.

is
or

ELEMENTARY

198

Find

of

values

the

ALGEBRA

AND

following:

the

6.

w*

w~*.

7.

2ad^

8.

9.

2.r-"-i-(.r"r*.

a-^d.

2a*^i

Ans.

l/r-**.

"

-t-

/"*.

Ans.

^^"V

Ans.
Ans.

i^^.

c^,

2x-\

Ans.

":""".

EQUATIONS.

DBFINITIONS.

As

570.
of

the

the

of

right
and

member,
571.

equality,

and

that

is the

14

given,

are

to

and

quantities,

that

when

value

of

is fixed

the

manner

is

of

by

the

and

quantities,
572.

this

To

unknown

quantity.

an

which

the

14.

is

the
thfe

on

the

part
first

the

14,

14

be

it

is done
member
member

value

statement

such

Hence,

14.

in

and

similar

in any
the

to

the

tion
equaknown

found.

find

to

by

but

known

have

bears

be

values

are

the

must

un-

given,

quantity

is

equation

the

and

by

usually

is, therefore,

not

case,

that

second

will

sum

first

whose

are

since

unknown

can

and

knoi^n

14,

particular

the
the

of

but

This

which
and

-|- 6

relations

quantity.

quantity,

;r

single

value

jr

values

equal

this
a

solve

by

quantity,

for

value

fixed

to

member

14,

part

quantities

whose

must

added

of

is,

unknown;

-{- 6

value

is

equation,

the

that

in

second

consist

usually

Thus,

the

ment
state-

and

first

the

member.

quantities

found.

be

is

jr

the

member

jr

second

of

and

In

sign.

quantities

are

the

first

as

called

parts,

is

equation

an

expressions,

two

The

Equations

knoi^n

of

of

sign

437,

two

member.

of

Art.

has

equation

second

on

in

between

equality

Every

left

defined

the

series

of

becomes
becomes
of

the

of

value

formations
trans-

the
a

known
un-

known

unknown

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

109

TRANSFORMATIONS.

In

573.
members

transforming
be

must

principles

In
The

if 2 be

of

IV.

Both

Thus,

if ;r*

if ;ir*=

16, then

16

"

16, for
2;

;r

it from

16

of

sign

be

changed.

Thus,

5 from
2;r
"

for

both

the

have

2jr

5, and

placing

it in

5 -f 5

13

in

16

+
2,

by

:Vi

same

and

power.

extracted.

be

of

Thus,

is

It

etc.

the

equation

by II,

2 ;

operations

these
In

16

be

to

1("

:"

observed,

vicvihcrs

the

do

the

5,

5
13

the

to

5,

"

"

not

2a-

18.

%x

its

\\\, let

it

-\- 5

13

ging
chan-

"

changing
we

subtract

For,

8.
"

2.r

term

equation, if

member;

%x

or

an

change
A

other.

second

member,

second
or

of

have

2.r

the

to

equation

the

is to

equation

an

member

we

had

we

in

term

and

members

Suppose

2;r

divided

2,r*

the

members.

other

transpose

8.

both

then

none

equation

an

to

we

the

transposed

sign,

both

values.

be

its

from

or

transformation,

transpose

to

equal.

14.

to

may

that

16

any

mepiber

required

of

by I,

may

be

be

256.

show

quality

original

one

raised

members

will

after

To

575.

will

16,

ir", the

4.

example,

that

their

equal

the

by III,

however,

x*

"

multiplied

be

x*

subtracted

jr*

if ;r'

may

of both

roots

be

Thus,

16, then

destroy

16

be

members.

of

jr* 4-2=18,

be

may

may

little thought

will

will

following

both

to

members

16, then

members

Like

V.

the

upon

added

both

to

members

quantity.

same

added

if or*

Thus,
Both

be

may

quantity

same

members.

the

tions
rela-

existing

quantities

based

resulting equation,

the

The

III.

unknown
are

quantity

example,

II.

the

its

equation:

any

same

members

and

of

equality

574.

For

known

Transformations

destroyed.

I.

otherwise

preserved;

the

between

the

equation,

an

have

13

5,

"

the
%x

sign
=

or

of

18;

ELEMENTARY

200

This

is

may

cancel

both

members
rt!

"

in

called

different

rt!, X

"

the

dropped

in

for

-r-|-^

will

^'s

16

and

rtwe

from
In

But,

16.

since

cancel,

16.

an

each.

from

hence,

a;

"

not

of

subtracting

16^a-\-ay

have

they

of

both

changed

of

578.

the

performing
To

"

the

of

rt

3=

"

does

of

signs
x

"

"

According

a-\-x-\-7.

"

tion.
equa-

members

the

changing

as

to

destroy

not

the

members.

of

Clearing

Rule.

both

an

thus, x-^-a-^-S^a

"

of

members

transformation

this

HI,

result

same

;ir

"

the

desirable

by multiplying

members

to

574,

equality

the

of

one

effected

is sometimes

It

"

in

term

gives

terms

Art.

term

lij +

Sisns.

be

may
This

1.

be

to

be

may

16,

a-\-a

of

sign

This

may

"

Cliansinfi:

all the

it

members

signs.

change

"

have

"

in both

Thus,

-{-a, the

16

577.

by

and

AND

appears

sign^

same

x-{-a

term

same

cancelation.

a,

16

"

the

with

equation^

the

W/ten

576.

ALGEBRA

is

fractions

usually

fore
be-

necessary

operations.

any
clear

by the

equation

each

of fractio7ts^ multiply

equation

an

denominator

common

of

all

the

fractions.
Example.

Clear

"

Solution.

The

"

multiplying

of

each

fractions

by
12,r

Example.

Clear

"

of

12,

we

6^

through

"

this

by

taken

to

we

this

parentheses

Where

The

4-

9,r-

-h

the

4.r(.r

is

2)

"

4^*

"

,r

8;r

See

is

(;r^

preceded

sign of

clearing of fractions.

denominator

becomes

fraction

change

'-.

"

common

the

fractions

is

12;

120.

4^=

fractions

get

all

have

Solution.

of

denominator

common

term

fl"~^^*

-^+'9+'7

every
Art.

.r*

by

4)

"

"

term

542.

"

"

minus

-..

''
"

2(^*

"

2(3^

6^"

4.

4);

2); removing

sign,

of the

multiplying

care

numerator

the

be

must

when

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

FOR

BXAMPLBS

579*

1.

Clear

;r

PRACTICE.

of

following equations

the

Ans.

16--.

201

fractions:

28-r"

-|-20.r=

21.r"

Ans.

Simple

When

quantity.

alphabet

quantity

Rule.

the

bine

Clear

of

the

plest
sim-

unknown
it

quantity,

and

the^r.y/

is
of

letters

quantities.
with

equations

all terms

first

into

member

Divide

both

the

containing

all others

all

Remove

of fractions.

member

first

member.

simple

"^*.

rt* -h

"

unknown

one

"

the

known

their

to

unknown

Numbers

x.

2^.

QUANTITY.

only,

one

.r

reduced

power

but

for

solve

Transpose
to

by

used

are

To

581.

is

there

usually represented
the

when

first

the

UNKNO^ITN

equations,

contain

form,

ONB

WITH

EQUATIONS

580.

56.

3.r-6.rH-18

Ans.

8IMPLB

448.r-

term,

one

members

by

and
the

tion.
aggrega-

unknown

second

the

to

signs of

quantity
Con-

member.

simplify

second

the

the

coefficient of

known
un-

quantity.
In
to

some

this

cases,

order

of

operations

may

be

changed

the

value

of

advantage.
To

582.
unknown
reduce

occurs

the

Example.

so

Solution.
have

that

equation
Solve

"

"

the

result, substitute

in

quantity

then

we

verify

2^

the

original

both
is said

will

members

Transposing

to

25
the

2^

H-

"

be

be

alike.

should

When

this

satisfied.

8-r.

unknown
3^

which

equation,

the

-h

quantities
5

25.

to

the

first

ber,
mem-

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

202

the

Transposing

quantities

known

the

to

2jr+3jr=25
like

Combining
Dividing
Now,
we

by 5,

if the

know

5x

terms,

jr

is correct.

answer

our

8 +

Solve

Example."
Solution.

16
16

Transposing

jr

"

25-3x4.

26

13.

like
both

terms,

by
;r

_,
Solve

"

"

it

"

Sx

"

6jr

"

6jr)]}

(Art.

0.

484),

0.

Ans.

"

2(6^+7)
1-

-^^
"

last

the

-"

n
o

first and

the

16.

"

16.

"

8-6jr
=

t-

Simplifying

have

jr, we

is correct

Sx"6x=

1^.

1
h

Solution.

for

equation,

12,

aggregation

9jr 4- 3jr

12jr

"

2jr4-2
Example.

(9jr

of

9.r-h
"

members

original

member,

Ix-^-Sx"

X"

the

result

our

[8jr

"

of

term

the

equation,

becomes,
1

"^"^^

of

Clearing

fractions

Transposing,

20jr

20

20;r

24;r

4-

by

80^

"

1
h

:;
"

of

Clearing

1 -t

6x=

terms,

x=

"

multiplied

or

divided

0.

X'

"

multiplying

by

5-

fractions

3-h3^-2

Note.

35-20-5.

3(l+jr)-2(l-jr)

Uniting

35.

42.

"

:;

Solution.

30.r-h

x=S,

14,

Solve

"

-^r~-

24;r+

=32

3
Example.

6^4-7
+

32

14jr

Combining,
Dividing

8-6^

4=-5have,

we

have

we

12.

and

8jr

second

the

satisfy

substituting

symbols

7.r +

"

will

"

member,

Ans.

{7jr

the

jr

"

to

"

Combining

16

4.

satisfied,

Removing

"

Dividing

is

equation

13

the

20.

Thus,

2x4

Hence

second

5.

"

of 4 for

substituting

AND

by

0.

2;r+l=::0.
"2.
A.

"

by

Ans.

any

number

0.

"

jr*,

TRIGONOMETRIC

583.

Literal

quantities
In

Example.

Solve

"

Solution.

into
Sd

"

first member

the

and

2ax

like

combining

5ajr

of

letters.

by
combine

always

the

Sax,

"

containing

the

remaining

jr

"

bring

is

8^

alone

the

terms

to

unknown

ties
quanti-

second

the

ber,
mem-

5a

now

^.

in

first member,

the

l)x =Zd

coefficient

terms

(5fl
The

wholly

or

known

terms,

to

jr

"

5ajr

Factoring

the

term.

the

and

203

in which

not

can

we

one

Transposing

"

partially

equations,

quantities

those

are

represented

such

unknown

to

equations

are

solving

FUNCTIONS.

i\

1, this

"

being

considered

as

one

quantity.
by 5a

Dividing

1,

"

Ans.

x=
.

Proof.

Sd +

Since

"

it will

c,

of

5^1(3^ +

original

sufficient

be

value

the

the

Sd

c)

o^

5a

"

Canceling

the

5a

"

.
-Ir,

1, 9d-\-c

-hi)

Sax

"

of

-tt

Transposing

and

signs

uniting

and

^]

1.

16-8jr=13-6.r.

2.

8(4r-5)-h6

3.

6(5-3-r)

1) (3^.r

Sdx{x

1)

2./ +

{'2"i

i),

or

i) (.r +

2ax

"

-h

cv

"

2a

-\-

1).

c.

bx

ex

"

z=

"

b +

"

c.

factoring,
"

b -{-

c)x

following

a-\-

a"

b +

"

c.

"

"=.

for

practice.

Ans.
=

terms,

bxampl.es

the

i\

members,
a

"

Solve

-f

,10

" "

"

(x

"

both

-{"

ax

{a

58-4"

"

tt

1)

1) from

"

Changing

1)

+bx-\-b

Sax

"

r)

fractions,

^(.r +

-h

Sdx{x-\-

Canceling

ting
substitu-

c.

d(x-\-l)

(3-r -h 1) [^x
ddx{x

.r

"

Sdx"2a-\-r
=

=-

Clearing

"

Hence,

Sd +

jr-hl
Solution.

or

ba"

3jr-hl
"

5"/.r

to

"

,
^
Solve

"

Example.

equation.

(5,i-l)(8^

5fl

this

equivalent

x,

"

satisfy

to

is

equation

l4-2.r.

6-2(x-2).

,r=-l.

Ans.

.r=l.

Ans.

.r=2.

ELEMENTARY

204

2^

4r

-jr

s-

3^

4.

^
5.

"

^4-4

jt'

Ans.

5-2jr

3-2jr
5

2;r

4rt

"

Sax

^
0.

J-

jr4-4

x-h

^=-7.

3'

"

8.

"

"=

3x-7

7.

.^
41.

jr

5jr

"

Ans.

"

""

60.

JT

jr-l-3
^^
16

"

j5
o

^*

Ans.

J-.

^4-1
.

AND

ALGEBRA

rt*

.,

a
Ans.

Ans.

/I'jr.

"

.r

4^.

a*-*da-\-2'
ax+2x
9.

"

a*

4:

4:a +

__5a^-\-10a
U.

77

Ans.

7-j

"

"

Ao

oa

Suggestion.

Transposing

"

second

the
a^

ax+2x

term

Aa-hA

member,

2)"

H-

4b~'

4b

ha

sides

second

both

the

to

{a

Multiplying

4:0

by 5^i,

4o

for

Solving

x,

ha{a
.r

2)"

4-

ha{a

2)

'-

-^^

ab

z=:

4^

Ans.

-\

x^-r,

ex

TO

LBADING

PROBLBMS

There

ISITITH

ONE

QUANTITY.

two

are

BQUATIONS

SIMPL.B

UNKNOW^N

585.

VSa

""

4^

(/z -h 2)4^
10.

5"z" 4-

in

steps

solution

the

of

problems

algebra:

by

First.

"

the

unknown

are

given

relations

The

in

the

the

Second.

solved,
It

The

giving

to

answer

of

statement

"

will

by

thus
a

be

though

as

great

advantage

that

seen

problem

upon

of

values

it
over

is used
were

the

or

the
those

whose

known

and

whose

values

values

are

quired,
re-

This

equations.

more

is

problem.

equation

resulting
the

those

one

the

between

is, between

and

problem
stated

be

exist

that

quantities,

must

called

which

the

by
in

equations

or

required
the
the

known

arithmetical

be

must

quantities.

algebraic
solution

quantity,
method.

the

method,
and
which

operated
is

one

TRIGONOMETRIC

The

586.

his

ability

to

in

quantity
Decide

will

the

were

and

statement

Example.
shall

sum

be

Solution.
As

double

be

must

added

what

the

40

number

Solution.

by

4,

by

equal
But

to

an

of

the

sum

will

be

4;r

amount

Hence,

by

jr

which

40

is the

the

the

14

problem
often

performed

be

illustrations

of

problems;

the

they

14 is added

to

its doul^le,

the

uniting,
or

30.

be

8.

In
the

"

whence

that
other

self.
it-

number

2.r
is

14

when

when

words,

of

the

will

ceed
ex-

statement

Ans.

when

multiplied

number,

the

which,

conditions

number,

itself,

number

we

the

number,

states

which

or

by 4,

have

4.r exceeds

the

40

40

5.r

80,

x=z

16.

"

statement,
.r.

Ans.

when

multiplied

of

the

or

4.r, exceeds

.r, is below

40.

conditions,

and

.r

the

Hence,

required

by

amount

is below

is

required

40.

to

the

4^

Transposing

the

30;

required

times
that

which

by

in

is,

which,

According
4

amount

"

would

that

would

problem

will

below

now

let

30.

equation

number

it is

is

the

or

4jr.

the

the

may

are

value

whose

number

form

Let

becomes

amount

and

equation

that, when

Now

sum

as

"

equation

an

known

algebraic

quantity,

3;r, the

much

as

form

operations

the

of

number.

Find

"

Then

ansiver.

made

examples

solving,

Example.

found.

he

problem.

operations

2^+

whence,

is to

the

statement

unknown

the

to

in

problem

and

the

Hence,

quantity

the

double

to

added

is

unknown

one

80.

is the

this

the

solution

such

^The

"

only

the

carefully.

Find

"

making

proving.

the

studied

be

indicate

following

The

should

also

in

for

the

or

between

in the

known.

answer

587.

the

stated

by noticing

the

upon

of

knowledge

value

quantity,

proving

answer

formed

be

14

in

performed

be

is whose

tlie relations

will

equation

The

it

quantity by

quantities as

unknown

and

unknown

indicate

is

there

an

operator

his

given

of

means

the

upon
be

can

unknown

the

the

than

where

general,

by

of

ingenuity

rule

205

problem

rather

quantity

be

represent

the

problem

what

will

that

in

state

upon

definite

but

statement,

to

reason,

No

algebra.

This

ability

depends

equation

FUNCTIONS.

40, and

problem,

the
40

is

40.
40

"

is the

ELEMENTARY

206

Example."
lb.

Two

weigh

weigh

times

If

"

to

much

as

to

the

weight

the

smaller

the

to

lb. ; but

4,000

larger load,

former.

the

of

is

jr

"

How

much

as

much

is done

if

latter

the
does

500
will

each

load

Let

4,000

Also,

500

"

the

of

the

smaller

the

weight

of

the

larger

the

weight

of

the

weight

of

the

weight
should

obtain

the

of

load,

one

lb.

equation
whence

load.

other

weight

jr=

"

"

the

X
"

Then,

weight

was

500

load

larger

To

the

add

from

lb.

The

it

and

should

we

500

smaller.

of

weight

example,

example.

the

as

known

were

subtract

the

by letting
the

to

the

and

in

loads

two

of

stated

as

equal

the

load

larger

the

7 times

thing

of

correctness

load,

weigh
same

500

weigh

together

smaller

weights

the
the

prove

of

4,000

the

brick

AND

desired

the

of

from
as

Solution.

then

loads

transferred

be

ALGEBRA

load.
load.

load

smaller

after

transferring

lb.
And

4,000

the

the

the

load

larger

after

ring
transfer-

lb.

500

conditions,

the

By

-h 500

jr

"

load

larger

the

weighs

now

times

much

as

as

smaller.

Hence,

7(^-500)

Solving,

7;r

=4,000-

3, 500

whence,

Proof.

1,000

500

3,000

have

been

500

the

lb.

3,000

lb.

student
of

problems

500

3,500

-f-

weight

of

weight

of

of

weight

of

weight

transferred

Until

solving

x-

"

3,500

x,

1,000

x"

4,000

"

4, 500

8^=8,000;

or

and

500.

jr+

the
500

obtained

this

kind,

smaller

after

)
*

and

load,
500

the

pounds

7.

has

load,
load.

larger

the

load

larger

smaller

considerable
it is

good

in

proficiency
plan

to

all

prove

problems.
Example.

feet,

and

of

traveled,
wheel

the

12

wheel

feet.
has

true

that

In

"

required
equal

What

the

wheel

of

distance

made

to

the

passing

feet, and

fore

over

the

example

found.

be

to

this

wheel
feet.

that

Suppose
that

carriage

has

the
than

turns

more

to

evidently
difference

see

distance

of

is not
is

whether

revolutions

more

number

traveled

the

wish

we

makes
The

distance

is

fore

the

is

10

carriage
the

hind

it is

in

fore

the

of

wheel,

rear

when

Solution.
is

circumference

The

"

revolutions

known,

but

and

that

known,
the

than
of

is

statement

the
the

rear

wheel

fore

wheel

and
-y,

between

of

the

them

rear

is

wheel,

equal

to

The
~^r^.

8.

example

states

that

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

Hence.

""

for

Solving

12jr

.r,

^'

12"

"lO

or

^^^

"

lOjr

"

960,

2jr

9e0

and

207

feet.

480

Ans.

480
Proof.

"

48

revolutions

of

fore

wheel.

40

revolutions

of

hind

wheel.

8.

-r^
480

-j^
48
A

Example.

by

300

in

third
three

are

Solution.

to

of

be

fill the

of

length

all

through

would
of

be

^,

in

once

by

be

proved

minute,

as

together

second
like

in

the

by

all

when

pipe

be

equal

be

the

by

by

sum

separately

in

According
in

pipe
of

j}^

contents

all

is

minute

the

by

example

ing
flow-

quantity

discharged

if the

Then,

this

the

time.

first

third

the

quantity

"

of

length

same

that

the

to

minutes

Supposing

together.

through

and

manner

of

number

noticing

the

the

the

by

must

j^,

would

and

filled

be

filled

be

can

minutes,

each

quantity discharged

minute

pipes

flowing

water

the

200

is

quantity

may

three

In

pipes

cistern

the

all three

example

time,

by

cistern.

the

once

(1).

three

in

will

with

cistern

the

problem,

time

what

unknown

of

with

another

by

the

the

quantities

the

at

Here

minutes,

the

given

to

In

proof

connected

minutes,

open

"

to

80

minutes.

pipes

required

in

them

this

Compare

cistern

water

"

of

one

40

"

three

at

stated

cor-

rectly,

have

must

we

"^200"^300~^*

80

of

Clearing

fractions,
x(dO

12

4-

or

whence,
Example.
the

of

rate

against

tide

last

"

of

the

the

and

2,400;

If

the

minutes.

certain

is

man

in

7i"///i
of

rate

pulling

tide,

the

8j^ miles
at

an

uniform

at

hour,
rate,

?
is

statement

himself

Ans.

distance
the

at

tide

stronger

48

returns

following
for

it out

reason

manner

the

clear,

not

similar

to

student

that

used

tide

is

in the

examples.

three

Let

If

boat

strong.

as

2,400,

or

hour,

an

half

velocity

Solution.

should

rows

man

6f miles

is the

what

"

8)

50.r=

.r=

of

number

miles

hour

per

that

the

stronger

running;

then
Q-

Hence,

of miles

number

Gf

"

jr

and

3^- -h

hour

per

-q-

are

that

the

expressions

weaker

for

tide

the

rate

is

at

running.
which

the

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

208

is

man

these

pulling.

But,

expressions

must

is

he

as

be

pulling

equal.

of

40

fractions,

jt

1.

The
their

and

2.
He

is 400

sum

farmer
four

has

sheep

many

Ans.

PRACTICB.

four

is

the

how

the

lesser
Ans.

?
of

horses,

as

lacking 4;

times

numbers

consisting

cows

many

as

horses,

as

are

hour.

per

examples:

animals,

108

has

times

2f miles

numbers

; what

3jr,

-H

FOR

two

has

many

sheep,

horses,

lacking

8,

and

each

kind

4.

do

can

they

can

Find

five

of

piece

do

in

work

it

working

consecutive

and

days,

together

numbers

"j40

Ans.

whose

cows.

whose

boat

down

moves

stream

making

returns,
stream

the

of

rate

which
round

flows

trip

in

miles

is

sailing
at

the

hours;

of

how

hour

in

3 miles

in

4J days.

far

still

did

it go

down

Ans.

18

32.

water

hour,

per

THE

sheep.

28, 29, 30, 31, and

per

rate

is 150.

sum

Ans.
5.

horses.

it in 10 days;

do

can

as

( 56

time

cows.

times

(12

3.

320.

and

five

and

of

he

number,

80

Ans.

what

time,

the

20;
;r

following

of

greater

20

BXAMPL.BS

the

all

rate

jr

-9^="

whence,

Solve

constant

10

"

or

588*

at

Hence,

20

Clearing

AND

and
the

miles.

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

DEFINITIONS.

589.

plane

Plane

the

of

solution

triangles.

Every
sides.
least

of

treats

trigonometry

triangle
When

is

of

finding

of

the

three

side, the
the

six

parts

of

these

parts

other

unknown

triangle.

has

three

parts

"

are

be

can

of

three

given,

if

one

This

found.

triangle

and

angles

is

the

three

part
process
solution

at

TRIGONOMETRIC

The

590.

the

and

35"

of

angle

is

of

the

the

two

other

the

of

between

180"

of

means

is

the

the

and

tan,

of

since

the

the
of

sum

Therefore,

each

of

complement

of

is

the

180"
is

These

145".

by

triangle;

the

are

sine,

abbreviated

are

an

functions

These

functions

these

of

35"

right-angled

difference

accomplished

functions.
of

the

supplement

because

triangle

sides

the

the

the

cosine,

sin,

to

cos,

is

The

angle A

and

is
to

opposite

side

and

side

b is

to

C.

and

B,

is

C, Fig.

()3, the

right

adjacent
;

to

short

the

angle

The

the

opposite angle

and

jacent
ad-

angle B.
functions

trigonometric

The

594.

A,

short

the

Then

c,

triangle

opposite, respectively,

are

angles

hypotenuse
angle.

right-angled

the

and

by

^,

of

cotangent.

In

to

side

In

cot.

593.
sides

180",

an

55".

90";

is the

Thus,

trigonometric

and

tangent,

is

angle

an

145",

of

angle

an

important

most

angle.

solution

ratios

the

are

and

The

592.

of

supplement

35"

of

angle

of

angle.

acute

The

is

90".

triangle

right-angled

90"

35"

"

angle

triangle
"

difference

the

complement
90"

because

the

is

the

right

180"

is

angles

591.

the

209

angle

an

Thus,

55",

of

angles

three

angle

of

triangle,

acute

acute

angle.

angle

an

right-angled

sum

of

complement

90"

between

FUNCTIONS.

of

sine

divided

the

by

angle

an

are

is the

defined
of

quotient
Thus,

hypotenuse.

follows:

as

in

the

Fig.

site
oppoG:3 sin

The

595.

of

cosine

angle

an

is the

quotient

of

the

adjab

side

cent

The

596.

opposite

the

tan

divided

J,

by

the

tangent
side

divided

Thus,

hypotenuse.
of

an

by

angle
the

is

cos

the

adjacent

--.

quotient
side.

of

Thus,

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

210

The

597.
the

adjacent

cot

of

cotangent
divided

side

AND

the

by

is

angle

an

the

side.

opposite

of

quotient

Thus,

"
.

From

598.
^

sin

cos

"

cos

(since

"=

cot

A,

and

that

and
of

its

of

the

is

For

28"

is

angle

of

each
values

the
of

and

etc.,

and

Tangents,

tables

Cotangents.

In

logarithmic

functions

not

attempt

use

to

the

will

600.

an

of

angle

Solution.

find

pages

and

that

the

minutes

opposite
.60738;

up
this

then

to

24

until

required

in

in

The
he

to

60.

table

the

87^.
are

.60738

latter

of

The

cosines,

Sines,

he

Cosines,

both

natural

student

should

tables,
The

thoroughly

natural

for

numerical

sines,

Natural

many

value

stands
underand

functions,

its

to

to

Find

find

the

Its

Functions.

sine, cosine,

and

tangent

24'.

Look

"

the

2, 3, etc.,

it be

37^

of

given.

Ang^le,

an

Let

"

explained.

Given

Example.
of

be

now

90".
natural

are

table

The

logarithms.

different

and

called

the

and

use,

has

0"
are

in

given

are

function

functions

these

36")

"

etc.

between

angles

ment,
comple-

cotangent

(90"

cos

fore,
There-

its

the

to

(Art.

B.

of

tan

TABLES.

angular

Every

equal
36"

sin

TRIGONOMETRIC

599.

cosine

the

A,

shown

angle

sin

A^

sin

been
of

to

example,
62",

cot

has

It

equal

an

Com-

-r.

angle

cos

i,

"

complement

of

tangent

to

tan^.

angle

an

:=

of

those

with

equal

is the

complement.

54" ; tan

cos

is

cot

angle

each

angle

sine

the

of

cot

and

have:

we

functions

functions,

the

"\

=:

the

590)

tan

"

paring

of

definitions

the

sought

column
sin

natural

left-hand

Glancing
the

of

37"

in

down

this

marked
24'.

column
that

In

along

sines
is

column,
column

and
until

sine, and

exactly

marked

the

headed
same

the

tops

of

('), meaning

begin
24

is

with

found,

37", the
manner,

0, 1,
find

number
find

in

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

the

marked

column

corresponds
column

to

In

from

only

0"

upwards^
find

upwards,

Solution.

Glancing

up

opposite

43'

top
the

at

.97711

column

the

of

number

.21275.

So.

also, find

is

glance

column

to

and

bottom

the

run

angle

an

and

page

run

sine

of

77"

find

is the

this

4.59283

77")

(and
sin

or

of

cosine

is the

43'

43'
77"

of

tangent

find

bottom,

the

right-hand

the

43',

ilarly,
Sim-

.97711.

in

found.

is

is found,

the

at

77"

opposite

43'

tables

the

77"

until

right,

43',

in

marked

column
the

on

43'.

46", look

than

the

77"

of

tangent

greater

cosine,

that

angles

find

to

the

0 at

and

marked

.21275;

the

60.

minutes

sine

page

of

with

until

page,

marked

the

the

in

number

24', the

opposite

riglit-liaiid

to

angle

is the

; this

the

bottom

sine, cosine,

column

the

of

begin

column

the
in

also, find

So,

published,

extreme

the

column,

or

43',

77"

77"

cos

43'

77"

tan

or

=4.59283.

43'

Let

602.

it be

Explanation.
and

22'

fact

23'.

difference
the

that

sine.

22' and

the

sin

14"

all

work

with

for

and

14"

is 28,
is

there

60'', the

23',

must

.5, omit

it, and

we

the

neglect

24813

that

the

function

to

in the

28

sin

14"

corresponding

be

|f

12

as

have
12

ence
differ-

is, the

between

difference

angle,

ference
dif-

the

of

the

then

difference

the

23'

corresponding

or,
a

14"

moment

that

difference

is, the

24813.

the

fractions;

sin

sin 14"

sin

.24813;

26^

22'

26'' lies between

22'

decimal

14"

of

sine

the

Neglect

22'

in

fact

22' 26"

14"

24813,

26"

to

the

to

14"' 22'

angle,

1'

than

added
of

now

convenient

of

is less
be

Sin

22' 26^^, that

difference

to

In

1' in

14"

of

and

since

sin

.1

14"

24841

Now,

sine

are

sin

of

difference

find

to

.00028.

functions

between

Since

The

14"

between

required

"

sin

.24841;

to

the

this

of

bottom

in

at

the

Since

"

the

number

tables

the

Find

.79441.

37", and

the

which

"

24'

.76456.

1, 2, 3, etc., up

Example.

37"

cos

which

.79441,

number

the

37%

headed

45", look

usin^

headed

of

45"

to

minutes,

along

24'

most

than

greater

37"

tan

or

and

tangent

hence,

601.

and

37'' 24' ;

cos

marked

.76456;

cosine

211

24825;

is

28
the

ence
differ-

taking

decimal

12.1.

count
ac-

tion,
frac-

.24825.
tables
for

the

it will
moment

always
the

be

found

decimal

most

point.

ELEMENTARY

212

consider

decimal

the

while

example,

cosine

of

added

Find

"

the

lies

angle

this

the

by

56"

56"

since

43'

43'

the

17'

56"

and

the

43'

42

Sin

56"

44'

56"

instead

the

find

the
have

of

Since

being

to

56"

43'

the

sine

of

decimal

acter
char-

16; multiplying

exceeds

.53

17".

Since
of

the

.5,

83597

Adding,

83597.

43'

value

83597

"

56"

.83613.

44', the

83613

of

neglecting

^"^^-

added

take

we

83602;

Ans.

56"

cos

44'

.54854;

54854

"

24, and

54871.

whole

expressed

as

24

'7.nearly.

subtract

must

we

12

ber
num-

Now,

correction

this

Hence,

cos

56"

65646

Hence,

Given

from
43'

17"

the

to

minutes,
we

have

the

degrees

the

end

of

top

of

the

also,
bottom,
at

the

of

function

the

the

will

the

the

row.

column,
and
the

the

to

end
If
the

Ans.

the

If

the

the

the

given

the

column,

name

of

at

of

be

the
at

the

left.
the

sponding
Corre-

In

the

take

minutes

function

bottom,

and

such

and

function,

is

will
the

for

degrees

table.

If

thus,

ing
correspond-

of

degrees

as

process

angle

and

the

65646;

the

number
in

number

will

of

reverse

found

find
of

Find

to

exact

an

be

minutes

degrees

right.

.65634.

angle.
is

simply
from

17"

is the

function

given

from

65604

decreases

cotangent

correction

Function,
This

function

the

finding

the

this

43'

56"

cot

the
"

; difference

since

Now,
j^^/rrt;r/

must

we

65604

=
.

12, nearly.

65634.

44'

56"

; cot

Angrie.

the

cotangent

.83613:

54878-7

65646

iJ

604.

there

to

In

26*^ would

22',

and

than

and

desired,

is

increases,

angle

case,

16

54878

65646

14"

crease,
in-

tangents

required
the

as

Ans.

Cot

42,

less

.83602.

.54878;

cosine

.54871.

and

that,

decrease.

for
of

difference

be

to

43'

and

the

subtracting,

54878;

it been

.83597.

.83597

J J,

difference

the

56"

between

difference

Cos

43'

fraction

sin

hence,

m""

functions

the

the

as

than

greater

of

had

sine, cosine,

the

Sin

Solution."
is

cotangents

cosine

the

sines

the

correction

shows

it.

to

Example.

17*

from

functions

and

therefore,

subtracted

been

cosines

position.

of

table

afterwards

and

number,

magnitude,

14** 22' 26", the

AND

its proper

the

in

the

above

in

to

increase

angles

whole

point

Reference

603.
the

difference

the

locate

ALGEBRA

be

at

the

found
is at

name

and

at

the

utes
min-

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS.

I.

CA8B

The

605.
Example.
Solution.
Since

of

Solution.

34',

In

"

the

angle

is at

the

and

in

The
it be

Let

whose

of

is 55"

42531

1'

Since
the
The

seconds
sine

60', -J^ of

angle

and

function

tables;

should

be

tangent,

but

with

which

the
the
appears

The
we

minutes,

angle

whose

this

of

25"

42525

"

the

ference
dif-

27;

the

25"

of

given

difference

the
=

sine

the

ber
num-

10', and

decimals,

to

of

is .4'^531.

sines,

sine

of

sine

table.

sine

of

42552

the

10',

angle

for

1', a
the

1'; hence,

ference
dif-

angle

lO^V-

minute

sl

-^\ X

is .42531

lower

00

25"

be

always

next

and

13.3".

10'

13.3".

fore,
There-

with

compared

the

correction

the

in

that

to

take

next

the

^\

to

in

whose

table

is the

27

added
we

the

between

function

angle

the

and

the

should

function

of

is

and

The
the

exactly

Neglecting

to

sine

whose

34\

jxijje,

column.

the

corresponding

25"

the

Hence,

the

sines

Since

.42531

given

function

sine

whose

under

of

angle

to

corresponds

6
=

the

two

6.

of

end

11'.

42525,

.68557

bottom

.42525,

25"

these

42525

sine

whose

find

corresponding

of

left; thus,

the

is .68557.

find

we

found

Referring

between

"

the

II.

is not

to

of

sine

42531,

take

we

angle

the

column.

lie between

between

and

from

14*.

Ans.

84'.

function

to

difference

column,

minutes

the

that

right-hand

"

the

under

column

the

the

cotangent

at

65**, from

the

Explanation.

.42552,

in
of

top

tangents,

is, however,

required

is found

.24982

Hence,

CASE

606.

table.

is .24982.

the

left.

the

table

the

is .68557

cotangent

find

top,

at

degrees,

the
found

are

the

28'

function

the

take

must

Find

"

we

sines,

the

Ans.

28'.

Example.

of

and

top,

is 14"

name

from

sine

whose

function

the

degrees

the

at

of

table

in

exactly

found

angle

the

of

name

number
14*'

In

"

the

.24982

Find

"

is

function

213

difference

the

and

in

the

tables.

and

we

the

of

case

the

appearing

cotangent,

function

given

the

between

function

smaller

cosine

In

angle.

take
next

the

given
in

the

the
ference
dif-

larger

ELEMENTARY

214

Example.
Solution.
found
in

the

found

to

decimals.

.27060,
-

.27052

.27052

/^
74"

18'

17.14',

Solution."
65"

8'

29.5',

The

whole

60

falls

difference

and

65"

Un

8' 29.5'

1.

Solve
Find

the

the

Find

8', and

65"

.00165,

81, neglecting

whose

2.15841

following

and

(c) of

Of

{a) sine, {b) cosine,

what

what

is .26489

angle

is it the

and

of

(r) tangent

48"

and

17'.

of

{c) cotangent

and

of

{c) tangent

cotangent

the

sine,

(b)

of

( {a)
) (b)

.74644.

((O

1.12172.

13"

72"

and

(a)
(c) of

Of
what

what
the

angle
tangent

is

.68800

is

what

11'

the

sine,

(b)

of

6'.
.22810.

(a)

) (b)

.97364.

( {c)

4.26855.

.95106.

) {b)

.30901.

( {c)

3.07777.

it

the

cosine,

15"

21'

37.2'.

J (b) 74"

38'

22.8'.

( (c)

9' 49'.

what

75"

the

cosine,

(a)

43"

28'

20'.

\ (b)

46"

31'

40'.

(c)

34"

31'

40.5'.

Ans.

.66545.

0' 1.8'.

( (a)
Ans.

5.

65"

examples:

Ans.

(a)

PRACTICE.

FOR

( {a)

4.

ered
consid-

2.15841.

{a) sine, {b) cosine,

the

decimal.

the

is

tangent

2.15925

165,

or

Ans.

Find

is

cosine

3.

.27060

Ans.

tan

2.15760

angle

{a) sine, {d) cosine,

the

is

18',

is

whose

Ans.

2.

74"

or

lecting
neg-

is 2.15841.

2. 15760

2. 15760

"

the

EXAMPLES

607"

given

.27052.

==

tangent

between

2. 15841

28,

or

cosine

angle

the

17.14'

18'

2.15925

number.

and

whose

angle

29.5', nearly,

or

the

angle,

the

and

.00028,

19'.

74'

cos

is

It

page.

.27032
=

smaller

the

the

decimals.

74"

cos

2.15841

9'.

as

T*V

or

.27032

sought

be

must

of

bottom

"

this

nearly,

17.14',

Find

"

of

between

hence,

is

function

given

74** 18' and

cos

8, neglecting

or

60

the

"at

the

and,

45"

is .27060

two

cosine

The

Example.

tan

the

is .27052.

cosines,

than

.27060

difference

.00008,

Hence,

of

table

cosine

numbers

between

the

the

marked

the

difference

and

in

AND

cosine

whose

angle

angle greater

an

columns

between

The

the

Looking

"

belong

to

for

Find

"

ALGEBRA

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

TRIANGLES.

OF

SOLUTION

TRIANGLES.

RIGHT-ANGLBD

When

608.

the

sides

two

of

angles

right

of

definitions

between
derived

are

hypotenuse

cosine,

Side

opposite

side

adjacent

Side

adjacent

side

opposite

side

opposite

rr

Hypotenuse

of angle,

tangent,

cotangent,

v^-

"^^

sine

side
rr

VI.

the

adjacent

angle

and

from

sine

IV.

^--

sides

the

directly

functions

when

found.

be

may

III.

V.

parts

also,

hypotenuse

Side

^^

found;

given,

are

opposite an

II.

relations

of

angles

acute

be

may

remaining

the

triangle

Side

I.

the

right triangle)

called

trigonometric

the

of

one

angles

following

The

609.

and

given,

are

and

(also

sides

remaining

any

side

any

triangle

right-angled

215

Hypotenuse

adjacent
^^

"^^

cosine

relations

These

be

may
Arts.

597,

to

relations

the

to

from

found

594

sufficient

are

solution

the

sides

To

show

of

the

find

to

the

triangles,

The

relations

the

by

sides.

of

number

in

given
of

application

gles
an-

these

examples

given.

are

610.

Case

given,

Jind

to

Example.

A
and

Note."

In

"

I.

the

"

is 24: feet

and

the

angle

64, the
and

and

hypotenuse

remaining

Fig.

CB

The

the

parts

hypotenuse
angle

an

is 29"

of

the

31' ; to

right-angled
find

the

sides

B.

When

of
this
working
examples
mark
the
figure, and
is
This
known
in
a
help
solving
parts.
great
in
the
the
the
Hence,
example.
figure draw
angle A to represent
an
angle of 29" 31', and
the
C B,
A
right-angled
complete
triangle
Mark
the
at
C, as shown.
right-angled
angle
and
is done
A
the
in tKe figure.
as
hypotenuse,

kind,

angle being

acute

construct

the

pj^

angle
triA

21

ELEMENTARY

Solution."

adjacent

find

To

we

.87021

C=24x

C,

/?

hypotenuse

.49268;

60** 29'.

II, Art.

24

29"

of

29"

cos

31'

Cis

the

609,

relation
=

relation

use

sine

BC=Ux

hence,

AND

31'.
be

to

In

24

I, Art.

sin

.49268

the

sides

II.

being given^

Example.

angle

In

"

be

to

An

"

Fig.

32"

table

29"

of

The

sine

of

Side
"]

y4

( Side

^C=

and

angle

acute

remaining

parts

64, suppose

the

side

be

24'.

sides

32"

24'

29"

posite
opis

31'

C,

B,

to

and

60"

C=

29'.

20.89

ft.

11.82

ft.

the

of

one

the

The

side

or

feet, nearly.

11.82

31'.

C,

determine

to

side

or

Therefore,

609.

Ans.

Case

cent
adja-

C,

.87021.

^ Angle

611.

side

feet, nearly.
we

31'

cosine

the

20.89

side

the

cosine

find

29'

from

Hence,

.1.

Cosines

90"

hypotenuse

Natural

Angle

angle

to

ALGEBRA

short

feet

75

the

and

the

angle

are

required.
Angle

Solution."
relation
=

the

Art.

III,
75

tan

of

tangent
find

To

the

90"

24'.

32"

24'

609,

32"

B,

use

adjacent

we

the

C=

75

relation

of

'

cosine

Natural

.63462

Art.

VI,

side

and

the

Example.

"

III.

sides

acute

angles

In

right-angled

the

at

r"o

18

and

and

whose

we

in

angle
39"
use

48'

hypotenuse

^^

88.81

ft.

third

the

find

to

ft.

15;

to

to

the

find

and

of

definition

is
=

50"

of

Tangents,

nearest

39"

to

48', nearly.

Art.

609,

opposite
^
sine

.83333

12'.

V,

B
=

"

.83333.

18

adjacent
table

the

A
=

Fig. 65, right-angled

596,

relation
side

ry
A y, B,

Side

36'.

47.6

^^^"^?"^''l^

tangent

Hence,

hypotenuse,

According

"

Looking

the

^C

^C=

side

find

Side

57"

B.

Art.

tangent,
tangent

To

triangle ABC,

Solution.

90"

r^
^^"

o^

:84433=^-^^

being given,

C=

angles

the

hypote-

C,

the

ft., nearly.

75

^^

Tzvo

"

gent
tan-

609,

75

Ans.

Case

have

we

Tangents,

47.6

( Angle

612.

C,

adjacent

side

^-^ =^^^=^3^32-24'

find

To

table

36'.

opposite
to

.63462.

57"

side

C,

Referring

hypotenuse

side
^^^"

sin

t-.

angle

the
is

39"

Angle

48'.
B

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

217

15
The

of

sine

Hence,

is .64011.

39** 48'

AB

23.43.

.64011
/

( Angle
Ans.

48'.

39^

^ Angle

/"* =

50 M2'.

Side

/ /"" =

23.43.

In

Example."
at

Solution.

Art.

side

is

cosine
^

58"

is

58"

side

the^angle

parts.

of

90**

58** 36'

C, relation

whose

Therefore,

36'.

i?

Angle

36'.

other

the

_,_^
.62101.

table,

the

to

.52101

find

To

find

to

^Ar,f^
.04792

hypotenuse
Referring

mile

definition

Fig. 66, right-angled

.024967

adjacent

-r

"

.04792

^^

the

to

595,

cos

triangle

and

According

"

cosine,

the

mile

.024967

right-angled

the

angle

=31"

III, Art.

24'.
is

609,

used.

opposite

Side
^

C=

.0409

Cx

y^

side

adjacent

tan

36'

.024967

163826

( Angle

58"

36'.

.|Angle

i?

31"

24'.

"

68"

tan

mile.
Ans.

^C=.

A,

0409

or
=

mile.
Fig.

Example.
at

In

"

C, y4 -5

308

right-angled triangle ABC,

the

SoLUTiON.-Sin

and

feet
A

C=

234

feet;

""PP^^^^^
^i^^

angle

Referring

to

the

is

sine

whose

of

table

49"

49"

sine

of

nearly

values,

the

angle

angles,

49"

26i'

To

find

Side
^

and

40"

49^

adjacent

lies

.85586

Solve

613.
In

1.

40

right

inches

the

these
the

Angle

90"

IV,

side

200.27

Art.

opposite

609.

A,

cot

or

feet.
A

Angle

} Angle
(^ C

/;
=

49"

40"

200.27

26J'.
33^'.
ft.

PRACTICB.

following examples:

triangle ABC,
and

obtained,

between

26^'.

relation

Ans.

FOR

sine

the

between

midway

49"

A,

angle

value

way

"7.

BXAMPLBS

594.)

.75965, and
the

I'""-

(Art.

33^'.
use

is

26'

half

is

C,

234

C=

parts.

nearly,

Since

lies

26f,

is .75984.

.75974,

above

.75974.

the
27'

other

the

308

.75974

Sines,
of

find

234

hypotenuse
The

to

GT).

Fig. 67, right-angled

angle

right-angled
28"

14'

at

Solve

14^

Ans.

C,
the

the

hypotenuse

triangle.

/Angle

^=61"

]y^C=

35.24

in.

(^C=

18.92

in.

45'

46*.

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

218

2.

feet

In

inches.

ABC,

right triangle

If

angle

right-angled
69'

26"

AND

do

6'. what

feet

00

right

triangle

and

22

Solve

feet.

Ans.

In

4.

side

and

ABC,

right triangle

C=

.216

the

(^C=

55.82

( Angle
Angle

plane

oblique-angled
angle opposite
and

side

in

bear

desires

he

the

in

resulting

We

the

explanation

the

cases

in

The

615.

do

the

68, the

The

sines

of

which

solutions

ayiy

of

examples:

that

opposite angles.

and

an

angles

two

student

of
is

possible,

are

of

tion
solu-

This

parts.

ent
differ-

quite
so

go

student

depends

Thus,

deeply
can

tect
de-

are

upon

the

lowing
fol-

proportional

referring

to

Fig.

true:

sin

sin

B,

sin

sin

C,

sin

sin

the

anf

possible.

are

solving

ft.

triangle

to

the

triangle

are

59M8'

the

the

triangle^ the sides

proportions

7.5'.
52.5'.

of

of

necessary

two

In

the

it

the

SO** 41'

method

triangles

point

of

following

method

of

this

solution

principle:
to

of

foot

.364

the

solutions

two

think

not

37.8'.

when

this

of

some

cases

some

30'

sides

Let

form

general
of

(2)

use

may

determinations

the

forms.
into

the

2V

solving

two

given.

are

he

values

in

because

necessary

that

knows

he

and

given,

are

.423

of

(1)

when

of them

one

however,

when

only
which

opposite

22.2'.

C=

method

the

triangle,

of them

one

mind,

here

give

29'

TRIANGLES.

PLANS

will

68"

triangle.

We

hypotenuse

ft.

C. side A

iAB

614.

nearly.

triangle.
^

Ans.

OBLIQUB-ANGLBD

in.,

the

C,

the

at

in., nearly.
3i

( Angle
Angle

right-angled

Solve

foot.

ft.

at

equal

eS'* 0' 54*.

20

right-angled

ABC,

side

the

C=

C=10

parts

22it.^

(^
In

\AB

Ans.

side

the

other

the

Angle

3.

C,

at

triangle

is

shown

in

the

lowing
fol-

TRIGONOMETRIC

616.

Case

FUNCTIONS.

Two

I.

sides

and

them

given

are

In

feet,

1.686

the

angle

opposite

of

one

Example."

angle

an

"

219

the

triangle

side

the

ABC.
MO

Fig.

feet

and

68,

the

having

angle

given

IW*

the

35'

find

to

side

B.

Solution.

We

have

"

sin

1,686

^^^

A^

have

we

jj-

960

B.
known

the

Substituting
values,

sin

sin

of

88'

85'

p,o

sin

From

the

table

Substituting
.31496

is

the

617.

Natural

of

this

value

sine

of

Sines,

Natural

B.

we

in

to

which,

B,

solving,

with

and

angles

of

side

3.*)'.

18"

that

table

the

angle

the

3Jr

find

we

consulting

by

nearly

correspond

sine

the

as

and

proportion

the

Two

II.

.55315

get

we

angle

the

find

Case

Sines

22".

opposite

of

Ans.

of

one

"

them

given

are

Example.

In

the

given

ABC,

triangle

angle

the

33*

35',

"
"

angle

18*

22',

We

Solution.

and

the

side

sin

have

"

values,

we

sin

feet;

B
=

to

b.

find

the

the

proportion,

we

.31509

1686

find

960
=

feet.

side

Substituting

get
.65815

Solving

1,686

b.

Ans.

fi.

known

the

ki

LOGARITHMS.

EXPONENTS.
the

By

618.

of

use

division,
and

shortened,
be

would

The

which

by

taken

order

of

be

would

41

as

and

of

been

employed.

addition

and

Briggrs

or

For

mathematical
called

variously
and

of

be

to

considered

be

the

is

2. 3.

Only
in

this

usually
the

common

Course.

10.

used

natural

The

common

into

the
is

used

or

converted

ever

called

logarithms

2.718281828+.

may

which

the

and

(except

are

base

the

Napierian,

multiplying

by

2.30258508+,
sometimes

is

base
number

any

logarithm

analysis,

tiyperbolic,

the

used

and

logarithms,

4'*

have

operations

logarithms

the

4'

base,

as

numbers

two

arithmetical

all

common

used

be

can

but

and

04

'and

respectively.

1.5,

calculated,

10.

it

and

read

preceding,

number

subtraction),

abstract

the

4'

of

G4,

(the

read

logarithms
4*

rithm
loga4

square,

since

exponent

any

logarithms

in

as

as

the

base,

respectively,

Although

table

will

and

4'

the

since

IG,

be

may

which

by

fected
af-

be

must

Then,

4.

equal

to

exponent

number

exponent

reading

cases,

3,

the

same

1.5,

these

exponent

620"

In

the

choose

order

of

With

In

8.

in

instead

2.

is

that

base,

Any

w^

affected

case,

exponent

because

2,

be

must

this

In

is

that

logarithms

is

the

number.

Suppose

base.

16

the

performed

number

called

number,

greatly

subtraction.

of

equal

to

the

as

base)

fixed

plication,
multi-

are

Ordinary

and

losarlttun

some

in

addition

to

be

may

them.

without

of

processes

evolution,

operations

some

applied

619.

and

involution,

impossible

be

cannot

the

logarithms,

are

rithms,
logaarithm
logNapierian

logarithm

common

abbreviated

system

to

of

2.302G,

by
and

logarithms

LOGARITHMS.

222

since

that,

the

For

etc.

of,

"

of

From

564)

10^

10*

**

which

it

the

base

the

**

instead

of

When

2.

ing
writ-

ing,
speak-

stands

**log"

rithm
loga-

should

full.

above

when

1,

10*

**

the

that,

10*

**

in

100

the

is 3,

1,000

words

the

it follows

10,

etc.,

of

2;

Thus,

**log."

for

words

is

100

log

1,000,

writing,

2, write

pronounced

622.

in

to

of

is 1;

10

10*

100;

brevity

100

the

however,

Since

of

abbreviated

are

be

10*

10;

of

sake

logarithm

always

10'

is

base

the

system,

common

(exponent)

logarithm

and

in the

Since,

621.

will

be

Arts.

(see

seen

503

is 10,
0

exponent

10,

**

**

100,

**

**

1,000,

**

**

log 1;

1=

**

10;

2=

**

100;

3=

**

1,000,

etc.

Also,
Since
"

**

10~*

^z=z

10-'

T^

10-*

y^

From

it

will

10

and

of

whole

between

produce

fraction;

any

10, the

number

100

therefore,

and

usually

The

example,

approximately
degree

of

.01;

**

.001,

2,

"

of 1 and

etc.

of

.001

exact

are

the

3, etc.,

tively.
respec-

or

ciphers

"

one

more

100,

1,000,

10

and

plus
of

two

parts,

and
is

20,
or

depending

expressed

always
10

have

must

10'*"'"'
upon

20,
the

an

very

number

it
of

number

any

logarithm,
number,
called

fraction,

number

whole

plus

1,000,

any

etc.

; to

logarithm

of

fraction;

fraction,

be

of

fraction;

the

number

fraction

and

100

Hence,

is

it must

100,

etc.

plus

mantissa

be

must

between

10

consists

produce

to

of

number

1 and

1.30103,

exactness

1,

"

10

fraction,

produce

to

**

.1, .01, and

that

cliaracteristic,

mantissa.

For

and

the

and

exponent

between

between

.1 ;

logarithms

the

like

between

plus

that

seen

log

-2=
-

evident

produce

number

called

is

and

10

**

"

for logarithms,
it

between

**

consisting

Now,

to

be

must

**

decimals

numbers

numbers

623.

be

exponent

*:

1, 2, 3, etc.,

On/j/
have

.001,

numbers

whole

.01,

this
of

powers

the

,1

as

the

decimal.
of

exponent

nearly,
of

the

decimal

223

LOGARITHMS.

used.

places

and

Hence,

Referring

negative,

being

of

logarithms
less

than

equal
a

1),

would

be

etc.

must

be

has

of

and

and

2,

.001,
of

of

of

and

positive mantissa,

distinguished
the

over

from

characteristic.

.01
tissa;
man-

acteristic
char-

negative

The

etc.

the

tissa;
man-

positive

.0001,

and

between

3, and

and

.001

tion.
frac-

istic
character-

number

of

plus

positive

10)

number

negative

of

between

1, and

.01,

characteristic

are

written

sign

and

must

produce

to

"

the

they

for

to

.1

.1, but

(exponent

number

any
of

.1

between

4,

characteristics

of

equal

positive mantissa;

number

be

than

and

negative

positive by

Thus,

the

indicates

and

"1,

reason,

fraction,

would

between

same

logarithm

characteristic

negative

plus

logarithm

number

.01, the

"

the

.1

i. e.,

1;

than

greater

"

Art.

table.
less

log

all

than

For

the

between

since

are

greater

.001, it

negative

of

to

the

Hence,

(which

1 and

and

.01

istic
character-

all numbers

those

For,

fraction.

of

of

fraction.

of

part

logarithms

.2, .3,

equal

between

3 is

logarithms

between.

number

.1

the
a

plus

"

second

the

to

the

plus

"

the

being

1.30103,

that

it is clear

622,

20

mantissa.

the

.30103

624.

are

log

"

that

negative.

It

remembered

be

must

positive. Thus,
and
minus

indicate
-1.30103=

Rule*

that

I.

For

By

**

II.

number

.30103,

+
Were

.30103.

negative.

was

the

it would

characteristic,

logarithm

From

and

the

of integral places
is

places"

number
is

than

greater

left of

the

For

negative^

the

Characteristic"

for

integral
to

is

mantissa

means

"

of

front

entire

tlie number

ciphers)

1.30103

means

the

cases

Thus,

Art.

it

624,

less titan

all

-.30103.

-1

follows

in

the

that

625.

1.30103

written

sign

in

the_logarithm

logarithm

the

that

the

meant

decimal

wholly

numerically

one

in

the

characteristic
the

is

one

number.

figures

(including

point.

decimal^
greater

the

than

characteristic
the

number

is

of

LOGARITHMS.

224

ciphers

the

between

decimal

and

point

the

first digit of

the

decimal.
For

and

31.24, 7.53,
less

one

1,728.0036,

the

than

4, 2, and

are

the

of

It

will
and

ciphers,

no

FIND

tables

in

aid

to

9,999,
of

mantissas

and

The

Art.

table

depends

explained

later,

the

order,

same

the

logarithms,
of

some

In

the

of

places

mantissas

found

easily

be

can

and

the

found

by

only,

the

by

of

numbers,

decimals,

numbers
the

which

Table
of

logarithms

contains

log
log

than

.31387.

find

the

"

hose

and

is

in

the

in

if

log

and

rules

of

will

be

206

affects
=

=1.31387.

log

.0206

2.31387,
number

in

regard
the

2.31387,

.206

of

figures

without

log

logarithm

acteristic
char-

then,

etc.

having

not

first

logarithm

fourth figure

page,

the

figures

Find

Rule.
IV

four

illustrate,

which

which
same

alike,

point,

=1.31387.

2.06=

To

627,
more

20.6

decimal

the

having

mantissas

their

the
To

principle,

all numbers

have
of

position

the

upon

that

only.

the

are

625.

The

to

the

larger

be

may

there

of

calculated,

five

to

table

characteristics

decimal

NUMBER.

mantissas

the

of

of

logarithms

than

!"

convenient.

given

are

interpolation.
the

.50072,

the

number

or

the

greater

one

OF

been

mantissas

the

Logarithms,
from

have

elaborate

very

256,

TABLE.

obtaining

of logarithms

are

is 0

LOGARITHM

THE

To

626.

last

the

case

and

following

LOGARITHMIC

THE

TO

in

that

characteristic

the

in each

numerically

or

of

3, respectively,

.0005, .0674,

immediately

noticed

be

of

logarithms

ciphers

logarithms

integral places

1, respectively,

number

point.

the

the

2, 1, 0, and

are

of

number

of

characteristics

of

characteristics

the

example,

three

significant figures of

desired,

the

column

column

under

in
at

the
the

left-ha?id

the

find

column;

top {or bottom^

{or above)

ber
num-

this

of

figure^

the

and

LOGARITHMS.

opposite
mantissa

the

first

or

decimal

being found

three

the

of

the

of

628.

Solution.

finding

in

only

given

opposite
9

of

the

tables,
find

we

is 2;
Note.

{b)
in

find

To

the

column

under

the

figures
1.40603.

in

manner,

headed

printed

*060,

on

down

and

hand

the

{b)

of

25.47

of

the

for

headed

of

mantissa

figures

stands

labor

the

of

are

the

tissa,
man-

number),

page

0; glancing
viz.

mantissa,

67.

The

wards,
upacteristic
char-

table

the

first

the
the

on

viz.

mantissa,

the
of

tables

figures 254,

horizontal

given

the

all

three

same

of

figure

fractions,
in

customary

find

we

decimal

are

is

; this

line,

number),

will

The

two

603.

first

is

characteristic

the

the

i.

For

631,

1 ;

hence,

25.47

log

is

is not

of

digit ;

the

is

the

wanted,

three

the

of

first

are

opposite

that

the

column

the

figures

we

must

108,

in

0, log 1.073

are

in

upwards

number

being

in

these

figures,

two

found

in

107

glancing

the

in

the

if

on

same

seeking
seek

logarithm

row,

the

glance
left-

the

0.03060,

annex

mantissa
48

mantissa
be

are

found

are

024.

In

this

80.

Since

posite
op-

case,

the

the

teristic
charac-

Ans.

contains
two

but

is

but

for

wanted,

700,
seek

to

the

right

digits (with

two

Thus,

digit (a

one

ciphers

mentally

mantissa.

the

of

to

and

contains

4008),

the

the

mentally

number
in

12,

number

original

as

page

='2.80024.

the

of

figures

digit), annex

before

if the

last

occur

ciphers between,
right,

noticed

characteristic

headed

2, log .06313

cipher

for

be

instead

that

figures
The

the

column

If

629.

It will

02

mantissa

the

3, opposite

headed

taking

03.

of

.03060.

figures

two

figures

060.

be

two

e.,

.06313,
in

three

meaning

0, and

simply,

(^/)

or,

be

5, and

of

column

to

star

take

more

last

2,

the

column,

will

left

Ans.

fourth

(the

40, and

(N

the

the

page

figures

the

page

headed

column

of

of

25.47,

of

on

three

1.073, the

For

usual

first

the

Ans.

{c)

or,

in

evidently

are

it at

make

three

column

2.67761.

and

last
N

the

throughout

headed

last

the

476

numbers

headed

column

found

be

in

logarithm

the

The

figures

two

is omitted

point
logarithms.

476

figures

two

headed

found

log

all

Since

"

0.

column

761,
first

hence,

decimal

headed

the

are

the

of

(")

space,

first

the

easier,

in

476

economize

to

column

the

istic
character-

expression

logarithm

the

order

logarithms

the

the

.06313.

In

{a)

"

be

number,

Find
of

write

625,

resulting

required

{d)

Art,

will

The

logarithm.

in

the

Example."

{c) of 1.073, and

the

of

described

and

mantissa^

logarithm

figures previously found

part

as

225

one

cipher

if the
which
the

on

no

the

logarithm
is

mantissa

.84510;
for

LOGARITHMS.

22G

which

480,
of

is

find

Or,

68124.

the

mantissas

of

logarithms

between

numbers

and

100,

first

the

on

of

page

the

tables.
The

is

table

the

more

of

the

the

given

place).

if the

Hence,

figures, and
after
increase

with

the

631

ciphers.

of

Solution.

figures,
page
314

of

right

of

top
the

difference.

one

by

parts
in

we

5,

9.

1 to
the

characteristic

of

632.

Example.

mantissa

for

for

the

the

column

is

092

"

first

"

log

is 58081

'415,926,
find

11.

each

the

the

star

381
in

type,

will

Now,

14,

add

we

this
in

point

4 is less

.49715.

than

Since

4.49715.

run

number

decimal

log 31,416

two

headed

since

mantissa

found

line

the

8.4, and
the

the

at

be

this

of

figure

number

is 4,

and

into

column

"

extreme

P.,

of

721

the
Ans.

380. 93.

next

0, opposite

Looking

31,416

the

P.

left

disregarding
=

greater

is divided

the

(see

2.

At

fifth

or

next

headed

headed

four

1, opposite

the

difference

last

first
.49707

case,

from

column
on

the

headed

column

49715.4.

exactly

(the

the

complete

of

in

column

table

the

out)

our

"Find

the

the

is the

-f 8.4

for

present

figures

above,

logarithm

figures),

two

the

(6

found

Proceeding

3,809

more,

remaining

of

table, in bold-face
that

taking

obtain

the

headed
081

the

secondary

this

that

49707

obtaining

Solution.

figures

or

is 31,

logarithm

in

Considering

are

we

reject it, and

we

five

the

difference.

the

number

mantissa

the

than

31,415,426,

number),

case

noticed

be

line, and

to

if

in

721,

in

from

mantissa,

the

will

It

logarithm

number

number

is, in

given

found

be

columns,

these

opposite

see

the

the

the

called

is

number

vertical

sequence

whose

this

in

will

of

number

of

figures

page

of

replace

five-

all

is

figure

and

if

This

the

subtract

this

the

more

are

log 31,416.

above.

number,

14;

one,

mantissa

the

three

consecutive
707

Find

Now,
first

(the

than

more

5, replace

sixth

31,416,000;

Find

explained

6).

use

31,415,000.

"

as

consisting

table

of

than

if the

Thus,

of

Example."

"

is less

figure by

to

accompanying
consists

log^aritlmi.

number

from

using five-place logarithms

number

figure

logarithm

logarithm

the

ciphers

fifth

the

figures
find

with

fifth

the

of

number

tlie

out

inexpedient

when

in

sixth

the

it is

number,

(the logarithms

taking

logarithm

figures,

of

logarithm

called

out

four

figures

five

take

than

the

finding

technically

To

630.
of

of

process

the

the

directs

greater

same

us

manner

to

mantissa

above,

as

58

take
is

in column

headed

N.

section

headed

P.

instead

58092,
The

P.,

the
of

found
difference

for

column

57
in

LOGARITHMS.

headed

11,

5, 3 is the

is

characteristic

the

633.

call

found

the

2 to

P.

less

section

P.

mantissa

above

11284;

634.

89.13

1.95002

fifth

figure

Hence,

of

89.12

the

Example."

P.

five

or

and

If

I.

"

sixth

the

by ly

The

and

33.

ing
Look7

added

log 1,296,72H

on

the

to

the

11261

-h

Ans.

6.11284.

is

P.

-h

P.

this

between

(proportional

log

and

part)

for

the

2.

or

1.95000.

Ans.

log .096725.
="2.98552.

f or

P.

Difference

4.

2.98554.

of

logarithm

Ans.

of

consisting

number

the

number

figure

write

log 1.296

be

to

of

1, 296. TOO,

opposite

6, log 1,296,728

.00002

.09672

the

figures

more

Rule.

find

261

"

find

we

Difference

log .096725

Hence,

of

figures

89.126.

6, is 2.4,

Log

To

amount

is

4.

Find

Solution."

636.

.1, the
mantissa

of

logarithm

is 294

33,

1.94998.

1.94998

since

five

than

mantissa

headed

the

log

number,

log 89.126

635.

the

the

difference

The

1.94998

"

:^()0

and

58084.

more

The

1,296,728.

Find

Log

find

we

characteristic

Example."

Solution."

5,

of

Hence,

the

-h 3

of

consists

for column

is 23.

since

of

logarithm

the

than

Ans.

2.58084.

than

left, 23.1; neglecting

extreme

Hence,

number

11261.

be

of
58081

it is less

log 1.296,728.

logarithm

page

the

this

figure is

it

on

in

23

Find

mantissa

the

to

88093.

2, log 880.93

Since

"

sixth

the

and

of

Example."

Solution.
and

added

be

to

logarithm

the

.8, since

the

opposite 8, 8.3; neglecting

amount

form

to

find

we

227

is 5

ciphers

consists

of

increase

greater,

or

in

place

than

more

the

of

sixth

five figures

tJic

fiftJifigure

and

remaining

figures,
II.

the

tlie mantissa

Find

first four figures^

next

greater

corresponding

and
in

mantissa

this

subtract
the

table

the

to

logarithm

mantissa

from

the

remainder

headed

P.

is

of
the
the

difference,
Find

III.

headed

by the
and

to

the

in

in

the

number

same

this

table

secondary

column

as

that

opposite

fifth figure (or fifth figure

7iumber

dividing

{this figure
line

of

the

is

always

column)

zuill

Just found
the

number

increased
situated
be

found

P.

column

the

for

ence^
differ-

corresponding
by 1) of
the

at

the

P.

tJie

given

left of
P.

the

{propor-

LOGARITHMS.

228

tional

part)

added

for that

the

to

The

number.

mantissa

in

found

P.

II

P,

thus

in

as

is

found

the

be

to

preceding

amples^
ex-

and

the

number

given

nearly

as

mantissa

is the

result

as

of the logarithm
with

found

be

may

of

the

five-place

tables.

BXAMPLBS

637*

TO

Find

the

FIND

FOR

PRACTICB.

of the

logarithms

following

WHOSE

NUMBER

numbers:

LOGARITHM

IS

GIVEN.

638.

Rule

tmtil

the

{or

less

three

first

down

glance

the

last

which

mantissa
the

the

call

P.

N,

from

the

next

the

Looking

Also

given
in

which

heads

the

and

the

the

the

first

arc

which

in

is the

fourth

figures lie

three

lie the

ifi which

row

same

they

mantissa

columft

found

are

and
in

be

cannot

is nearest
next

of

first

which

in

row

figures

mantissa

the

found

tJiree

Then

figure is found

Having
the

mantissa.

the

the

the

headed

are

found.

third

right along

number^

mayitissa

which

of

last

which
are

the

Glance

first.

mantissa

figure).

number

headed

difference.

mantissa
P.

the

figures of

If

mantissa

the

required

column

the

table

until

the

to

figures of

the

three

II.

tmtil

three

last

in

third

the

Thcn^

figure of

and

than

mantissa

the

of

column

same

figures^ glance

found.
the

columns

the

figures of

two

the

situated

are

Cofisider

"

differeitt

the

along

I.

to, but
Jess

foufid ifi the table, find the

less

given mantissa,
the

Subtract

mantissa.

greater

the

than,

in the

mantissa

table

the

next

less

mantissa

logarithm,

and

call

the

subtract

the

secondary

table

headed

next
to

less

obtain

frotn the
the

remainder
P.

P.

for

LOGARITHMS.

headed

column

the

the

opposUe
nearly

most

found

the

and

which

row

same

639*

Example.

the

Solution.
7 ;

page

the

in

required
of

figures

the

four

are

640*
Solution.

56867

is 879

mantissa
P.

the

number

figures

of

number

is

64

the

642*

figures

of

the

The

(in

nection
con-

right

mantissa,

867,
of

figure

the
the

370, making

are

point,

and

number

whose

logarithm

found

the

P.

the

is

3, there
whose

number

the

headed
is

3.6

fifth

12,

is 4 ; the

the

first

The

The
the

do

than

4.8,

Looking
find

not

4, but

we

figures 370,

characteristic

the

take

number

required

three

greater

4.

less

next

next

56867
we

of

figure

37043.

and
-

nearer

is 3.56871.

table.

this
is 56871

P.

column

Since
the

in

between
the

the

this

and

the

3, the

being

first

mantissas

the

three
852

number

figures
in

the

in this

row

page
is

0,

the

.00009.

is .93036.

logarithm

mantissa,

column,

but

greater

on

figure
Had

Ans.

5.

been

the

are

fourth

being
have

whose
of

headed

the

Hence,

would

number

Find

N.

is 5.95424.

logarithm
column

the

characteristic

the

the

whose
in

headed

900,000,

"

number

is found

column

opposite

all the

the

on

the

to

characteristic

the

figure,

decimal

is not

Find

5.95424,

"

column

the

are

Example.

Solution.

found

are

fourth

figures

Since

56,

of

the

4-

is 3.56867.

Glancing

hence,

three

than

third

figures

required

Ans.

mantissa

is

been

the

figure

"

in

number

logarithm

900

above

Ans.

The

"

18, opposite

the

fourth
number

Example.

Solution.

the

for
4.8.

3,704.3.

1"

of

12, and

3. 6 for

the

Hence,

first

difference

and

3.6

opposite

is 3.

and

867

section

P.

find

do

the

three

3704.

mantissa

The

"

is

last

the

column.

the

logarithm

mantissa,

find

4;

the

Find

"

in the

as

is greater

the

we

headed

3,704.

Example.

mantissa

we

is

and

to

up

whose

of

the

820, the

left

the

to

is 3.56867

in

number

required

number

number

number

column,
370

column

less mantissa^

next

of the

the

figures

is 4, and

figures

logarithm

in

the

number

be

less mantissa,

figures

the

two

containing

fifth

will

figure

headed

characteristic

the

is the

fourth

column

next

bring

to

820), opposite

row

found

are

down

glancing
with

along

first

The

"

ber
num-

istic^
point by the rules for the character-

Find

"

the

the

the

of figures if

the

number

containing the

decimal

the

this

;
;

figures in

anfiexing ciphers
number

number

column

the

{or the P, P, corresponding

just found)

found

locate

directed^

just found

differencejust founds find

contains

Having

III.

P,

of the

three

first

the

required

the top

at

by

that

to

the

figiire of

P.

229

930,

since

than

36,

are

the
we

found
last
must

in
two

seek

LOGARITHMS.

230

the

directing

star

the

column

and

the

is

opposite

753

729

find

we

and

24.

is

falls

and

26.6,

number

Hence,

22.8
24

and

6, opposite

whose

the

2.6;

24

hence,

fifth

figure

.011416.

corresponding

the

to

great,
we

and

are

could

be

complete
paper,
a

root,

result

directly.

calculated

be

can

table,

for
the
could

the

such

reason

that

be

found.

for

.7.

Moreover,
it

70.

logarithms,

this

reason,

of

even

The

would

be

that

which

forms

after

having

used

to

the

is very
of

number

useless
a

which

like

if the

121

logarithm
without

part

it, say

do

we

logarithm.

demonstrated,

logarithm

corresponding

number
not

as

been

loga-

5.55.

single logarithm

even

obtained,

readily

number.

following

of

calculating

yet

the

which

by

aware,

has

22.8

nearer

the

.0017146.

means

Hence,

calculating

method

no

by

necessary.

in

involved

work

calculate

of

24

.11918.

Ans.

method

between

.0043143.

Ans.

the

38,

3.1776.

Ans.

explain

headed

6,157.7.

Ans.

not

is

.000913.

Ans.

absolutely

are

P.

24,100.

Ans.

is

is

P.

Ans.

Ans.

table

PRACTICB.

FOR

to

the

figures

of

Ans.

order

ure
fig-

and

the

diflference

Ans.

In

the

fifth

headed

four

column

Ans.

645.

5,

^.05753.

is

column

the

The

is the

in

for

851,

38, and

for

is 2! 05753

numbers

in
first

729

"

is

26.6

034

"

the

logarithm

the

26.6.

22.8,

logarithm

BXAMPLBS

Find

and

Hence,

found

section

P.

039
section

figures

whose

is 767

figures)

two

P.

(the

Ans.

2; hence,

P.

4.

three

is

case

P.

93034

be

to

is

case

the

0.

number

the

between

1.2, and

it is to

being

page

between

this

it

first

the

in

first

the

8;

this
in

Looking

24

that

22.8

than

for

for

mantissa

column,

for

Looking

the

less

next
N

the

diflference

The
"

The

"

in

114

is

Find

"

92

find

P., 2, opposite

P.

characteristic

Example.

Solution.

the

figure

the

8.5184,

643.

1141.

"

of

2.

We

row.

difference

034

find

fourth

the

4;

instead

The

036
we

preceding

93

8.

is

5,

the

use

headed

headed

number

to

us

P.

P.

column
is

in

less mantissa

next

to

logarithm

of

this

extract

of

the

LOGARITHMS.

231

MULTIPLICATION

BY

LOGARITHMS.

"

principle

The

646.

illustrated

be

logarithms

whose

their

of

product,

are

definition

10'=^,
and

10*

Fis

A'

their

(1) may
the

10^+"'

of

definition

the

by

10"'

be

the

of

product
from

logarithms;
of

logarithms

}'.

and

10"

(Art. 489)
-f j'

and

same

may

Hence,

equal

V.

A'

log

is

that
the

to

^+j

it follows
is

the

member,

F,

and

members

two

like

which

by

equality, they evidently

by

logarithm,

multiplied

logarithm,

of

logarithm

(2)

(1) by (2), member

multiplying

or,

Y.

quantities

by equal

multiplied

be

the

bers
num-

(1)

destroying

without

quantity

of

members

both

Since

lO"'

find

may

two

represent

To

the

is based

process

and^.

.r

from

have,

we

the

A^and

Let

follows:

as

which

upon

the

the

But
of

sum

of

sum

of

logarithm

the

their

Hence,

product.

multiply

To

647.

two

or

numbers

more

using

by

arithms
log-

Rule.

the

"

will

sum

the

Add

be the

corresponding
number

logarithms
logarithm

to

this

the

of

several

Find

produet.
and

logarithm^

the

and

numbers^
the

result

ber
num-

zuill

be

the

sought.

Example.

4.88, 5.217, and

Multiply

"

Solution."

Log

4.38=

.64147

Log

5.217=

.71742

Log

83

3.27797

corresponding

Number

nearly.

88=1,896.6,

showing

1,896.58818,
correct

five

to

to

be

be

that

By
the

adding
found.

together
characteristics

Ans.

log (4.38

8.27797

to

together.

actual

5. 21 7 X

Hence.

1,890.6.

by

using

83).

4.38

multiplication,

obtained

result

the

5.217

is

product

logarithms

was

figures.

When

648.

always

83

1.91908

Adding.

must

the

of

are

will

remembered

logarithms,
if

Hence,
wholly
be

the
that

their
of

some

decimal,

the

characteristic
the

mantissas

algebraic

their

of
are

plied
multi-

numbers

algebraic
the

is

sum

sum

of

product.

always

the
It

positive.

LOGARITHMS.

232

Example."

49.82,

Multiply

^LUTioN."

49.83=

Log

Log

17

Log

.97

=_1.23045
1.98677

0.30023

Number
X.

corresponding

97

In

=1.9963.

this

sum

the

l=4;

4, whence

had

been

would

of

the

been

have

17

Hence,

49.82

.97).

.00243

above

the

2.30023;

of

the

example,
the

makes

their

characteristics

If, instead

and

The

2.30023.

was

negative

0.

1.23045,

been

mantissas

the

sum

("

in

.17

have

would

1.9963.

.00243

positive characteristics

the

to

l +

of

sum

2 added

2 +

0.30023

to

log (49.82

Ans.

case

integral

together.

3.38561

Adding,
17

.97

69740
J..

.00243

Log

17, and

.00243,

of

the

would

number

logarithm

sum

product

the

17,

of

.17

logarithms

then

have

been

.019963.
It

649.

can

with

all numbers

it
=

log (2.06

And

figures

the

regard

to

the

known

were

it

so

log

that

10)

log

might

2. 06

Art.

have

point.

.31387.

10

31387

the

same

Thus,

decimal

the

626,

Then,

with

proved

be

decimal

log

in

order

same

2.06

stated

as

pose
sup-

log

20.6

1. 31387.

point

in

any

position.

other

FOR

EXAMPLES

650.

Find

the

of

products

1.

100, 32,

23.1, 59.64,

3.

.00354,

4.

2.763, 59.87, .264, and

and

whose

logarithms

quotient

we

the

Ans.
.001702.

have,

and

10,833.

.000019275.

.074328.

10"=

find

X,

(1)

F.

(2)

-p

the

logarithm

of

definition

the

numbers,

two

represent
To

j.

from

(1) by (2), 10^""

101,250.

Ans.

and

and

are

logarithms:

LOGARITHMS.

BY

let

of

use

Ans.

.0198.

10^

Dividing

by

7.863.

.275, and

before,

As

following

the

Ans.

2.

651.

PRACTICE.

31.64.

and

DIVISION

their

why,

in

without

mantissa

shown

be

now

(Art. 502),

or,

of

logarithm,

by

the

defini-

"

tion

of

logarithm,

"

log

is the

But
-y.

-y

quotient

LOGARITHMS.

-y~

of

F,

and

which

from

it

of
quotient.

is

divide

equal

number

one

Subtract

logarithm

the

of

the

to

logarithms,

between

the

logarithm

of

arithms
logtheir

another

by

by

of

means

the

logarithm
and

dividend^

the

the

of

divisor

will

result

the

from

be the

logarithm

quotient.
Divide

Example."

6,784.2

27.42.

by

27.42

Log

difference
Number

corresponding

247.42.

3.83150

1.43807

2.39343

6,784.2

Log

Solution."

to

2. 39343

log (6,784.

247. 42.

Hence,

6, 784. 2

27.

42).

-*-

27. 42

Ans.

When

653.
is

confusing,

subtracting

ivhich

be

it is to

taken^

when

or

first

negative

and

then

the

its

by changing

Divide

Example."
Solution.

and

sign

"

and

the

the

When

logarithm

characteristics

characteristic^

(Art. 475.)

adding.

274.2

be

negative.
than

ference
dif-

sometimes

positive,

or

is greater

mantissa

the

may

always

positive

be subtracted

to

subtract

appear^

is

either

be

may

operation

mantissa

algebraic

their

logarithms,

The

the

because

logarithm

from

found.

be

to

characteristic

the

their

difference

the

that

numbers

of

difference

the

"

the

follows

two

To

logarithms

of

is

"

Hence,

652.

Rule.

233

6,784.2.

by

Log

274.

Log

6,784.2

2. 43807

3.83150

"2.60657.

of

the

of

the

characteristic
the

In

quotient.

.040418.

Hence,

Example."

Solution."

of
274.2
Divide

.83150

subtracting,

minuend

3 from

characteristic

mantissa

the

subtracting

First

this, by

-*-

.067842

by

be

to

its

changing

6,784.2

sign

Number
.040418.

.067842

Log

.002742

difference

taken
of
and

for

="2.83150
=

3:43807

\.Zm^S,-

the

from
1.

mantissa
the

acteristic
char-

Subtract
1

adding

corresponding
Ans.

.002742.

Log

.60657

characteristic

quotient.

the

had

leaving

gives

to

"

the

3=2,

2.60657

234

LOGARITHMS.

Subtracting.

.83150
1.39343

to

The

654.
is

the

characteristic,
of

mantissa

The
if

add

both

the

from

Hence,

has

the
to

this

3.55145
3.55145

3.74036

3.55145.

Now,

it

1 +

the

required

.55145.

"

than

let it be

logarithm,

="3

negative

less

3 +

Ans.

ing
subtract-

logarithm

"

responding
cor-

24.742.

in

trouble

example,

to

Number
=

mantissa

equivalent
"

1.

minuend

all, and

Therefore,

1.55145.

4+

is

cause

For

and

its value.

change

need

3.74036

3.55145

-2

.067842-^.002742

of

at

none

logarithm

logarithm
we

that

case

subtrahend.

the

and

Hence,

logarithm

or

the

subtract

to

.39343

=24742.

only

where

.43807

"

will

not

.55145

4 -f- 1.55145

difference
Had

3-+-

.74086

7 +

.81109

of

characteristic

the

instead

of

Thus,

.55145

3, the

=1

differenceDivide

Solution."

.02742

Log

.02742

Log

67.842

been

.74036

A: ^-

.81109

67. 842

corresponding
.00040417.

Example.

-f

.83150

^r

.60657

Solution.

is the

of

3.1416

.49715.

Since

T+

difference
whose

.02742

-i-

1 H-

log

..,,

logarithm

is 1.50285

.50285

1,

.^^

O.1410

1.00000

1 +

=
^

1410

.49715

Number

460657.

Hence,

and
"

3.1416

3.1416

o.

log

.00040417.

reciprocal
of

Reciprocal

"

4.60657

1.43807

Ans.

What

"

same.

67.842.

1.83150

to

the

exactly

4.81109.

difference -'i
Number

been

1.55145

2^.43807

logarithm

hence,

3-h

by
=

above

have

1.55145;

T-h

Example."

the

would

process

7.81109.

1.50285.

.31831.

Ans.

log

LOGARITHMS.

BXAMPLBS

655*

Find

of

INVOLrUTION

If X

656.

both

Raising
equation

of

numbers

becomes,

to

Art.

by

is the

X^
which

from

equal

required
that
of

by

the

exponent

to

the

logarithm
raise

To

657.

is

logarithm

.r,

the

as

power,

the

wth,

^".

of

and

X^

the

power

the

power.
to

is its

xn

of

logarithm

number

rithms:
loga-

567,

the

of

of

use

logarithm,

power

it follows

whose

some

10*"
But

the

by

LOGARITHMS.
number

definition

the

following

the

BY

represents

from

have,

we

PRACTICE.

FOR

quotients

the

235

plied
multi-

number

which

to

logarithm,

it

is

raised

is

Hence,
by

power

any

the

use

of

the

ponent
ex-

logarithms:
Rule.

which

raised^

the

Multiply

"

the

denotes

and

of

the

be

the

number

ivhich

to

power

will

result

the

logarithm

by

niittiber

the

logarithm

of

the

is to

be

required

power.

the

1.6

of 512.

power

Solution.

1.79746

(b)

"

.89873

Hence,

is the

What

Example."

94.7

Log

corresponding

1.97635
5.92905

to

""

log

7.92"

the

7. 92'^

62.727.

1.97635

{b)

the

cube

of

94.7

(r)

is

2.

.89873;

1.79746

Hence,
=

is, 512i

7. 92

(a) Log

62.727.

that

{a) 7.92

of

square

849.280.

of

exponent
Number

5.92905

Hence.

power

corresponding

to

Ans.

nearly.
=

the

log

94.7-^

94.73.

Number

nearly.

849,280,

Ans.

{c)
(when
nearly.

Log

5121

using
Ans.

.6
=

1. 6 X

log

512

five-place logarithms)

1. 6

2. 70927

log 21,619.

4.

334882,

Hence,

512^

4. 3;M83

or
"*
=

21.619.

LOGARITHMS.

236

If the

658.

the

separately by
algebraically,

the

the

to

the

and

acteristic
char-

logarithm

ing
If after multiplycharacteristic

add

it,

the

negative characteristic, multiplied by

3 H-

.0751

be the

will

(" 8)

"

characteristic

negative

of

decimal

Raise

"

performing

1 ;

gives

"

The

Any

mantissa

number

of

one

recommend
and
caution
entire

ponent
ex-

of

ways

the

first

the

the

figures,

saves

the

than
work

first
of

-f-

.21

(-

and

and

requires

method

multiplication

for

of

rately
sepa-

the

teristic
charac-

1.^9274)=1.88274
1.88274

be

third

most

of

will

.21

1.21
90309

90309

180618

180618
^^^^^
-h

-^'^1

1.9
_

1.88

1.1896489

_l_.21

1.0927389

2 7 38

9,

or

1.88274.

7 9 648

9,

or

gant,
elemore

.8*^^.

1.90309

1.90309

we

found

be

and

.8^*^^

Ans.

but

used,

exercise

the

both

log

.76338.

is the

Below

does.

braically
alge-

=T.88274

mantissa

part

may
The

rately
sepa-

mantissa

1, log .8"-"

logarithm

methods

mantissa

and

-h

or

positive mantissa,
=1.88274.
.11726

decimal

the

third.

but

1 and

the

to

three

or

1 H- 1

.1172611,

"

characteristic

Adding

above

obtain

algebraically,

gives

characteristic

the

corresponding

mantissa

1.21

characteristic

adding

gives

by

To

Adding

then,

1.09274.

-h

the

Multiplying

1.21

the

to

1.09274.

.11726;
"

"

.8"-"

log

Multiplying
+

Method.

gives

several

are

and

this

5-place logarithms.

"

1.21

gives
Third

whose

power

There

characteristic

the

whence,

Method.

Second

sponding
corre-

Ans.

90309.

Multiplying

using

-f 1 and

.8^"^

Adding

-.09691.

.11726, when

add

to

3 and

the

Number

.00003181.

the

power.

xT.

1.21

.0751*

follows

1.21

5.50256.

raised

as

Multiplying

Adding

3^0256.

.0751-*

be

the

"**

.8*

"

is

result

.87564

2^87564.

4 x

multiplication.

the

Method.

First
the

4 X

log

decimal
.8 to

Log

Solution."

.0751

Hence,
may

power.

log

therefore,

contains
Example.

8" and

.00003181.

659.

4 x

4x3=
5 ;

this

to

fourth

the

to

.0751*

Log

separately,

parts

the

has

the

of

parts

number.

product

result

Raise

"

Solution."

"

two

the

that

so

required power.

Example.

g;

the

mantissa^

exponent.,

the

the

of

exponent

decimal,

wholly

negative, multiply

is

the

is

number

1.97965.

LOGARITHMS.

second

the

In

multiplying

1* and

"

added

were

.21

of the

following

Ans.

8.0d95.

8.

32.16-**.

Ans.

4.2961.

.64*.

Ans.

.16777.

Ans.

5.

.64-*.

6.

.0241"-".

Ans.

of

YX

is the

To

662.

logarithms
Rule.

the

of

of

this

the

root;

;/th, the

and

is its

of

vided
di-

number,
is

extracted,

be

to

lojrarithm,

equal

to

Hence,
root

any

{c) the
"

2.4

of

of

of

the

be

number

by

of

means

Ans.

of

of

77,851;

the

by
the

index

root.

("^)the

cube

root

8,964,300.

-^

-i-

279.

the

2.44564;

5.84446

number

logarithm
root

square

-/77,851
=

the

77,851=4.89127;

4.89127

Hence,

jft698,970

the

root

Log

{a)

88.747, nearly.

will

(")

279. 02.

logarithm

result

log -/77,861

{b) Log

root

root.

the

Extract

"

Solution.

hence,

X,

logarithm

the

the

extract

Divide

"

698,970;

the

the

as

Example.

of

logarithm

the

of

root

that

of

index

the

by

members,

568,

required

it follows

which

from

X.

both

by Art.

becomes,

is .r,

logarithm

logarithm,

of

root

some

.000029489.

whose

number

definition

the

.8365.

LrOGARITHMS.

BY

represents

Extracting

1 and

2,tt85.900.

1.728".

logarithms:

by

2.49""*.

10'

But

hence,

1.

from

equation

positive

2.

If

have,

we

.21

Ans.

EVOLUTION

661.

the

by
mal
deci-

PRACTICE.

FOR

values

the

and

.90309

obtained

shown.

as

Find

than

greater

was

BXAMPLBS

660*

decimal

negative

by multiplying

obtained
"

the

case,

2117

index

1.94815

log

the

root

corresponding

number

02, nearly.

of

is

2;
to

Ans.

88.746

or,

^ 698,970

LOGARITHMS.

238

(r) LogV

"^

8.964. 800

8.964, 900

contain

proceed

the

Separate
of

the

to

to

extract

of

the

and

logarithm;

the

of

divide

characteristic
cube

the

and

mantissa

of

(4
(6

H-

6)

2)

H-

Find

4- .50256

(2.50256

Solution.

log
^

y .0003181

"

added

to

.83419;

log

or,

.068268.

Ans.

.068263.

"4.50256

.0003181

"

"

.^

"

zr-r^

1.41

it will

contain

1.41

Hence,

[(_

4 +

.23)

(-

4.23

1.41

H-

log 'V.

4.23]

Find

1.

the

values

-^

FOR

of

the

fyoO.

4-

.50256

1.41

log

.0033079.

EXAMPLES

664.

[.23

=3:51955

'"*-^.
0003181

Hence,

4-

F) + (.73256

0003181

.73256].

.51955);

or,

.0033079.

Ans.

PRACTICE.

following

by logarithms:
Ans.

5.4876.

2.

I^ir.

Ans.

1.6154.

3.

.0497*.

Ans.

.36766.

4.

.128*.

5.

6.

.0227.

'y~7m.

root.

2.50266).

characteristic,

the

the

The

1.41

be

index.

0003181.
*'*(/.

"-^V/wv3iQi

T
Log

"

of

value

the

ber
num-

4:50256
=

Example."

same

make

-^.0003181

Hence.

of

(2

will

as

the

units

many

the

by

.0003181
"

log -^.0003181="2.83419

times.

actly
ex-

.0008181.

^
"

as

Add

root.

parts

root

-^.0003181

Log

add

both

log

.23

not

remainder,

characteristic

negative

index

the

Extract

"

Solution."

"

or,

number

will

without

root,

the

of

the

unit) to

be the

Example.

If

788.64;

of

root

characteristic

negative

parts

mantissa^

will

result

two

contain

exactly

log

follows:

as

[or parts

the
index

the

2.89688

Ans.

required

and

decimal,

wholly

it

is

it

If

663.

2.4

nearly.

788.64,

6.95251

Ans.

.7099.

Ans.

.21999.

Ans.

.62738.

exactly

LOGARITHMS.

665*

ExAMPLB.

this

Solve

"

497

239

expression

.0181

logarithms:

by

7ga

8.800

497

Log

Solution."

.6617

2.69686

2.26768

2.88195

8.88599

.0181

Log
Log

762

Log

product

a88599

Log

8.800

8.51851

Log

.6517

1.81405

Log

product

a88256

497

.50848

.0181

8.800

X.

6617

8.88256

log 8.1874.

762
^
,_.
=^'^^*^

"

^^"^^'

Ans

."/ 504.203x507
o
1
Solve,

T7
Example."

Solution."

i 75

71

4 x

Log

504.208

Log

507

Log

product

5.70260

2.70501

8.40761

Log

1.75=

Log

71.4=1.85370

Log

87

Log

.24804

1.93952

product

logarithms

87

4.03626

8.40761-408626

,"/ 504.208X507
r 1.75X71.4X87
.75 X
71.4

w""^*.
^"^""'

Logarithms

666.
of

,,^^,0
1.45712

log

^^
"r
^-^^'

.^
or.
28.65.

a
^^^"

87

often

can

,
=

be

applied

equations.
Example.

Solve

"

the

equation

2. 43,r*

2.43^*

Solution."

v!0648.

i/.0648.

1^.0648
"/!"
T^"
Dividmg

K
by

the

Taking

0^0
2.43,

x^

of

logarithm

both

numbers,

log

^
5
X

or.

log

log

whence,

log

log

-.88561.

by 5.

.0648

"^

^=-5:5^
=

Dividing

^gla"*

T. 80193

-.38561.

1.41632.
1. 88326

;r=.7643.

Ans.

2.43;

to

the

solution

240

LOGARITHMS.

BXAMPLBS

667.

Find

89

the

758

FOR

values

of

the

PRACTICB.

following:

.0097

^'

86,

2.

709

08497'

X.

7.982

00657

X.

.03274

V.08271"
r

Find

82.

the

5^T

769

value

X.

of

^^^

^3

5g3

^^^

33

^^35

.6428

58.429

8.

"^"^

80464

X.

^'^^'

.77542"

000871*

in

the

following:

-I^^XJI.
Ans.

129.4
It
6.

OQ
88.r-*"

11
=

71*

X.

-^

93237.

;r=.

"

Ans.

jr

06313a

=
.

NOTICE.

is

There

figure

break

numbers,

etc.,

section

the

Mechanics.

which

is

in

published

as

of

continuity

the

well

in

as

and

Logarithms

on

This

in

does

full,

the

and

in

article

question

the

affect

not

the

regular

numbers,

section

the

tween
be-

numbers,

on

subject

order.

tary
Elemen-

matter,

ELEMENTARY

MECHANICS.

AKD

MATTER

ITS

PROPERTIES.

DBFINITIONS.

828.

of

substance

the

of

composed

form

each

is

reached

changing

the

limit

be

but

that,
be

it

that

matter

matter.

collection

which
the

if

and

of

cules
mole-

subdivided,
be

only

can

carried
it

is

The

divided

something

to

it

call

we

most

be

water.

until

of

will
this

without

go

particle

again,

else

the

farther

impossible

particle.

it be

still

still

on

until

by

seen

will

particle
be

to

of

will

and

each

division

nature

and

water,

that

beyond

small

so

now

of

portion

divided

be

small

the

of

body.

microscope,

imagine

Now,

is

Matter

portion

indivisible

may

so

is

nature.

molecules,

or

is

It

space.

composed.

are

smallest
its

an

form

water

particle

powerful

is

occupies

atoms.

is the

mass

of

drop

and

atom
to

that

bodies

changing

unite

Atoms

all

molecule

An

830.

which

without

exist

can

anything

molecules

829*

is

is

Matter

water
to

cease

particle

molecule.
If
of

molecule

hydrogen

of

one

has

larger
of

an

831*
Matter

gaseous.

gas,

acid

sulphuric

It

of

and

and

calculated

yTrsTnjVinnnr

oxygen

it

will

four

of

that
of

an

it

divided,

of

one

divided,

sulphur,

been

than

be

be

water

the

inch,

will

gas.

yield

two

yield
If

two

atoms

of

molecule

of

atoms

gen,
hydro-

oxygen.
diameter
and

smaller

of

is

molecule

than
j."

,,

Io

inch.
Bodies

exists

are

in

three

composed
conditions

of
or

collections
forms:

of

solid^

molecules.

liquid^

and

ir

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

242

832.

solid

with

positions

relative

their

is

body

molecules

whose

one

difficulty

great

iron, wood,

as

change

etc.

stone,

833.

liquid

themselves
surface

upper

vessel

always

tends

molasses,

mercury,

834"
tend

the

to

to

etc.,

which

molecules

from

tend

to

Liquids readily adapt

contains

become

to

them,

and

level.

perfectly

their

Water,

liquids.

are

body,

graseous

separate

whose

one

positions easily.

relative

their

change

is

body

or

is

gas,

another;

one

whose

one

air,

as

molecules

gen,
hydro-

oxygen,

etc.

bodies

Gaseous

They

bodies.
''''

permanent''
A

835.
at

ordinary

is
a

One

body
which

solid

have

at

By
been
of

means

producing
solids

might

40"

so-called

remains

ordinary

at

heat

when

is

heat,

be

below

gas

tures
temperabecomes

applied,

838.
common

vapor

of

been
that

if

and

gases,

matter

of

Properties

cury,
mer-

liquid, becomes
(gas)

at

600"

gen,
hydro-

even

gases,

liquefied

extremes

into

example,

solidified.

have

great

we

had

of

heat

the

are

divided

of

means

cold,

into

certain

great

and

all gases

possesses
matter

and

all

solids.

qualities
into

two

special,

all bodies.

to

is

all

cold,

some

properties

impenetrability

weighty

divisibility, porosity,
elasticity.

and

probable

portion

General

great

all solids

It is

and

as, for

and

zero,

of

converted

general

states

temperatures

liquefied,

properties.
:

which

one

which

all three

means

Every

classes

in

sufficiently

837.
called

^the

"

pressures.

body

ordinary

at

vaporized.

many

are

be

may

zero.

By

and

solid, but,

or

classes

two

is

gas

is

vapor

(air-like)

vapors,

permanent

(freezes)

above

and

gases

into

aeriform

steam.

as

gas,

are

liquid

called

divided

temperatures
A

836.

sometimes

are

They

of
are

matter
as

are

follows:

those

which

Extension^

ifidestructibility inertia^ mobility,

^

compressibility,

expansibility^

and

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

839.

Special

properties

all bodies.

by

tenacity

Hardness^

follows:

of

Some

are

those

the

most

243

which

not

are

important

sessed
pos-

are

as

malleability,

brittleness,

and

ductility,
840.
all

Since
is

bodies

general

841.
can

By

they

tend

they

will

to

in

from

by

845*

owned

force

body

is

of

those
molecules

water

space

ac^ted

unless

more

space
is

that

too

than

penetrable,
the

molecules

be

to

is

salt
it did
for
of

water

which
of

would
water

cates
indi-

body.

be

the

added,

than

in

water,

molecules

of

the

will

cupy
oc-

the

This

water

does
of

molecules
did

between

larger

are

dissolved

before.
the

parts.

spherical, and, hence,

of
is

whieh

matter

matter

there

as

between

much

in

(^hanged

molecules

the

salt

themselves

wedge

no

when

that

so

of

property

molecules

The

of
into

separated

them,

be

can

property

supposed

are

basket.

salt;

and,

water,

be

must

in

it.

between

between

space
in

peaches

itself

put

it

so,

body

that

that

is space

bodies

of

there

government

cannot

do

upon

be

may

is

there

Molecules

ard
stand-

The
the

go,

Weight

standard.

To

acting
is

Porosity
that

cannot

attraction.

body

that

means

some

that

846"

if uneonfined,

they

kept by

rest.

to

Divisibility

indicates

and

that

itself

Mobility

position by

it

force.

some

844"

it with

by

means

bring

nor

earth's

limes

but, nevertheless,

which

the

attraction

former

since,

earth;

point beyond

platinum

Inertia

motion

weight,
the

earth's
In

weight.
no

lime.

same

the

bodies

two

no

pound.

one

843*

the

away

suspension

of

bar

weighs

upon

had

by comparing

of

have

gases

the

at

space
measure

bodies

move

is measured
is

same

finally reach

held

being

space.

extension

that

that

mean

we

is the

that

supposed

that

the

All

body.

occupying

it follows

space,

Impenetrability

Welfflit

upon

of

property

occupy

exactly

842.

it

must

the

property.

occupy

was

is

Extension

not.

not

salt

its

prove
occupy

ELEMENTARY

244

Water

has

847.

848.

together,

that

the

to

occupy

849.

if

molecules

its

resume

form

original

into

and

molecules
the

whole

same

now

it

as

851.

do

of

hardest

852.

apart.
853.

not

Steel

of

scratch

other

different

from

remains.

is

the

exactly

will

always

which

matter

other

bodies.

The

diamond

hardness.

possess

is that

is very

etc.

some

be

cates
indiFluids
is

the

Gold

some

is the

force

which

matter

tending

pull

to

cates
indithem

tenacious.

is

that

bodies

is

Malleability
that

of

property

resist

Brittleness

crockery,

indicates

molecules

atoms

and

ago,

property

may

bodies

some

that

854.

of

of

form

to

universe

years

can

all substances.

indicates

sheets.

bodies

Tenacity
that

of

is that

some

gases

atoms

entirely

the

moved.
re-

is indestructible,

Hardness

that

in

atoms

matter

its

and

number

same

millions

was

Matter

same.

and

of

be

is

thousands

undergo

other

may

the

that

molecules,

with

which

but

number

its

force

will

elastic.

very

may

cates
indi-

limits, it

distorting

are

body

unite

bodies,

apart,

which

matter

indicates

into

may

original body,

The

the

which

atoms,

which

forced

certain

the

steel

resolved

be

changes;

of

within

when

and

destroyed.

be

space.

matter

be

may

property

Indestructibility

never

body

distorted

be

of

be

may

smaller

occupy

matter

body

property

of

space.

is that

Glass, ivory,
850.

of

greater

body

thus

pressure,

property
of

to

as

so

is that

Elasticity
that

that

molecules

the

Expansibility

indicates
as

is

that

nearer

by

is porous.

iron

indicates

crowded

iron

through

Compre""ibility

which

so

forced

been

that

proving

MECHANICS.

bodies
most

property

easily

are

that
may

property
be

malleable

hammered
of

of

broken;

of

which

matter
as

which

matter
or

all substances.

glass,

rolled

into

855.

is that

Ductility
that

is the

bodies

some

856.
of

forces

is

of

of

equilibriuai

into

drawn

the

science

that
and

bodies,

upon

; it treats

be

which

matter

wire.

cates
indi-

Platinum

substances.

Meclianics

action

of

property

may

of

ductile

most

245

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

which

laws

which

govern

and

shows

how

bodies,

MOTION

which

effects

the

the

they

of

treats

the

they

duce
proand

movement

be

may

utilized.

REST.

AND

VELOCITY.

857.

is

Motion

is rolled

stone

If

down
is

person

direction

from

the

same

speed,

but

at

the

end

which

of
he

the

The

body

the
of

the

of

is

in

motion
how

the
it

irregular

the

and

of

motion.

train,

spot

the

shape

at

of

it may
of

center

is the

motion,

to

described

twists
of

with

gets

the

line

in

was

he

is the

direction

that

and

until

hill.

opposite

the

over

turns

many

the

in the

regards

directly

large

to

moving,

as

walk.

indicates

is rate

passed

fly-wheel
number

point

speed

or
are

of

"I

passed

an

of
of
over

40

path

keeps

per

is uniform.

mile

per
every

in equal

When

time.

the

by

velocity

equal
is said

to

it is variable.

cases

engine

miles

of

times,

revolutions

wheel

is measured

It

unit

in equal

all other

of

the

on

in

over

over

In

constant

spaces

how

nor

walks

to

matter

instant

passed

are

certain

hour,

be

body

relation

earth, since,

will

No

line which
every

and

motion

started

of

be,

space

If the

he

he

point.

uniform.

any

the

Velocity

spaces
be

to

in

body.

859.
unit

respect

patli

for

body

in

train,

may

the

make;

be

when

its central

by

the

was

858.

will

If

object.

some

train

the

indicates

and

rest,

is in motion

in which

he

to

railway train,

that

with

rest

hill, it

on

of

opposite

position in relation

of

changing

the

up

minute,
A

hour,

times,

the

moves

the

of

velocity

of

train

railway

minute

speed

constant

having

40

miles

every

and,

since

equal

velocity

is uniform.

246

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

Let

the

length

the

time

the

velocity.

V=

Then,

the

time

/,

the

of

passed

space
in

occupied

velocity

passing

the

the

time,

divided

by

(^")

space

velocity F, multiplied

the

equal

must

by

or

S=VL
time

The

S;

space

S^

space

or

y=YAlso,

the

over

the

equal

must

uniformly

over

(8.)
the

equal

must

5,

space

divided

by

the

ity,
veloc-

or

the

in

feet

will

which

second^
a

in

foot

If

until

Solution."

Example.

distance

average

it take

does

Vt

for

"

from

the

beam

of

1=

1,092 X

S
Solution.

body

second;,

and

the

still air

is

it is
far

how

of

velocity

The

"

the

in

sound

when

cannon

afterwards,

5 seconds

of

center

every

of

velocity
of

flash

the

see

Example.

If

"

to

is the

is

the

Ans.

186,000

miles

is

sun

the

reach

passed
unit

over

will

be

hear

the

from

seconds,

report

^.^
500

'

second.

per

second.

If

or

the

the

long

how

93,000,000 miles,
earth

93,000,000

'^

not

cannon

feet.

5,460

to

light

-^j"

Solution.

sun

"

mmutes

on

20

lob, UUU

body

is its

what

minutes,

"

over

passes
in

velocity

8 minutes

480

feet

of

space

per

second

seconds.

4,800

velocity

is 10

examples
as

one

feet

per

second.

concerning
foot

in

one

feet

uniformly

in

'

"

taken

feet per

Ans.

seconds.

In

be in

1,092 feet
do

fired, but

away

light

earth

the

stated,

second.

The

"

measured

otherwise

velocitywill

the

the

that

be

will

over

seconds.

used,

of feet

one

Example.

in

will

and

unless

foot, and,

are

means

number

certain

one

units

these

When

of

space passed

body^

the

of

measured

be

the

otherwise,

path

decimals

and

time

the

the

length of

be

(9.)

y-

stated

Unless

860.

10.

Hence,

is

usually

4oU

Ans.

work

minute.

the

unit

of velocity

unit

The

radius,

in

only

the

earth

the

The

example.

the

to

day,

earth's

the

according

sun,
units

larger

or

used

are

astronomy.

Example.
times

of

feet, miles,

be

may

from

hour,

second^ minuti\

space

distance

the

or

be

may

of

conditions

the

to

unit

The

year.

time

of

247

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

radius

the

from

distance

The

"

of

earth

the

earth

the

; how

the

to

is

miles

many

is

moon

it

from

about

here

60

to

the

moon?
Solution.

4,000

60

the

BXAMPLBS

1.

miles

many

If

2.
in

feet

run

The

point

in

feet

the

at

the

in

yards

miles

in

12

of

diameter

feet

in 5 minutes

Ans.

150

sec.

inches.

is the

; what

him

31.2

feet

13

sec.

take

3 min.

is

fly-wheel

engine

an

it

will

Ans.

45,000

travels

ft. per

102|

long

how

seconds;

velocity

is its

what

hour,

one

G^^y mi.

Ans.

rate

same

rim

second

per

70

hour

one

; how

second

per

Ans.

100

outside

on

in

feet

10

runs

mile

4.

second

man

travels

train

mt)on,

is

engine

travel

Ans.

nearly.

PRACTICB.

steam

piston

railroad

per

of

hence,

4,()0() miles;

nearly

the

to

FOR

speed

the

will

3.
to

piston

The

is

earth

distance

the

miles,

240,000

of

radius

The

"

velocity

ft. per

sec.

FORCE.

THE

THREB

861*

motion.

according

names,

body,

force, retarding
equivalent

forces

(1.)
upon

(2.)
the

they

act

body

they
The
the
The

straight

resisting force,

force,

push

be

three

follows

line

of

the

alofig

point of application,

must

but

all

are

in

direction
of

force

regard

to

it

is

both

or

point

at

the

which

force

be hiown.

must

direction

upon

force,

another

duce
pro-

various

accelerating

effect

in

to

point of application,
body,

the

to

fulfilled

be

by

produce

etc.,

the

with

compared

conditions

as

That

body.

may

are

pull, according

or

upon

that

necessary

acts

to

they

upon

called

are

which

effects

tends

or

attraction, repulsioji,cohesion, adhesion,

as

which

produces,

Forces

the

to

MOTION.

OF

which

is that

force

destroy,

or

LAW^S

force,

which

or,

the

be known.

what

force

is the
tends

thing,

same

to

move

the

248

ELEMENTARY

The

(3.)

MECHANICS.

magnitude

value

or

the

of

wheji

force

pared
com-

with
862.
taken

unit

The
as

863.

of

pomid^

one

all forces

and

given standard^

will

the

body,

this

of

of

Mechanics

of

Solid

(2.)

Mechanics

of

Fluids.

(3.)

Mechanics

of Heat^

Mechanics

Kinetics^

of

of

Mechanics
Air

and

Fluids

Gases

always

of

forces

pounds.

produce

Mechanics

of

Hydrokinetics

Bodies.

Thermodynamics.

or

as

it is

is

further

divided

Statics

into

into

divided

Mec/ianics

Mechanics

and

latter

is

into

of

Liquids.

of

Hydrostatics

and

Hydraulics

and

called

also

and

called.

commonly

is divided

Liquids

the

upon

follows

as

The

be

Mechanics,

is subdivided

Pneumatics^

or

will

number

which

is further

Solids

Dynamics^

or

certain

Mechanics

(1 )
.

as

forces

Elementary

on

effects

the

to

science

section

spoken

According

of

magnitude

in

be

be hiown,

must

Hydrodynamics.
864.
of

Statics

bodies.

body

when

forces,

of

treats

the

is in

forces

conditions

the

of
under

equlllbriuin

acting

the

the

upon

equilibrium

the

action

of

balance

body

each

other.

865.

Kinetics,
and

motion,

effects

the

Dynamics,

or

which

of

treats

they

bodies

in

produce.

may

"

866.
and

Pneumatics

of

the

of

movement

867.

Hydrostatics

868.

Hydrokinetics

Hydrodynamics)
which

they

869.
effects

870.
between
Newton.

Motion,"

of

treats

air

and

other

of

liquids

heat

bodies.
of

liquids.
and

Hydraulics
and

motion,

the

effects

treats

fundamental

force

motion

and

They
are

the

of

mechanical

bodies.

upon

The

and

pressure

produce.

may

Tliermodynamics
of

in

the

equilibrium

called

(also

treats

of

gaseous

of the

treats

laws

the

are

as

called
follows:

principles
were
*'

first
Newton's

of

the

stated
Three

by

relations
Sir
Laws

Isaac
of

bodies

Ail

(I.)

in

motion^

motion^

Every

To

motion

the

of

it is often

and

it in

blow

equal in

every

has

been

first
is

It

for

velocity
would

the

the

the

as

same

the

brings

danger.
force

in

great

the

motion.

that

of

full

is not

acts

from
is

standing
under-

force,

body

upon
is stored

force
the

in

the

receive

first, will

original force, assuming

of

resistance

no

force
the

the

to

law,

law

the

Inertia

stopping

respect

kind

any

order
force

has

of

body
train,

and

effect

of

But,

by

may

the

**

motion

the

to

be

at

put

be,

the

has

of

sudden

train

"

rest,

rest,

it must

motion,

body

cannot

in

take

and

and,

the

and

be

acted
no

same

is

person
in

jumping

thus
be

it that

stoppage

and

moving,

same

the

give

to

himself
is

the

stored
to

to

in

body

necessary

bracing
the

weight
effect

fast-moving

from

force

same

blow

gradually
is

his

same

the

that

body
to

since
the

jump

to

person

train, it

himself
If

that,

direction

same

in

body,

that

abused

this

of inertia.

law

If

pels
com-

bodies, but,

certain

so

effect

the

for

the

as

velocity.

that

called.

reason

the

as

cause

velocity

all

for

same

which

verify

actually

to

the

force

other

will

small,

with

always

is necessary.

so

how

body

body.

dangerous

train,

he

and

the

is

inertia

second

there

the

equal

an

that

matter

no

are

we

called

motion,

body

the

attraction

word

although

of

earth's

its meaning

of

and

to

of

opposed

is inferred

some

possible

is often

law

The

871.

puts

by

upon

observations,

This

it

line,

is not

It

astronomical

that

external

soptte

acts,

force,

any

acted

unless

account

true.

ifarm

pi

direetion

the

is always

there

straight

change.

on

by

in

forever

velocity,

force

of motion^

first law

in

set

move

reactiofi.

the

once

by

upon

in

plaee

the

action

roery

copitrary
From

takes

alopig which

line

(III.)
and

aeted

of

or

cliangc of motiopi, is proportional

or

aptd

theactipig foree^
straight

of rest,

state

coppipelsa ehapige,

foree that
(II.)

in

conttptue

straight liPiCyunless

249

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

running,

reduces
upon
matter

the

by

how

instapitly put

in

250

ELEMENTARY

resistance

The

but
It

should

act

be

upon

proportion
they

called

second

body,
to

their

Thus,

act.

velocity

thus

of

offered

erroneously,

the

From

MECHANICS.

50

miles

the

law,
their

being

to

called,
Resistance
it is

effect

magnitude

and

if

the
per

wind

hour,

is
and

or

the

forces

more

will

body

due

ball

the

just

the

force

the

far
of

it

to

it

will

to

be

move

of

force

and

wind,

due

tional
propor-

the

to

ent
independ-

velocity

the

the

to

and

froiri

will

of

throw

Theamount

departure

the

as

effect

cause

north

west

north,

north-west.
of

the

the

combined

be

hour,

carry

as

carried

north

per

will

ball

velocity,

same

wind

the

due

miles

50

or

with

west,

is thrown

with

in

be

in which

directions

the

blowing
a

monly,
com-

Inertia.

of

if two

upon
to

is

Inertia.

to

that,

final

motion

Resistance

the

due

seen

in

put

force

due

of

the

throw.
In
is

Fig.

of

bottom

attached
in

to

such

to

bail

the

the

bottom.
arm

will

zontally
hori-

allow

the

Another
in

zontal
hori-

is

that

groove

provided

is

that

drop.
rests

cup,

lever

bottom
and

which

of

the

ball

manner

movement

swing

ball

in

supported

the

110,

with

is actuated

slit

in

ing
swingby

ELEMENTARY

spring

the

and

shown

ball

in

such

the

and

shown

path

the

at

had

effect

same

law

second

at

other

rcst^

in

or

third

law

the

force

stated

and

force

which

had

follows

ing
producacted.

not

it

ivhethcr
it

pelled
com-

force

force

whether

This

its horizontal

ball

vertical

as

motion,

reason

he

that

In

from

has

force
acts

upon

alone

acts

Ill,

let

A
of

with

or

direction

the

line

the

force

as

from

the

the
three

is

fully represented.

THE

COMPOSITION

at

different

follows:

caution,

shore.

When

earth

forces

by

of

line

the

force;

acts,

upon
their

thus,

in
let

indicate
then

fig.

(see

OF

angles,

while

us,

its

conditions

act

jump

we

from

the

or

it.

represent

force

same

equals

exercise

the

from

arrow-head

which

two

to

represented

the

it.

the

push
us

be

line

the

reaction

must

to

boot-straps,

downward

poijit of application

the

let

fulfils

When
but

boat

pushes

the

in

we

his

by

equal

are

with

opposite

tend

reaction

downwards

; the

boat

may

be

and

the

873*

the

and

force

magnitude,

presses

is

we

length

time,

drive

reacts

872.

the

and

from

ground,

earth

Fig.

he

and

lift himself

cannot

man

action,

will

the

action

pulls upwards

springing

reaction

that

that

upward

the

be

motion,

states

opposite.

and

the

also

may

floor

the

vertically.

vertical

horizontal

follows

reaches

first

floor, the

if the

as

and

izontal
hor-

forces.

The

for

the

to

effectin producing

same

body

fall

the

on

that

drops
the

in

the

fall.

to

as

and

impulse

an

found

which

back

lever

allow

line,

gave

effect

to

is

drawn

the

to

as

it

^,

which

no

balls

both

so

dotted

as

force

the

movement,

The

curved

instant

that

the

swings

strike

gives

experiment,

the

by

same

shows

the

the

trying

This

time.

same

direction
On

it will

251

when

that,

manner

released,

then

at

MECHANICS.

Art.

in.

861),

and

FORCES.

final

body
result

the

at

may

same

be

tained
ob-

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

252

In
the

be

and

forces,

two

let

Fig. 112,

the
B

let

final

the

Fig.

body

to

force

the

force

it

carry
at

the

Draw

the

separately

B,
D.

will

will

be

direction
in

other

Cy

effect

the

would

they

scale

force
the

was

and

is called
50

at

lelogram.
paralsents
reprein

the

D\

to

sls

and

combined

the

Suppose

resultant.

inch

the

to

length

the

path

C.

the

pounds

act

the
the

scale

same

the

C2|- pounds,

and

inch,

and

forces

from

move

of

law

of

line

direction^

and

magnitude
A

the

then

/?,

second

acting

to

By

point

and

the

the

would

parallelogram.

sl

diagonal

body

it

oi

length
C

would

its

11

of

be

"^

in

o\j

inches.

viagmtude
Therefore,
the

direction

ii A

then,

50
=

if

^;

to

together,

which,

to

the

act

of

length

to

whether

the

D^

measured

used

=
"

forces

line

pounds,
be

if

cause

D,
in

two

This
the

50

represents,

874.
that

would

D,

words,

of

but

separately.

body

C,

is

to

Z^,

of

magnitude

the

at

the

Moreover,

stop

along

the

cause

body,

Join

According

together,

or

and

the

would

distance

would

the

to

similarly,

acting

C.

to

the

upon

parallel

equal

body

body

the

to

D,

from

diagonal

motion,

represents

move;

same

together.

or

force

carry

act

the

line

were

would

to

now

line

parallel

forces

alone,

were

the

along

is

of

B^ acting

singly

to

force

due

be

represents

the

both

when

distance

which

n2.

move

The

motion,

movement

the

body

that

"^

that

distance

cording
Ac-

of

law

would

the

that

Suppose

the

the

acted

they

cause

forces.

forces

two

whether

the

of

of

effect

these

to

the

second

the

tude
magni-

represent

direction
to

the

and
and

of

point of application

common

If A

Z",

would

be

force
A

of

D^

the

or

If
87^
will

resultant,
50
"

pounds
produce

1} inches,

measures

87^ pounds.
acting
the

upon
same

body

result

at
as

A
the

effects

combined
A

B,

and

of two
whatever
find

of

application,
Rule

their

directions

the

convenient

any

lines

scale

magnitudes

From

of the

diagonal
and

resultant

the

its
Its

that

scale

this

will

be

This

method

The

Cords
W

weights

is

weights

the

sides.

the

direction

in

vertical,

is

60,

Thus,
the

two

the

of

and

force

or

120

we

see

forces

120

the

the

be

point of

with

the

same

of

of

sides

the

are

It

twice

as

00

in

the

J/

is

to

the

rest,

long

of

sides

the

two

X^

line

represents

will

to

between

A.

corner

and

C
C

and

represent

A
a

are

diagonal
since

lie

acting

forces

hence,

pounds,

two

adjacent

the
B

/"",and

carrying

ratio

the

that

yi

ratio

sides

of

found
as

/"

from

I)

corners.

equals

The

allelogram
par-

its four

and

hung

These

be

corresponding

the

pounds

will

the

113.

at

pounds.

of

cords.

Fig.

pulleys
00

of

principle

motion

representations

of

the

from

in

that

ratio

of

point A.

the

D\

and

90

comes

graphic

accurate

upon

of

frame

the

will

method

The

"

the

over

weight

draw

forces.

tivo

allow

adjacent

equals

to

the

complete

diagonal

away

shown

to

equals

pass

When

clearly

jointed

diiid w^

and

graphical

Proof.

corresponding

three.

corresponding

forces.

forces

frame,

length

the

the

Experimental

wooden

tion
intersec-

point of

be measured

the

measure

called

of

of
is

to

is

parallelosram
876.

should

magnitude

to

] \ ^ith

point of application^

parallelogram

used

was

the

parallel

forces,

two

distances

common

direction

known:

are

lines

respective forces^
the

point

application.

the

of

Hence,

common

tico

ojf from

vieasure

of

parallelogram.
the

draiv

point of application^

(common

their

magnitudes

of action

the

when

C \

action

magnitudes.

and

and

is correct,

point,

common

pointy and

of the

at

forces

two

direction

Assume

"

body

tion
direc-

the

resulting

the

finding

in

direction

in the

acting

direction
of

resultant

I.

of

their

be

to

upon

acting

pounds

50

62^ pounds

method

acting

may
the

of

above

forces

of

force

force

The

875.

of

253

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

resents
rep-

force

of

pounds.
that

the
and

in

other

the

words,

resultant
it

represents

of

ELEMENTARY

254

the
is

of

resultant

the

vertical

the

to

Fig.

of

results

Satisfactory

Example.

60

from

away
of

pounds

and

Solution.
between

them.

measure

off. A

parallel

90

877.

secured

be

draw

10

-f-

when

we

parallel

is towards

117

"

scale

In
as

The

we

find

pounds.

Ans.

D,

D.

at

problems

solving

possible.
above

that

More

example

of

lines

the

is

80", what

forces

two

having

being

and
A

Then
the

D, and

point Z",

its

length

by

the

might

10

-j-

as

graphical
results

also

shown
11.7

are

have

to

inch,

the

9 inches.

C, draw

through
A

draw

accurate

90

C=

and

C,

pounds

S0"

of

angle

an

10

scale, say

to

is

them

between

both

point,

common

inches,

at

magnitude

convenient

any

60

body

angle

indefinite

two

its direction

10

will

the

the

B, intersecting

to

Cautioft.

large

to

:w.

respectively

pounds,

With

Measuring
X

kind

upon

and

resultant,

Draw

B,

resultant;

11.7

is due

which

force,

C=W

act

body,

the

the

"

Through

forces

If two

"

value

the

resultant

118.

this

B:A

acting

This

w.

proportion

the

have

and

V,

of

weight

weights

two

opposite

and

equal

the

MECHANICS.

will

by
inches.

method,
then

the

C
be

the

arrow.

Hence,

use

as

obtained.

been

solved

ELEMENTARY

as

method

the

by

Fig.

first

from

from

the

114,
A

triangle

that

the

C;

of

C,

but

of

which

forces,

is

forces

two

acted

separately,

then

direction

oi A
find

the

Rule

II.

It

that

the

the

of

Note.
the

^When

"

the

will

of

of

the

resultant

the

polygon,

we

that

body

the

lines
the

it will

two

being

opposed

in

mean

that,

as

being

ities
extrem-

the

be

the

sultant
re-

forces.
direction

starting
tracing each

the

at

forces

the

of

to

two

foin

line^ and
to

hence,

forces

lengths of

opposite

D;

upon

of the forces,

be

of

around

and

triangle

straight

action

of

magnitude
by

acting

of

lines

speak

we

forces

other

forces

two

separately^

lines

two

ot

that

to

method

the

its direction

rection
di-

the

the

to

will

of

force acted

proportional

of

opposed

IS

Draw

"

D=^

side

a,

point, by

each

resultant

common

\%

forces

D.

the

is

noticed

be

since

triangle

also

and

then

D\

and

the

to

the

arrows.

B,

in the

resultant

the

if

suppose

to

D,

to

Draw

called

follows:
In

of

255

MECHANICS.

from

the
and
line
point where
we
polygon,
be^an to draw
in succession,
the
the
around
same
pencil will have
general direction
if passing
the
left to right, or
from
around
circle, from
a
polygon,
as
the
have
must
an
right to left, but that
closing line or resultant
site
oppoarrow-heads
the
two
must
is, the
direction^ that
point towards
and
the
last
side.
point of intersection
of the resultant

When

878.

three

this

III.

Find

"

resultant

force

to

as

find

with

sijigleforce^

second

have

resultant

all

found

and

thus
the

of

by
any

third

combined,
forces,

following

rule

two

forces

treat

with

it

third

ant
result-

After

etc.

resultant

will

magnitude

and

last
in

second

resultant,

both

at

the

this

the

body

upon

combine
Combine

fijid a

to

act

of

resultant.

been

of

be

may

resultant

fourth force,

all the forces

be the

the

forces

more

resultant

given point, their

Rule

or

direction.
Example.
in

Fig. 115,

of the

"

the

forces.

Find

the

length

resultant
of

the

lines

of

all

being

the

forces

acting

proportional

to

on

the

the

point

magnitude

Solution.
and

equal

did

EF

will

be

and

EFt

and

same

and

in

(both

In

879.
G

G^

is made

To
at

are

sides

of

is

the

resultant,

in

it will

to

what

that

of

be

is called

the

O.

Join

CO,

BO,

point

the

If

O.

tion,
direc-

same

the

by

that

E^EF,

and

side,

closing

all the

in

body

noticed

polygon

(?/%

bined
com-

DO.

and

CO,

the

on

as

AO,
the

at

having

and

opposed

be

to

forces

acting

drawn

FG.

/^and

equal

the

produced

BO,

figure,

L,

to

effect

AO,

resultant

the

point
IV-

equal

the

opposed
of

same

Rule

direction),

and

and

all

not

other

of

metliod

its

that
This

sides.

L/\n

tlie

fact

gon
poly-

forces.

find

the

draw

is
use

of

last

the

Z,

direction

the

and

L^
O

which

the

forces

of

likewise
be

direction

same

OE

of

and

it would

case

both

to

parallel

resultant

the

represent

opposed
G

draw

be

parallel and

of

action

be

may

the

have

FG,
could

CO,

to

C\ OG

to

its

iiOE

resultant

and

EF,

OE,

parallel

FG,

must

magnitude

drawn

were

FG

but

reason,
will

it would

F-,

of

is the

and

Fsls

equal

and

parallel

forces,

Treat

OF

right of O E, for in that

the

resultant

the

line

EF

two

EF,

and

; but

FG

resultant

The

these

parallel

FG

and

to

draw

is the

to

to

the

L,

ot

CO.

point O

that

and

and

direction

For

resultant

BO,
the

F, opposed

to

O, and

to

of

resultant

the

exist, and

hence,

of AO,

order

Fis

equal

and

parallel

then

not

the

BO^

to

is from

and

from

Draw

"

direction

in

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

256

line

"

of

several

forces

acting

upon

body

Through

parallel

to

one

convenient

of

the

point

forces^ and

on

the

having

drawing,
the

same

ELEMENTARY

direction

and

line

MECHANICS.

magnitude.

parallel

to

the

At

second

end

257

and

force

secofid

magnitude

lifte^draw

direction

all

of

lines

line

straight
will

the

be

forces

the

From

"

as

drawing.

the
to

it, and
same

40

until

of the
and

lines

and

shown.

pounds,

find

have

direction

to

be

may

Choose

any
in

equal

2isO

direction

pounds.

In

of

one

length

to

A.

similar

in

30
At

polygoji^

60", 120", 180",

and

Fig. 116,

towards

of

space

pounds

on

F, draw

manner,

opposite

magnitudes
of

direction

forces.

angles

forces,

the

of

respective

draw

with

of

lines

the

draw

as

the
A

the
FG

of

means

scale, such

required

O, and

draw

scale.

It

parallel
GH,

horizontal

O, by

convenient

some

drawn

last

116.

acting

as

it
the

magnitude
of

given

choose

mark

angles

their

point O,

the

and

first

around

at

and
the

of polygon

them

Now,

poly go7i;

body

point,

common

the

of

forces

same

making

mark

the

upon

method

forces,

and

figure

whole

to

the

O,

through

efid

all the forces.

of

Pig.

of

rection
di-

same

magnitude

magnitude

other

act

the

20

and

by

Solution.

action

in

equal

free ends

of

of the

270", towards

resultant

the

resultarit

If five

"

60, 40, 30, 25,

their

the

at

continue

in

equal

joining

that

to

Example.

are

and

Thus

closiyigsides

the

be

it will

240", and

and

force;

the

other
an-

forces.

direction

and

secofid

parallel

force.

parallel

the

The

third

drawn

been

in

to

line

this

as

lihe^ draw

having

and

this

of

HI,

to

and

line
heads,
arrow-

that

size

the
the

on

(7 /^parallel

must

BO,
/A'

also

act

and

equal

parallel

in

to

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

258

CO,

DO,

Join

and

action

of

forces

around

resultant
in

body

force

of

effect

upon

body

F^

that

action

their

shall

of

all

the

tzuo

resultant

is sero,
Find

Example.

"

through

Solution.
to

"

of

one

to

forces,

the

in

forces,

say

on

other

some

to

some

magnitude

taking

care

force

other
and
that

the

of

is

Fig.

force

"

this

to

if

but,

ence
differ-

the

that

as

the

other.

whose

lines

draw

of

action

the

one

marked

it.

So

continue
around

^Z",

it

allel
par-

equal

in

direction

by

the

37

be

venient;
con-

marked
From

line

making

its

the

direction

same

opposite,

the

40,

one

force.

; say

general

the

forces

same

and

can

the

is

the

and

indicate

and

either

117.

marked

one

lines

two

in

it

but

resultant

forces

two

forces

in

forces

the

as

resultant

pointy,

direction
the

line

the

If

balances

the

shown

scale,

the

point,

body,

and

equal

just

the

the

line

of

are

convenient

any

point,

single pointy

intersection.

their

of

as

that

whose

long

that

so

suju

they

resultant

ment
move-

same

the

so

its direction

liney"? represents

the

equal

Take

Take

parallel

the

act,

straight

force

one

ing
act-

seen

that

of

at

only

is the

single point,

pounds

40

arrow-head.

or

if

same

the

assumed

they

same

If

distances

of

the

at

surface

point of

force.

greater

forces.

body,

(resultant),

the

on

and

same

five

it is

through

been

directions,

forces,

the

the

before,

intersect

resultant

upon

point.

has

body,

the

opposite

the

of

line

55J

together.

body

where

the
in

their
in

act

length

it

the

body

direction,

pass

other

with

distance

act

pass

that

forces

the

on

the

the

move

said

action

of

represent

forces

been

through

through

upon

of

the

alone

act

exactly

and

single force

without

or

they

by

would

acting

difference

no

drawn

act

combined

of

arrow-head,

action

and

has

of

the

direction

single point

make

within
be

the

magnitude

to

were

produce

all the

lines

pass

upon

action

of

when

116,

would

the

Heretofore,

881.

will

of

its

by

forces

the

forces

replaced

be

acted

respectively.

that

to

and

I K,

shown

/,

what

of

having

K\^

body

number

can

resultant

combined

the

H^

From

880.

or

the

pounds,

is opposite

Fig.

it

as

G^ G

of the

in

/T,

pounds,

55f

separately,

any

25

be

FG

direction

the

directions

and

20, and

direction

polygon

the

will

O
its
;

forces

60,

to

Ans.

If the

\i

A', and

by

equal

and

five

the

pounds.

the

EO,

and

will

point
29, and
with
the

draw

^,

make
the

polygon

it

other
is not

force

marked

of

the

all

force

last

The

changed.

25.

Join

forces

in

drawn

in

the

and

posed
not

in what

matter

be

the

in

same

order

various

forces

several

of

resultant

resultant

force

same

horizontal

and

as

force

If the
a

we

of

g\.o

op-

the

the

head

one

will

resultant

is done

work

finding

It does

polygon.

taken,

if the

of

two

forces,

whose

of

plane,

correctly.
of

resultant
The

sition
compo-

opposed
acts

upon

and

horizontal,

the

to

force.

two

/", measured

single

as

if it

upon

body

Thus,

in

forces,

were

will

Fig. Il8,
and

A^

A.

body,

resolved

form

force

single
action

into
to

FORCES.

combined
a

single

resolved

be

be

can

treat

that

are

OF

also

may

may

directions

whose

the

are

under

forces

two

force,

the

from

is

around

forces

RESOLUTION

Since

the

others

direction,

grouped

ag

direction

resultant

the

forces.

883.

be

the

methods

all

are

THE

the

and

is

117.

different

the

magnitude

The

882.

of

direction

general

the

to

the

by representing

then,

g\
Its

figure.

Pio.

is

figure

the

points

the

shown

259

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

moving
force
to

the

at

or

B
same

rest

is

upon

vertical,
scale

as

260

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

is the

OAy

that

which

of

in

exerted
in

they

case,

and

Ay

of

the

884.

It

frequently

desired

in

that

of

it is desired

that

direction

cut,

have

may

oi
the

Rule

V.

From
draw

given force

instead

A,

direction.

vertical

and

present

horizontal

that

direction,

some

Fig. 118,

magnitude,

of

being

To

find

A^

at

horizontal,
the

and

in

produces

the
in

as

value

of

the

A^

we

direction

the

suppose

direction,

body

upon

it is

extremity

line

the

in

acts

rule

in

effect

what

one

ponents
com-

and

in

Thus,

acting

which

following
"

force

any

force

these

the

known,

force

the

scale,

some

Now

the

position, magnitude

the
is

force

of

know

to

A,

component

employ

to
a

that

it acts.

which

of

action

certain

effect

the

body

the

in the

as

and

component

happens

represents,

line

the

of

know

than

that
and

direction
to

other

force

the

called

are

when

and

is

which

A.

component

and

vertical

the

of

horizontal,

called

are

part

direction.

are

pic. 118.

that

pushing

components
O

the

horizontal

force

the

pushes
of

magnitude

is the

oi

part

while

downwards^

body

of

magnitude

to

the

act

parallel

line

the

of

representing

direction

in which

the
it is

desired

that
the

of

the

given force

draw

measured

line

the

from

other

perpendicular

ity
extrem-

the

to

com-

and

poneyit first drawn^

component

shall

component

intersecting
the

from

it.

point of

The

length

intersection

of

the

tersectio
t/te in-

to

of
of

the

the

with

component

effectproduced

the

will

be magnitude

by the given force in the

required

given force^

direction.

Thus,
a

upon

to

body.
one

suppose

body

resting

Here

the

extremity,

(vertical

as

in

Fig. 118, represents

desired

O,
this

draw

horizontal

upon
vertical

what

know

A^

pressure
is

direction
O

case),

B
and

parallel
from

force

and

plane,
O

produces

vertical
to

the

the
other

acting
it is desired
on

hence,

desired

the
from
tion
direc-

extremity.

draw
B.

Then

will

be

perpendicular
O

B^

when

value

of

261

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

to

and

B^

measured

the

to

scale

same

intersecting

zX

(9 ^

as

the

Example.

it exert

does

parallel

plane, tending

of

18",

to

pounds,

200

to

parallel

into
to

two

the

pressure

ED

is

angle

200

the

plane,

Draw

angle

the

being

line

vertical

FJ)

draw
lines

the

and

perpendicular

sin

200

to

to

C,
the

B,

18".

200

18"

cos

exert

tending,

perpendicular
A

FE:=i

FE,

perpendicular

angle

Hence,

as

it

plane.
is

FD

Since
and

acting
the

on

does

resolved

downwards,

weight

ED,

other,

D
two

now

one,

force

what

18^,

FE

draw

the

is

7^ Z"

components,

pull

weight.

/%

EF,

is
force

what

inclined

an

upon

A,

by

magnitude

through

to

JE".

at

119, be

the

the

and

B,

and

downwards

Fig.
be

Through

perpendicular

intersecting

represent

to

ABC,
let

weight.

the

Z" iE"

Let

"

and

rests

horizontal

plane,
slide

to

pounds

the

to

the

to

produced

pressure

200

inclination

of

perpendicular
the

to

Solution.

equal

weighing

body

angle

whose

plane

If

"

vertical

the

18"

.95106

200

parallel

Force

perpendicular

the

to

.80902

plane

61.804

plane

the

to

61.804

and

pounds,

ED

pounds.

190.212

Force

pounds.
190.212

[Ans.

poundi Is.

DYNAMICS.
885*

Dynamics

Mechanics

which

velocity.

In

deals

with

and

bodies

centrifugal

that

as

with

moving

Mechanics

Elementary

falling bodies

defined

be

may

shall

we

branch

of

variable

consider

only

force.

GRAVITATION.

886.

Every

attractive

force

the

on

bodies

two

in

body

the

universe

other

every

body,

This

together.

exerts

which

certain

tends

attractive

force

downward

pull

to

is

draw
called

gravitation.
If

if let

body
go

of, it

called
the

earth

is held

and

in

will

weight,
the

the

fall
but

body.

hand,
to

the
it

ground.

really

is the

This

is

pull

attraction

felt, and
is

monly
com-

between

ELEMENTARY

262

887.
attraction

It

of

the

is

level

of

divided

'The
of

amount

If

'

the

W^

by

of

mass

of

the

and

weighed,

was

by
7

at

that

contains,

T/ie

be

of

towards

body

890.

surface,

of

than

at

body

be

pliace

the

is

result

of the
the

always
by

place

actual
same,

its weight

m^

where

the

body

W
/^

"

which

the

body

one

tends

it^ is directly proportional

to

(lO.)

"

its mass^

to

distance

the

of

square

draw

to

tween
be-

centers.

of

Laws

Bodies

is

the

at

or

by

inversely proportional
their

force

of

any

place,

represented

Gravitation

attraction

of

force

another
and

of

at

measure

and

Law

body

is the

body

body
./
gravity

-.

889.

weight

of

"

force

the

gravity

'

"

The

ter
cen-

have

^
=

the

mountain

reason,

gravity

we

weieht
mass

between

high

body
of

g^

of

it

the

force

its

near

surface.

weight

that

mass

the

body.
of

mass

or

earth.

the

of

top

denote

to

upon

line

earth's

this

of

the

m^ter

the

on

the

force

the

the

888.

if

of

center

For

bodies

straight

the

on

sea.-

But

by

called

less

the

varies.

also

the

points

at

slightly

in

used

term

and

earth

acts

and

body

varies

gravity

the

always

is

gravity
the

between

surface.

It

of

Force

MECHANICS;

weigh
the

Weiglit

most

:"

the

at

surface

decreases

weight

the

of

distance

the

as

earth.

Below
the

to

the
center

decreases.
Above

the

surface

Illustration.

the

"

weighs
center,

force.

At

pounds,

100

since

1,000

If the

pounds

decreases

as

miles

radius

earth's
at

the

it is attracted

the

of the

square

from

is

surface
in
the

will

4,000 miles,
weigh

direction

every

center,

it

body

nothing
with

will

at

equal

weigh

25

since

4,000
At

weight

increases.

distance

that

the

2,000

miles

from

the

1,000

center,

100

it

25.

will

since

4,000

2,000

100

50.

weigh

50

pounds,

ELEMENTARY

from

3,000 miles

At
and

weigh

surface,

the

from

carried

earth, it will weigh

5,000*

the

higher,

from

pounds,

75

it will

center,

the

miles

1,000

say

of

center

the

since

4,000*

the

from

4,000 miles

At

miles

pounds,

64

weigh

from

still

5,000

or

263

it will

center,

4,000 miles

or

If

pounds.

100

the

surface,

the

at

MECHANICS.

100

it

surface,

(U.

will

weigh

pounds,

25

since

8,000*
891.
Let

for

Formulas

of

IV

weight

weight
distance

the
R

for

Formula

at

of

body

of

the
earth

the

when

Example.

weigh

far

pounds

Solution.

is

body

the

11^
of

values

//=

at

5^

If

"

is

body

Solution.

"

Substituting

the

surface

above

the

surface

will

earth

25-pound

the

700

4,000

"

at

center.

the

surface

of
112

weigh

the

earth,

pounds

R^.

w,

have

we

4,000",

Ans.

the

it

will
IV

and

or

4,000*
.,
miles.

,^^^^

Til

10,000

from

surface

700

or

pounds

W,

R,
^^

700

have

we

"/,

12,wrt^*=
of

values

W.

^^x25,

earth's

the

1,440 miles

formula

Use

JV, and
=

weighs

112

Therefore,

of

surface

R^

body

above

distance

what

the

(11.)
the

9x4,000

Example.

below

(12.)

below

formula

the

Substituting

and

earth

the

Use

"

or

miles.

4,000

the

when

weight

How

"

above

dW.

of

center

wd'^WR".

ball

distance

given

the

weight

for

"

surface;

between

wR
Formula

25.

surface;

center

radius

Problems:

the

at

body

the

100

Gravity

body

of

below
d

4,000*

10,000

6,000

miles

the

above

earth's

surface.

Ans.
Example.
6 miles

"

above

sea-level,

what

Solution."

The
the

top of

Mt.

Hercules

of

the

sea.

level

would

it

w^"

weigh
WR\

if carried
or

tc/

said

was

If

to

the

4.006'^

to

of

top

1,000 x

4,000^X1,000
w

"

"

f;

^^"
=

997

pounds.

32,000

be

weighs

body

1,000
the

feet, say

pounds

mountain

at

4,0002; whence,
.

Ans.

ELEMENTARY

"Z6i

MECHANICS.

FOR

EXAMPLES

1.
the

How

3.

would

much

surface

1,000

PRACTICE.

of

tons

coal

weigh

How

much

How

far

would

the

coal

in

example

weigh

surbce?

Ans.

3.
a

in

body

above

order

the

that

surface

earth's

it may

weigh

would

weigh

50

6.

If

how

miles
a

much
Note.

below

body

it

Use

milet

/Ae

from

If
the

leaden

This

has
than

the

Fig.

been

exhausted,

bottom

the

exactly
ten

times

893.
in

Fig.

the

same

as

heavy

Suppose
131,

at

a-,

that

an

strike

instant,

although

is

were

obvious

is

of

the

air

This

the

ance
resistreach

to

be

may

nearly

bodies

of

the

equal

diam-

almost

at

ball

might

ball.

several
that

leaden
if

they

balls,
were

height,

same

ground

the
if

example,

iron

to

time.

ball, having

the

when

experiment.

For

the

has

drop

ball

two

from

air

that

only
the

glass

would

was

air

same

the

same

the

paper

this
in

former

the

dropped

wooden

it

size.

would

the

the

the

iron

ball

found

both

the

making
and

were

it

lb.

first.

the

of

all

caused

of

by

there

lb.

131

ground

paper

be

that

first, in

and

as

158

dropped

place

which

exactly

air

shape

they

he

surface,

are

upon

of

piece

proves

equalized

eters,

earth's

the

we

it would

in

the

wooden

the

effect
If

from

resistance

same

will

resistance

inverted,

ground

This

much

leaden

the

120,

was

of

how

paper

the

ball.

and

tube,

the

nearly.

earth.

of

retarding

ball

tube

miles,

strike

because

upon

the

th"

piece

because

experiment

vould

but

leaden

above

of

ball

greater

can7

Acs.

not

heavier,

1,656.854

and

the

is

to

BODIES.

ball

height,

same

the

nearly.

necessary

surface;

miles

radius

FALLING

892.

above

Ans.

400

surface

as

mile

pounds
the

at

the

at

surface

100

weigh

4,000

pounds

the

weighs

will

"

160

weighs

man

be

lb.

],9a9,500

one

much

as

below

1,999,0001b.,

it

half

only

Ans.
4

mile

one

Ans.

as

shown

dropped

be

ELEMENTARY

all would

together,
balls

ball,

time
Since

than

of

to

were

second

If the
of

end
of

end

the

of

free

multiplied

the

by
This

895.

velocity
If

body

which
or

it

or

this

that

body

on

by
points
32.2549

As

g.

of
at

25'

north)

be

used

force

of

the
the

earth,
poles.

is very
in

solving

that

at

force

the

body

of

acts

the

at

second,

one

in

being

the

32.10,

problems.

or

by

as

one

second;

32.0002

at

this

to

is

varies

value

has

also

constant

ments
experi-

giving

the

always

noted
de-

at

different
and

equator,

latitude

this

of

force

accelerating

it

the

with

or

careful-

constant

equivalent

It

as

increased

earth,

is

and

velocity

body

found

for

according

the

the

before,

value

ating
acceler-

constant

constantly

be

upon

mentioned

nearly

velocity

times

end

tower,

gravity,

Its

the

first

the

decreased.

of

been

feet

again,

force,

will

acts

of

32.16

was

or

high

freely falling body,

velocity

is called

has

of

the

second

seconds.

attraction

It

end

of

force

the

constant

at

increased

and

to

same

same

of

three

velocity

ground

the

force.

accelerating

if

velocity

from

the'

constant,

be

retarding

dropped

; for

is

the

constant

is

velocity.

the

the

end

act

would

force

constantly

in

according

with

the

at

So,

of

then,

the

to

were

of

number

approaches

gravity,

as

the

is

accelerated

force,

be

further

change

second,

great

move,

constant

force,
the

will

time

any

time

less

force.

one

second.

to

in

no

forever

at

second

first

the

of

move,

velocity

force

third

fall

another
of

as

same

the

body

upon
end

twice

be

^^"

mile

can

move

by
end

the

run

to

it will

the

at

/^

^1^

rate

free

upon

again,

act

would

the

at

acted

that,

second.

can.

body

motion,

unless

Suppose

the

is the

upon

law

velocity

pounds

pound

If the
^

^o-

cannot

100

so

one

acts

first

the

horses

Acceleration

force

of

than

894.

time.

same

one

in

ground

the

at

^'^"

number

time

given

If

the

single horse,

into

265

before.

as

ground

still fall

would

strike

and

gether,

the

together

^, they

as

same

strike

melted

were

MECHANICS.

(about

should
been

41"

always
found

by

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

266

Veioeiiy at
the

end

of

aneeeeona

U32JL6feei
pertcond"^

,5

Veloeiiy
end

of

the

at

iu"o

In

BeC''

and9i964.S2

feet

per

$oeond^

J^loeiiy at
seconds

the

is 9^48

end

feet per

J^loeity

at

the

is JU^8.64

of

three

second.

of four seconds
feet per second.

end

Pig.

122.

ELEMENTARY

experiment

that

have

16.08

fallen

feet
of

the

at

the

feet

end

third

freely falling body

of

second

the

second;

4*

3",

which

the

are

"lor

the

through

which

equal

16.08

multiplied by

16.08

to

Since

free

body

"

the

of

the

end

fourth

Fig.

122.

of

to

move

fall in

space

the

space
is

time

given

in seconds.

time

^^

ing
dur-

seconds

that

see

of the

square

number

will

the

4'
IP.
^6:08"-^"-*'

'

easy

the

^,

"

to

H'^

the

falls,it is

body
a

of

squares

at

64.32

^^^"'^^
Q
^

"

feet

diagram.

1^-^^
-i-V-*-

"16708
2%

in the

will

rest

second;

end

the

at

72

144.

shown

are

^*-^^
Since
^'""^^

and

feet

from

first

the

second

257.28

20

starting

of

end

the

at

etc., all of which

second,

Oi!*?

MECHANICS.

of time

square

seconds.

in

896.
Let

for

Formulas

of

force

gravity

number

of

seconds

velocity

at

the

distance

that

tSy the

T/iat

of

Example.

equals

assuming

seconds,
Solution.

^/

the

1
4

X
'

Tliat
have

iSy the

fallen
in

long
Solution.

"

acquire

"

feet

at

freely falliyig body

er

has

fallen

four

velocity equals

instant

=
,,

body

the

given

must

ity
veloc-

32.16.

of

velocity

that

32.16

Ans.

luhich

192.96

14,

^,

the

second.

per

during

"

it

at

in seconds.

time

after

body

resistance

the

192.96

/^

/.

(14.)

by

has

formula

Using

64

given

falling body

a
no

!"

falling

of

of seconds

number

it been

had

128.

time

the

3,

second, divided

feet per

Example.
how

to

by

offered

formula
82. 16

during

(13.)

velocity
air

/ ;

16, multiplied by

32.

the

that

Using

"

is

^What

"

falls

due

force

time

the

^t.

"

falls

body

of

velocity acquired

seconds

the

body

earth

the

end

end

of

accelerating

constant

attraction

the

to

Bodies

Falling

6 seconds.

Ans.

feet

per

second;

268

ELEMENTARY

MECHANICS.

h^^,

(15.)

2^
is^ the height from

That
a

the

given velocity equals

by
Example.
of

velocity

feet

24,000

Solution.

must

minute

per

24,000

"

of

square

height

what

From

"

body

60

-i-

400

feet

of

2X^216-=

-64:32-

the

"

at

the

of

|/2^=

32.

16

-^

\gt'^

hcigJit equals
32.

the

the

of

root

square

of

400

^^-^

feet;

^eet

per

falling
product

will

what

its

be

second.

Ans.

fall

in

the

10

seconds

1,608

time

given

of

square

body

number

equals
of

onds.
sec-

17,
32.16

i X

10^

^flL.
take

it will

time

in

(17.)

the

by

t^

is, the

400

formula

Using

"

A
^''^'

acquire

body will fall in

will

far

How

"

Solution.

That

the

\gt\

i?, multiplied

Example.

5,

16,

distance

is^ the

will

body

height

32.16

h
That

formula

Using

fall ?

its

"/ 2

height.

from

formula

Using

"

acquire

to

(16.)

given

falls

body

end

the

Solution.
7/=

that

velocity

16, and

82.

Example.

velocity

dropped

^"^^-^^^^^^-

\r%ih:

given height equals

twice

be

second.

per

160,000

iSy

vided
velocity^ di-

given

CA^rjKaf
=

2F

acquire

to

'^=

through

the

stone

400"

T/"

That

fall

must

16.

32,

2x

which

twice

of

root

square

Ans.

(18.)

body

feet.

to

fall through

the

given

divided

height

by

16.
Example.
Solution.

"

gravity

given

acts

above

body

as

will

it take

body

to

fall

4,116.48

feet

16

seconds.

Ans.

32.16

thrown

called
a

18,

i/IZiMl?

velocity

certain

will

formula

Using
/

897.

long

How

"

the

constant

also

apply

vertically upwards
initial

velocity.

retarding
in

this

case.

force.

starts

In
The

with
this

case

formulas

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

Example.

of

velocity
long

feet

second,

per

(a)

formula

(a) Using

"

feet, nearly,

62,189

it

time

the

miles.

11.778

Ans.

takes

reach

to

of

height

feet,

62,189

use

14.

2,000

^^.^
62.19

"

it will

time

take

will

the

be

seconds.

82.16

same

62.19

~-rs

^
Since
total

2X82.16

2^
formula

(fi)How

go

again

earth

the

it

15,

find

will

high

how

initial

an

2.000*

7/"

To

with

vertically upwards

it reaches

elapse before

must

Solution.

is shot

ball

cannon

2,000

time

If

"

269

length

of

time

124.88

seconds

to

fall

the

to

4.88

2 minutes

the

ground,

seconds.

Ans.

PROJECTILES.

898.
is

Any

acted

by

of

gravity,

consider

here

In

ground.

that

resistance

the

horizontal

be

uniform,
will
in

spaces

the

seconds,

We

shall

thrown

distance

body

zontally.
hori-

the

between
strikes

the

arrow

feet

70

the

the

air

be
in

velocity
direction
and

will

the
over

pass

jectile
pro-

equal

times.

passed
if

force,

in

if

represent

space

air.

are

the

initial

jectile,
pro-

Now,

equal

or

the

which

and

projectile,

the

the

of

the

neglected,

where

of

it is shot

of

of

original

horizontal

point

outwards

second.

the

is

pose
sup-

the

that

velocity

per

of

direction

with

the

represents

horizontally
the

123,

air

projectiles

the

Fig.

"

the

resistance

the

is

and

starting point
and

and

ranse

point

forces

those

only

The

899.

starting

three

upon

force

the

into

thrown

body

70

Let

feet,
in

over

gravity

had

fig.

or

one

not

second.
acted

At
upon

123.

the
the

end

of

?i\q

projectile,

it

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

270

would

been

have
feet

1G.08
it has

first

the

fallen

Let

the

to

Now,

complete

be

point

which

end

of

the

points

the

the

end

in

second.

Z", ",

and

F
of

second

has

the

will

be

this

the

end

of

the

at

find

projectile

it represents
called

is

curve

at

the

Drawing
found,

This

projectile.

will

gram
paralleloat

the

thus

points

70

manner,

respectively.

seconds,

the

at

of

positions

16.08

b^ and

and

in

Proceeding

the

reached

feet,

is,

represents

projectile

the

that

"

i, which

64.32

through

path

second

second

as

the

/%
5

the

parallelogram

completed,

3, ^, and

of

end

one

projectile

second

the

fall

represents

of
A

curve

is

the

the

\i A

second.

one

the

scale

same

feet.
the

at

falls

it

acted,

etc.

the

represent

drawn

feet,

feet,

has

gravity

as

second;

64.32

5, but

at

parabola.
The

distance

the

equals
in

If

900.

time

the

is

as

the

multiplied by

height

it is desired

and

that

given

seconds

and,

range,

easily

original

seen,

velocity

second.

feet per

given,

in

time

the

\s

it

zvill

and

find

to

take

and

height,

the

time

the

multiply

range

fall through

to

initial

the

velocity

thus

the

F, calculate

height

are

found

equal

initial

the

by

the

to

velocity.
Example.
initial

above

1/

per

is its

Example.
If

it is desired
line

that

"

per

Hence,
"^

^^/2

strike

The

1-247

15

an

is

cannon

nearly.

the

over

feet.

1,870.5

of

velocity

be

located
as

distance

below

of
of

Ans.

feet

p"er

below

second.

the

zontal
hori-

far

action

90
far

how

away,

located.

be

must

passing

with

the

896,
seconds,

feet

object

fall, through
in

Art.

initial

an

the

must

object

take

has

object

an

would

it would

feet

projectile

direction

body

the

time

to

of

Solution.

90

"

of

range

1.247

direction

mouth

the

..^

1,500 X

vt~

horizontal

If

18,

|/
op

Range

in

second.

formula

"

fired

is

what

ground,

Applying

"

feet

1,500

the

Solution.

ball

cannon

of

velocity

feet

25

"

as

the

gravity,
feet

15

at

distance
the

during
a

velocity

second.
15
_

90

I X

of

32. 16

second.

(i)^

.447

Applying

formula

foot, nearly,

5.36

17,

Art.

inches.

896,
Ans.

of

ELEMENTARY

EXAMPLES

1.

body

velocity

What

2.

PRACTICE.

of

state

it fall

will

far

how

FOR

from

starts

271

MECHANICS.

and

rest,

falls

must

have

body

in

order

to

long

how

is

time

vertically upwards

thrown

elapse

must

to

it strikes

before

of

be

will

What

of

velocity

the

Ans.

of

velocity

will

velocity
A

7.
reach

the

is

from

is the

high

how

ground,

has

which

it
will

be

will

be

now

action

of

in

move

by

circle
a

equal
If

the

and

the

body
move

shown

in

line

has

per

sec.

seconds

to

290.445

ft.

; how

second

per

and

12.438

whirled

pull

the

on

sec

pull

as

so

string,
creases
in-

velocity

the

as

this

the

on

put

acted

tension

cut,

were

from

would

Fig.

it

the
the

string

to

the

According

same.

motion

tends

to

in

move

is

the

that

in
in

line

actly
ex-

string.

pulling

force

straight

line

line

straight

in

so

upon

moves

**fly off

then
a

of

the

change

straight

the

in

an

body

body

horizontally,
be

unless

at

would

be

tangent"

tangent

to

"

the

removed
that

is, it

circle,

as

124.

Since, according

902*

of

always

causes

of

it away

would

action

motion,

that

to

string

drew

that

be

according

cause

it will

When

instead

circle

will

there

force, causing

force

the

string

is revolved

body

straight

direction.

the

to

less

or

upon
of

other

some

fastened

The

the

law

what

explained.

gravity

first

the

to

greater

that

Suppose

4^

ft.

FORCE.

motion,

decreases.

or

feet

400

sec.

with

with

Ans.

be

body

circular

it takes

falling?

If

give

to

of

per

44.61

ft.

80.2

Ans.

velocity

CENTRIFUGAL

901*

high;

tower

If

tower.

of

ground,
Ans.

feet

sec.

end

ft.

the

Ans.

high

at

7.05

the

192.96

above

100

tower

ground

the

dropped

it been

has

long

it strike

from

feet

is its
range

; what

falls

freely falling body

8.

second

per

bullet

bullet

horizontally

thrown

feet

80

leaden

6.

is

baseball

5.

feet;

freely falling Ixnly

seconds?

sec.

200

Ans.
4.

ft.
5()0

ft. per

height

ground

onds;
sec-

upwards

179.38

the

nine

1,302.48

it

carry

Ans.

baseball

for

Ans.

feet, vertically ?
3.

freely

equal

and

to

the

third

law

opposite reaction,

of
we

motion,
call

that

every
force

272

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

which

acts

as

the

string

other

The

motion.

is

It

tend

evident

00034

F=

of

total

RN\

in

N
In

904*

hub

of

rim

of

the

the

of

into

wheel

distance

the

is

the

break.

It

generating
force

of

any

pounds;

taken
of
of

distance

the

as

motion

the

revolutions

and

the

revolving

body,

usual

force

practice

and

only,

not

inside

tending
consider
the

case,

rim

and

the

edge of

to

take

to

this

In

7ni?iutc,

per

centrifugal

the

the

in

center

account.

between

will

without

body

gravity

the

wheel

the

of

of

calculating
it

if

and,

number

="

fly-wheel,

feet

in opposite

(1 9.)

the
of

acting

is

usually

center

of

center

force;

weight

radius,

the

centrifugal

pounds,

between

the

the

is called

string

string

the

in

centrifugal

W^=

half

the

from

apart,

revolve

value

which

string

can

expressed

the

forces

two

the

body

no

The

burst

of

pull

away

towards

sufficiently,the

that

revolving body,

of

acts

these

pull

to

force.

centrifugal

it

that

increased

be

in

it acts

tension

or

and

evident

directions

is also

force

force,

centripetal

velocity

and

force,

the

to

motion.

903*
the

force

opposite

centrlfusal

of

center

and

equal

an

to
one-

and

arms

is taken

the

as

center

shaft.
.

If^

in

Note.

in

the

of

The

"

of

mass

in

body

feet

for

formula

general

revolving

the

body,
^

and

second,

per

centrifugal
v
=

force
of

velocity

radius,

as

is F"

"

of

center

gravity

Formula

above.
JV

Art.

is

903,

from

easily derived

this.

Thus:

19,
60

"

where

g-,

N=

7/

or

"

-,

7/

Example.
cast-

20

iron

What

"

would

fly-wheel

inches,

and

per
Solution.
diameter

midway

of

of

the
between

rim

centrifugal
diameter

inches,

force
was

turning

tending

to

10

feet, width

at

the

rate

of

the

rim.

burst
of
80

face
lutions
revo-

First

"

the

outside

whose

thickness

minute

be

rim

calculate
=

10
the

the
12

inside

weight
120
and

of

inches;
outside

one-half
the

diameter

diameters

of
of

the

The
the

rim

cle
cir=

ELEMENTARY

120

"

3.1416

20

pounds

inches.

114

Hence,

The

/?

.00084

J^=

J^

/^ N*

IV

cubic

"

.00084

in

42,977
feet.

4i

'^73

inches

inches.

cubic

IV.

of

number

42,977

weight

MECHANICS.

114

5,608.5

HO.

5,608.5

261

A'

rim

the

4i

H0"

54,918.4

Ans.

pounds.

STATICS.
905.

Statics

which
with

uni/orm

forces.

by

of

bodies

is

body

all of

in

If from

125,

of action

line
of

perpendicular

acting

the

the

of

length
the

the

abotit

Thus,

of
F'"

when

called

the

908.

opposite
909.

the

isF'"

of

use

jr'

is

two

of

is F'

about

the

point

/'"

is

A,

the

of

directions,

will

moment

arises

for

The

it.

using

further

explained

be

point

is

moments.

equal
they

Fig. 12G,

forces

the

equal

turn

in

B^
A

is

by

they

about

the

and

F\

but

in

couple.
F'

and

directions
form

down),
to

easy

that

F'

forces

other

the

\jf
between

opposite

joined

were

parallel

It

couple.

they
as

and

and

up

is called

what

acting

(one

parallel lines,

in

act

constitute

|j!^ F\

m,

zero.

and

moment

/''"

center

Fig.

is

body

force

point

necessity

In

the

when

product

the

the

force

the

When

upon

O.

about

the

the

force

of

acted

are

the

upon

perpendicular

figure,

The

907.
on,

the

F'

B\
of

and

the

moving

FORCES.

to

the

the

moment

in

drawn

force,
of

point

force

the

magnitude

called

of

bodies

chanics
Me-

O, Fig.

point
be

of

or

equilibrium

OF

any

of

branch

bodies

these

MOMENTS

906.

rest

static

forces

the

that

as

at

when

velocity,

resultant

of

treats

defined

be

may

see

if

that

connection,

would

point
The

tend

T, midway
moment

to

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

274

of

the

to

product

distance

of

the

wrench
of

against

of

the

tico

the

An

in

wrench

act

two

parallel

sides

The

of

which
the

the

whole
In

the

that

be

being
If

their

applied

to

IF, Fig.
of

center

of

127,

gravity

it

is that

is the

point

parallel

of

point

at

which

at

its

by

the

body.

the

distance

of

center

In

finding
that

the

the

of

center

if

bodies,

gravity

they

of

gravity.

two

bodies

of

be

will

be

C.

at

known

The

body

considered

are

centers

of

weights,
C

point

be

may

readily determined,
follows

of

W
the

moment

C\

or,

is known,

distance

weights
each
of

equal

must

of
in

moment

about

about

other

words.

127.

Wx
If the

the

the

other,

the

as

balance

to

are

as

moments

since

then,

Take

center

Fig.

concentrated.

as

described

moved,

of

their

at

be

is taken.

system

connected
and

definition

The

!"

body

or

path

has

moved

has

gravity

and

or

opposite, directions,

be considered

the

as

F^

would

couple

opposite

of

line

body

perpendicular

GRAVITY.

may

the

taken

equal

nut.

gravity

body

the

is

figure equals

of

two

balanced^

body,

distance
of

be

of

always

91
may

weight

is

center

of

may

moving

gravity

as

body

the

OF

center

into

parallel, but

CENTER

910.

and

same,

the

example
Here,

the

in

couple

nut.

the

equal forces

the

B.

to

always

forces.

of

by A

applied

sides

one

moment

multiplied

is

point

any

between

Thus,
F'

about

couple

the

between

it is very

easy

to

of

centers

find

and

IV

gravity
C

W,

of

For

IV

Ctt'.
and

Elementary

Let

bodies

the

distance

IV

between

the

short

the

weight

IV

weight

of

large body.

"'/,

Example.

In

"

127,

a/

(20.)
^

of both

10

of

centers

Applying

"

their

gravity

Solution.

'

is

gravity

bodies

situated

formula

20,
10

of

center

is

the

9 inches

of

larger

30+10

w^

is

gravity

where

36
=

W^-

inches;

the

CW^h^
the

86

and

pounds,

jr=30

pounds,

wl

from

inches

the

center

the

Ans.

body.
The

general

then,

is

of

gravity
of bodies

apart

of

finding

the

resultant

of

several

W^

128,

at

and

Cj.

of

extend

of
the

W^

this

ity
grav-

bodies,
in

Fig.
Pig.

smaller

two

ing
is, by find-

center

two

to

the

applying
of

of

eights of

arm

CW

joy.

is,

body by

bodies, and

are

principle

the

easy

%v

two

their

gravity

that

the

the

the

tances
dis-

the

forces;

of

of

their

the

by

weight

ber
num-

any
when

of

the

short

center

and

known,

very

the

finding

centers

of

sum

now

of the

finding

centers

the

the

by

It

912*

weights

Multiply

between

product

for

method

follows

as

distance

this

as

moments

^*^'Aor

7t')A

\V-\-w

Fig.

between

hence,

the

tt'/j
; whence,

.Jf

of

taking

have,

"'/"

(jy+

l^

center

/,, we

7t'(/" /,)

"7, +

distance

body

point C,
jr/,

of

the

small

^"'(7=/"

since

the

about

CIV

arm

of

Then,

the

of

centers

/,

the

2t5

mechanics.

divide

bodies,

principle,

to

276

ELEMENTARY

Assume
C

find

and

the

of

weight

the

that

MECHANICS.

of

center

both

is concentrated

bodies
of

gravity

this

at

combined

weight

C^

at

of

and
of

gravity

of

be

to

C^

at

combined

the

CJ

at

gravity

W^

W^

and

the

four

of

weights
be

to

C,

at

Cy Fig.

draw

as
^

From

one

draw

the

the

the

of

center

diagonals^ Fig. 129^

two

intersection

of

Draw

and

ivill

their
the

be

of gravity,
of

any

of

gravity

triangle,

as

tex
ver-

the

to

parallelogram

any

of

center

the

center

line

the

of

From

of
line

of

the

dle
mid-

opposite side

the other

vert

exes

to

opposite

F^
side

the
A

middle
B

also

C.

as

C,

true

that

point

the

these

point

two

lines

is the

center

Fig.

IS

of intersection^ O, of

It

W^ (concentrated

point

of

find
130

be

of

center

gravity

center

will

and

find

To

129.

To

the

bodies.

point

914*

that

fF" W^^

and

913*

FIG.

find

then,

the

of gravity.

131.

distance

A,

and

that

ELEMENTARY

found

of
of

The

the

length
of

find

the

of

uniform

parallel surfaces

the

and

combine

case

of

that

the
See

weights.
916.

Fig.

Center

the

move,

of

each

gravity

thus

found,

find

the

of

solid,
so

as

it

that

point
body

the

of
at

of

crank,

will

of

the
the

will

gravity

the

known,

were

of

their

body

free

instead

used

in

as

of

lie

Drop
its

mark
as

A^

vertical

plumb

and

Therefore,
of

gravity
it at

Fig. 132, suspend

point,

in

support.

of

center

and

In

Solid."

138.

point

freely.

move

suspension,
another

is

part

Gravity
of

center

position

weights

separately,

part

whose

figure

131.

through

drawn

divide

the

each

Fig.

line

of

shape

of

bodies

two
area

the

irregular

any

throughout,

the

to

gravity
of

centers

than

is

triangles, parallelograms,

into

of

center

the

more

except

to

and

area

of

gravity

thickness

circles, ellipses, etc., according

find

that

figure

plane

regular

any

center

of

from

back

measuring

been
middle

the

to

center.

the

but

figure,
of

of

gravity

line

have

could

line.

the

geometrical

To

and

gravity

vertex

any

side,

of

of

center

from

opposite

915*

plane

the

the

the

as

and

drawing

center

same

one

Cy

by

point
side

MECHANICS.

some

plumb

direction.

repeat

the

an

irregular

point,
line

to

from

Suspend
process.

as

/",
the
the
The

intersection
of

of

the

will

lines

two

directly

be

the

over

center

gravity.
Since

the
and

shape
in

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

278

the

the

of

center

of

weight
of

case

ring,

wholly

without

be

whose

circumference

the

depends

it may

body,

circular

of

center

gravity

of

the

the
of

center

the

upon

body,

as

is at

gravity

ring.

EQUILIBRIUM.
When

917.
it

upon

said

are

which

acts

There
and

unstabley
A

919*

of

the
of

states

be

to

or

which

act

in equilibrium.

forces

the

of

forces

is

gravity,

body.
equilibrium

Stable,

neutral.

is

body

slightly displaced
to

three

are

the

another,

one

molecule

every

all of

rest,

important

most

upon

918.

balance

to

The

is at

body

in

from

that

positio7i.

For

example,

equilibrium

position

of

its

cube,

stable

resting

cone

// tends

rest,

its

on

if

when,
to

base,

return

lum,
pendu-

etc.

If

is in

body

is raised

it is

icJien
A

920.

stable

slightly displaced
farther
For

Any

the

body

tendency

tion,
For

to

after

standing

//

rest,

tejids

to

fall

point,

body

is in

is in

neutral

the

lowers

slight,

either

being

its

upon

an

egg

etc.

however

move

example,

of

position

if

when,

equilibrium

unstable

equilibrium.
when

equilibrium
in

way^

of

center

the

direction

of

it
its

has
mo~

slightly displaced.
of

sphere

uniform

density

resting

cone

its side.

on

922.
of

of

direction

the

its end,

when

921.

its

cone

movement,

gravity

no

upon

unstable

position.

example,

balanced

in

from

that

from

of gravity

displaced.
is

body

its center

equilibrium,

is called

body

line

vertical

of

falls

line

the

of

line

within

direction

drawn

the

falls

through

the

So

direction.

base,

without

the

the

center

body
base,

will
the

long

of

gravity

as

the

stand.

body

line

When
will

fall.

teLEMENTARY

Let

B,

Fig.

970

MECHANICS.

be

133,

whose

cylinder

base

is

the

to

oblique
line

center

BOP;

and

be

the

of

this

long

('
of

center

gravity

So

let

inder.
cyl-

the

as

perpendicular

Pio.

the

cylinder

the

base,
The

will

the

will

of gravity

There

401b.

of

second

2.

Find

the

gravity

the

Solve

3.

of

lb. and

side

it

C,

and

falls

tends

ahvays

the

Ans.

of

without

seek

to

whose

its

ft.

long

and

of

its

two

80

rectangle

lb.

ft.

15,

18, and
Give

the
18

of

center

in.

the

without

long,

gravity

the

angle

pin, pivot

or

point,

The

924.
force

is

lever

used

is called

object
P

is
the

ft.

between

the

from

the

in.

18

the

from

in.

in.

16

side.

ft.

fiO lb.

weight
corners.

of

center

60-lb,
the

14,

are

sides

Ans.

and

center.

sides

whose

and

18

two

the

ft.

1.31

other

15

of

weights

joining

quadrilateral

gravity

ft., and

corners.

is

i^

weight.

of

Ans.

where

1,118

Where

center

the

first

being
5.46

in.

MACHINES.

LEVER.

bar

as

from

the

40-lb.

ft., 10

opposite

weights,
of

THE

10
the

equal

diagonal

distance

perpendicular

has

weight,

the

80-lb.

SIMPLE

923.

are

wide,

sus[)ended

( On
I

45".

from
the

sides

diagonally

are

be

to

Find

in.

weighs

between

third,

and

first

"

of

another

The

Distance

between

^^^

4.

lb.

ft. 5.434

distance

triangle

50
second

hne.

straight

third,

between
?

from

the

Supposing

the

perpendicular

rectangle,

suspended

pivot

that

graphically.

each,

gravity

and

161b.,

longer

long.

the

PRACTICE.

in

weights

is fl ft., and
of

center

60

body

FOR

three

are

:thesecond,

and

between

point.

1.

the

C? falls be-

fall.

EXAMPLBS

and

instant

the

but

stand,

cylinder

center

lowest

in.

through

in

IF

capable
Figs.

to

called

fulcrum.

be
the

of

being

i;i4,

i;i5

lifted

is

power

and

about

i;t(".

called
;

turned

and

the
the

-welsbt;

point

or

^2ftO

That

925*

the

moments

the

by

If /''be

described

moved

whose

distance

that

is

r,

the
called

same

is the

the

weight

is the
is

arm

power

be

will

radius

whose

the

be

the

proportional

this

the

be

weight
will
tance
disin

angle,

in

angle

same

this

vertical

it is

distance

the

arvi.

arm

the

From
to

the

vertical

that

of

arm.

power

the

of

sine

the

arcs

power

that

and

and

if the

that,

sine

arm,

the

Fc

weight

circle,

seen

also,

equal

mtiltiplicd by

angle,

angle
will

moves

be

rium,
equilib-

is, Px

multiplied by
of

in

must

That

center

of

center

be

c^

poiver

certain

moves

Fi.

it will

r,

the

as

/^X

or

the

the

as

b and

radius

that

the

and

arm,

shall

lever

JVx

ox

weight

taken

the

/%

words,

through

that

circle

and

weight

or

point /%

the

that

F,

the

through

through

circle

fulcrum,

or

/^ about

other

equals

arm

move

order

about
in

or,

927*

in

of

of

is

^vvei{i:lit

the

fulcrum,

moment

moment

arm

the

then,

power

the

and

power

Take

called

is

the

between

lever

the

arm.

926*

A,

the

poiw^er

or

between

part

of

part

fulcrum,

the

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

seen

through

fP

the

which

the

all

through

which

and

machines,
lever

simple

Stated
Rule

wJiich

through

in

the

VI.

it

"

form

which

the

to

of

TJie power

equals

moves

it

Px

moves.

through

be

rule,

it is

iv

which

to

as

proportional

b^

any

might

we

moves

is the

/['x
law

general

mechanism,

complicated

from

arrangement.

follows:

multiplied by
the

c"

is
moves.

This

applied
most

arm

weight

/["moves.

can

up

weight

the

distance
which

through

135.

the

writing

of

it Px

written

distance
of

and

instead

Hence,
have

moves,

power

distance

the

to

Fio.

134.

Fig.

tJie distance

eight multiplied by

the

through
distance

ELEMENTARY

Example.

of

pounds

20

Example.
in

far

how

example
IV

does

Solution.
the

lever

great

the

is

weight

inches

raised

be

can

lonjr

and

by

the
force

arm

power

inches.

48

(d)

Hence,

20

In

160

ratio

20x48=

between

last

the

(r) What

move

{a)

"

is the

What

(a)

"

last

the

how

of

end

of

arm

/rxO,

/f'r-

or

Ans.

pounds.

160

long,

feet

"

weight

the

at

Solution.

the

feet

is 4

arm

power

If

"

281

MECHANICS.

ratio

24

the

weight

weight

the

moves

between

is, the

that

and

power
if

example,

is the

1:8;

the

inches,

distances?

two

is 8

moved

times

Ans.

power.

480
24

(^) 20x

160X.r.

.r

inches,

"

distance

the

that

Jf

Ans.

moves.

(^)

24

8,

law

The

928*

the
case

of

direction

lever;
of

lengths

true

the

ratio

Thus,

in

weight

Figs.
the

represents

the

137,

power

but

Ans.

8.

the

or

straight
be

must

care

lever

the

138,

arm,

governs

distances

perpendicular
of

is 1

which

bent

the

governs

the

or

the

from

taken

which

arms,

lever

mine
deter-

to

in

are

fulcrum

to

also

every

the

line

poiver.
130,
and

and

140,

b the

in

weight

each

case

arm.

./A
-p^

a
Pig.

Pig.

929*
a

series

Tlie

of

187.

Fig.

189.

Compound

single

138.

FIG.

levers

Lever.

arranged

"

A
in

140.

compound
such

lever
manner

is
that

BLEMENTARY

282

when

Fig.
when

power

commimicated
third

lever

The
acts

the

as

of

by

levers

of

if

Hence,

IT end

the

which

[4

K64
-H?^

24^

"

it

the

it will
this

lever

be

the

to

raise

could

weight

which

acts

the

as

how

this
power

single

many

equals

the

inch,

an

18^-^6^'
18"^-^
1^-

by

weight

moves.

that

'30^
'3(y

inches,

say,

know

ratio

the

18^

H+

f""

the

lever,

we

6"^

JTw

it

which

of

multiplied

power

moves

end

of

moves

first

the

through

the

from

matter

other,

every

move

we

lever.

compound
in

that

seen

W.

lever

no

on,

be

at

weight

and

to

on.

will

P^

at

second

so

distance

the

by

the

so

lever

the

second,

and

through

multiplied

of

power

the

and

first

the

communicated

It

lever

raise

of

as

case,

distance

and

the

is

third,

the

to

thus

it

lever.

second

and

the

up

this

the

the

lever,

make

In

to

means

third

the

applied

power

raise

could

is

which

weight

the

to

compound

P^

at

first

the

to

this

from

shows

141
a

applied

and

second,

the

is

force

MECHANICS.

5^

Fig.

/^and

between

is,

that
balance

pounds

200

lever

obtained

from

power
each

weight

{(i)how
pounds

great
Wl

the

of

lengths

would

lengths
lever

the

and

at

4;

arms

readily

be

may

of

rule:

product

contimied

If, in Fig. 141, the

inches,

at

the

pounds

10

and

and

the power

of

product

the

of

each

zveight and

arm.

"

30

the

contimied

eqiials

arm

Example.
and

The

"

between

measuring

between

following

the

VII.

Rule

If

ratio

the

known,

are

that

without

arms.

ratio

the

as

hence,
IF,

at

141.

same

and,

20,

to

different

the

IF is the

weight

and
a

force

be

/^ X

24

18

F=

applied

is the

(J?)What

Solution."

arms

must

arms

power

at

ratio

30

inches,
the

1,000 x

end

6 X

6 X

P
Wl

and

18,

648,000
"

^^

50

1,000

^n
^^

^ii

A
Ans.

^
pounds.

(.on

20,

or

JV=

20.

18

inches,

and

18

inches,

to

raise

inches,

inches,

free

between

24

F=

Ans.

1,000

ELEMENTARY

MECHANICS.

THE

The

930.

different

^"rtiBel

about

before,

proportional

weight
It

is

not

in

the

the

windlass,
to

distance

line

of

sponds

to

Example.
axis

drum

pounds

considered

the
the

"

of

is 8

the

of

If

drum,

inches,

the

cylinder

power

/*x

the

wheel

be

Fig.

used;

an

arm.

is

ter
cen-

the

of

the

300

dn

wheel.

between

force

18

and

b.

143,
will

is
be

the
18

and

inches,

required

line

at

the
to

Solution,"

distances

and

distance

what

these

tance
dis-

crank,
the

of

in

is

force

crank-handle

the

it

with

between

radius

moves

as

:is

if

the

143,

Then,

142.

since

turn

revolve

to

handle

the

I'

they

of

anything"

weight

Fig,

the

the

hoist

to

Fig.

the

entire

an

or

be

of

cylindfrs

two

that

so

it

and,

ITx

Consequently,

desired

applied

Fc=
that

may

which

radii

causes

power

wheel.

and

/'x

of

in

as

moves;

the

radius,

circle,

it

necessary

projection,
which

axis,

through

to

cylinder,

consists

connected,

common

which

through

AXLE.

axle

rigidly

distance

ANI"

and

diameters,

together

are

WHEEL

a8;t

or/'
-y.

50.

Ann.

of

the

handle

diameter
raise

a:

of
load

of

the
aOO

"ZSi

ELEMENTARY

931.
as

in

Fig.

such

of
and

the
the

to

the

of

radii

E,

train

and

in

is

axles,
train

called

the

imparts

tu

shaft,

another

on

which

of

is, the

driven

the

inches;

the

and

driven

the

the

product

equals
drum

axle
lever

simple

continued

zvhee/s

of

wheel

the

that

radius

the

ilic

24

wheel

wheel

that

seen

that
the

nf

%veii;ht.

ExAML"LK.-If
and

hi;

lever;

radii

the

wheel

gearing,

or

the

will

relation

comp'iuiid

wheels

motion

driver.

It

932.

from

belt

followrer

the

of
The

train.

imparted
as

or

is called

and

is

means

wbeel

combination

"

is called

144,

motion

same

Wheel^vork.

which

by

MECHANICS.

does

of

the

poiK'tr

product
the

moves

the

to

the

continued

the

that

bears

ivei^ht,

drivers.

r;idiusof
if

tho

iliL- wheel.-!
radius

of

the

of

is30inches,
drum

'\" A

C,

15

inciies,

inches,
of

the

pinion
will

force

of

pound

Hence,

933*

inch.

fFone
made

itself

gain

in power

the

or

fFwere

/'would

have

is

It

is

last

loss

and

4,

ff^ would

-^

;r=

or

force

block.

936"

fixed

not

movable,

if the

weight
other

end

the

move

is

\)i) inches

in

second.

one

machine.

any

on

in

the

JT

cord

In

this

of

the

pulley

case,

J\

evidently

that/*

moves

\V,

equal

in

Fig.
the

weight

of

the

little

cord

One

146.

is

being

end

of

the

drawn

say

will
1

by

up

show

foot,

is fastened

cord

the

application

of

if

that

Jf^will

to

pulley,

the

the

is

block

whose

one

from

suspended

consideration

distance,

is

pulley

the

transmit

to

axle

down

will

upwards

/^must

which

over

block

whose

one

pulling

by

axle,

an

order

supports

Fig.

movable

initial

Fig.

937.

is

band.

or

145.

hence,

the

entire

inch

1
to

passed

in

the

there
in

the

turning

is

distance

same

downwards;

wheel

lifted

of

has

PULLEY.

pulley

TFbe

law

ichencver

move

applied

which

as

raise

to

great

increase

only

cord, chain,

frame

the

certain

UO

would

inches

iM)

move

that,

to

were

be

band

the

The

is called

is

or

through

935*

and

--^

inch,

one

another

is

move

may

pulley

cord, chain,

as

weight

speed.

THE

934.

to

that

if P

example,

raised

corresponding

in

principle

same

the

that

clear

now

ivithout

second,

one

is

W^

if

manifest,

there

force,

great

also,

inches,

90

move

The

how

Ans.

pounds.

in

raise

at

/?, 4 inches,

pinion

the

1x20x15x24

Solution."

In

of

and

inches,

D,

*^^.'"

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

move

moves

through

145.

movable,

the

beam,

other
a

force

end
J\

through
that
7/^?//"

ELEMENTARY

16^

distance,
2

pounds

inches

or

at

IV,

Fir,.

The

passed

were

fixed

the

acts,

so

cord

will

938*

over

be

free

in

as

end

Fig.

of

pound

pounds

hung

weight
2

three

and

the

of the

would
up

slack

in

six

feet

have

this

Hence,
at

of

W^

to

slack,

or

since

the

through
multiplied
moves.

three

Pmovessix

It
movable

poivcr
it

the

distance

by
will

also

be

in

pulleys,

parts

that
that

of
P

to

take

asfaras

W.

through

and

maining
/^re-

would

order

equals

noticed

hence,

six

support

moves

foot,

multiplied

which

parts

Therefore,

times

7^ will

at

six

there

the

to

found.

end
1

all.

feet

move

pound

free

of

in

pulleys,

are

lifted

each

there

JT, owing

there

position,

the

Fig.

case

readily

same

of

in

fixed

be

the

or

this

block

in

rope,

In

the

counting

not

shown

of

that

which

pulley.

as

is

case

end

movable

P^

cord

the

which

free

movement

noticed

lift

will

in

three

of

movable

1 foot

the

of

be

rope,

the

be

and

movement

will

It

the

used.

amount

certain

the

pulleys,

movable

in

147,

on

from

sometimes

is

are

if

hung

of

combination

of

direction

the

changes

merely

at

147.

148.

pound

if the

true

fixed pulley

148,

Fig.

of

Fig.

also

balance
A

pull

146.

pulley
that

hence,

would

same

MECHANICS.

pounds
the

by
the

tance
dis-

weight
it

which
there
3x2

are

6.

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

VIII.

Rule

load

load

the

free end

the

on

The

above

side, as

in

the

arranged

as

Example.

great

"

force

pounds

in

the

In

*"-

Py

Z",

block

end

movable

of

the

side

by

they

are

pulleys,

how

raise

to

rope

1,250

It will

by

"

-F

the

on

between

this

turns,

point

to

When

other

point

the

equal

the

and

/ will

move

10,

called
force

be

ferential
dif-

applied

the

B,
W

weight

one-half

to

of

the

winding

represented
J^

is

/i" O

A'

the

arc

to

move

up
up

/",

to

to

and

the

will

radii

the

which
be

point

through

/', a

D.

is fastened

of the

down

A, through
E

of

length

angle;

same

arc

move

distance

the

to

down

will

the

1%

by /v,

pulled

pulley

difference

will

pulley

the

pulley /", which

moves

side

be

when

the

is 1

large pulley

amount

the

through

turn

angle,

being

W^

to

10

B.

on

on

/",

to

the

equal

then,

r;

down

pulley,

if

that

smaller

the

of

/*

arrangement

seen

on

up

the

certain

point
will

wind

of

of

parts

balance

will

end

ratio

the

an

be

point

the

free

the

on

10

are

Ans.

is shown

149

there

pulleys,

therefore,

pounds.

radius

difference

The

free

the

to

pound

amount

point

arc

the

the

as

are

whether

or

five

having-

unwinding

/?

through

/i,

tackle

and

between

the
of

Any

supporting

rope

pulleys

tackle^

them,

movable

an

and

Let

the

and

movable

from

C is

move

will

unwind

difference

to

the

pull

chain

since

and

whether

are

Fig.

to

as

so

and

on

great

as

the

of

balance

end.

free

block

will

times

parts

are

there

125

In

or

will

the

applied

be

pulley.

and

many

and

movable

the

939*

A^

as

end

free

figure.

Since

"

on

rope

block

good,

block

supporting

pounds

at

the

tinuous
con-

one

rope

and

on

ordinary

must

Solution.
the

is

law

of pulleys where

load

there

as

countifig

not

"

movable

the

on

combination

any

is used

rope

weight

In

"

2S7

the

distance

portional
pro-

and

r.

//

fig.

on

same

distance

equal

to

the

149.

to//'.

length

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

288

of

the

to

;;/',thus

arc

and

Z,

will

distances

which

through
E

arc

and

vi'

difference betiveen

D,

and

The

will

R.
"

%PR

R-r

W^X

PxR,oT

If

/?

"

raised

R-r'

at

force

and

inches,

with

IV

of

JV

"

50

2PR

Solution.

pounds

making
Three
I.

cases

When

can

Ans.

pounds.

6i

PLANE.

INCLINED

is

plane

with

the

1,400

in

or

flat

surface,

inclined

plane:

line.
with

practice
parallel

acts

power

slope

horizontal

arise

may

weight

2x50x7

inclined

angle

an

much

/* ?

at

THE

An

how

6^ inches,

R--r

940.

(21.)

2
Example.

be

F^or

be

the

between

R-r
E

Hence,

the

one-half

ratio

move

distance

same

raised

be

to

KL

arc

"

the

through

weight

the

causing

fall

the
the

to

plane,

in

as

Fig.

150.

IL

When

the

parallel

acts

power

the

to

base,

in

as

Fig.

151.

to

III.

When

the

base,

as

in

I.

In

Fig.

Case

"

and

power

the

distance

Fig.

equal

to

relation

150, the

angle

an

is

easily

/;,or

the

existing
The

found.
of

height

plane,

lbs.

of

the

descends

by
length
P

4:0,or

the
b

^0
"

of

the

feet, and

the

will

height

pound

at

inclined

height
balance

/;
2

=:

plane.

the

power

the

length

inclined
the

plane.
c

length

inclined

the

equals

150.

equal

the

or

uniltiplicd by
of

plane,

distance

/;,

to

ascends

power

Therefore,

Fig.

or

the

inclined

the

through

between

weight

the

while

the

to

152.

weight

the

at

acts

power

20

plane
plied
multi-

weight

if the

Hence,
feet, W

pounds

at

W^

20
~

ELEMENTARY

II.

Case

In

"

the

to

MECHANICS.

Fig. 151,
for

base

the

is

power

position

any

2S0

supposed

of

U\

to

the

shifted

down;

while

JV

from

d^ or

to

height

the

of

axis

Pig.

base
W

If

the

will

balance

Case

152

rule

the

to

be

can

of

ratio

The

For

wards,
down-

position
of

the

triangle

by

plane
pull
is

A
the

body

to

at

an
a

kk;.

of

"

and

the

marked

are

by

of

weight

the

reslinj^

the
the

; the

cut

rope
in

be

must

pounds,

120

find

to

shown

of

150

resolution

of

on

means

J-F weighs

required

//'is

body

the

what

principle

the

plane

the

find

against

convenient

pound

W,

at

dimensions

Suppose

vertical,

plained
ex-

Fig. 158,

up

to

Solution.
ab

be

affords

In

It is also
exerts

40, and

lelogram
paral-

of

By whose

plane.

the

means
or

it

"

required

the

of

height

every

illustration

Example.

base.

be

means

as

splendid

base,

power

will

case

example,

Px

the

the

to

the

forces.

of

This

and

of

length

length of

feet,

20

pulley, equal

parallel

Px

is 40

feet, Wx

must

Why

of

fie

the

to

given.

for

determined

pla

will

Fig.

the

weight

the

acts

power

base

pounds

III."

no

the

is 20

plane

the

inclined

of

length

inclined
P

the

of the

to

when

Hence,

c.

height of

151.

clined
in-

relative
lib.

the

the

distance

is

level

through

plane,
move

bein^

and

up

moving
c

allel
par-

pulley

therefore,

act

and

that

perpendicular

of forces.

on

inclined

an

weight

to

acts

pulley fi.

and

order

to

It

start

//

is

ed.
neglect-

friction

'up

which

pressure

plane.

Through
make

scale,

ix)int

the
it

say

of
60

such

a,
a

pounds

the

center

length
=

as

inch.

of
to

gravity

of
120

represent

Drawing

//', draw

pounds
and

ch,

290

parallel

respectively,

of

magnitude

the
order

to

exerts

parallel

to

in

of P;

weight
with

the

ac.

To

in

acting

as

direction,

of from

ad

treat

of
i. e.,

de

for

reason

which

which

words,

To

determine

both

by

force

(=

the

e)

perpendicular
Since

ca

/"

acts

Consequently,
to

bf perpendicular
occupies

the

to

60

value

53.4

pounds.

between

The

position

the

in

plane

shown

af

that
force

the

by

:=

and

parallel

are

to

60

B.
the

oi

Thus,

acts

plane

the

to

is

de,

when

the

hence,

the

plane

is 1.39"

and

also

been

pull

de

^y" equal

the

cf

and

have

since

and

Ans.

must

ae

the

dotted

pounds.

equal,
and

might

which
A

83.4

and

Making

length

Sincere

against

against

it will

plane,

the

gravity.

pressure

pressure

it, its

Measuring

parallel,

de.

measured

ae,

Ans.

to

are

b and

shown.

it follows

due

actual

P.

against

pressure

i", the

of

the

7?, they

153.

line

The

plane.

pressure

to

direction

the

the

give

is 1.39

ad

equal,

Fig.

other

the

to

as

equal.

parallel

sult
re-

perpendicular

parallel

; in

equals

and

of

perpendicular

pressure
and

d,

.89

difference

represents

could
one

to

direction

the

were

it

perpendicular

given
b

The

b, will

the

opposite

\i

"

stead
d, in-

e.

avoid

as

^z^

that

rope

perpendicular

hence,

ill the

to

to

scale

noticed

the
to

parallel

want

is .89"

t' are

in

\.o

nent
compo-

that

wish

same

length

were

components,

be
we

we

the

be

it

is

into

would

/*must

Now,

c.

acting

this

to

stead
in-

perpendicular

resolved

to

to

perpendicular

drawn
be

perpendicular

of

were

rope

indicate

but

r,

ato

force

the

draw

to

though

3.s

of

the

angle

equal

weight

If

plane.

the

which

force

the

the

an

be

not

balance

to

Bin

to

opposite

the

down

body

makes

the

from

or

the

be

represents

parallel

exerted

i. e.,

"

plane,

the

to

must

represent

since

parallel

which

equilibrium

/'will

what

in

would

ac

plane,

be, draw

the

but.

find

force

pulling

B,

perpendicular

and

body

the

put

gravity

it

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

on

suppose
lines.

found
the

Then,

also
and

by drawing

rope
that

are

parallel

be

acts,
the

and

weight

drawing

ag

parallel

aV,

to

perpendicular
its

ag,

gb,
W

its

of

pressure
is

length

is

length

the

represents

it^

.79"

1.65";

2fil

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

the

[('

body

hence,

/"

hence,

the

"if

weight

.79

against
8"

plane.

4~'l

b represents

and
the

P,

perpiendicular

Measuring

pounds.

Measuring

pressure

pounds.

the

1.65

60

*ik%
'"''""''

941.
The

The

Wedce."
is

ivedse

inclined
for

plane,

moving

short

movable

and

is

body

of

in

Simultaneous
the

wedges

are

heavy

Fig.

154.

blows

wedges,
the

common

moving

is shown

used

weight

great

distance.

method

of

thus
same

of

force

equal

the

raising
as

for

struck

are

\V.

weight
II

Case

of

the

on

laws

The

inclined

the

heads
for

plane.

942.
is

with

cylinder

spiral

winding

groove

around

its circumference.
This

called

the

the

33-

The

vanced

in

nut

the

end

by

in

of

of

of

revolution

fipial

amount
be
the

and

fixed,
end

of
:d

to

the

lo
a

the

the

pitch

the

one

one

If

be
as

distance

revolution

at

the
an

the

nut

placed
shown,

plete
com-

handle,

pitch.

screw,

by

in

lengthwise

weight

vertically

screw.

applied

For

advanced

11 be

the

is turned

P.

handle

the

the

force

of

turn

is called

155

of

means

ad-

or

one

screw

Fig.

tance
dis-

thread

back

pitch
"

the

drawn

the

of

thread

that

iJ*

is

spiral

screw.

is

upon

it will

equal
of

the

screw.

During

through

'\%PF,

revolution

this

distance

equal
JJ^X

Hence,

the

the

to

at

thread

7^ X

will

move

radius

whose

circumference,

of

pitch

force

circumference

7^.

of

Single-threaded

943*

classified

generally

are

in

of

inch

the

their

number

has

is

inch

per

^^'

the

such
the

equals

threads

threads
one

cases,

pitch
is

\' ;

pitch
have

they

inch

divided

the

pitch

thus,

inch

of

one

by
of

threads

32

etc.
^

Example.

inch.

per
from

inches

the

Solution.
force

of

of

inches.

pounds.

Ans.

weight

applied

the

28

17,593

;f^=

force

Diameter

raise

to

The

center

"

14

is desired

It

"

threads

screw

ratio

The

944.

how

which

distance

the

of

movement

the

if the

Thus,
moving

If

945.

ratio.

velocity
8.7

P,

X
Note.

"

since
In

all

fast

raise
If

the

y.

of

the

the

by

3.1416,

or

the

the

ratio

velocity

of

1,

to

the

ratio.

while

is 12

to

moves

account

on

inches

12

power

the

12;

or

is

weight
that

is,

W.

as

ratio

is

known,

equals

the

power

ratio

is

velocity

can

that
moves

moving

velocity
as

the

machine

any

the

distance

is called
is

through
28

14

raised

be

can

of

RATIO.

weight

power

times

12

moves

the

power

inch,

the

40

distance

passed

PK

having

screw

at

weight

circumference

the

of

means

great

Therefore.

of

by

forty pounds

is

VELOCITY

y^

of

inch

per

than

less

number

In

length.

of

screws

by

threads

of

that

screw

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

20-2

velocity

l=Px

the

weight

which

multiplied

8.7

to

1,

by

8.7,

or

the

W
"

8.7.

preceding

including

cases,

the

last, friction

has

neglected.

been

FRICTION.

946.
surface

the

tween

on

The

947.
of

is the

Friction

body
the

due

resistance

which

it

ratio

between

to

surfaces

friction

that

body

from

meets

moves.

and

is called

the
the
the

resistance

to

perpcjidicular
coefficient

of

the

motion

pressure
friction.

be

BLEMiSNtARY

If

IV,

weight

and

plane,
from

which

cient

to

has
a

The

IV,

ratio

the

H'is

the

to

rests

293

passing

suspended,

then,

to

Pto

of

fF,

surface

the

if /Ms

just

sufli-

upon.
/Ms

and

pressure,

the

motion

of

coefficient

of

the

to

a,

tXii^cocffictcnt

jpr,

resistance

the

pulley

it slides

perpendicular

overcome

over

is

or

horizontal

upon

it

JTand

between

necessary

fFdue

fastened

Pis

weight

force

Fig. 150,

weight

start

of friction

in

as

cord

MECHANICS.

friction.

to

100

lbs.
W

lbs.

10

Fig.

If

W=

pounds

100

and

156.

10

the

pounds,
P

friction

for

948.

this

Laws

I.

II.
contact

of

Friction

is

Friction
when

would

case

is

tivo

-.

1.

=
.

100

"

in

surfaces

independent

total

10
=

-rr?

directly proportional
the

the

be

\V

Friction

between

pressure

in

particular
^

of

the

perpendicular

to

the

lar
perpendicu-

contact.

of

extent

the

surfaces

remains

pressure

the

same.

III.

Friction

increases

IV.

Friction

is greater

7naterial

tha?t

V.

Friction

VI.

Friction

hard
VII.

VIII.
the

between

with

those

betiveen

roughness

of

of

surfaces

the

the

faces,
sur-

same

of different materials.

is greatest
is

the

greater

the

at

beginning

betiveen

soft

of motion.
bodies

than

tween
be-

ones.

Rolling friction
Friction

surfaces.

is less

is diminished

than

sliding friction.

by polishing

or

lubricating

294

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

I shows

Law

after

begin

they

friction

the

why

thus

expand,

the

journal

to

the

journal

and

its

much

so

than

heat

to

is

before.

increasing

bearing,

greater
heat

The

the

nals
jour-

on

causes

between

pressure

increasing

and, consequently,

the

friction.
Law

II

which

be

surfaces
but

friction,

used

are

will

the

be

the

surface

may

not

sure
pres-

Therefore,

same.

reduce

to

diminish

and

wear

the

perpendicular

possible

where
the

reduce

to

small

if

another,

friction

the

same,

how

matter

no

against

presses

is the

large

that,

states

the

the

liability

of

heating.
For

its

and

journal
of

if

instance,

is

friction

the

perpendicular
is 10,000

bearing

.2,

the

of

amount

between

pressure
and

pounds,

the

is 10,000

friction

coefficient
.2

2,000

pounds.

is
each

80

the
but
1()0
wear

inch

the

friction

of

would

12^ pounds,
and

liability

just
to

had
same

inch

one-half

heat

be

OF

COEFFICIENTS
TABLE

-f-

"

of
of

80

==

25

160

that

square

is, 2,000

as

before,
as

nal
jourfor

pounds.

been

one-half

the

friction

have

much

FRICTION.

17.

surface

been

would
as

would

the
amount

is 2,000

the

been
square

per

the

surface

the

have

of

area

then,

bearing

of

area

friction

the

the

inches;

square

square

If half

one-half

that

Suppose

great

inches,
pounds;
2,000
and
also.

-^

the

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

205

EFFICIENCY.

949"

force

an

equal

overcome

ratio

ratio

was

raise

that

raise

pounds
would

raise

raised

500

no

friction,

an

application

always

the

by

pounds

velocity

whose

velocity
of

pounds

100

machine

the

it would

the

or

is

take

force,

lent
equivaof

pounds

110

That

that

weight

have

we

is, 500

pounds

110

it

resistance,

for

550

110

neglected,

were

f rictional

the

to

therefore,

.91.

of

in

then

force,

but, owing

machine

friction

pounds,

550

-^

two

divided

illustration, friction

above

is

or

pounds.

500

the

If, in

weight,

machine,

any

resistance^

or

the

of

pounds

10

in

raise

to

pounds.

500

suppose

to

by

of

weight

to

the

were

would,

Now,

resistance

weight

if there

Thus,

required

ftiachine.

the

of

force

this

than

greater

is

which

The

ratio

the

.01

only

between

1.

550

This

950.
the
the

force

applied

V=
IV

the

multiplied

by

of

efficiency
Let

between

ratio

force

the

velocity

the

weight

applied

the
a

velocity

ratio

of

1,626

weight
Solution."

of

machine

of

called

is

machine

the

machine;

resistance

equivalent

^.
a

(22.)

combination
A

is 9.75.
is the

what

t^

machine.

the

whole

the

the

lifted, or

having

pounds;

ratio

velocity

and

efficiency

In

"

of

actually

Then,
Example.

to

ratio

overcome

the

raised

actually

macliiiie.

tlie

the

the

weight

force

efficiency

oJ^'^^a

of

-^^'l'

and

pulleys

gears,

of

250

pounds

just

of

the

machine

"^

^^-"^^

lifts

^^^'

^-

r^K

Since
follows

for

"

of

load

Solution.

"

3,000
E

Hence,

F=:

"^
.oo

will

efficiency

pulley

block

with

or

what

pounds;

-pttf^

friction

of

amount

the

that

Example.

88^

total

the

.38

also

varies

power

for

vary

velocity

ratio

is

with

of

different
7 has

required

=
^

QQA
"

=-

'

1,128

pounds,

nearly.

the

Ans.

to

an

load,

it

loads.

efficiency

start

the

of

load?

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

200

FOR

EXAMPLES

1.

is

wedge

pulls

which

screw,

5 threads

has
be

of

height

vertically by

horizontally

being

Ans.
If the

2.

distance
is

pounds

135

fulcrum

applied

fulcrum

the

to

lever

is

weight

the

to

from

is

feet, and

1^ inches,

point

the

to

how

great

is desired

It

having

tackle

applied

be

situated

raise

to

It

5.

is

the

load

and

of

of

and
4

D,

raise

In

of

In

example

force

will

4,
be

of

; what

force

which

has

force

what

of

be

plane

the

wheel

is 32

drum

7^ is 10
If

of

inches,

moves

force

be

must

the

be

What

taken
will

22j^

as

be

the

is

motion

Mere

overcomes

The

952.
one

foot,

this
of

amount

wagon

is

work
and

called

the

equal

to

contents,

inches,
f in.
P

to

30

lb.

at

lifted,

\ 30-5

resistance

lb.

82^^, nearly.

continually

one

his

horse
own

plus

pound

motion

raised
All

going
weight,
the

in

stantly
con-

work.

foot-pound.
A

standard.

pinion

load

efficiency

body

it does
is

work
one

of

if

but

resistance,
of

unit

and

by

the

the

motion.

of

work,

not

lb.

ENERGY.

overcoming

path

64

Ans.

AND

tJie

wagon

applied

?
of

lb.

long.

Ans.

great

25

Ans.

feet

friction

WORK

occurring along

sary
neces-

the

of

inches,
4

C, 18 inches,

is

to

mile

of

lb.

handle

be

one

weight

necessary

6 inches.

B,

how

the

and

feet,

the

move

necessary

Work

must

150

will

Ans.

951.

block

attached

be

rope

and

inclined

an

will

the

pounds

if

the

drum,

up

force

pinion

2,160

of

Ans.
of

end

the

120

radius

the

example,

last

the

being

weight

the

weight

8.
what

will

of

pulleys

diameter,

wagon

radius
the

of

what

the

inches;
and

inches,

7.

plane

in

means

by

lb.

4,320

Ans.

pull

to

pounds,

Fig. 144,

E, 30

far

how

the

2,816

In

6.

weight

required

height

The

free

axis

pounds

rope

the

is 5 inches
the

600

movable

two

the

example,

from

inches

15

and
of

end

drum

whose

windlass

free
last

the

of

weight

fixed

two

the

at

in

If,

4.

raise

to

the
force

the

Ans.

3.
and

from

will

weight

lift ?

of

force

distance

the

lb., nearly.

which

at

will

pounds,

inches

2.546

screw

force

1,400
14

length,

the

the

what

of

weight

and

inches,

long,

of

hleans

If

base.

inches

raise

to

its

on

is 10

handle

the

weight

handle

the

to

wedge

the

move

wedge
and

apply

to

to

the

inch

per

necessary

the

caused

PRACTICB.

up

plus

frictional

vertically
is

work
hill
the

ured
meas-

does

weight
resistance?

an

of

ELEMENTARY

reduced

to

of

height
the

hill.

the
and

wagon

is

400)

100

by S,

acts

IV

If
which

and

the

the

it is

the

of

weight

whether

it takes

in order

but,

Ii.

with
When

is

and

contrivance

The

power.

force

that

acting

student

should

will

no

be

in

sentence
or

work

pounds

be

the

by

it

is

in

minutes

do

it ;

always

the

always

pound
footof

unit

different

the

ing
mean-

meant

of

work
do

There

two.

of

whether

power
the

The

wording

show

to

any

machines.

the

as

one

of

simply

between

required

to

one

called

simple

The

time,

capacity

has

by dividing

determined

time

is

this,

of

machines

is

it, which

to

meant.

which

becomes

used

in

will

done

time

then

here

doing

occurs

minute

per

always

may

which

in

through

considered.

the

carefully distinguish

difficulty

S.

different

of

unit

motion

produce

unit

work

given

resistance

height

in

by
be

must

as

the

work

year

measures

pozvcr

previously

to

resistance

independent

dcme

This

term

is

one

the

producing

minute.

per

from

time

which

unit

for

1,200

the

the

the

work

work

considered,

the

the

(23.)

or

the

standard,

time

mviutc^

minute

l^^=

Hence,

of

amount

compare

common

//

]Vh,

one

to

(1,200 +

sistances
re-

of

height

which

then

and

body,

[^=

total

The

f fictional

overcome

byf/^

done

U=FS=
954.

pounds,

the

to

through

space

work

raised,

1,200

vertical

equal

to

necessary

by 7%

represented

is

vertical

foot-pounds.

force

If the

and

the

by

weighs

if the

then,

done

work

280,000

953*
be

the

feet,

100

horse

pounds,

1,200

pounds,

400

multiplied

if the

Thus,

contents

equal
hill

weight,

equivalent

an

2f" W

MECHANICS.

force
machine

done

the

the

in

footi.

work;

e.
,

FS
Power

in

-Fand

which
7"=

and

does,
power

.S
time

the

10,000

say,

is 10,000
machine

is

10,000

-^

-r-

10

values

minutes.

2,000

1,000

the

same

(24.)

same

of

if

foot-pounds
in

foot-pounds

per

in

work

work

in

as

Hence,

foot-pounds

does
5

the

have
in

-^,

certain
10

"

its

minutes,

minutes,

minute

23,

machine

if

minute;

per
5

formula

its

just

other
an-

power

twice

as

298

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

much.

Hence,

of

for

will

machine

second

the

chine
ma-

thereby

that

of

time

the

as

the

first

length

same

work

much

as

second

the

understand

the

twice

do

of

power

first, and

the

work

rnachines

both

that

say

that

is twice
if

we

machine.

Since

955*
lead

of

use

is very

power

the

in

which

horsepower,

the

expressing

standard

common

would

and

small,

numbers

large

very

is the

is reduced

work

of

large machines,

of

power

of

the

to

unit

the

which

to

equals

all
units

33,000

power.

One

minute,

raised

combination

minute

raised

will

the

by multiplying
which

vertically

give 33,000
in

resistance

it is overcome,

in other

minute;

per

in

foot

one

vertically 33,000 feet

that

feet through

foot-pounds

pounds

pound

or

any

in

is 33,000

it

words,

or

is 33,000

horsepower

in

minute,

one

in

foot-pounds

and

dividing

one

distance

the

by

pounds

one

the

by

time

in minutes.

Thus,
a

horsepower;

-f-

^t^
for

it

"

require
of

the

to

draw

Solution.
the
feet

is H.

resistance
hour

one

in

one

60

FS

of

hour

.3

of

load

in

-^V ^^

minute.

one

friction

of

is

is

second,

one

minute,

110

tion
abbrevia-

The

pounds
the

.3, how

pounds

10,000

3,000

the

is

air

on

horsepower

many
level

force

surface

to

necessary
One

neglected).

tance
dis-

mile

come
over-

5,280

minutes.

3,000 X
=

in

feet

P.

(resistance

Power

10,000

"

second

one

coefficient

If

mile

one

vertically

foot-pounds

horsepower

Example.
will

since

for,

33,000

raised

pounds

110

5,280
o.*^

^^r

"

foot-poundsa

aaa
264,000

"

per

mmute.

264,000
Q
8

"

Horsepower

956.

and

is

Energy
to

agent

the

brought
Kinetic

do

work.

work
to

is

energy

motion.

The

in

brought

being

H.P.^

cannot

moving
called

which
to

body
the

rest

is

to

express

the

be

done

without

motion,

of

in

is

capable

kinetic

the

means

work

Ans.

used

term

Work

that
rest

"

exactly

doing
of

energy

actual

moving

ability of

energy

body
the

is
same

capable
as

the

being

body.

the

of

an

body
of

in

doing
kinetic

ELEMENTARY

developed

energy

IV=

Let

it when

by

sufficient

height

the

of

weight

its

velocity

the

height

fall

to

the

mass

in

feet

through

vacuum

pounds;

second

per

which

through

velocity

the

produce

in

body

feet

velocity.

same

the

in

in

falling

it the

give

to

299

MECHANICS.

the

body

must

v;

IV
m

Art.

of

the

body

(See

"
.

// is

IV/i,

// is

7'

The

work

The

velocity produced

i/2~jrA7

//

and

raise

to

necessary

in

4"-

body

through

falling through
formulas

(See

work

Therefore,

IV /i =

\Vh
/;/ other

words

if

giverty the
the

half

If

work

product

of

velocity

height

and

15

16"

height

kinetic

400
=

"

"

body

its
is

of

kinetic

kinetic

the

"

z=

certain

work^

is

height

in

body.

and

it, which

has

as

,
the

JVh

to

are

one-

velocity in
body.
with

moving
is \

energy

of

would

body

work

before.

feet

20

,
done

()4.32

v^

have

to

second

per

ni

is

raisinji:

-7t^1\\400

meeting
certain

depends

upon

with

amount

the

of

kinetic

velocity

and

between

moving

witJi

is not

doing

resistance,

no

foot-

body

o^

distinction

The
is this

then,

work,

velocity^and
but

or

f""t-P"""^^"-

velocity

:"7::

"

result

same

energy

equal

moving

is

velocity

the

of

square

04.

pounds,

r'\

;//

(14.32'

this

through

400
"

2X32.10

2g

and

rest

to

which

through
a

body

pounds,

the

^''''

t'

"

energy

is G4. 32

h=

the

and

''''

gain

to

vacuum

7'"

it

second,
^

The

in

bring

is the

2^lfl"

958.

the

mass

(25.)

wciglit of
to

per

""

\mv\

weight

feet

20

"^''''=

fall

This

whose

body,

the

the

of

IV

necessary

second.

feet per

up

height

896.)

Art.

any

10"

888.)

957.

formula

energy
mass

stored
of

the

300

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

If

the

body,
kinetic

will

body

interposed
do

then

sufficient

just

work

of

amount

an

If

"

Work

Example.
second

"

; what

Wh

kinetic

100

Kinetic

"

50

has

pounds

to

its

height

of

100

feet

per

Example.

required

to

Solution.

v^

\m

be

minute,

of

100

50

100*

"

-^

7,773.63

ia

qo

v^

of

60

of

work

155,472.6

in

foot

seconds,

be

3 seconds

minute.

one

in

of

foot-pounds

second

one

in

and

work,

foot-pounds.
would

developed

horsepower

in

energy

one

in

done

2,591.21

kinetic

raised

are

would

horsepower

many

pounds

"

2,591.21

how

amount

done

number

this

=33,000

foot-pounds

would

example,

body

the

1 H.P.

"

7,773.63

The

last

the

give

of

In

"

Ans.

energy

energy

velocity

Ans.

foot-pounds.

one

equal

foot-pounds.

2,500

Wv^
Solution.

there

the

stop

25

weighing

body

is its

done

be

can

from

falls

pounds

25

weighing

body

work

much

how

Solution."

If

to

energy.

Example.

feet,

be

resistance

be

H.

P.

^0011a

Potential

959.
which

body

energy

at

is

rest

4. 7113

H.

latent

ts

Ans.

P.

energy

it is the

capable of giving

energy
certain

under

out

conditions.
If

be

stone

suspended

has

potential

energy

cut,

the

will

stone

potential
the

At

and

first

pound

When

the

and

changed

kinetic

the

ground,

kinetic

energies

the

potential
of

|,

and

the

kinetic

of

coal

has

is
into

of

burned,
kinetic
the

heat

tower,

the

string
its

during

potential

be
its

that,

so

energy,

fall

it

at

is

energy

energy.

one-half

to

its

high

If

and

kinetic

ground,

kinetic

position.

into

end

coal

energy

its

the

at

was

energy

to

change

into

quarter,

];

energy

the

to

strikes

equal

point

potential
the

it

changed

wholly

fall
will

energy

instant

due

from

string

by

the

certain
the

the

equal.

were

third

quarter,

of

amount

potential

changes

the

fall, the

At

the

and

the

end

of

kinetic

potential

the

|.

energy

in

|,

was

energy

energy

of

height

the
water

potential
is

energy
form
into

of

energy.

liberated,

heat.

steam,

The

which

has

thus

acting

certain

the

on

thus

potential

energy

of

Potentiat

which
kinetic

The

is put

in

the

kinetic

energy

ages

of

it

"

has

laid

follows

the

produce

other

that

equal

weight

the

The
in

sun,

is

energy

tial
poten-

the

millions

form
of

of

years.

BLO\i\

bloi!\'

determined

be

may

of

into

of

of
nail

the

hammer,

very

sufficiently heavy
nail

the

produced

into

wood,

hammer;

the

distance

the

equal

must

the

the

by

multiplied by

wood,

the

in

exerting,

load

striking force,

driven

with

capable

the

velocity

is 30

feet

per

second,

and
Let

that
the

the

then,

wood

movement

the

as

of

that

to

of

the

is

be

that

which

kinetic

the hammer.

of

inch.

wheels,

heat,

form.

the

changed

the

still

for

piece

must

movement

nail

pounds,

F\

into

Suppose
nail,

same

its

by

words,

the

energy

nail

force

the

to

hammer

time,

equal

of

is

clock

driving
of

force

average

If

turns

but

dormant

teaches

energy

produces

from

OP

generating

spring

which

in another

received

was

of the

air,

body,

destroyed.

friction

exists

merely

and

The

be

energy

The

thus

of

surrounding

coal

ago,

961*

in

thus

done.

be

to

motion,

FORCB

to

and

within

motion^

never

potential

the

in

energy

short

the

changing

stored

energy

work

can

friction.

into

destroyed

head

steam

through

move

energy,

of conservation

like matter,

dissipates

In

kinetic

produee

enabling

principle

producing

heat,

and

motion,

the

is the

thcn^

and

energy^

energy,

as

it to

resistance,

into

steam

The

energy.

causes

overcoming

be liberated

960.

not

engine

an

the

energy

may

thus

potential

work.

doing

into

of

piston

space,

that

of

amount

certain

3()1

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

Therefore,

F=

\
i

inch

///

28

force
=

t'' =

48

the

that
is

^^

of
of

the
a

\
=

hammer,

the

1,344

of

into
the

by

it strikes

as

weight

driven

offered

resistance

striking

since

nail

the

of

the

hammer,

be

which

wood,

'Mf

pounds.

of

an

is

the

represented

foot,
X

is

head

wood

the

the

2S,

nearly.

by

ELEMENTARY

:U)"

Had

the

value

of

This

is

pounds.
in

same

force

both

inch,

of

what

Solution.

of

-H-

its volume
D

Let

cubic

be

/)

IV

is the

Since

cubic

its

density

the

{h)

density

of

of

between

its

*NoTE.
volume
of

of

of

the

of

"

g^

is,

body

(26.)

p,.

1,350

weigh

what

pounds;

13.992.

.^

62.42

weighs

water

ratio

between

62
=

"
"

p-

pounds;
of

density

the

{a)

iron

cast

is

what

and

42
1.941

^'

"

density.

Ans.

'

and

writers

material.

.^

992
'

7.21

specific

Some
the

iron

is the

weigJit

material,

any

foot

"

of

by

{a)

The

an

divided

mass

density

.^.^'f^

foot

13

963.

the

cast

32.16x3

What

{b)

.01

-^

water

"

is its

body

"

W
Solution.

iron

of

GRAVITY.

then,

feet

iron

cubic

cold

falls

pounds,

Ans.

lb.

;;/

gl

"

400

4,000.

Example.

10

cast

Solution."/?

same,

foot.

400

of

-",

of

density

the

the

SPECIFIC

density;

Three

"

of

piece

hammer

Example.

in

as

be

may

the

feet.*

the

work

the

4,800,000

density

in

of

"^of

AND

The

which

case

weighing

compresses
force

DENSITY

962.

the

is the

^"^

^'^^

F=

second

an

2,688

or

done

through

the

drop-hammer,

inch

an

Fx

Hence,

that

feet, and

striking

.01

"

of

head

10

the

was

in

great

work

of

large,

as

the

distance

of

doubled.

If the

height

twice

since

be,

order

inch, instead

an

been

the

as

in

be

"

have

while

half

of

it should

as

only

must

Example.
from

would

Hence,

case.

force

the

cases,

is

acts

first

been

penetration

the

inch,

MECHANICS.

ratio.

gravity
the

weight

define
When

to
according
in pounds.
material

density
English

this

Ans.

of

of

as

like volume

the

measures

definition,

is

body

weight
are

is

the

the

of
of

used,

weight

the

of

ratio
water.

unit

of

density
a

cubic

ELEMENTARY

Since

964.
usual
between

the

of

the

Example.

of

foot

According

"

iron

of

the

ratio

the

as

gas

450

weighs

the

and

gas

pounds;

62.42

weighing

water

the

to

it is

water,

air.

cast

of

foot

cubic

of

volume

of

than

lighter

certain

volume

cubic

specific gravity,
Solution.

of

same

"

much

so

specific gravity,

weight

the

weight

are

gases

take

to

303

MECHANICS.

is its

what

pounds

definition,

450
Ans.

7.21.

62.42
Note.

Notice

"

example
density

of

in

body

the

to

cubical

cubic

weight
foot of

Example.
Take

How

Solution.

cubic

inches

Since

"

the

preceding

the

the

of

ratio

bodies
to

the

given

are

know

weight

the

the

of

body

that

remembering

ivater^

its

calculate

weighed,

specificgravity

of

pounds.

6. LJf2

will

specific gravity

its

it is desired

volume

much

is also

different

of

conveniently

weighs

of

that

as

body

water.

multiply
like

water

"

be

and

of

if

hence,

cannot

contents^

the

by

that

body

density of

same

of

specific gravities

printed tables;

of

is the

answer

specific gravity

the

The

965*

this

that

hence,

3,214

inches

cubic

of

iron

cast

weigh

7.21.

as

f(H)t

cubic

of

()2.42

weighs

water

pounds,

8,214

weigh
8 214

^^
116.098

Then,
Example.

7.21

"4i X

SOLUTION.

110.098

837.067

is the

What

"

62.42

of

.26044

Ans.

pounds.

weight

7.31

pounds.

inch

cubic

of

iron

cast

Ans.

pound.

1,7(00

cubic

One

foot

39.2"

Fahrenheit

taken

in

Solution.

is the

specific gravity
.08073

of

foot
is

oxygen
1.1056

of

r=

BXAMPLBS

1.
miles

body

|"er
?

man

jumps

hour;

if he

in

from

weighs

.62479

FOR
a

but

railroad
160

of

pounds

air

1.1056,
7

at

of

temperature

value

the

usually

is 62. f) pounds.

weight

cubic

One

"

water

pounds,

62.425

calculations

What

"

distilled

pure

weighs

making

Example.

of

weighs

7 cubic

feet

.08073

pound,

with

compared

air;

nearly.

pound,

of

oxygen
and

the

hence,
Ans.

PRACTICE.

traveling

train

lb., what

is

the

kinetic
Ans.

at

the

rate

energy

19,263.68

of
of

60
his

ft. -lb.

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

304

2.

strikes

hammer

blow

and

lb.,

li

weighs

head

the

nail

with

nail

is

of

velocity

driven

in

of

load

if

minutes;

20,000

resistances

of

height

the

of

^%

are

pulled

is

lb.

load,

the

an

up

is

plane

the

is

what

the

the

ft.,

800

If

4.

gravity

specific

required

of

means

7.

the

block

600

ft.

horsepower

will

be

is

lb.

has

min.

vertically

windlass

of

lb.

drawn

the

Ans.

5.37

of

50

ft.

solid

cast

what

will

be

gravities

of

ordinary

practice.
on

its

kinetic

table

The

966.

sphere,

iron

basis

of

The

of

62.5

in

energy

gravities

substances

per
of

water

to

cubic

8^,

per

cubic

what

35

through

foot

P.

at

friction

Ans.

be

H.

surface

of

gives

likely

weights

pounds

by

1.48

being

resistance

striking

on

oz.

minutes,

horizontal

falls

is

resistances

friction

diameter,

specific

of

variety

12"

its

2.6.

what

Ans.

of

overcome

in

P.

is

9.28;

Ans.

8.

H.

what

frictional

on

coefficient

the

to

necessary

is

ft.

10

the

required

were

24,062.5

per

gravity

specific

raised

and

tackle

weighing

of

tin

horsepower

many

body

rate

lb.,

162^

11,625
and

how

26^,

being

inch

of

and

lead

cubic

weight

6.

weighs

125.62

Ans.

of

of

weight

the

long

mixture

5.

of

foot

cubic

substance

nearly.

frictional

the

Ans.

certain

the

miles

1|

and

horsepower

of

lb.,

plane

the

force

1,433

inclined

if

sec.

per

is

Ans.

3.

ft.

what

in.,

40

H.

height

11,781

the

ft.

-lb.

specific
with

met

P.

lated
calcu-

are

foot.

in

r
.

"

SERIES

OP

AND

QUESTIONS

Relating

to

will

453,

pages

section

answer

the

in

inclusive,

sections,

which

noticed

numbered

are

to

be

are

should

any

section.

op

from

sequence

in

given,
be

question

to

carefully
or

the

six

to

solve

numbers

before

any

from

into

example

heading
of

355

six
of

sections
the

studied

questions

and

divided

are

the

parenthesis,

various

283

to

Under

volume.

I.

the

questions

corresponding
this

Vol.

in

although

that,

these

of

Subjects

thk

Treated

It

EXAMPLES

those

ent
differ-

the
of

ceding
preeach

articles

attempting

occurring

to

in

"

III

A
"*

"""

ARITHMETIC
(SEE

(1)

What

is

arithmetic

(2)

What

is

(3)

What

and

is

abstract

an

(4)

Define

(5)

Write

980;

hundred,
hundred

difference

the

in

Five

eight

million,

hundred.

thousand,

thousand,

What

is

(8)

What

are

(9)

What

does

the

denominator

(10)

What

does

the

numerator

(11)

How

(12)

Is

(13)

Write

(14)

Reduce

T^,

A,

(15)

fraction

the

or

proper

of

terms

find

you

fraction

show
of

improper

an

show

value

the

mixed

three

the

fraction

fraction

and

following

fractions

to

their

lowest

Ans.

to

an

fraction

improper

terms

13^^,

and

lOf

to

nator
denomi-

whose

Ans.

7^,

i, i, i, i.

4.
Reduce

why

numbers.

MReduce

is

(16)

million,

Eighteen

one.

One

seven.

ten.

(7)

do

thousand,

four

four

thousand,

Eighty-one

million,
ten

expressions:

following

the

words:

700,004.

850,317,002;

figures

six

in

numbers

following

9,006,042;

number

concrete

numeration.

and

of

each

two.

Thirty

between

notation

thousand,

174)

to

number

Represent

Seven

six.

the

number

28,284;

605;

(6)

ARTS.

^.

fractions.

improper
Ans.

^,

Vb^,

V.

ARITHMETIC.

308

of

of

each

the

following:

Ans.

fl?

}|,V,
(18)

State

the

(19)

State

how

(20)

Reduce

mals:

value

is the

What

(17)

difference

between

reduce

to

the

and

i, I, ^y, -^^

Gi, 4i, 4^,

fraction

fraction

to

fractions

following

y^, Jy^,
2, V,.

and

mal.
deci-

decimal.

equivalent

to

deci-

r.5.

^^^,

.875.

Ans.

.15625.

.65.

.125.

Write

(21)

do

How

subtraction

following

the

and

.0108,

.0001, .000027,

(22)

in words

out

decimals

place

you

rule

for

multiplication

(24)

Give

rule

for

division

(25)

What

for

is

the

of

sum

of

of

3,290,

504,

865,403,

2,074, 81,

Ans.
709

8,304,725

(27)

i +

| +

(28)

i +

f+/v

(29)

42

(30)

An

-"

391

100,302

871,359.

300

iron

29|

How

plate

square

is

Ans.

Ans.

is divided

the

sections;
50|

the

fourth,

inches

of

sum

four

second,

and

inches,
square

into

the

inches;

many

What

Ans.

iV

are

.125,

in

the

372.

6 +

190^

.7, .089,

.4005,

62. 07938

Ans.

(33)

Add

17

thousandths,

tenths,

and

47

first

square

Ans.

Ans.

83yV

inches;

69y3^

plate

1.

||.

the

square

.000027?

927.416+8.274

8,407,336.

square

41

909

31f +

third,

(32)

and

decimals.

Ans.

(31)

131,

decimals.

what?

inches.

addition

7 ?

contains

.08,

Give

(26)

the

93.0101.

(23)

and

numbers

sq.

in.

.9, and

2.214527.

1,370.36938.
millionths.
Ans.

.217047.

300

ARITHMETIC.

The

(34)

total

and

348i,

402.3,

of

weights

four

shafting

Ans.

weight?
The

(35)
boilers

during

of

the

week's

been

made

were

revolutions

during

Find

difference

the

(a) 50,962

and

3,338;

the
have

to

12,468,
How

12,532.

test?

revolutions.

150,508

following:

the

between

hour

12,546,
the

$86.31.

12,528,

12,467,

12,558,

the

was

engine

per

Ans.

(37)

What

steam

12,444,

12,576,

12,589,

revolutions

many

of

Thursday,

$14.28;

upon

lb.

Monday,

Ans.

test

12,600,

12,610,

12,500,

On

$12.65.

their

of steam

nest

coal?

number

follows:

as

of

is

1,376.95

follows:

as

Saturday,

12-hour

the

under

Wednesday,

supply
a

showed

counter

was

run

$14.98;

During

(36)

consumed

$14.70;

Friday,

$13.87;

coal

the

week's

Tuesday,

$15.83;

cost

of

cost

310.5,

are

What

respectively.

pounds,

300.4

of

lengths

and

(d) 10,001

15,339.

i(^M7^^"^4.
I

Ans.

(^) 5,338.

(38)

(a) 70,968

32,975

(^) 100,000

98,735

i(^M^^^"^^'

Ans.

I
What

(39)
and

312yV

(40)
(a)

difference

is the

between

yV"

Ans.

229^^?
Work

out

709.63

-.8514;

(^/)l-.OOl;

and

the

examples

following

(.8721 +

(d) 1,265.
^^

and

7-^^,

^\, 5yV, 83^|.

(c)

(/;) 81.963-1.7;

(f) 872.1-

=r

18

.008); (/) (5.028 +

f (a)

-(6.704-2.38).

-.18;

.0073)

708.778:^.

{/?) 80.263.

(c)

17.82.

{d)

.999.

{e)

871.2199.

Ans.

L(/).7113.
(41)

Work

out

{a) i-.807;

(d)

What

is the

the

following:

(6) .875-f;
difference

{c) (^+
between

the

.435)
sum

of

(^-.07).

33

millionths

310

ARITHMETIC.

and

and

thousandths,

17

the

of

sum

hundredths

53

thousandths?

274

and

(a)

.068.

(^)

.5.

(r)

.45125.

Ans.

(t/)
is desired

It

(42)

light plant

1,500

to

indicated

the

482J,

increase

to

horsepower

the

what

390f,

from
in.

pumped
and

8,675

in

the

which

is the

(45)
inches,
is the

In

the

the

of

the

long.

and

high

is

made

15

inches

is 6.62

diameter

the

If
will

of

the

7; (^) 700,298

products

your
it tick

Find
.013

out,

remained

in

the
X

.107;

(3.16 -.316);

ticks

watch
one

of

for

plates,

laps,

{b)

203

{d) (107.8 +

what

ft.

is

pipe

in.

6.06

thick

How

(c) 217

17;

103

.28

in.

{a) 3,684,709.

\b)11,905,066.

{c) 1,497,517.
how

second,

every

Ans.
the

following

2.03

6.541

.203

67.

week?
of

gal.

following:

once

products

the

at

1,622

inches.

Ans.

{a)

drawn

steam

(48)

were

Ans.

{a) 526,387

times

gallons

pipe?

(4()) Find

(47)

were

Ans.
6-inch

P.

water

up

plate?
of

H.

llf

gallons

3,040

Allowing

diameter

outside

the

feet

seventh

inside

The

45

use

engine

gallons

many

contained

is

Ans.

stack

7 feet

length

it

How

in

were

day?

metal
are

if

of

4,780

7,633 gallons

in.

pumped

and

tank,

afternoon

night,

at

of

beginning

6 of

engine-room

If

310.

7,240 gallons

morning

an

gallons

tank

(44)

certain

engine.

new

Ans.
On

drawn

new

the

must

power

electric-

an

already

engines

develop?
(43)

of

capacity

adding

by

of

horsepower

310^^, and

the

.7809f;7.

many

604,800.

expressions:

(r) (2.7

31.96)

31.85)

1.742.

{a)

.001391.

{b)

83.65427.

{c)

244.56978.

{d)

143.507702.

ARITHMETIC.

An

(49)
13,246.

The
the

plus $1,875;

{d)

What

boiler
is

building

and

$1,200,

and

engine

tools

(a)

value

in

worth

are

times

much

twice

is the

value

of

whole

the

manufactory

three

worth

are

what

is the

:U1

much

as

of

as

the

the

as

building

worth

plus

building

and

tools?

plant?

Ans.

*'^^"^""'^(^;)

( (/O ":37,935.

(50)

How

of

tubes

many

boiler

if the

heating

square

foot?

(51)
per

surface

the

of

of

each

tubes,

tube

in

be

10

pounds

certain

in

area

is

30

feet,

square
in

evaporated

length

of

week

the

of
of

per

minute
of

number

the

first delivers

per

minute

second

per

and

stroke,
of

gallons

are

the

days,

the

of

per

of

of

and

at

96

strokes

fed

to

the

boilers

per

Note.

(54)

If in

"

to

there

be

number
ft.

3 pumps

by

75

strokes

stroke,

and

1^ gallons
How

many

21,022.5

remainder,

carry

(c) 29,714

by

gal.
the

decimal

Divide

(a) 962,842
(d) 406,089

following examples
places.

the

four

if the

hour?

per

Ans.

quotient

the

delivers

minute.

per

engine
day,

at

runs

third

the

minute;

lb.

1,468,800

fed

gallon

of

27,000

and

feet,

constantly

delivers

burned.

steam

Ans.

stroke,

that

hours?

10

1()0?

are

ft.

pounds

8^ hours

is 1^

sq.

and

coal

many

piston

running

engine

boilers

per

runs

water

does

J gallons

strokes

115

at

runs

the

stroke

revolutions

(53)

feet

many

in

over

pass

of

How

is .728

burned

are

Ans.

(52)

long,

()77.04

boiler,

how

of

day

feet

length

of coal

pound

per

in the

are

15|

foot

per

evaporated

are

area

hour

one

grate

water

would

in

that

foot

grate

water

each

surface

heating

3-inch

00

of

of

Ans.

square

If

having

Suppose

pounds

feet

square

the

by

by

following:
84;

{d) 39,728

by

63;

135.

108;

(a) 11,462.4048.
(d)

630.6032.

(c)

275.1296.

Ans.

(^) 3,008.0667.

312

ARITHMETIC.

Solve

(55)

the

(*) ,V-3;

-^;

35

following:

{c) ^-9;

{d) W-iV;

15} -^4f.

(a)

112.

(*)
Ans.

Solve

(56)

the

.875

.125*

(57)

Solve

the

(c)

(*) i-.5;

-i;

(0

17

(0

3f

(a)

1.75.

(*)

1.75.

(0

-S-

following:
.375

{n)

following

(a) (72

48

28

5)

(d) (80

60

50

16

Ans.

cancelation

by

-V-

(84

14)

15

6).

7 X

(70

-v-

X50

24

20).

j (^)^+-

Ans.

( (*)
Find

(58)
(-)

;r;

the

(^)

of

values

the

( (^) 37J.
87

The

inches.
find

If there
what

the

(60)

rivet

each

its

wheel

(62)
house,

rivets.

133

half
If
how

of

is

distance
the

or

as

around
distance

is

large

the

of

.75

lb.

many

days

will

1,600

bricks

to

drawing
a

load

required

the

distance

it
loads

take
a

for

day,
Ans.

to

there
12.76

ft.

engine

an

teams

and

of

diameter

build

to

times

Ans.

are

team

the

bricks

each

is

what

100

weight

3.1416

If

it.

in.

weighs

equals

across

feet,

56.5488

980,000

them,

wheel

any

2.317

rivets

What

seams,

centers

Ans.
boiler

is 166.85

Ans.

fly-wheel

the

between

inches

2}

210f

circular

diameter,

around

tKe

of

one

is.

I" X

contains

The

(61)

in

(distance

rivets
of

keg

and

pounds,

the

.75.

( {c)
boiler

cylindrical

rivets

72

are

] (d)

32

around

pitch

of

rivets)

two

distance

Ans.

88

459

(59)

following expressions:

(^)

32.

draw

being
+

days.

313

ARITHMETIC.

(63)
his

If

mechanic

are

expenses

enough

buy

to

$008

per

acres

of

28

$1,500

earns

in

year,
land

his

time

what

$133

at

for

year

he

can

The

of

fraction

the

J;

From

(65)

of

numerator

what

plus

fraction

is the

is

years.

the

value

Ans.

plus

.01

and

28,

denominator

take

.001

times

did

the

run

If

(67)

second

week

driving

the

circumference,

how

Philadelphia

which

is

miles,

354

week

next

of

revolutions

there

being

is

in

feet

5,280

(68)

How

(69)

What

inches

many
decimal

in

of

part

of

.875

foot

foot

is

in

distance

of

Ans.

of

If

gas

pipe

of
6

inches

for

coupling

inch

an

The

first

length

the

profit

If
of

fencing

in

the

$.50

The

enough

foot, how

of

up

connection

to

long.

total
Four

How

of

12

two

If the

weight

of

bolts

long

("

inches

pipe weighs
the

are
a

feet

pipe

used

required,

piece

of

of

three

pipe,

iron

lOA^

for

2^^,

be

72.6

ft.

there
tons.

boiler
are

and
per

J, 3^^^, and

will

ft.
at

22

Ans.

J of

were

and

which

pounds

water

tank

coal

long,

joints

$82.50,

engine

an

feet

87.8125

pay
of

tons

many

between

lengths

inches

long.

make

the

the

for

coal

lengths
12

Ans.

long,

(73)

of

ft.

is the

tank

inches

is the

carload

ton,

per

at

car

(72)

selling

by

$1.()5

of

made

of

into

screws

being

each

at

from

far

by

length

added

being

how

together,
?

each

together,

tank

10^^ in.

.015625

Ans.

(71)

10

of

from

inch.

an

coupled

long, J

discharged

conducted

be

water

?
rev.

inch

an

Ans.

(70)

mile

116,820

i\

make

one

Ans.

in

ft.

16

it

the

Pittsburg,

to

miles.

849

will

far

how

locomotive

and

week,

Ans.

many

from

.91)01)91).

one

?
wheel

going

the

miles,

246

in

miles

365

ran

far, lacking

as

it

train

freight

32.

.000001.

Ans.

(66)

save

acre?

an

Ans.

(04)

and

labor,

one

14

feet

feet

foot,
809.375
4

reguired

i/"

what
lb.

inches

from

314

ARITHMETIC.

which

cutting

(74)

off

and

double

finishing

How

width

same

of

horsepower

bolt

as

power

under

double

the

one

of

the

The

countershafts

feet

1()

with

9^

(7(3)

In

horsepower
minute

48.

inches,
of

feet

many

the

main

belting

steam-engine

was

the

inches,

test

48.63,
was

line

shaft

of

average

found

45.7,

8^

H.

90.3

an

to

46.32,

hour's

be

47.9,

horsepower

inches,

inches.

How

follows,

ft.

78^

the

duration,

as

P.

four

Ans.

of

feet

18

feet

20

mitting
trans-

connect

to

were

and

ditions,
con-

belts

single

of

same

capable

required

required

were

developed

What

belting

feet

22

intervals:

59.

of

lengths

64^
belts

the

is

belt

IS^^.

single

two

can

Ans.

(75)

for

transmit

can

running

when

that

much

each

to

width

certain

transmit,

as

inch

an

Ans.

many

supposing

of

y'^
?

belt

horsepower.
the

allowing

them,

cut

to

at

48.74,

10-

48.38,

Ans.

47.75

-fH.

P.

ARITHMETIC
ARTS.

(SEE

(77)

What

is

25^

(78)

What

is

1^

of

$100

(79)

What

is

^^

of

$35,000

(80)

What

per

cent,

of

50

is

(81)

What

per

cent,

of

10

is

10

(82)

Solve

the

following

{a)

Base

the

(b)

Percentage

16.96,

Amount

Ans.

$1.

Ans.

$175.

Ans.

4^.

Ans.

100^.

percentage

What

$170.54.

is

and

rate

What

8^.

is

the

=216.7025,

and

base

What

213.5.

is

the

Difference

(d)
rate

lb.

2,107

(c)
rate

Ans.

and

$2,522,

lb.

8,428

rate

base

of

175-339.)

and

201.825,

base

What

207.

is

the

(^)

7^.

(d)

212.

Ans.

{c) \\i,
{d)

per
of

15^

are

used

running,

not

the

the

of

it for

board,
How

expenses.

(85)

If

receives

engineer

37^^^

of

12i^
much

of

it for
does

number

of

salary

clothing,
he
is

save

961.38,

He
of

17^

Ans.

year?
what

used.
is

4,782.611b.

$950.

and

increase

condenser

Ans.
An

lb.

5,500

is

condenser

running?

(84)

an

or

when

day

per

is

plant

steam

when

consumption

pounds

many

is

condenser

the

over

of

consumption

the

when

day

How

coal

The

(83)

2i^.

is

the

Ans.

it

pays
for

24^
other

$441.75.
number

2,563.68.

ARITHMETIC.

316

(80)

is worth

share

f of

owns

man

manufacturing

is the

What

$1,125.

whole

worth?

property
Ans.

What

(87)

number

diminished

by

of

35^

The

cylinder

of

volume

is found

be

to

cylinder, neglecting
of

the

the

clearance

18.3

the

cylinder

in.,

cu.

clearance,
volume

in
the

and

254.5

is the

distance

The

(89)

is 10.5

(90)
greater

which

miles,

What

road.

between

volume
in.

cu.

is the

of

length

The

speed

of

than

when

running

minute

per
unloaded

the

Ans.

Reduce

(92)

Reduce

3,722

yd.

in.

10

How

seconds

many

in

weeks

Reduce

704,325

in.

cu.

Ans.

(95)

How

holding

(90)

bbl.

carload

pounds

many

(97)

10

Reduce

did

of

gallons

many

gal.
of

and

this

yd.

cu.

water

can

to

Reduce

25,390

])t.

What

7 in. ?

is the

sum

of

yd.

in.

?
sec.

10

ft.

cu.

be

549
into

put

tank

gal.

136f
lb.

75

cwt.

in.

cu.

How
lb.

32,875

denominations.
12

T.

13

cwt.

90

lb.

denominations.

Ans.

(99)

ft.

Ans.

higher

to

in.

3,326,400

higher

to

T.

10

Ans.

(98)

178

yd.

cu.

weighed

lb.

Ans.

Ans.

amount

25,390

minute.

days

3.5

qt.

coal

to

10

running

per

yd.

103

Ans.

(94)

1|^

tions
revolu-

its speed

Ans.

(93)

miles.

denominations.

higher

to

the

was

298

inches.

of

132

it made

revolutions

to

road
rail-

length

unloaded

was

302.47

ft.

in.

what

load,

certain

Ans.

If

centage
per-

7.2^, nearly.

entire

running

the

on

loaded.

the

the

road

engine

an

with

(91)

of

is 12^^

of

What

clearance

stations

two

7,400.

steam-engine

Ans.

ft.

equals

Ans.

(88)

$5,000.

itself

4,810?

his

of

plant. 30^

100

bbl.

2 ft. 3 in. ; 4

yd.

Ans,

gal.

24

1 ft. 9

yd.

qt.
in. ;

7 in.

317

ARITHMETIC.

(100)
4

gal.

What

8 qt.

is the

gal.

3 qt.

pt.

From

(101)

of

sum

yd.

52

ft. 9 in.

Ans.

16

115

ft.

take

Ans.

(102)

From

gal.

10

pt., and

qt.

remained

much

(103)

rails

(105)

How

is 17

in.

ft. 3

placed

end

to

end

pt. by

4.7.

qt.

is

sold

railroad

track

miles

23

879

ft.

long,

long

lengths

and

The

main

each

15

piece

one

spaced

of

hangers

times

the

6^ in.,

have
from

distance

one

find

if it is

pitch

each

end

the

distance

the

length

should
a

If

of

ft. 8

there

1:J^in.,

of the

in

is 18
of

f in.

fly-wheel

ft.

29

ft.

\\\

in.,

llj

What

is the

second

the

Ans.

{b)

What

is the

third

{c)

What

is the

fourth

of

power
power
power

of
of

108

rivets

to

be

181

1^

27.61

?
?

{a) 11,664.
Ans.

to

in.

rivets.

181.25

in.

how

(109)

{a)

is

longitudinal

rivets

the

ft.

17

the

end

two

each

at

approximately

supposing

the

long,

between

Ans.

one

seam,

and

boiler

shell

of

hangers

placed

of

it.

in.

are

is

diameter

be

single-riveted
of

wheel

boiler

rails.

14

distance

around

pt.

piece
there

the

32.9

composed

being

one

around

in.

is

If

is

what

diameter.

rivets

seams

shaft,

the

If the

(108)
many

apart,

ft. 9

mill

long.

would

8,096

Ans.
The

ft.

distant

of

long,

in.

ft. 10

of

pt.

(107)
\f

ft. 5 in.

equally

extremity

shaft

line

required

are

Ans.

(106)

gal.

Ans.

30

How

qt.

long

Ans.

in.

time

one

how

long,

pt. ;

ft. 9

qt. 1 pt.

at

gal.

16

rails, each

iron

many

single

time

another

at

rail

if

be,

Multiply

lay

oil

yd.

Ans.

iron

(104)

to

machine

gal.

14

If

such

51

of

barrel

gal.

; 6

pt.

\b)5,954,345.703125.
\c)581,119.73780641.

ARITHMETIC.

:n8

(110)

Solve

(a) lOG^
(/)

67.85';

the

following:

(b)

(182i)';

U)

967,845';

(d) .0063';

(c) .005';

(e) 10.06%

(/) (i)'.

(A) (^)';

(^i) 11,236.
(b) 33,169.515625.

Ans.

(111)

Solve

(a) 753';
(/)

the

U)

.000025.

{d)

.00003969.

{e)

101.2036.

(/)

4,603.6225.

(g)

936,723,944,025.

following:

{d) 987.4';

301.011';

(c)

(^)

(c) .005';

(e) .0133';

.4044';

(i)'; ("i) (3i)'.

(^) 426,957,777.
(b) 962,674,279.624.
{c)

.000000125.

(d)

.066135317184.

{e)

.000002352637.

Ans.

(/) 27,273,890.942264331.
("^)

TIT-

(k)
(112)

What

is the

fifth

(113)

What

is the

fourth

(114)

What

is the

ninth

(115)

Solve

the

{a) 1.2%

{b) IV;

of

power

52.734375.
?

Ans.

32.

Ans.

81.

of

power

of

power

3 ?

Ans.

7 ?

40,353,607.

following:

{c) V;

{d)

.01%

{e)

.l\
^

{a)

2.0736.

{b) 161,051.
Ans.

(116)
involution

In
?

what

respect

does

evolution

{c)

1.

{d)

.00000001.

{e)

.00001.

differ

from

ARITHMETIC

(117)

Find

the

of

root

square

{a) 3,486,784.401;
{d)

the

following:

(r) .001225;

(d) 9,000,099.4009;
(/)

{e) 73,008.05;

10,795.21;

319

9;

{g)

.9.

f {a) 1,807.29+.
{d) 3,000.016.

Ans.

(118)

is the

What

{a)

of

root

the

(6) 74,088?

.32768?

(/)

(e) 1,758.416743?

cube

(c)

.035.

(d)

103.9.

{e)

270.2.

(/)

3.

U)

.948+.

following:

(^)

{c) 92,416?

(//)^?

(^) ^?

1,191,016?

.373248

(a) .689+.
(b)

42.

(c) 45.2115+.
Ans.

{d)

.72.

(e)

12.07.

-"

(/)

106.

U)

.5.

{/i) .472+.

(119)

Find

the

cube

root

of

to

four

decimal

places.

Ans.

(120)

Find

the

cube

root

of

to

three

1.2599

decimal

places.

Ans.

(121)

Solve

the

+.

1.442

+.

following:

{a) 4/123:21;

{d) 4/11 4. 921;

(c) 1^502, 681;

{d) |/.00041209.
(a)

11.1.

{d)

10.72+.

(c)

709.

(d)

.0203.

Ans.

320

ARITHMETIC.

(122)

Solve

the

following:

(c) ^8,036,054,027;

(6) V^OU;

{a) i/.00G5;

(e) fl7.

{d) t^.000004096;

Ha)

.186+.

{b) .27+.

Ans.^

(^) 2,003.

(d)

.016.

(e) 2.57+.
(123)

the

Extract

(^)

.3364.

(c)

.1.

(^)

25.

of:

root

square

(*)
Ans.

(c) .31622+.

-"

{d)

5.00749.

(e)

.02108.

Of.

{e) .OOOf
(124)

(125)

Find

value

the

11.7

(a)

20

{6)

12'

13::

(^)

20
7

10

in

the

following

8::

+
4

: .r.

^^"

: x.

(^^l-_^.

(rf)i^_60.

100'

(e)
600'

150

Ans.

(127)

(128)

45

(129)

27

60

::

(130)

(132)

64

(133)

7 +

(134)

If

37.45

lb.,

8
a

how

::

21'

::

piece
much

12.

(d)

12.

^ (c)

;r=20.

(d)

{e)

x=40.

24.

"f^l,000: t^l,331::27
81

30

of

Ans.

Ans.

18.

Ans.

20.

Ans.

36.
29.7.

23.625.

Ans.

: ;r.

2-inch
a

shafting
piece 6f

3^
ft.

ft.

long

long

weigh

Ans.

180.

10|.

Ans.

: x,

x\

would

Ans.

(131)

7.
:

(a)

24.

'^^45

12.5.

::^

35

22.22+.

I (^)
(/5)277.7+.

Ans.

21'
10

Ans.

(M^-1.

: x.

100'::

(126)

of

.58.

14.

weighs
?

72.225

1b.

321

ARITHMETIC.

The

(135)
inversely

the

as

square

held

(137)

stove

rises

it

stove

of

r",100

mi.

the

at

If

in

tank

discharging
If

copper,
will

32

of

of

holds

cistern

ft.

the

of

contain

larger

bbl.

hold

cistern

of

that

ft.

28

how

water,
is

20

long,

ft.

long,

12

of

turns

17

ft.

wide,

ft.

10

and

Ans.

times.

416

of

two

How

smaller

wide,

lb.

2f

respectively.

ft.

of

copper

wheels

barrels

many

min.

lb.

much

the

pump

60^^^

Ans.

If

510

how

min.

Ans.

while

turn

speed

fills

contains

drive

ft.,

15.7

min.,

41.44

the

and

of

Ans.

tin,

ft.

40

take

(141)

will

lb.

around

12.56

it

sec,

minute

it

metal

80

metal

same

are

times

and

distances

times

babbitt

antimony,

the

The

locomotives

520

of

fill

to

5^

hr.

hr.

per

would

long

minute

per

quantity

lb.

lb.

(140)

many

gal.

85

gal.

135

how

minutes,

38

(139)

discharging

pump

in

rate

20

(j".

67,200

same

many
Ans.

ft.

in

mi.

444

mometer
ther-

how

Ans.

Ans.

(138)

If

runs

1,060

run

the

rate

min.

train

railway
can

the

at

it.

degrees,

24

from

ft.

12

in

travel

time

varies

body

from

distance

held

burning

the

travels

it

If

what

if

from

heat

of

from

rise

sound

does

far

how

in

it

If

(136)

ft.

will

degrees

of

intensity

deep
will

water

ft.

309^

deep
bbl.

3i

Mensuration

Use

and

Letters

of

IN

Algebraic

Formulas.

(SEE

^
/

Work
the

for

values

above

142

143

Q=1^

//

10

;r=rl2

3.5

solutions

the

out

840-432.)

ARTS.

200

D=120

to

the

the

letters

formulas,

following

using

Ans.
"

-7^";

r.

+-P'

8.

(3=157i.

Ans.

144

^'^^^ff.
r

Ans.

187.269

+.

Ai-B

145

iB

Ans.

7/=

Ans.

4. 05+.

\.6'

Bx
146

.00018

6.35+.

(^'-;r)*

lOik-ny
Ans.

147

/=

12,800.

148

-i/lZ
149

Ans.

/"=

7.071

+.

324

MENSURATION.

r4"o

A'

(150)

T=

(151)

If

angle

equal

line

152"

equals

one

straight

3', what

is the

by

formed

angles

straight

seconds

many

Write
of

angles.

How

many

measurement

(a)

(154)
(d)

How

definition

degrees

seconds

many

for

degree,

applied

as

in

there

are

Draw
State

angle.
designate

the

"i(b)

Draw

same

area.

Give

of

name

rhombus

Can

(157)
lengths

angle,
each

and

right angle,

angle

and

then

quadrilateral

inches,

20

are

How

what

draw

rectangle

formed

be

inches,

is its

to

having

lines

with
and

inches,

would

be

per

required

the

square
boards

many
to

lay

11^

measures

inches

it contain?

does

in

zinc

weight

How

zinc

inches

square
If the

(100)

of

sheet

many

(159)

whose
inches

last

example

by

Ans.

weighs

16

floor

feet

long

and

measuring

15

(161)
rods

back.

lot

long,

the

land

rods

front

The
does

of

lot

is in

wide
and

at

back

contain?

the

shape

of

the

front,

and

being

feet.

2J

345

5:^^pounds,

inches

24

rods

parallel,

what

Ans.

wide

feet?
boards.

54

wide

an

is

It
at

part
f of

lb.

2.19

trapezoid.

in.

sq.

Ans.

foot?

Ans.

acre

letters

reasons.

(158)

16

acute

an

using

by

14,400^

them.

(156)
the

obtuse

an

4".

^ {a)

the

to

minutes

240

"

(155)

57'.

505,030^

Ans.

(153)

other

17' lO''?

140"

in

there

are

line

27"

Ans.

to?

How

(152)

the

of

one

r=10.

Ans.

-.

another

meeting

"M-]

of

the
an

acre.

325

MENSURATION.

figure

accompanying

The

(162)

the

shows

floor

of

plan

-S8-

Tl
J

r"

S
-W'-

DynamoB.

1!

Suritek

Board.

^^
Fig.

an

station.

electric-light
the

of

number

1.

feet

square

of

block

528

is

space

no

sidewalk

feet

(164)

How

for

wide,

and

windows

(166)

If

triangle

(167)

for

your

of

with

of
a

around

buildings,

90

doors

feet

5^

There

is

triangle
a

has

triangle

three
has

equal angles

many

yd.

sq.
be

quired
re-

feet

50

feet

10

and

baseboard

490.72

yd.

sq.

is it called

; what

angles,

equal

two

how

long,

Ans.

city
there

will

ft.

that

2,000

plastering

hall

four

feet?

5x11

sq.

Ans.

yards

walls

high,

the

contain?

square
side

and

space.

2,059.08

Assuming

high.

(165)

lengths

four
feet

20

fourteen
inches

many

the

walk

the

does

walk

extends

wide.

feet

352

the

between

yards

square

and

long

wide

feet

10

floor

unoccupied
Ans.

(163)

culate
cal-

given,

dimensions

the

From

kind

what

of

is it ?
Can
are

12

triangle

inches,

opinion.

be

formed

inches,

and

with
4

inches

three
?

lines
Give

whose
reasons

?
a

MENSURATION.

320

whose

sides

what

does

each

are

In

(109)

is the

What

(a)

(168)

feet

angle

equal

equilateral triangle

an

is its

What

(b)

triangle ABC,

of

altitude

angle

In
A

inches,

how

long

figure,

if

is D

is it from

feet

one

wide.
to

measured

one,

C=

against

How

far

the

house

(173)
equals
Does

(172)

house

with

the

on

13^

being

allel
par-

feet

52

feet

many

Show

end

is the

lower

feet

If

of

The

its altitude

is the

length

inches,
of

one

its

of

the

by

side

is taken

long
sides

equal

In

inches;

(ITO)
what

is the

what
The

is the

(177)

equilateral

an

What

is

of

of

the

of

one

{b)
base

the

square

is its base

(^)

^^

^^"

{b)

22.36

sides
Ans.

If

one

The
side

from

of

area

is 5
the

inches
center

regular
long,
to

one

is 43

pentagon

what
side

is
?

the

to

inches.

square

perpendicular
Ans.

in.

150".

Ans.

(178)

in.

inches;

equal

dodecagon

in.

21

is 40

decagon

regular

(h)

equals

Ans.

is 200

of

triangle

as

the

perimeter

the

regular

side

angle

one

of

length

perimeter
lenp^th

heptagon

in.

7^ +

Ans

(175)

from

altitude,

triangle
how

ground.

ft.

22

area

rests

ladder

the

base

isosceles

an

is 20

of

the

which

of

area

the

the

ft.

65

long

from

end

that

of

product
difference

any

{a)

is

it

why

the

it make

What

upper

posite
opline?

straight

feet

24

in.

625

is

Ans.

one-half

inches.

ground

ladder

{a)

(174)

its

10

Ans.
^^^"^-

28'.

diagonally

in

32' ;

124"

How

corner

32"

E-h.

room

ft.

sq.

ft.

and

E,

engine

39

and

Ans.

An

and

15.588

{b)

Cl

(171)

inches,

24:

long

to

the

inches,

5.196

Ans.

(170)

i{a)

23",

area

3.44

tance
disin.

327

MENSURATION.

molding

of the

the

Fig.
to

are

Ans.

circle

one-fourth

the

How
in

sq.in.

ed
inscrib-

intercepts
ence.
circumfer-

degrees

many

there

are.

uring.
meas-

angle

in

area

by

1.78

An

(181)

angle

the

45".

Ans.
If

(182)
hexagonal

distance

the

is

nut

Fig.

between

s.

opposite

two

In

the

the

figure,

inches

i\

1^

is the

what

inches,

and

diameter

of

the

Ans.
In

(184)

diameter
Fig.

of

the

chord

(185)

The

(186)
driver

of

in

(187)

is the

what

has
of

area

tree

feet,

to

The

mile

one

will
Ans.

internal

circle

this

having

the

internal

square

inches.

J inch

thick

What
?

circle

diameter
is the

having
of

outside

of

G.06

diameter

diameter

dis-

length
28

ft.

it;
2^

ft.

inches;

8427

sq.

in.

ing
correspond-

pipe

diameter,

the

?
28.

certain

in.

revolutions.

280.112

diameter

locomotive

72-inch

18

around
Ans.

an

of

area

the

feet

Ans.

(188)

the

is

what

7.854

measures

revolutions

going

pipe

many

make

if

feet, and

321

if

circle

Ans.

trunk

How

19.5

figure,

same

is its diameter

what

tance

4.

the

-|- in.

1.732

accompanying

distance

between

Ans.

(183)

of

corners

distance

the

is

what

inches,

two

sides

opposite

two

67^".

Ans.

run

saw

with

angle

what

cut

to

polygon,

obtained

be

At

post.

which

dimensions

The

3.

the

in

niiter-box,

octagon

should
the

irregular

make

to
an

box

Calculate

(180)
of

required

fit around

to

side

the

is

It

(179)

the

Ans.

is

113.0973

pipe being
13^ inches.

MENSURATION.

328

How

(189)

long

12", supposing

the

must

radius

the

of

arc

of

circle

circle

the

be

be

to

inches

Ans.
Calculate

(190)

diameter

the

is

of

area

and

inches,

22

circular

flat

inches.
Find

is 56

the

of

area

the

inches,

of

segment

of

height

the

What

being

segment

bar

square

that

dimensions

the

are

be

can

of
from

planed

diameter?

Ans.

in

is the

What

(193)

the

diameter,

(a)

(194)

this

round

the

would

be

(c)

area

the

plate

circle

radii

two

be
an

the
of

area

diameter

the

How

much

than

the

shorter

is
of

perimeter

the

the

side

of

having
of

plate

square

(a)

10. 1916

} {b) 11^

what
for

will

lap

the

diameter

is to

long
of

the

shell

be

rolled

into

if 5

inches

are

What

smokestack

is the

convex

inches

20

in

area

in

feet

square

diameter

and
Ans.

(197)
of

of

the

hexagonal
column

(198)
cubic

Find

Find

inches.

the

area

column

being
the

in

square

12

feet

inches

cubical

feet

of
each

long,

of

the

Ans.

in.

13.05

of

section

long

ft.

71.4714

sq.

entire

surface

edge

Ans.

long.
contents

the

shell;

allowed

feet

10^

in.

Ans.

(19())
of

be

inches

46

in.

in.

( {c) 4.638

plate

circumference

Ans.

inches

plate

(195)

in.

sq.

square

the

inches

15

the

round

in

square.

6.1359

103.8691

of

largest

forming

of

length

in.

sq.

in.

Ans.

What

would

{/?)What

of

sector

between

plate having

metal

square

angle

the

12^^" ?

being

sector

of

area

inches.

inches

1.4142

in.

eter
diam-

the

bar

21

sq.

of

iron

an

is

108.5

end

the

side
out-

whose

Ans.

(192)

whose

33.7722

circle

in.

diameter

Ans.

(191)

1.25664

ring

inside

whose

contain

to

of

the

24.5774

above

ends
sq.

column

5,985.9648

cu.

ft.

in
in.

320

MENSURATION.

of

weight

the

iron

the

foot

per

and

diameter

outside

inches

weight

the

Compute

(199)

taken

at

boiler

iron

an

inches

3.73

being

of

inside

diameter,

pound

.28

Ans.
dimensions

The

(200)

Diameter,

follows:

of

distance

of

the

{b) Determine
required

steam

from

of

number

fill the

of

space

boiler

the

to

up

top

of

the

boiler

The

inches

in

and

in

total

diameter,

each

at

end

the

of

stroke

one

is the

ratio

8^
of

feet

In

{b)

between

the

is 24

the

high;

10

inches.

The

slant

measures

one

the

of

(204)
is

Find

The

in

the

large

cylinder
(a)

] (b)

right-angled
of

the

the

entire

its
surface

slant
of

If

what

would

(206)
top, and
will

altitude

the
be

its volume

square

12

feet

it hold

of

vat

square

the

above

at

11

of

the

deep,

bottom.

edge
in.

cu.

inches,
by
in.

23.6854
the
is

of

base
10

inches.

cone.

1 22. 5224

cone

were

Ans.
feet

inches

one

is 25

1.

10

and

height

is

=2.522

Ans.

the

ft.

cu.

its altitude

Ans.

(205)

ft.

cu.

144.336

circumference

and

What

(c)

pyramid

triangle.

the

cylinder

11.321

Find

stroke,
is

small

pyramid

inches.

ance
clear-

what

(V)Ratio

square

is 16

the

4.489

triangular

of

height

inches,
of

the

Ans.

length

area

of

14^

equilateral triangle,

an

the

18.8496

the

of

its base

of

edge

principle

cone

is

base

(203)

volume

the

is

steam

(
Find

; if the

inches

the

Ans.

(202)

be

and

19

are

stroke, {a)

the

two

will

level.

engine

cylinder
of

feet.

Ua) 79.2 en. it.

\ [b) l,24Ggal., nearly.

stroke

small

the

cubic

in

the

and

inches.

18

that

water
water

compound

cylinder

large

volume

during

of

cylinders

of

feet;

16

cu^ic

in

as

tubes, 64;

boiler,

mean

^^^

(201)

of

number

gallons

are

heads,

between

tubes, 3^ inches;

the

to

inches; length

5^^ lb.

boiler

return-tubular

water-line

mean

{a) Compute

of

60

diameter

outside

and

cubic

per

inch.

31

tube

15

feet
How

Ans.

84. 8232
square
many

sq.

in.

inches,
cu.

at

in.
the

gallons

15,058.29

gal.

MENSURATION.

XiO

How

(207)
the

the

vat,

diameter

inches;

11

bottom,

the

Required

frustum

of
the

perimeter

and

the

upper

certain
it

found

the

is

tank

Make
Note.

be

inches

190

in

li

the

in
the
and

with

of

thickness

of

1,344

tape

the

then

that

and

of

depth

sides

inches.

1^

gal.

861

bases,

first

of

the

walls,

(b)

the

lower

thickness

the

bottom

Ans.

upper

deduct

in.

measure,

The

numbers.

32

sq.

the

top.
the

is

gallons
a

the

inches,

48

at

the

at

round

area

diameters

of

number

the

of

height

measuring

circumference

in

the

and

obtain

base

circumference

feet,

To

outside
X

3,627.28.

slant

measuring

By

"

the

Ans.

Ans.

find

to

calculation

the

at

surface

inches.

36

Depth,

diameter

convex

whose

lower

the

hold.

inches

ITOi^

of

desired

to

the

pyramid

base

will

tank

is

and

is

It

(2i)9)

of

area

hexagonal

inches,
of

inches;

fill

to

dimensions:

12

top,

required

inches?

(208)

be

following

the

at

would

water

the

having

pail

of

pails

many

find
or

inches.

(210)

Find
of

contents

(a)

ball

of

the

area

22^

inches

in

and

surface,

the

cubical

diameter.

-I('')

Ans

1,590.435

in.

sq.

(211)

What

of

201.0024

(212)

{a)

area

ring

whose
inches

13

Take

the

is

volume

the

inches

square
What

is

outside

the

If
of

weii^ht

of

and
16

iron,
of

what

is

its

as

.261

iron

cu.

Art.

in.,

432)

The
its

volume

length
was

20.42

of

certain

before

inches;

bending
what

(see
is the

weight

is

ring

pound.
21

lb.

144.349

line

in

Fig.

area

of

its

surface

192.45

sq.

Ans.

in.

diameter

Weight

cylindrical

an

cylindrical

inside

cast

has
cu.

and

Ans.

(213)

surface

of

in.

cu.

268.0832

area

inches

cast

inch

cubic

whose
Ans.

is

made

ball

volume

diameter

(/;)

of

(b) 5,964.1313

61,
?

in.

ELEMENTARY

ALGEBRA
AND

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC
(ARTS.

How

(214)
of
without

oY

(4

of

terms

-f-

to

nator
denomi-

the
from

or

"

fraction

the

(d)

7a';

the

xy

5A--(3,r-7)

21^.

(O.r

4,r

{a)

.r

a*

l
"

"

"

4y

-^a'

7a

(a)

by

3d

(c)

dxy;

6a'

^a

2d

6c

Ans.

{a)

of

number

How

many

(210)

performed

man

he

miles

have
did

Translate

he

language

{a "\- b)

'\'

'\- be.

28rt*

'
"

f-

in

more

in

journey

Ans.

tain
cer-

miles

hours.
miles.

into

expressions
b

1- \a

18a''j'^'.

miles

traveled

algebraic

42rt*.
-

Vlad.

48

hour

4x'

"

b-\-c

(b)

\\6a'

30ac

the

per

2.
"

7^';

12,r'j'' +

a'

3^?

of

had

he

travel

"

journey

following

the

l%ab

performed

i/^
A'
ordmary

if

but

hours;
would

Ua^

3.

"

by

G^?.

by

2^:'

by

\b) 12.r*j'

( (r)
A

(ja'
-

hour,

2^:'

7.

"

10^'^

"

6^'

each

5a'
-

Ans.

Multiply:

(218)

2a*

2a.

"

(217)

3^:^

1.

( \c)
Divide

35);

} (d)

Ans.

(216)

-\-

to

"

equations:

the

3^+6-2.1-=

{x +

of

value

all
from

changed

the

Solve

of

signs

be

altering

(a)
{c)

fraction

(215)

the

may

433-617.)

"

,
X

-\

"7

-\- b -\,

ELEMENTARY

332

Find

(220)
^"^^

ALGEBRA

the

AND

of:

products

{a)

^
'

8/y

2;ry

'

90;;/"

Ans.
J

(^)

3^^

(221)

Find

(222)

in

in

water

hold

42

the

sine, cosine,

vessel

containing

gallons;

more

the

vessel

water

then

was

first.

at

of

tangent

some

there

as

and

was

How

much

Reduce

\T

27'

filled

by

ing
pour-

as

much

did

its simplest

to

"

4'

17"

37^

vessel

the

Ans.

3ax

times

seven

(223)

^-,-,-^^|-,_^-^.{b)

4 and

gallons.

49

form.

(a-\- o)c

(224)

Find

the

sine, cosine,

(225)

Find

the

values

(226)

Simplify"

{%%!)

Multiply

of

Factor

"

the

the

63"

of

tangent

4' 51. 8^

following:

-----^^-^

^, _^ ^,
Suggestion.

and

J_

/^ _^

by
^^^

^^^

before

tiplying.
mul-

^^^

^^

denominators

and

numerators

Ans.^^^.

-^,-^.

Ans.
'

(228)
the

result

From

a'

take

^a'

b'

Wb

2.27038;

on

positive
addition
and

Sine

find

the

(a)

Give

.27038,

that

Algebra,
and
and

subtraction

2a*

cosine

negative
subtraction
in

3b\

a'b''

10^*"

"

and

.27038,

%b\

tangent

different
?

contained

not

explain

quantities,

arithmetic

from

angles.

illustration,
will

a'b

b -{- c)

"

and

-^ bab\

bab'

corresponding
an

-la^b^

Q^a^b^ +

Ans.

(229)

ba'b

take

ac{a

difference

the

(b)
in

in

In

what

algebra

the

tion
sec-

between

respects
from

are

addition

TRIGONOMETRIC

(231)
ar^

What

{a)

equal

FUNCTIONS.

is the

value

of

a'

Change
the

{a)

Subtract

line
is

From

4:d--(jc

What

does

a'

-^

dd

)l,x'^

Find

when

(*) 'V4^

the

1 la

f^

{a)

rt

la

4r

6* +

(/;)

a'

(0

of

sign

Of

what

^.

{b)

From

(c)

10^

"^^y^ -/"

-^'j'+

^/.

following

sions
expres-

(a) {ab^x +

4/^7)
(x"

4^\

the

5:

(^

0^

values

10, and

7/;

3.r" +

"

the

4^/.

\ (//)
,1-=*
( (r) 3^? +

"^';

numerical

\i\, h

\\

[Ixy -\- 2xy

"

(235)

of

take

3r

from

Ans.

that

2* +

take

so

."

+"

reciprocal

xf

"

"

be

the

'^a

x^+y

will

reciprocal

the

{a)

^^

"

-_"

What

is 700

(234)

Ua

fraction

the

dividing

(233)
number

(b)

(232)
before

333

)labx)^a\

b^) {a^

{a) G14,40().

] (b)

Ans.

/^').

i.

i{i')
23,400.
Find

(236)
-

bxyz,

--Sab
"

:]ab

3;;/'

"

the

G.rj'-c

b\

20/;'; (c)

-a'

4;////
r

Ans.

(a) Explain
coefficient

and
division

exponents

(c)

(238)

In

17.G9

feet,

three

parts.

and

18^'
3^^^

(^?)

-j(^) 30^/'
({/)G/;///
in
and

"

ab

right

triangle

and

14^'

2/;/;/, and

law
A

C=9

5b\

+
the

words

in

is the

4^?/; +

5a'

^b\

10/;',

"

4^'

'Sx

3;//'

signs

C,

the

ft.

in

tween
be-

cients
coeffi-

are

and

multiplication,

of

4/.

"

difference

(/;) How

exponent.

an

3-r

24^r/; +

own

your

treated

side

20^?/;

4r,

"

2^iJ +

'6a^ +

Zxy::

--

4xj'^.

"

What

the

{b)

3xr^;

(a) ^xya

following:

oab-b%

4/.

the

9xj'^ +

(237)

of

sum

in

how

multiplication
A

hypotenuse
in.;

find
r

Ans.

56"

\ 33"

other

the

14

15".

33'

26' 45".
ft.

in.

Solve

(230)
0,r
,

equations:

the

4(-r-3)

20

'^a

am

"

"

0.

Ans.

(240)

T-

'

bx

,,,

ax

{c\

AND

ALGEBRA

ELEMENTARY

334

State

you

would

(^ +

*) ; {b) Vx -\-y(a

how

read

the

following

sions
expres-

a^x"

{a)

In

Write

the

addition

expression
and

be

between

the

Resolve

3G0^y

into
a^b^

(b)

Remove

(a)

2a

(b)

7a

{c)

{3a

[(2^

{2* +

[3^

4^

factors:

of

{2a +

5a) +

3^

quantities

symbols

performed

the

{c)

in

^ac^dt

{a)

What

by

d){a-\-b

aggregation

2^)] -f [3^

b)] +

[2a -(b

C=

17.5,

right

triangle

BC"

21.3;

side

c-\-d\

"

the

F^c]

j;

ABC,
find

(a)

right-angled
the

other

5a

]y

Heat:

formula

^^

"

u/

w~~

in

2c.

C\

side

39"

24'

23".

\ 50"

35'

37".

the

nearly.

section

on

'

appears

3a

parts.

(27.57
following

3c.

"

5a.

at

three

Ans.

The

lowing:
fol-

c)]\.

} {b)
i (c)

(245)

d)\

from

Ans.

In

90^y

"

{c

(244)

tion
opera-

45ary

(c) {a +
--

indicated

4:a]| ;

(^ +

polynomial.

not

can

(c) (a-\-b-\-c

the

[-ic

binomial;

b* why

'labcd-\- c^d^\

{3b +

"

their

Ans.

(243)

2^^

subtraction

is indicated

(242)

monomial;

ti")^'.

(fn | j.

")'

(a)

(241)

n) (;//

(c) {m +

{b)

%a^b'

"

^^

required

to

transform

it

so

TRIGONOMETRIC

/, will stand

that

for

solve

FUNCTIONS.

in the

alone

first

In

member.

(^^",

/,.

^^^

:y^5

other

y^",)^

words,

nW^

ll\s.

(246)
and

in

together

do

can

in

7^ days;

of

piece

in

work

will

time

what

they

do

Ans.

Simplify

;
'

-X

(^)

'

'-.+

days.

V^

(a)

days,

it, working

(247)

in

days,

"

1+x

(a)

X.

(0

(0

1_

Ans.

x+1
1

+
d-x
Zx

(248)

the

to

decreasing

increasing

first

placed

(249)

{a)

negative

last,

or

(r)

and

why

with

^a'b'

{b) according

a\

With

of

powers

^^'

ranged
ar-

a^ should

the

signs:

xi\

'-^^^of

+(;//-//)-'^^-'-^
with

{c) Express

3^j-i;

fractional

nents:
expo-

Divide:

^3
a*

\.T
x'

by-

(^)
^
^

^;
rt'-jr'
"

4;;/*;/'

3//

3;/

4;;/*;/ +

by-^

4;;/';/'2^

the

to

a^ "\-\-\- 2a*

G;;/'//'

(0

ing
accord-

fp-~; {\/"^y.

tV;

(^)

na'b*

radical

,/-7;^+

Clear

exponents.

(250)

of

increasing

Express

{b)

3.rij/-M.

b.

the

to

'labc +

powers

of

powers

according
be

a^b'

(a) Arrange

;r

by3

+
x''

+
X

"

a*

y
Ans.

(^)

2;//';/ +
3.r

(0

l.

2j
"

"*"+/

'

ELEMENTARY

IVM

(251)
x^

by

2^

^ab,

] \b) 2x*

Ans.

Perform

7ax^

"

3^

"

4i"

"

-r

(^)

1;

U^

"

2^

2cx

"^ +

"

ba"

by

ac.

additions:
-^

Ida

l-or'
4c

"

^^^
7

4^'^

"

jr'-l'or+l

'

by

2-

"

Za^b

a* +

"

{b)-^,+

^'
"

2ar

indicated

the

(a)
X

(c)

and

2^'

AND

{a) 2;r*-4^+2.

(252)

2.r' +

(a)

Multiply:

iax

ALGEBRA

"

12
V

Ans.
;r'~l
71^

20*

66c

(0
84

Factor

(253)
49a*

154^'*''

d'

by

(c) 64ry

(a)

dx'

b;

(c)

7x'

9x'

(a)

following:

121"^*

Divide:

(254)
2ad^

the

64xy

9x'

5Sx

by

24a'^

4:y*; (b)

16.

Uxy*

3,r

by

21

7x

(^j 3,i'^ +
^ (b)

Ans.

a'

\c)x'

do

(255)

Why

they

differ

(250)

{a)

are

letters

from

used

figures

in

algebra,

{b) Change

"

"

2-1-

"

x-{-4

3.

2a'+l.
ab

b\

3.r+7.

what

ways

to

"

"

'

in

mixed

to

"

fractional

form.

quantity.

10,r^-|-^tr+

{a)

6x

Ans.

a*

4i-

Reduce

and

(b)

1 ;

FUNCTIONS.

TRIGONOMETRIC

In

(257)
hypotenuse

right

triangle ABC,

the

} 14

2^y

v'

to

;ir

Solve

(259)
10^
,

is

xy

Combine

16rt

a*' +

to

{d) {x^

{b)

1 ?

y){x

like

[(7^ +

2j

8^)

the

s)

(c)

48'

(2^'-J
a

{la +

(a)
4^) +

(3^'

9^] }.

53'.

(a)

Divide:

ia*

'da'b

a'b'

my

35

by

a* ;

mY

2S

\a)2j'.

} (b)

(^r) 4^'

^x\

Umy

Sx'

(a)

I(*)

Ans.

and

water,

has

post
feet

13

in

of

its
air.

the

length

in

the
was

niter

4^^

In
was

lb.

the
10

less

composition
lb.
than

than

more

of

the

of

16,r"

3.r*

earth,

of

whole,

the
and

of

whole,
the

7;"j;
by
2f\

^'^'.

length

quantity

5a.

in

4,r'.

the

Ans.

(264)

2a'.

"

4;;/j +

2^''' +

the

is its

What

3^*

.r

12x'

5m'

i{c)
(263)

by

4^)]

( {c)

(b)

j/).

expressions:

-)-(-j);(*)

{'dx

of

terms

3"

and

16' 8.7^

Ans.

(262)

x*

a*; {c)

34.6', 25"

27'

the

4^)

in., nearly.

11

,,

^-('V-j)-(/

x-v

ha

159"

(261)

(-

A-

Add

in.

6a'-7

(260)

^+/

Ans.

,^,

{b) {a^ +

x*

(a)

parts.

following:

the

"

of

ratio

the

ft.

29",

31''.

ft. llj

(6
What

three

46'

24"

Ans.

(258)

65'' 13'

other

inches.

and

angle

find

yards;

5^

feet

in

sides

Give

337

35

feet.

gunpowder,
the
charcoal

sulphur
was

5aB^aB{"f

XKt.

^K

|i|

l0^9-t^M'y^-"*"

l-^lf

I
(9W)

la

ABC,

fed,

70

side

":=

A=9ew.

^feet,aad
AC.

SUe^C=

(2"7)

the

is

What

id)

of

the

64.1ft.

TT

ir

36*

,-1111,-11.-1

ti""

of

cTjfinpleiiiciit

^^

17^

(^)

j (^)

lOr

4r

24'.

j^^

"(^)

In

(7

44'

and

22,5

triangle
side

C^

B
^
=

^=57*

angle
feet.

314

6r2d'43'.

345',
Find

angle
B

angle

and

the

sides

Cand

^C.

Ans.

-'Side

^=

Angle

Side

78**

^(7=481.22
^C=

3'.
ft.

415.19

ft-

LOGARITHMS
(ARTS.

(269)

Solve,

Note.

In
"

they

using

100

logarithmic

positive,

were

logarithms,

:351.3()

work

the

618-667.)

the

(f J J) '"""].

quantities

negative
of

sign

24[1

being

result

Ans.

(270)

What

(rt) 2,376?
(271)
{a)

(*)

the

(^)

.05555

(c)

find

logarithms,

238

6448.

-f.

Ans.

Using

numbers:

4. 62
f

(272)

188,300.

"

logarithms:

.0008601;

-r-

ently.
independ-

using

by

though

as

following

the

.0002507

following

(*)

-.00324;

of

logarithms

.6413?

Divide

755.4

the

are

used

are

determined

the

of

value

(a)

233,150.

] {d)

64.584.

i{c)

7.1648.

in

1,000

,.74
_

"

.0042-"*"'
Ans.

(273)

Divide

f.

by

00743

2,432,700,000.

;r=

i^Oioe.
Ans.

(274)

Multiply

logarithms:

1,728,

together
.00024,

the

.7462,

following
302.1,

numbers
and

by

^^^.954
^

(276)

Calculate

the

value

of

'

using

7.6094.
Ans.

(275)

1,893.6.

711.40.

l/61^^

^298:54

Calculate

the

value

of

f^. 0532864.

Ans.

3.0759.

Ans.

.65780.

LOGARITHMS.

340

Obtain

(277)
(0

of:

values

the

(a)

{6)

32**";

-"^-i*".

Ans.

Calculate

(278)

of

value

the

i:,]^

and

.76'-",

(^)

16,777,000.

(d)

.37028.

(c)

.93590.

||.
r
-r-

Ans.

Find

(279)
logarithms:

the

numbers

Find

134.7,

the

is

What

(281)

of

value

and/,

1.495,

v=

the

z\

in

following

=p^v^''^\

when/
Ans.

6.6504.

of

4,764.2''

/)v''*'

16.421.

value

//7.1895

the

to

1.27631.

2.52460,

.81293,

(280)

corresponding

.49950.

0.00326*^

^
*

X457"X'.576'

.000489

^ns.

y2

(282)

when

In

y\,

formula

/=

160,

to

/=

132,

the

what

282,
^/=

value

Ans.

2^.

example
and

.18

find

960,000-tt-,

d=

and

120,

Referring

(283)
when/

the

.020786.

is

the

value

Ans.

of/,

92.480.

of

.23863.

/,

ELEMENTARY

MECHANICS,
828-966.)

(ARTS.

(355)

velocity

of

ball,

from

leaves

ball
before

the

of

point
In

(357)

(358)
connected

is
the

minute;
drum,

it

of

top
in

in.

18

of

the

on

which

and
the
will

long
ft.

100

how

it

take

high

revolutions

many

(359)

(360)

Define

(361)

Explain

(362)

Is

(363)

What

(364)

In

compared

body,

give

and

^^".

rigidly

36

in.,

The
per
of

and

elevator

required
the
17.68

sec.

(/) 31.83

R.

uniform

the

to

reach

to

reach

fly-wheel

(a)

of

example

an

one-

M.

P.

of

motion;

motion.

variable

be

Define

sec.

winds.

j
^^'

per

pulley,

should

ond
sec-

8'

revolutions

If

(d)

160

in

54

the

42

degrees,

137"

is

pulley

ft.

go
ft.

per

turn

rope

makes

feet

85

rim

elevator

an

292.

many

drives

engine

an

of

how

minute

per

how

through
point

55.

ball

the

in

velocity

the

Ans.

diameter

building

seconds,

30

make

is

the

makes

Ans.

on

(a)

will

diameter,

diameter
;

in

in.

80

will

in

ft.

far

how

and

instant

the

at

has

level,

Ans.

example,

drum

in.,

what

fly-wheel

to

fly-wheel

last

second

The

is

rim

seconds
a

ft.

hand,

ground

hand

the

the

by

the

to

fly-wheel,

the

the

of

seventh

is

ground

on

and

minutes

ground

minute;

per
a

the

engine

revolutions

If

second.

the

An

horizontally

per

hand

striking

(356)

the

ft.

500

distance

the

thrown

what

force.
what

inertia
is
order
with
three

five

different

kinds

understand

by

inertia.

Name

you
force

weight

?
?

that

the

that

of

conditions

If
How

effect
another
must

why

so,
is
of

it

be

forces.

measured
force

force

of

upon

acting
fulfilled

on

body
the

may
same

ELEMENTARY

342

(365)

What

(366)

Can

and

will

mountain

high
the

is above

(368)

If

level

weigh

the

earth

hole

would

the

of

top

just big enough

to

hole

was

weighed

last

Take

Ans.

it fall

miles

below

(371)

What

is acceleration

(372)

What

do

(373)

Why

is it

(374)

Why

is it that

boot

straps

Explain

(376)

What

how

forces

long

Of

Gi lb.

(378)
force

east

body

(380)
iron

oz.

from

jump

?
train

moving

lift himself

cannot

man

velocity

by

pulling

by

meant

lines.

are

represented

by

the

expression,

**the

resultant

"?

line

in.

long

line

the

must

be

represents
to

force

represent

of

force

20

of

lb., (a)

(d)

lb. ?

What

If

do

lever

and

understand

you

the

acted

be

body

other

What

Find

the

ft. 6 in.

move

forces

two

14.4

by

the

of

components

(379)
due

lb.

19,989

initial

by
to

forces

how

is

dangerous
a

much

motion.

of

understand

you

the

(375)

If

three

oz.

and

how

hole

of

dropped

bottom,

the

sea-

lb. 8^

been

sea-level,
of

at

radius

19,939

the

to

bottom

laws

the

(377)

the

above

lb.
the

had

example

let

the

at

State

several

of

feet

20,000
?

miles.

3,960

(370)

of

bottom

top

31,680

weighing
mountain

the

as

is

Ans.

his

the

as

of

top

the

valley,

deep

the

on

sea-level

body

the

it have

of

body

one

examples.

more,

mountain

body

the

the

weigh

to

respect
Give

below

in

of

bottom

of

top

If the

(369)
a

far

as

sea-level

at

another

with

bottom

would

at

to

the

what

sea-level,

motion

the

at

or

in

body

valley being

mountain

in

respect

is rest

What

be

body

Where

(367)

of

is motion

with

rest

at

MECHANICS.

due
is

by

upon

south,

in

direction

the

equal

two

direction

what
the

of

forces,

one

will

the

of

the

resultant

point

of

long,

suspension
2

in.

deep

of
and

rectangular

cast

f in. thick, having

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

47

lb.

may

be

of

weights
that

there

inch

of

iron

cast

Suggestion.

weight

it with

combine
there

the

find

the

other

of

weight
the

at

center

in

weights

two

the

lever;

then

of

gravity

of

the

/ong
the
of

of

(381)

lb. ; if

and

the

the

towards

resultant

body,

acts

In

resultant

the

22. 343

in.

arm

31.057

in.

method

of

and

forces,

and

lb.,

75

body

the

is the

what

at

in

resultant

with

value

of

the

body,

miles

will

be

(b)

How

the

(the

other

27

lb. and

directions

upon

miles

18

hour

per

solar

lb.

101.12

of

one

lb.

75

lb.

G5

lb., respectively,

act

is

what

body,

is

it, what

towards

40

bodies,

Two

other

at

the

distance

the

long

second
far

How

at

one

the

it go

miles

15

will

in

the

be

11

the

point,
ft. per

of

end

move

second,

(a)

hour;

ft. apart

825

space

velocity

day

one

per

at

is its

same

of

rate

through

what

the

them

they

(a)

from

of

rate

moving

will

starting

between

before

is

system
per

(d)

opposite directions,
the

of

forces

of

rate

and

and

force

one

act

Ans.

entire

The

(385)
in

the

if

40

forces

resultant

the

of

force

both

and

G0",

point;

(384)
at

example,

opposite

exactly

the

common

other

is

them

last

two

angle
tri-

mark

If

(383)

in

the
from

away

and

though

as

Ans.

(382)

this

lever,

arm

the

by
of

upon

between

angle

the

cubic

act

of

force

examples

parallelogram

forces

Two

with

one

following

two

forces,

direction

consider
the

manner

same

( Short
j"

yv
Ans.
IS.

Solve

order

of

weight

the

in

weights.

three

were

Take

end,

lb.

.2G1

as

each

from

hung

equilibrium.

First

"

lb.

71

concentrated

be

to

and

343

what

minutes

if'!)miles.
3

Ans.

(
If six

(386)
body

at

angles

magnitudes
what

is

polygon

the
of

are

forces
of

act

towards

forces.

center

30", 45", 135", 210", 225",

75, 47, 61, 32, 53,

value

the

of

their

and

resultant

98
?

{o)
of
and

pounds,
Solve

25

seconds.

gravity
300",

of

whose

respectively,
by method
Ans.

45i

of
lb.

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

344

(387)

is 10

water

flowing
deck

miles

from

What

per

stem

to

(d) When

(388)

force

the

other

the

value

with

(389)

stream

(c) Of

wall

the

is

of 28

of the

vertical

line

in each

man

what

its

the

first,by

at

horizontal

of

method

vertical

and

of

triangle

is

what

are

of
lb.

30.34

zontal;
hori-

the

to

components?

forces, and,

by trigonometry.

and

method

the

of 23"

angle

an

one

forces

the

case

45",

Ans.

of 87 lb. acts

are

of

60";

of

of forces.

force

strings,

two

Use

(a)

stream

up

when

resultant

the

hour,

per

angle

an

river

walking

vertical

the

to

lb., at

of the

the

pulled by

angle

an

is

man

headed

when

in

placed

of 3 miles

rate

boat

force

sides

that

still

in

steamboat

it is

of the

direction

and

the

at

lb., at

parallelogram

Find,

in

of 21

opposite

on

also,

bow

of

that

hour;

down

peg

velocity
and

velocity

headed

the

hour,

per

miles

the

is

with

that

Suppose

second,
lb.

( 80. 084

j.
'

(33.9941b.
A

(390)
inclined

plane,
of

angle

the

there
also

the

by

is

it ?

parallel

in

15", {a)
What

(6)

to

pounds

325

shown

as

plane

against
exert

of

weight

plane,

no

friction

being

of

method

is the

what

the

Solve

it

be

it from

keep

If

884.

perpendicular

would

to

smooth

upon

119, Art.

Fig.

force

the

rests

the

sure
presto

necessary

wards,
down-

sliding

and

by trigonometry,

of forces.

triangle

Ans.j(^)^1^-"
{{d)
(391)

If the

weight

(392)

If the

mass

(393)

{a)

If

the

would

of

(394)
at

what

its

be

the
A

what

point

4,000

miles.

the

on

center

is its

what

53.7,

always

body

is its

lb., what

the

earth's

surface

of

earth

the

mass

weight

(b)

same

is

25, what
On

the

lb. ;

(^2:)

(c)

moon

on

above

below

of

the

at

mass

is

body

mass

is 125

body

body

body

point

of

the

of

mass

surface

Is

of

1b.

84.12

the
the

the

earth's

will

surface

surface

weighs

surface
it

weigh

Take

the

100

'

lb. ?

earth's

j (a)

^^^

141

{d)

At

radius

749.736

t (6) 1,163.12

as

miles.
miles.

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

If

(395)
the

earth's

fall

to

body

the

surface,

(a)

how

earth

(6)

What

from

dropped

were

long

345

balloon

would

time

would

I mile

its

be

it

IS.

t {d)

582.

A"g

require

velocity

( (^)

struck?

above
to

it

when

seconds.

12

(390)
what

In

last

the

would

be

kinetic

the

if the

example,

weighed

body

Ans.
If

(397)
a

of

velocity

(i)

How

ball

cannon

ft. per

2,300
would

long

fired

were

second,

it take

how

to

the

Ans
'

The

(398)
a

perfect

point

earth

sphere

(399)

If

with

cannon

ft. distant,

the

travel

velocity

(a)

in

target,

in

of

will

what

(d)
be

its

it go

miles.

min.

77

20.

sec.

If it

hours.

would

far

how

were
a

?
fired

be

pounds

400

second,

ft. per

In

with

10.4

( (d)

its kinetic

be
?

(^)

minute

one

ft. -lb.

would

earth

diameter,

1,875

will

what

foot-pounds

6 in.

but

in

earth

844,799

high

in 24

once

projectile weighing

miles

8,000

its surface

on

round

turns

lb.,

vertically upward

(a)

fall

to

sec.

100

the

striking

on

energy

ft. per

7G

at

(r)

?
force

striking

target

striking

on

energy,

foot-tons

from

If it penetrates

I{d)

Ans.

ft. -tons.

10,931.07

( (c) 43,720,079
If

(400)

of

instead

second,

it take

would

acceleration

the

it does

ft. than

ft.

32.10

body

due

fall

to

per
the

to

to

gravity

much

from

earth

11).
20

were

how

second,

of

gravity

What

do

you

understand

by

(402)

What

do

you

understand

by specific gravity

(403)

(a)

occupying
What

is its

(404)
is its

space

is
of

density

the

800

specific gravity

body

velocity

has

been

in.,

cu.

of
and

cubic

foot

weighing

?
A ^^'

falling freely

for

of

200

second.

(401)

What

per

longer

0.9454

center

ft.

height

Ans.

now

ft. -lb.

(a) 21,803,339.55

of

500

?
a

lb.?

body
(6)

i ^^)

33.582.

I (6)

17.28.

seconds

what

(405)
fall

to

for

freely
it had

(406)

would

with

of

certain
fall

then
third

the

conditions,

for

second

of
the

and

rod,

of

^ in.,

Explain

(408)

If

sphere

in

the

to

tension

of

minute

string,

of

in

distance

the

diameter

from

circle

the

is

be

the

in.,

15

making

sphere

If

(410)

the

surface

of

center

(d)

radius

At

of

earth,

miles

at

(a)

above

the
per
lb.

13.38
is

80

5 in. ;

rim,

force
lb.

121,394+
distance

what

the

be

centrifugal

the

pound

one

the

fly-wheel

Ans.

the

100

will

of

it

surface

miles.

4,000

as

is

of

revolutions

60

weighs

body

from

rim

the

tons.

will

what

thickness

what

175;

the

revolved

center

engine

an

in. ; average

26

minute,

burst

of

of

by centrifugal force.

in.

diameter

face,

per
to

earth's

of

outside

revolutions

the

sphere
the

center

The

in. ; width

miles

iron

which

the

understand

you

8 ft.

1,536

Ans.

(409)

tending

what

cast

circle,

force

Ans.

(407)

mer,
ham-

If it falls
is the

what

ft.

723.6

steam

is 8 tons.

piston
iron

of

piston

the

seconds

Ans.

head

the

were

with

uniformly

it fall ?

mass

compresses

and

end

weight

The

together

blow

the

at

under

body,

seconds,

far

how

longer,

and

that

Suppose

velocity

in

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

34()

100

weigh

the

Take

at

j (a)

40

38.0721b.

lb.

^^'

What

(411)
could

raise

would

10,740

be

lb.

the

horsepower

of

minutes

ft. in

:}54

10

Ans.

(412)
ball

How

weigh

(413)

second
A

second.
it strike

body
What

Illustrate

it.

of

range

level

of

the

earth

plain,

the

projectile
initial

far
10
do

has

below

the

ft. away
you

initial

an

thrown

Ans.

understand

of

by

moment

2-lb.

miles.

being
246.87

of

ft.
of

140

ft.

ft. per

30

will

direction
1

P.

tally,
horizon-

velocity

line

9,004

velocity

horizontal

H.

will

Ans.

projectile

(415)

surface

that

11.5275

How
a

the

machine

Ans.

is the

ft. above

(414)

above

oz.

What

50

ft. per

far

(6)

9.44

in.

force?

ELEMENTARY

(410)

Illustrate

(417)

Can

(418)

Where

(419)

If

C^S

in., CD

A
the

the

center

CDis
=7

the

90",

where

of

IV^

between

IV^

of

being
of

gravity

and

and

the

10

in.,

angle

tween
be-

of

gravity

in.,

Fig.

W,

128

were

between

IV,

between

and

gon,
penta-

lb., where

distance

in.

34

in

shown

the

be,

regular

lb., and

17

of

fF,, 25

and

IV^

between

the

and

JF^,

board

of

in. ?

18

Find

(422)
uniform

from

right angle,

(423)
4 threads

which

is

are

in.

bookbinder

to

the

if the

loss

by

theoretical

in. in

triangle

is

whose

in.,

the

has

press,

It is worked
of

force
friction

lb. ;

25

{c)

the

by

is 5,000
?

pressure

of

has

(a)

lever

(425)
its axis
axis

If
has

makes
fall

if

not

would

you

placed

in

prism

been

so

angle

an

Consider

right angles

to

10
cut

of
the

the

axis.

certain

inches

that,
60"

square

plane

of

the

to

sure
pres-

would
in

(a) 4,424.8

I (b)

9,424.8

be
this
lb.
1b.

(c) 40.95^.
body

was

?
22

inches

upon

its

the

horizontal,

will

the

upper

placed

when

with

and

be

long,

efficiency

whether

position

in.

What

(6)

is the

determine

which

15

will

what

lb.?

What

screw

or

thing,
the

Ans.

stable

measured

same

How

having

sides, including

case?

(424)

and

length,
of

what

or,

square

long.

inch.

applied

distance

way;

right-angled

14

are

at

each

of

gravity

sides

cutoff

corner

off

of

center

whose

corners

that

cutting

the

the

thickness

of its

one

or

of

inches

balls

JF^, 40

and

located

triangle

center

gravity

seven

the

Jl\ being

and

graphically.

lb., IV^

15

is the

force

in.,

center

weight

center

of

centers

DA

side

of

quadrilateral,

it

resultant

gravity

in.,

is the

lb., IV,

the

Cis

of

of

:547

couple.

single

Determine

If

21

in.;

is the

and

length

(421)'
would

have

of

idea

your

couple

Where

(420)

figure

W,

MECHANICS.

base

as

long
base,

on

its

it stand

being

at

ELEMENTARY

348

If the

("42G)
while

the
of

ratio
5 lb.

applied
In

(428)

of

one

In

(429)

velocity

arm

ratio

force

lb.

would

the

How

wrench

on

end

is

is GO

wrench

the

end

one

many

pulleys

in.

20

lb.

is 50

load

force

lb. ;

{a)

is 95

head

the

will

the

is the

(c)

lb.,

what

If the
is the

(c) 52.63^.

tightened

are

If

sary
neces-

what

there

are

long.

and

may

lb.

the

at

crum
ful-

the

force

the
of

efficiency

by

exerted

the

tion
combina-

(or,
pitch

is

40^,

in

other

of

of

base

of

balance

would

the

the

stud),

Ans.
is 20

acting
lb.?

against
of

plane

force

1,580

exert

tension
inch

an

inclined

an

weight
base

the

to

^ of

{(j)what

is 5 ft. ;

nut

is the

what

being

screw

balance

parallel

pressure

words,

The

height

will

what

the

(431)

parallel

(/;)What
this

length

to

the

force

weight

head

24,127.5

ft. in

Find

])r()(Uice

to

acting

Fig.
the

ring

arms

power
and

19

and

JS^

If in

Fig.
F

inches,
the

lb.

from

yi.

(433)

(l?) 395

in

shown

suspended

are

lb.

be

must

eciiiilibrium

levers

the

when

IT'

and

the

what

IV and

weights

lb.

plane

j (ii) 383.2

(432)

the

Ans.

21

of

what

6o^y

theoretical

the

cylinder

handle

whose

upon

its

nuts

force

Ans.

The

in.,

velocity

must

lb.

35

1,000

raise

to

ft. ; where
of

other

tackle

of

necessary

is 5

efficiency?

(430)

the

efficiency were

weight

and

(d)

ft. 6

if the

lever

at

weight

is

what

weight

raise

of

?
of

block
a

What

example,

that

so

180

raise

to

power

length

placed,

balance

(d)

distance

in., (a)

raised

be

The

be

moving

last

the

could

actual

is

the

to

through

moves

machine

the

weight

force

weight

(427)

MECHANICS.

ffIQ

JSl

141, the

equal

14,
4!^Uk

tively,
respec-

weight

arms

Fig.

5.

ELEMENTARY

JFi^

equal

applied

In

(434)
in. ; of

C\

and

2^, 3^
Pwill

at

MECHANICS.

raise

in.,

12

lb.

35

(c)

applied

If the

weight

respectively,

radius

in. ; of

raise

raised

actually

frame

measuring

having

in.

15

from

each

frame

the

(436)
the

of

roof

(d)

energy
into

kinetic

how

many

that

the

the

stone

lb. ; what

The

(439)
of

5|- in.

of

(440)
nail

with

inch

into

the

the

the

larger pulley
will

mechanism

the
If

velocity

the

wood,

what

is

(a)

what

cu.

in. ?

If 4
is its

cu.

ft. of

hung

that

the
and

of suspension

25

time

of

Ans.
is

bismuth

pulley

ft.

of

/^of

the
lb.

00

what

head
per

is the

weighs
second,

force

of

Fig.

raise

copper

specific gravity

alloy weigh
?

{d)

What

ton

is the

Ans.

the

pulley,

if

the

ciency
effi-

499.2

lb.

strikes
it

driving
blow

lb.

149,

smaller

1Mb.,

the

is

.3553

Ans.

127

2.032.

9.823;

in

shown

in., and

force

H.P.

31.57

Ans.

is (U

take

weighs

stone

of

heat,

or

supposition

(d)

Ans.

kind

changed

it would

that

potential

be

the

on

of

edge

friction

through

ground

its

Ans.

(441)

triangle

the

could

energy

same

whose
of

what

(a)

developed,

is 48^

hammer

80.5^.

horizontal

point

differential

weight

the

the

graphically,

on

certain

inch

In

what

be

the

to

of

cubic

is
=

suspension

from

loss

specific gravity

of

Solve

high

specific gravity

of

weight

foot

in

lb. is balanced

any

in

freely

cubic
is its

(438)

radius

fall

an

suspended

potential

would

done

was

to

(437)

the

its

horsepower
work

ft.

without

energy,

equilateral

500

75

If all of

ratio

triangle.

the

building

of

distances

weighing

stone

Efficiency

the

force

velocity

Ans.

point

horizontal

of

edge

would

lb., respectively, being

18

is the

perpendicular

each

to

is

and

Where

remain

shape

edge

12, 15,

corner.

may

measure

each

on

of

position, weights

the

is 15

1,1)32 lb., what

was

efficiency ?

(435)

is the

in. ; of

load

what

(a)

(/;)What

F,

lb.

3.032

wheel

the

drum

the

in. ;

of

force

what

Ans.

lb.?

725

the

/"\ 3

of
P

at

of

suppose

i?, 20

of

pinion /), 3^^ in., and

of

load

Fig. 144,

inches,

349

f of

an

lb.

400.42

(2,000 lb.),
weight

(a) Sp.

of
Gr.

8.

MECHANICS.

ELEMENTARY

350

distance

If the

(442)
and

the

the

diameter

of

axis

drum

the

of

the

the

between
shown
is

drum

in
in.

line

center

Fig.

is

143
load

what

of

handle

the

in.,

14^

will

and
of

force

lb. exerted

30

If the

(443)
be

required

to

move

If

minutes,

by

means

work

this

In

(445)

(440)
lb.

88

friction

force

If

weight,

of

due

sufficient

center

the

axis

under

is

Fig.

of

up

handle

all

"

the
in.

the

1,200

supports;

gravity

12.438.
it is

upon

of
lb.

47^

lb.,

under

the

plate

What

is

the

acting

The

pulleys

143

of

of

the

end

free

part

this

and

Fig.

diameter

having
on

.2045.

between

in

drum

and

tackle

weigh

of

of

coefficient

of

handle

the

forming

rope,

by

weight

point.

the

4^

pressure

support

of

":enter

upward

distance

of

lifted

H.P.

spring, placed

compressed

resultant

four

upon

the

each

same

line

in.,

rests

lb. ;

an

in

material

certain

is

the

.3709

move

is the

what

plane,

to

how

friction

to

Ans.

125

the

The

the

of

plate

upon

the

(450)

wound

would

exerts

acting

towards

and

just

{a)

15

{b) -^j H.P.

Ans.

lb. is

in

horsepower

horsepower

18

ft.

cu.

Find

(449)

the

of

directly

pressure

drum

of

resistance

the

feet

150

pulley,

part

what
if

horizontal

weight

and

12

load

the

iron

An

plate

is

example,

expended

density

the

forces

What

would

Ans.

(448)

the

movable

and

(b)

lb.

900

is its

placed

fixed

force

lb. ?

75
of

weight

what

Ans.

last

If

is .21,

of

along

(447)
what

the

weighing

done

to

30^

been

of

he

actually

have

had

of

has

equivalent

man

raises

man

raise

friction

of

body

at

coefficient

(444)

much

handle

the

on

block

pulleys,

fig.

iovce

q.

is

How

drum.
if

of

great
of

30

weight

lb.

is

exerted
Ans.

can

on

960

be

the
lb.

ELEMENTARY

(a)

(451)
{6)

If

the

790

lb.,

MECHANICS.

What

is

weight

lifted

efficiency

the

ratio

velocity

actually

is

what

the

351

by

in

last

the

of

force

example

lb.

30

was

(^)

"^'^-

(6)

S2.2[)^.

a
,

"

(452)

It

is

desired

the

overhead,

fixed

fixed

pulley,
of

24:^
raise

the

load

weight

free

of

of

lb.

475

If

{a)

lifted,

weight

end

floor.

the

to

raise

to

the

passing

rope

force

what

What

of

means

resistance

the

(d)

by

would

is

the

another

over

due

friction

to

be

pulley

is

to

necessary

efficiency

^^"

(^)

^^'^

{6)

80.04j^.

Ans
"

(453)
kinetic

body
seconds,

Explain

If

energy.

weighing
what

idea

your

{a)

the

to

work

work,

power,

force

constant

pounds

00

is

of

of

move

done

distance

{6)

The

and

horsepower,
pounds
of

power

25

cause

can

feet

expended

in

2^
?