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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 8

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS

PAGE

5.0 INDICES AND LOGARITHM

5.1

Concept Map

5.2

Indices and laws of Indices

Exercise 5.2
5.3

Simplify Algebraic Expressions

4-5

Exercise 5.3
5.4

Equation Involving Indices

5-7

Exercise 5.4
5.5

Past Year Questions

5.6

Assessment

9 - 10

Answers

11

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1

CONCEPTUAL MAP

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Indices

Logarithms
index

If N = a , then loga N = x
base

Integer indices
n

a) a = a x a x a x a x a

Fractional indices
a) a

1/n

= ___________

b) a

m/n

= ___________
= ___________

n factors
b) Negative index, a

-n

= _________

c) Zero index, a = __________

Laws of indices
a) a x a

b) a a
m n

c) (a )

Equations involving indices

= _________

a) If ax = ay, then _________

= _________

b) If mx = nx, then ________

= _________

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5.2

INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

Examples
Find the values of the following.
3
1. 6
= 216

2. 4-2

=
=

3. 8

2
3

Hit the Buttons

1
42
1
16

= ( 3 8 )2

= 22
= 4

ab

shift
=

EXERCISE 5.2
a)

Evaluate the following

2

1.

0.4

2.

Solution

3.

1

8
Solution

27 3

8
Solution

4.

x2

1
2

4
Solution

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x2

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5.3

SIMPLIFY ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Examples
Simplify
2
3
1.
2a x 3a
= (2 x 3) x (a2 x a3)
= 6 x a2 + 3

2.

33n 2 3n 3
= 33n 2 - ( n 3)
= 33n 2 n + 3
= 3 2n + 1

Solution
Sign
Number
Unknown/
base

: (+) x (+) = (+)

: 2 x 3
= 6

: a2 x a3 = a5

am an = a m n
Use the laws of indices to simplify the
division

EXERCISE 5.3
Simplify the following
1.

(34)2n x 3n

2.

Solution

Solution

3.

8n 1 4 2 n 1

Solution

31 2n x 34 x 33n + 2

4.

a2 x 2a3 (4a)2
Solution

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5.

p n 2 p 3 - 2n
p 5 3n

6.

Solution

Solution

7.

x1

3 3

8.

Solution

5.4

- 2n + 12( 2n 1)

EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES

33x = 81
33x = 34

_____________________ the indices

2x . 4x+1
2x . 22 (x+1)

= 64
= 26

x + 2x + 2
3x

=6
=4
4
=
3

Steps / Method

Express in the _________________ and

compare the indices

3x = 4
4
x =
3

2.

n+2

Solution

Examples
Solve each of the following equations

1.

18a 7 b 2
6a 2 b 2

Use ______ as the same base throughout

_______________ the indices using the
laws of indices

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3.

8 x 16 x 1 0
2

2
3 x

x 1

24

2
3 x

Use 2 as the same base throughout

24

x 1

23x 24x4
2

3x2 = 4x + 4
3x2- 4x 4 = 0
(3x + 2)(x 2) = 0
2
x=
, x=2
3

______________________of a quadratic
equation
_________________________________

EXERCISE 5.4

1.

Solve 8x3 = 27

2.

3.

Solve 2 . 3 = 36
Solution

1
4

Solution

Solution

Solve 8 x =

4.

1
2

Solve 4x = 10
Solution

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5.

Solve 3 9

x4

27

x 1

6.

Solve 53x 25x + 1 =

Solution

Solution

7.

Solve
Solution

27 x 4 =

1
3

x 3

8.

Solve 125 x 1
Solution

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25
5 x 3

1
125

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5.5

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1.

Solve the equation 2 x 4 2 x 3 1

(SPM 05)

Solution

2.

Solve the equation 32 4 x 4 8 x 6

(SPM 04)

Solution

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5.6

ASSESSMENT

Answer All the questions

1.

Time : 30 minutes

Solve the equation 16

3x

= 86x + 1

Solution

2.

Solve the equation 3

2x

1
243

Solution

3.

Solve the equation 8 . 2 = 32

Solution

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Solve the equation 3 x 9 6 2 x 0

2

4.

Solution

5.

Solve the equation

8 x 2 =

1
4

1 x

2x

Solution

6.

Solve the equation 5

2x

52x 1 = 100

Solution

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1
1.
2.
3.
4

0.0256
2.25
512
2

EXERCISE 2.1
1.
39n
2.
3n+7
1
3.
p 4n
1 3
4.
a
8

5.
6.
7.
8.

2 n 1
2a5
2
3x
3
2 n 9

EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES

1.
same base, compare
2.
2, Add
3.
General form, solving by factorization
EXERCISE 3.1
3
1.
x=
2
2
2.
x=
3
3.
x=2
4.
x = 6.25

5.

x=6

6.

x = -1

7.
8.

x = -2
x=1

4.

x = 6, -2

5.

x=2

6.

x=

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1.
x = -1
2.
x=3
ASSESSMENT
5
1.
x=
2
1
2.
x=
2
5
3.
x=
4

3
2

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 9

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

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__________________________________________
CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS
5.0

PAGE

INDICES AND LOGARITHM

5.1

Conceptual Map

5.2

Logarithm and laws of logarithm

34

Exercise 5.2
5.3

Finding Logarithm of numbers

46

Exercise 5.3
5.4

Changing the base of logarithm

7-9

Exercise 5.4.1
Exercise 5.4.2
Exercise 5.4.3
5.5

Equation Involving logarithm

10 11

Exercise 5.5
5.6

Past Year Questions

11 - 12

5.7

Assessment

13

Answers

14

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1

CONCEPTUAL MAP

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Index

an

Logarithms

index

If N = a , then loga N = x

base

Laws of Logarithms
d) Loga xy

= _________________

e) Loga x/y = _________________

f) Loga x

= _________________

Change of base
of logarithms
Equations involving
Logarithms

a) Loga b

= __________

If logaX = logaY, then

__________________

b) Loga b = __________

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5.2

LOGARITHM AND LAWS OF LOGARITHM

Find the value of the following

Examples
Let . log4

1
1. log4
64

2. log5=

Solution
1
=x
64

4x = 4-3
x = -3
Let . log5 5 = x
Then

5x = 5 2

Then

x =
3. log2 x = -5

Given
Then

log2 x = - 5

x = 2-5
1
1
= 5
=
2
32

EXERCISE 5.2
Find the value of each of the following

1. log2 128

2 log5 125

1
64

2
4. log10

3. . log8

1
2

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5. log100 10

6. log 4 64

7. log9 x = -1

8. logx

5.3

1
2
25

FINDING LOGARITHM OF NUMBERS

Examples
Evaluate the following

Solution

2.

log4 2 + log4 8
= log4 (2 x 8)
18
= log4 42
= log3
6
= 2 log4 4
= log3 3
= 2(1)
= 1
= 2
Given that loga 2 = 0.123 and loga 3 = 0.256, calculate the following

1. log3 18 log3 6

3.

a)

loga 12

=
=
=
=
=

loga (2 x 2 x 3)
loga 22 + loga 3
2loga 2 + loga 3
2(0.123) + 0.256
0.502

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loga 6 = loga 62
1

b)

=
=
=
=
4.

1
loga (2 x 3)
2
1
[ loga 2 + loga 3]
2
1
[0.123 + 0.256]
2

0.1895

Given that logx 2 = a and logx 3 = b, write logx

Logx

4
9x2

4
in term of a and b.
9x2

= logx 4 logx 9x 2
=
=
=
=

logx 22 - [ logx 9 + logx x2 ]

2 logx2 - logx 32 - 2 logx x
2a - 2logx 3 - 2(1)
2a - 2b - 2

EXERCISE 5.3
Simplify each of the following logarithms expression

1. log4 2 + log4 32

2. log2 48 + log23 log29

3. 2 log5 10 + 3 log5 2 log5 32

4. 4logx 2 3logx 4 + logx 6

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5. Express loga
and loga c
Solution

b2
in terms of loga b
c

6. Given that log2 6 = 2.59 and

log2 5 = 2.32 find the value of
log10 30
Solution

7. Given log3 2 = 0.631 and log3 5 = 1.465, find the values of

a) log3 20
4
b) log3
5
c) log3 7.5
Solution

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5.4

CHANGING THE BASE OF LOGARITHM

Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log10 5
1. log3 5 =
log10 3
0.699
=
0.4771

= 1.465

EXERCISE 5.4.1
Find the value of the logarithm by changing the base of the logarithm
1.

Log4 3

2.

Log3 10

3.

Log2 0.1

4.

Log5 0.048

6.

3
Log2
4

5.

Log4

1
5

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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log 2 5
1. log4 5 =
log 2 4
2.322
=
2 log 2 2
2.322
=
2

= 1.161
EXERCISE 5.4.2
Given that log2 5 = 2.322 and log2 3 = 1.585, find the value of the logarithm
1.

Log3 5

2.

Log8 15

3.

Log9 125

4.

Log8 25

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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log 4 p 2
1. log10 p2 =
log 4 16
2 log 4 p
=
2 log 4 4
2m
=
2
=m

EXERCISE 5.4.3
Given that log4 p = m. Express the following in terms of m
1.

Logp 4

2.

3.

Log4p 64

4.

Log8 p

Logp

1
256

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5.5

EQUATION INVOLVING LOGARITHMS

1. Solve the equation :

Log 10( x 5 ) = log10 ( x 1 ) + 2
Solution
Log 10( x 5 ) = log10 ( x 1 ) + 2
Log 10( x 5 ) log10 ( x 1 ) = 2
x5
Log 10
=2
x 1
x5
= 102
x 1
x 5 = 100( x 1)
x 5 = 100x 100
99x = 95
95
x=
99

2. Solve the equation:

3x = 52x + 1
Solution
xlog103 = (2x + 1)log105
xlog103 = 2x log105 + log105
xlog103 2x log105 = log105
x(log103 2 log105) = log105
log10 5
x =
log10 3 2 log10 5
x = 0.7591

EXERCISE 5.5
Solve each of the equation
1.
5x = 27

3.

3x + 1 = 18

2.

5x = 0.8

4.

5x 2 = 4x + 1

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5.

2x3x = 5x + 1

5.6

SPM QUESTIONS

6.

3x . 4x + 1 = 6

SPM 2005( Paper 1)

1. Solve the equation log 3 4 x log 3 (2 x 1) 1

[ 3 marks]

SPM 2005( Paper 1)

27 m
2. Given that log m p and log m 3 r , express log m
in term of p and r
4
[ 4 marks]

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SPM 2004(Paper 1)
3. Given that log 5 2 = m and log 5 = p, express log 5 4.9 in term of m and p
[ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper1)
4. Given that log 2 T - log 4 V = 3 , express T in term of V. Express T in term of V
[ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper1)
5. Solve the equation 4 2 x 1 7 x

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[ 4 marks]

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5.7

ASSESSMENT

Answer All the questions

Time : 30 minutes

1.

Solve the equation log 5 (8 x 4) 2 log 5 3 log 5 4

2.

Given x = log 3 k m and log 2 k n . Find the value of log k 24 in term of m and n

3.

Given that log 3 T log 9 V 4, express T in terms of V

4.

Solve the equation 5 2 x 1 9 x

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 5.2
1.
2.
3.

3
2
-2

6.

1
2
6

5.
6.
7.

2 logab loga c
4.91
a) 2.727

5.

EXERCISE 5.3
1.
3
2.
4
3.
2
3
4.
logx
2

-1.1938

3.
4.

-3.322
-1.887

EXERCISE 5.4.2
1.
1.465
2.
1.302

3.
4.

2.1975
-1.548

SPM QUESTIONS
3
1.
x=
2
2.
3r 2p + 1
3.
2p - m -1

1
9

8.

c)

1.834

b) - 0.203

EXERCISE 5.4.1
1.
0.7924
2.
2.096

EXERCISE 5.4.3
1
1.
m
2
2.
m
3
EXERCISE 5.5
1.
2.048
2.
-0.1386
3.
1.630

7.

3.
4.

3
1 m
4
m

4.
5.
6.

20.64
8.827
0.1632

4.

T=8 v

5.

1.677

ASSESSMENT
81

1.

3.

T=

2.

1 3

m n

4.

-1.575

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