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BULLETIN OF THE
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART
VOLUME

XVII,

NUMBER

II

CONTENTS
THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS.

PAGE

226

ANCIENTARMORLOST AND FOUND:

A MISSINGVISOR RETURNS .
234
A NOTE ON THE PHYFE EXHIBITION 239
OLD WOODCUTS AND MODERN ILLUSTRATIONS
......

240

NOTES
243
.........
Membership-TheWingof American
Art-Christmas
Prints
Gifts-Japanese
on View-TemporaryInstallationof
English and AmericanFurnitureChanges in the Textile GalleriesTournamentPictures-A New Staff
Member-InHonorofChampollionChangesofAddress
LIST OF ACCESSIONSAND LOANS . 245
CALENDAROF LECTURES.
. 247

THE

PHARAOH OF THE
EXODUS

THERE was a time, not so very long

ago, when to mentionEgypt was to mention the land wherethe Childrenof Israel
had servedin bondage,and whenthe classical exampleof the proud despot was Pharaoh. Tastes are different
nowadays. Bible
texts no longer come trippingoffof our
tongues. If you ask people what first
thoughtcomes intotheirheads at the word
"Egypt," the chances are you will get
"Cleopatra" foran answerfar moreoften
than the hard-heartedPharaohwhosestory
the writerhas been delvinginto lately.
The immediate reason for this sudden
resurrectionof Pharaoh was the acquisitionby the Museum of two of his statues.
A year ago the Museum's Egyptian Expedition discoveredthe unique sarcophagus
of Queen Aashait. In the division of
antiquities made this year, the Egyptian
Governmentinsistedthat the sarcophagus,
withthe coffinand objects foundin it, was
essential to its own national collections,
and theyofferedus the choiceof a number
of other monumentsof which the Cairo
Museum had equivalents. We selected a
pair of heroicgranite statues of the Pha-

raohof the Exodus whichhad recentlybeen

discoveredbesidetheeasterndoorwayofthe
forecourtof the Temple of Luxor.1 There
theyhad been placed by the kingoverthree
thousand years ago, like guardians seated
on either side of the temple gate. The
piety of devotees enteringthe shrinehad
left
polished their laps with the offerings
on the knees of "the Good God." The
fanaticism of Christian iconoclasts had
smashed offtheirnoses. The indifference
of Arab peasants had buriedthem deep in
rubbishundertheirhouses. Now, finally,
theywere beingbroughtto New York and
goingon exhibitionin the Museum2and it
seemed time to brush up faded memories
of Pharaoh and to try to make some sort
of mentalpictureof him as he must have
been.
Three portraitsof Pharaoh exist. First,
and best known, comes the Bible story.
As we have it today, it was compiledfrom
earlier tales centuriesafterthe Pharaoh's
death and it must be admitted that it is
biased. The patrioticauthorhas pictured
the arch-enemyof the youthof the Jewish
race. It is as if all of the redcoats and
Indians of our school historieswere rolled
into one great,ominous,evil figure. Secondly,thereis the picturedrawnin modern
histories. At firstthought it may seem
strange,but thereis only the faintestecho
-if thereis any at all-of the entireBible
tale in the contemporary documents
surviving from ancient Egypt. We can
only conclude,calculatingfromthe Bible's
thatthe Exodus fellwithin
own chronology,
the years during which King Merneptah
ruled in Egypt. The historian draws
his picture of the Pharaoh of the Exodus, therefore,from Merneptah's own
hymnsof self-praise, which can scarcely
be called disinterestedtestimony,and from
his mummy,whichgives some unflattering
evidence on his personal appearance.
Then, finally,thereis the thirdportraitthe sculptor's-but this again is only the
'The largeris 8 ft. 4- in. (2-55m.) high and

is still7 ft.
weighsaboutfourtons. Thesmaller
5.1in. (2.28m.)high,evenwithpartofthecrown
a
ton
less.
about
and
brokenaway,
weighs
2In the FifthAvenueHall at theentranceto the
EgyptianRooms.

226

PUBLISHED

PRICE TWENTY CENTS

MONTHLY

BULLETIN OF
THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM
OF ART
VOLUMEXVII

NEW YORK, NOVEMBER, 1922

GRANITE STATUE OF MERNEPTAH (DETAIL)

FROM THE TEMPLE OF LUXOR

MuseumofArt,in twoparts,PartI
Copyright,
I922,by The Metropolitan

NUMBERII

THE

TWO

SEATED

STATUES

EASTERN

OF

THE

DOORWAY

ONE
PHARAOH,
OF THE TEMPLE

ON

EITHER

OF

LUXOR

SIDE

OF THE

BULLETIN

OF THE

METROPOLITAN

MUSEUM

OF ART

traditional
a deity
summation
of all kinglyideals Thebes,KingofGods,and himself
ratherthanan individual
And
likeness.
deities.
all
the
Egyptian
among
Thus threepairsof eyeshave seenthe Pharaohsaid, "Who the Lord that I
Pharaohandeachhasdiscovered
a differentshouldobeyhis voiceis
to let Israelgo? I
willI let Israel
them knownottheLordneither
to reconcile
person. It is impossible
couldmovethe grim,
withoutmutilation
and to thewriter
there go." No argument
seemsto be nothing
to do exceptto letthe hardfigure. He was notgoingto riskthe
readermake his own composite,mental escapeof a wholetribeof slavesthrough
ruseof a threedays' trip
the one or the other thetransparent
picture,intensifying
as suitshisownfancy.
into the desertfor a religiousfestival.
mustbe stifledin their
The Bible Pharaohis the hard-heartedTheirmurmurings
Pharaohturned
featureevenin throats,
andtherefore
upon
tyrantwithno redeeming
do ye, Moses
adversity.This is hardlytheplaceto tell themand said, "Wherefore
hiswholestoryas itis setforth
intheBook and Aaron,letthepeoplefromtheirwork?
ofExodus,butforthesakeofourcomposite Get youuntoyourburdens,"and he comof thepeoplethe
it maybe worthwhileto reacta mandedthe taskmasters
portrait
fewofitsscenes.
same day saying,"Ye shallno moregive
hadbeenthatkingoverEgypt thepeoplestrawto makebrickas heretoHisfather
of Israelhad fore. Let themgo and gatherstrawfor
who,seeinghowtheChildren
and of the tale of bricksye
increasedabundantlyuntilthe land was themselves,
filledwiththem,had said to his people, shall not diminishaught. For they be
"Come on, let us deal wiselywiththem," idle,andtherefore
theycry,'Let us go and
our
to
lives
their
sacrifice
make
to
make
he
meant
which
had
god.' Letmorework
by
bitterwithhardbondagein mortarand in be laid uponthementhattheymaylabor,
brick. In thosedays therehad been an and notregardvainwords."
wasoneracyoftheEgyponeof
Thestratagem
Israelite,Moses,whohad murdered
the oppressors.Like Sinuhe,the heroof tiansoil. Unbakedmudbricksneedstraw
orfullyhalfofthem
an Egyptiantale of sevenhundredyears to bindthemtogether,
before,he had fledto escapethelaw into willbreakwhentheyareloadedon a donthe desert,beyondthepale of extradition keyto deliverthemto thebuilders. Since
treaties;forthe Egyptiansof thosedays the countis at the place of buildingand
had negotiatedwiththeirmorecivilized onlythewholebricksaretaken,onehalfof
of thelaborofmakinghas gonefornaughtif
treatiesforthereturn
rigorous
neighbors
criminals.Now whenit came to pass in no strawis used. So the Israeliteswent
processof timethat this kinghad died, intothefieldsto gatherstubbleto takethe
and thePharaohofthe Exodusreignedin placeofstraw,butstilltheycouldnotfulhisstead,Egyptwas againsafeforMoses, filltheirtasksandtheirleaderswerebeaten
forall themenweredead whosoughthis in consequence.
to deliverthe Israel- Now thereis a curiousthingaboutthe
life,and he returned
a ruler
iteswhohad becomerestiveby reasonof Orient. No matterhowtyrannical
theirbondage.
is,hetakesit as a matterofcoursethathis
as His Majestysat uponhis subjectsshouldbreakin uponhimin the
Onemorning
thronein the audiencehall surrounded
by palaceor on theroad,to maketheircombe- plaints. He maybeatthemfortheirpains,
themselves
his court,thereprostrated
to the
forehimtwooftheuncouthHebrewshep- but thereis something
satisfying
to
see
brother
his
and
Moses
the
returned
groveling
petitioners
despot'spride
herds,
Aaron. Theycameto deliverthemessage beforehim. The modernEuropeanmay
oftheLordGod of Israel:"Let mypeople rule justlyand well,but he keepsfixed
go thattheymayholda feastto mein the officehoursand demandsthat communiwilderness."Such a messagewas an im- cationscome throughregularchannelscomingfromthegodofabomi- and the orientalhateshimas he woulda
pertinence,
to the bodilyson of Re, soullessmachine.
natedherdsmen
it is naturalto read howthe
Therefore
the Sun God, to the belovedof Amonof
228

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officers
of the Childrenof Israelswarmed A weeklatertheyduplicated
theplagueof
of Pharaohto pro- frogsbrought
forth
rightintothepresence
byMoses. It wasonly
testagainstthesenewrigors Oflittleuse whenhe turnedthedustintolicethatthey
were their complaints.His only reply failed,and,astounded,
said untoPharaoh,
was, "Ye are idle,and therefore
ofGod." Thenceforth
ye say, "This is thefinger
'Let us go and do sacrifice
to the Lord.' Pharaohhad losthischiefrelianceforbeGo now and work,forno strawshall be littlingthe God of Israel and afterthe
givenuntoyou,yetshallyedeliverthetale plagueof boilswas brought
forthand the
of bricks";and just as he had schemed, magicianscould no longerstand before
whentheofficers
of theChildren
of Israel Mosesbecausethey,too,weresmitten
with
metMosesand Aaronwaitingforthemas the boils,theydisappearfromthe story
fromthepalace,theyburst discredited.
theycameforth
forfalseleaders.
uponthemwrathfully
Meantime
thestoryunfolds
plagueafter
The scenewasnowlaidforthatastound- plaguewhichMosesbringsuponthe land
ing seriesof miraclesby whichthe spirit of Egypt. Pharaohloses his supercilious
of Pharaohwas to be broken. The Lord arrogance.Disquieted,
he triesdeceitand
announced
to Moses,"Now shaltthousee thencompromise.His peopleare goaded
whatI willdo to Pharaoh. I willharden to despairand cryoutto him,"How long
Pharaoh'sheartandmultiply
mysignsand shallthismanbe a snareuntous? Let the
wonders. But Pharaohshallnothearken men go that theymay servetheirGod.
untoyou,that I maylay myhandupon Knowestthou not yet that Egyptis deEgyptand bringforthmypeopleby great stroyed?" But it is onlyaftertheslaying
judgments."
of the firstborn
in everyEgyptianhouseThe storythat followsis one written hold in the land that Pharaohgivesway
fora peoplewhoknewancientEgyptinti- and sendsthe Israelites
off. Thenrageat
mately. Day afterday Mosesand Aaron mereshepherds
whohadhumbled
hispride,
are picturedrepeatingtheirdemandsin malicetowardsubjectswho had harassed
thepalace,or theywaylaidPharaohat the and finallydefeatedhim, and cupidity
river'sbrinkas he wentdownto thewater arousedat the escape of bondsmen,insurrounded
by hiscourtiers.At firstthey flamedtheofthardenedheartof Pharaoh
triedto impress
himwithmagicandturned and he led forthhishostin pursuit. The
theirstaff
intoa serpent. Evenbefore
the destruction
of his wholearmyin the Red
werebuilt,theEgyptian
sorcerers Sea-the Biblenowhere
pyramids
saysthatPharaoh
had been able to set a decapitatedhead himself
was drowned-closesthe tyrant's
back on its shoulders,
ifwe are to believe career. It is a greatparable-but it is
theirown stories,and one of themhad hardlyhistory.
anticipatedMoses' most famousmiracle It mustbe confessed
that the modern
of openingthe Red Sea, by cleavingthe historian
drawsnosuchstrikingly
dramatic
watersofa lakein twoand setting
theone portrait
as thatin theimmortal
taleofthe
parton topoftheother. Even Pharaoh's Book of Exodus. He lacks the animus,
brotherKhamwasthad attainedtherepu- the colorful
palette,and the bold strokes
tationof beingdeeplyversedin magic. ofhisoldJewish
andaboveall
predecessor,
whatwasmorenaturalthanthat he lacksthe supernatural.His pictureis
Therefore,
heshouldcalluponthemagicians
whowere vaguerand less convincing-apatchwork
aroundhim,to turntheirrodsintoserpents of Merneptah's
fartoo flattering
account
and shamethesefollowers
of the Israelite of himselfand the totallycontradictory
god. Theyreadilydid so, and evenifthe probabilities
ofthecase.
theirserpents, The historians
serpentof Mosesswallowed
tell us thatthe Pharaoh
Pharaohwas notimpressed
bysuchsleight was a thirteenth
son. His elderbrothers
of hand. His heartwas hardened. Next had diedoffone by one in the morethan
day Mosesturnedthe riverto blood,but half-century
that their magnificent
old
the magiciansdid likewiseand Pharaoh father,
RamesestheGreat,hadheldgrimly
turnedand wentintohis houseunmoved. to the throneof Egyptand dictatedthe
229

LARGER

STATUE
XIX

RULING

OF

MERNEPTAH

DYNASTY
1225-1215

B. C.

SMALLER

STATUE

OF

MERNEPTAH

XIX DYNASTY
RULING

1225-1215

B. C,

BULLETIN

OF THE METROPOLITAN

destinies of the world. Merneptah himselfwas at least forty-seven

yearsold when
the dignityof crown prince descended to
him,but withit nevercame the confidence
whichhis aged fatherhad givensome of his
older brothers,and he had still to wait a
dozen years in comparativeobscurityand
a roundof futilereligiousceremoniesuntil
he could wear the Double Crown.
In 1225 B. C., as an elderlyman ofnearly
sixty, fat, with a shiny bald pate ringed
about with a shaven fringeof white hair,
Merneptahburiedhis fatherand came into
his inheritance. The throne he mounted
must have seemed solid enough. The
name of Rameses had been one to conjure
with for sixty-sevenlong years and the
corpulentold princemust have dreamedof
passing a peaceful and luxuriousold age
underits protection. But the news of the
passing of the despotic Rameses traveled
fast, and soon there were murmuringsall
throughthe oppressedOrientand conspirators who had scarcelydared whisperthese
many years were travelingabout the excited world. The Bible makes this the
moment when Moses felt safe to return
fromexile to stirup the restiveHebrews.
Of Israel's risingwe hear nothing,but we
do hear of a more formidableconspiracy,
even if it was less supernatural,formingin
the west. The Libyans of Tripoli, Tunis,
and Algeriamade a confederacyunderone
of their kings and they easily persuaded
Sicilians, Sardinians, Etruscans, and the
Lycian pirates to cross the narrowseas to
join them. All through the west, wild,
beardedlips wateredat the tales of plunder
to be had among the Delta farms and
towns. The old Pharaoh was startledon
his newlyattainedthrone. He gave orders
to fortifyMemphis,where his palace was,
and so vast was the armyhe called up that
he boasts he "considered not hundredsof
thousands." But before he could get
ready the danger was upon him. Messengersbroughtin news that the confederates had overwhelmedthe nearby tribes
and the oases, and it must have been very
disconcertingindeed to hear that the
Libyan kingwas bringinghis whole family
withhimas thoughhe planneda protracted
stay. Already the invaders were at the
232

MUSEUM

OF ART

frontier"spending theirtime going about

the land fightingto stufftheirbellies daily
-coming to the land of Egypt to findfood
to filltheirmouths."
"Behold, His Majesty was enragedlike
a lion at this report." He made a stirring
speech-or at least he had one enteredinto
the records for our edification-closing
with a peremptoryorder for the army to
prepare to march. Meantime he caused
to be knowna fortunateomen. His Lord
Ptah had appeared to him in a dream as a
gigantic statue offeringhim a sword and
saying, "Take thou this and banish thou
the fearfromout of thy heart."
It was dawn ofApril14, 1220 B. C., when
the Libyan horde and the Egyptian army
met,but it was onlyon the nextday, when
the Libyan king had come up, that the
Egyptiansattacked,firstwith the bow for
six long hours of slaughterand then they
closed in withthe swordto finishthe annihilation. The wretchedLibyan chieftain
cast away sandals, weapons, and even his
water-skin,and fledescapingto the desert
by night,leavingbehindhim his army,his
family, and even his throne. "No one
knows," said the messengersto the court
the nextday, "whetherhe is alive or dead,
but the surviving chiefs are disgusted.
They have set in his place another from
among his brothers,who will fight him
whereverhe sees him."
The triumphantarmy hastenedback to
the court at Memphis loaded with the
trophies of the battlefieldwhich it was
always etiquetteto bringon announcinga
silenced
victory. Besides,they effectually
innuendoes. The old king came out on
his balcony forthe review. Beneath him,
with great pomp and parade, was heaped
the plunder-arms and munitions,prisoners and the gory hands hacked offof the
corpses of the dead. Busily the scribes
countedthemand whenthe reckoningwas
finished,read it to His Majesty item by
item, enemy tribe by enemy tribe. The
accounts still exist, somewhat mutilated,
but they show, apparently, over nine
thousand dead and seeminglyas many
prisoners in addition, besides droves of
cattle,horses,flocksof goats, and an enormous miscellaneousbooty.

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"The whole land rejoicedto heaven; widowforEgypt." It is one of themost

thetownsand provinces
these puzzlingpassagesin Egyptianchronicles
proclaimed
wonderswhichhad happened,"and the and,eversinceit was discovered,
themost
plauditsofthecrowdmusthavebeenbalm discussed.
to theharassedold man'snerves. We can
That it is a patentexaggeration
is evipicturetheintensereliefhe musthavefelt dent,fortheseedof Israelis stillwithus.
as he lefthisbalconyaftertheinspection,How muchtruthis therein it,then? The
witheverylast doubtas to the realityof Israelitesshould,by thistime,have been
his escapegoneat sightof thosetrophies. wandering
in theWilderness
ofSinai. Are
The courthad beenassembled
in theaudi- we to supposethatPharaohharriedthem
ence hall, the recordtells us, and when on theirway? If he had, undoubtedly
theircheershad died away he launched Moses would have saved themwith his
forthinto a triumphant
harangue. He miraculousrod and the Book of Exodus
mincedno wordsin it. Evidentlythere wouldneverhavefailedto tellus all about
wereforeign
ambassadors
and the it. Are theseIsraelitesof the inscription
present,
to thebiblicalrecord,
wilyold PharaohcalledthosefromNubia utterstrangers
living
to witnessthe awfulfateof anyonewho in Palestinebeforethe Exodus,as many
rousedhis anger,for therewas trouble historianswould have it? Or did the
brewingin the south. Meantimethe Childrenof Israel not get offabsolutely
criedout,"Thou hast scot-free
at theRed Sea? Eitherthislast,
peopleon thestreets
madetheLibyansto be likegrasshoppers,or the stiff-necked
old Pharaohwas celeforeveryroadis strewn
withtheircorpses," bratingan imaginaryvictoryover that
and the bardscomposeda longhymnof pestilential
peoplewho,he sincerely
hoped,
in thedesertby thattime.
triumphin the fulsomeorientalmanner: wereperishing
"His victoriesare publishedin all lands
In anycase,Merneptah
of all Egyptian
to causethegloryof his conqueststo ap- kingsis theonlyonewhoknew,or at least
pear. King Merneptah!The Bull,lord who deignedto mention,
the Childrenof
of strength,
who slayshis foes,beautiful Israel. Thereis hisstatement
thatIsrael
uponthefieldof victory. The Sun,driv- was destroyedroot and branch,and as
whichwasoverEgypt," thoughto confirm
ingawaythestorm
it, two or threeyears
and so on ad nauseam. The fatold king laterhisfrontier
officials
recordwithsatisseems to have been delightedwith the factionthe peacefulentryof othertribes
forhehadtheeffusion
carvedonan with theirflocksinto the veryland of
similes,
enormous
blockof granitestolenfroman GoshenwheretheIsraelites
haddweltfrom
ancestor'smonument
and set it up in his the daysof Josephto thedaysof Moses.
ownmortuary
It wouldsurelyseemthat thereis sometempleat Thebes.
The eventstakingplace meanwhile
on thingin the storyof the Exodus-only
the easternbordersremainobscure. We whoseaccountarewe to believe?
havesomeof therecordsof a poston the
In 1215 B. C., at nearlyseventy
yearsof
frontier
towardPalestinein Merneptah's age, Merneptahdied and his body was
thirdyearandwecanreadofthebusycom- takenup to Thebes,to be buriedamong
ingsand goingsof courtiers,
captains,and his ancestorsin the Valleyof the Kings.
charioteers,
Egyptiansand Syrians. Pos- Thereit was founda fewyearsago and
on inthenorth, it is fromit thatwe knowthathewasa fat,
siblytherewas a campaign
buttheold kingwas notin thefield,forit bald-headedold man who suffered
in his
is onlythereturning
whobring decliningyears-the modernmicroscope
messengers
lettersand reportsto his court. At any and thebestof medicalauthority
are our
on the witnesses-from
rate,at the end of the panegyric
of the arteries
hardening
Libyanvictoryin the fifth
year,comesa oftheheart!
The thirdportrait-thesculptor's-we
summing
up ofconqueststhatincludesall
thepeoplesof Syriaand Canaan and ends can dismissmorebriefly.Not that it is
with"Israel is desolated,his seed is not. lessarresting
thantheBiblepicture,
orless
Palestinehas becomelike a defenselessplausiblethanthehistorian's,
but because
233

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it is more obvious. To the sculptor the

As one of many cases in point,we note
Pharaoh was neitherthe deceitfultyrant the rich armor of the ArchdukeAlbrecht
nor the harassed old man weighed under of Austria,governorof the Low Countries
the troublesof his high position,but the in 1596. Part of his armor is today in
impersonal, superhuman embodiment of Vienna; otherpieces, includingmost of its
kingship. He has shown the ruler by horse panoply, are in Brussels, together
divine right,whom it were impietyto ac- with a fineshoulderguard added lately by
cuse of defeat or mortal weakness, un- gift of the American collector,Clarence
approachable and immovable,gazing out H. Mackay; stillotherpieces I latelyidentiover his subjects from the height of his fied in the little CzartoryskiMuseum in
aloofness,into eternity. Choice of ma- Cracow. And so it goes. The finearmor
terial, scale, and treatmenthave all been of Sir James Scudamore, which was acknowinglyused to express the idea of quired by .the Metropolitan Museum
undyingmajesty. Then, that thereshould severalyears ago, was lackinga numberof
be no questionleftin the beholder'smind, pieces, which some day will turn up and
he has adornedthe bases, the thrones,and replace the restorationsmade. In fact,
the backs of both statues with an intricate only a few monthsago we purchased the
decorationin hieroglyphs,
originallypicked missingleftthighpiece and a footdefense,
out in yellow,settingforththe names and which appeared unidentifiedin a London
titles of the king. The language is pure sale.
The fact of the matteris that, as time
bombast to us but to the imaginative
oriental-ancientor modern-it wouldseem goes on, missing pieces are apt to drift
no more than the appropriatestyle for a back to the original armor in an almost
sovereign and it is surely as Merneptah uncannyway. Indeed, a suit whichlacks
even a singledefensemay reasonablyfind
would have us thinkof him:
"The God Horus called 'The-Mighty- it, and manyinstancesof this kindmay be
Bull-rejoicing-in-Truth';King of Upper cited. Thus I remember,a fewyears ago,
and Lower Egypt, Prince of Joy, Lord of visitingin Paris the galleryof M. Georges
the Two Lands 'Binre(-beloved-of-Amon'; Pauilhac (whose private armory is the
the Good God, Son of the Sun God, largest extant) in company with my disLord of Glories, Merneptah-satisfied-with-tinguished preceptor, Mr. Riggs, who
Truth'; beloved of Amon of Karnak, King stopped presentlyin frontof a case and
of the Gods, given life like the Sun God pointed out the missingelbow piece of a
forever and ever."
capital suit he had givento the Metropolitan Museum. "So the fates have decreed
H. E. W.
you this, Pauilhac,-a thousandcongratulations!" I heard Mr. Riggs say. "Yes,
LOST AND
ARMOR
ANCIENT
my dear friend,"repliedthe other with a
VISOR
FOUND:
A MISSING
smile,"you cannotimaginehow glad I was
RETURNS
to get it and for a particular reason-I
IF ever there were a resurrectionday wanted to give it to you!" But such
when therearose not the historicalperson- amenitiesare, unhappily,not at all comage himself,but his completearmor,there mon. An amateur is sometimesperverse
would be confusion,indeed,in museumsof and enjoys keeping in his collection an
many lands: for the elements of such a object which should, on broadly moral
suit-and they were many-have been grounds,be turnedover to another. This
scatteredin the course of centuriesamong was the point of view of a well-known
national and private collectionsthe world collectorin London who discoveredthat he
over. Sometimesthesepieces are identified possessedthe beautifulvisorbelongingto a
accurately in their new home, sometimes gilded and embossed helmet in our colthey lie unnoticed-to give satisfaction lection-he was finallywilling for us to
to the armorlover who "spots" them as have it, it is true, but at a price nearly
having belonged to an historicalpanoply. twentytimes greaterthan he had paid for
234