Environmental Engineering-Ii

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING-II
Global Environmental Issues
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Solid and hazardous wastes
Fresh water quantity and quality
Degradation of marine environments
Deforestation
Land degradation
Endangerment of biological diversity
Environmental engineering
Air Pollution
Noise pollution
Solid waste engineering & management
Hazardous waste management
Water quality modeling
Environmental ecology
Water treatment and supply systems
Wastewater collection and treatment
Environmental impact assessment
Air Pollution
Indoor air pollution
Out door air pollution
Factors
Traffic
Industries
Forest fire
Volcanic irruption
Composting and burning of solid waste
Dust storm
Query blasting
Noise Pollution
Sources
Traffic (Roads, railways and planes)
Industries
Construction works
Workshops
Query blasting
Nuclear and weapon testing
Solid waste engineering & management

Systems
Disposal
Factors
Open burning
Open dumping
Unhygienic disposal
Dispose off in open drains
Impacts on environment
Hazardous waste management
A very sensitive issue

Very complex and dangerous to handle
No proper guideline for disposal
Sources are still not define
Response to environment is also complex
Advance techniques are involved
Water quality modeling
Under ground water modeling

Surface water modeling
BOD & DO model
Variation in BOD & DO concentration
Dissolved Oxygen Analysis-Tidal rivers and Estuaries
Lakes modeling
Stream water standards
Improvement of water quality
Ecology and the Environment

The Technology needed to satisfy that consumption,
and dispose of the waste generation. These two
factors decide how much environmental damage is
done per person. Multiply by the third factor,
population, and you arrive at the total level of
damage.
What is ecology?
Definition
The study of living organisms
environment or habitats
and
their
How pollution impacts our environment

What is ecosystem?
Basic study area for ecologists
An organism or a group of organisms and their
surroundings
Trophic levels within an Ecosystem
Population
Effects of increased population
Energy consumption
It makes possible the higher standard of living
enjoyed in the more developed countries.
Energy consumption vs. population (USA)
123 million (1930) 249 million (1990)
Energy consumption increased by a factor of 10 in
the past 40 years
Estimating population Growth
For reasonable calculations of world resource
consumption and pollution loads.
Habitat
Wetlands
A semi-aquatic area that is either inundated or
saturated by water for varying periods during each
year and that supports aquatic vegetation
specifically adapted for saturated soil conditions
To provide fish and wildlife
To improve water quality
To protect surrounding lands from floods and erosion
Rain Forests
Treed areas with a closed canopy and more than 25
inches of rainfall per year
To hold 50% or more of all species, but only 7% of the
earths surface
What Does a Civil Engineer Do?

Design, analyze, and construct
Structures
Dams, buildings, pipelines, and
bridges
Geotechnical
Soils, foundations, slope stability
Transportation
Roads and traffic
What Does an Environmental Engineer

Do?
Monitor, model, and improve
Water Quality
Wastewater, drinking water,
groundwater
Air Quality
Outdoor,
atmospheric
indoor,
Waste
Solid, hazardous, recycling
What Does a Green Design Engineer Do?

Prevent pollution, waste
Analyze multi-faceted problems
Engineering and science
Economics
Public policy
Deal with uncertainty

Build tools (computer models) to solve problems and
assist decision makers
Green Design Research
Life cycle analysis or assessment

Energy and electricity in the economy
Green construction
Harvesting methane from landfills
Tracking metals through the environment
Feasibility of cellulose ethanol (fuel from plants) for
transportation
Framework for the Program

Increased pollution and
related health effects
Population
increase:
1.6 billion to
6 billion
Increased
demand for
material
and energy
resources
Decreased biodiversity
and natural habitat
Change in ecosystems,
atmospheric systems
Uncertainty resource
availability, climate
variability, other
environmental impacts
Water treatment and supply systems

Surface Water Treatment
1. Chemical Mixing (Rapid Mixing)
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Rapid Sand Filter
5. Disinfection
6. Flouridation
7. Pumped to community
Unit Processes
Groundwater Treatment
1. Aeration (if necessary to release any
gases)
2. Disinfection
3. Flouridation
4. Pumped to community
Coagulation & Flocculation

Coagulation
the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to
make them stick together
Hydrophilic particles water loving absorbs to
water
Hydrophobic particles water hating does not
absorb to water
Hydrophobic particles are negatively charged
and dont like to aggregate and are
hydrophobic
A positively charge coagulant destabilizes the
negatively charged particles and brings them
together.
Coagulation & Flocculation

Rapid Mixing - 20 to 60 seconds
Flocculation Gentle mixing 20-60 minutes to
aggregate the particles
Coagulants
Aluminum sulfate (alum)
Ferrous sulfate (ferric)
Ferric chloride
Settling
When flocs have been formed they have to be
separated from the water.
Gravity Settling Tanks
All sedimentation tanks are modeled as plug flow
reactors (PFR).
Rectangular or Circular design.
Their design is determined by the Vs of the particle
size to be removed.
Settling
Qin
V
VS
Sludge Zone
Qout
Filtration
Two types of Filtration
Slow Sand Filtration = 0.1 to 0.2 m/h
Rapid Sand Filtration (Rapid Gravity Filtration) =
5-20 m/h
In the 1930s switch to RSF from SSF, (higher loading, less
space, lower construction costs)
However, SSF resurgence due to its removal of smaller
particles.
Disinfection
All of the previous treatment processes remove >
90% of bacteria and viruses
A disinfectant is used to:
Kill microbes fast and efficiently
Not kill humans or other animals
Last long enough to prevent re-growth in
distributions systems
Factors that inhibit disinfection:
Turbidity: particles shelter bacteria
Resistant organisms
Fe+2 and Mn+2: form particles that shield bacteria
Disinfection
Oxidizable compounds: become
microbes in distribution system
Commonly used disinfectants:
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramines
Ozone
UV light
food
for
Why to worry about water supplies?

Supports virtually everything we do: agriculture, industry,
energy, and domestic needs.
Major pathway into the body for contaminants.
Easy to contaminate, difficult (costly) to remediate.
Expensive to transport, necessitating local supplies for most
communities.
Different countries would respond in different ways to this
question (United States, Lithuania, & Bangladesh).
Health aspects in water are connected to many broader issues
of management.
How much water is in the world?
Water Sources and Treatment
Water Cycle
Groundwater
Surface water
Treatment
Water Cycle
Water Treatment Methods

Flocculation/Sedimentation Flocculation refers to
water treatment processes that combine small particles
into larger particles, which settle out of the water as
sediment.
Filtration
Ion Exchange Ion exchange can be used to treat hard
water. It can also be used to remove arsenic,
chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and
uranium.
Water Treatment Methods

Adsorption Organic contaminants, color, and taste- and
odor-causing compounds can stick to the surface of
granular or powdered activated carbon (GAC or PAC).
GAC is generally more effective than PAC in removing
these contaminants. Adsorption is not commonly used in
public water supplies.
Disinfection (chlorination, ozonation) Water is often
disinfected before it enters the distribution system to
ensure that dangerous microbes are killed. Chlorine,
chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone
Major Water Quality Indicators

Microorganisms, Disinfectants & Disinfection
Byproducts, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals,
Safe Drinking Water Act and state laws
Overview: Origin, Mitigation, Treatment, Health Effects
Safe Drinking Water Act

Originally passed in 1974 and regulates 170,000 public
water systems in U.S.
Standards and Treatment Requirements
Expanded in 1996 in the areas of sole source water
supplies, protection and prevention, and public
information.
Drinking water issue (Arsenic in Bangladesh)

20% of the countries wells affected
900,000 of the country's four million tube-wells were sunk
with UNICEF assistance
Estimated that the number of people exposed to arsenic
concentrations above 0.05 mg/l is 28-35 million (more than
0.01 mg/l is 46-57 million) (BGS, 2000)
Long-term exposure to arsenic via drinking-water causes
cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, and kidney, as well
as other skin changes such as pigmentation changes and
thickening.
Government was slow to respond
Needed steps: identify safe wells, techniques for reducing
exposure, purification and other water sources

Environmental Engineering-Ii

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II

Global Environmental Issues

Solid waste engineering & management

Hazardous waste management

A very sensitive issue

Water quality modeling

Under ground water modeling

Ecology and the Environment

How pollution impacts our environment

What Does a Civil Engineer Do?

What Does an Environmental Engineer

What Does a Green Design Engineer Do?

Deal with uncertainty

Green Design Research

Life cycle analysis or assessment

Framework for the Program

Water treatment and supply systems

Coagulation & Flocculation

Coagulation & Flocculation

Why to worry about water supplies?

How much water is in the world?

Water Sources and Treatment

Water Treatment Methods

Water Treatment Methods

Major Water Quality Indicators

Safe Drinking Water Act

Drinking water issue (Arsenic in Bangladesh)

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