This document discusses bone health and calcium regulation in the human body. It covers topics like kyphosis, bone marrow, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone resorption, bone mineral density, tetany, vitamin D synthesis and processing, the active form of vitamin D, osteopenia vs osteoporosis, and three methods to measure bone density. Specifically, it defines kyphosis as curvature of the upper spine from demineralized vertebrae. It explains that osteoclasts break down bone while osteoblasts build bone. Bone resorption transfers minerals from bone to blood. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and its levels are controlled by the parathyroid hormone and kidneys.
This document discusses bone health and calcium regulation in the human body. It covers topics like kyphosis, bone marrow, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone resorption, bone mineral density, tetany, vitamin D synthesis and processing, the active form of vitamin D, osteopenia vs osteoporosis, and three methods to measure bone density. Specifically, it defines kyphosis as curvature of the upper spine from demineralized vertebrae. It explains that osteoclasts break down bone while osteoblasts build bone. Bone resorption transfers minerals from bone to blood. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and its levels are controlled by the parathyroid hormone and kidneys.
This document discusses bone health and calcium regulation in the human body. It covers topics like kyphosis, bone marrow, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone resorption, bone mineral density, tetany, vitamin D synthesis and processing, the active form of vitamin D, osteopenia vs osteoporosis, and three methods to measure bone density. Specifically, it defines kyphosis as curvature of the upper spine from demineralized vertebrae. It explains that osteoclasts break down bone while osteoblasts build bone. Bone resorption transfers minerals from bone to blood. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and its levels are controlled by the parathyroid hormone and kidneys.
1. What is kyphosis? (1 point) a. Kyphosis, or curvature of the upper spine resulting from demineralization of the vertebrae. Results in loss of height, decrease in chest cavity, abdominal pain decreased appetite and premature satiety. 2. What are the two types of bone marrow found in bones? What are their functions? (2 points) a. Hemopoietic produce red blood cells b. Stromal cells that produce bone, cartilage and store fat 3. What are the functions of osteoclast and osteoblast? (2 points) a. Osteoclasts or bone degrading cells- break down or degrade small amounts of bone b. Osteoblasts or bone building cells-bone cells that initiate synthesis of bone. 4. What is bone resorption? (2 points) a. Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium from bone fluid to the blood. 5. What is bone mineral density? (2 points) a. Bone mineral density is the measure of mineral content in bones and is an indicator of bone health. 6. What is tetany? (2 points) a. If the calcium is less in body then muscles which contract in the body cannot relax after contraction and the body stiffens and shows involuntary twitching. 7. What are the functions of calcium in the body? ( 2 points) a. Adequate calcium content in the body reduces risk of colon cancer, kidney stones and lead absorption in the body. 8. How is the level of calcium regulated in the human body? (3 points) a. Vitamin D regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from small intestine b. Vitamin D along with PTH and calcitonin regulates calcium excretion by the kidneys c. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through bone remodeling 9. What is the form of vitamin D synthesized in the skin? How is it processed by liver and kidney? a. Vitamin D2 b. UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (precursor of vitamin D) in the skin cells into vitamin D forms c. Vitamins D2 and D3 are converted to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) by the liver d. Calcidiol is the main form of vitamin D present in the blood that is used to determine vitamin D levels in the body
e. Calcidiol is converted into calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3) by the
kidneys f. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in blood which is responsible for absorption of calcium in the intestine 10.What is the name of active form of vitamin D which helps in the absorption of calcium in the body (3 points) a. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in blood which is responsible for absorption of calcium in the intestine 11.What are the two types of osteoporosis found in humans? List major differences between them (3 points) a. Osteopenia i. Bone disease caused by low mineral density b. Osteoporosis i. Thinning of the bones, with reduction in bone mass, due to depletion of calcium and bone protein. ii. Osteoporosis predisposes a person to fractures, which are often slow to heal and heal poorly. iii. It is most common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, and in patients who take steroids or steroidal drugs. iv. Hip and spine are most commonly affected by osteoporosis 12.What are the 3 methods available to measure the bone density? (3 points) a. DEXA (dual energy x-ray photon absorptiometry) b. The T-score compares the patients bone density to the peak bone density of young adults. c. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT): Can measure the bone mineral density of trabecular and cortical bones. It scans some bones like radius in arm or tibia in lower leg.