6.

002

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS

Basic Circuit Analysis Method

(KVL and KCL method)

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:

Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify

our analysis

B
=0
t
q
=0
t

Outside elements
Inside elements
wires resistors sources

Allows us to create the lumped circuit

abstraction

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review

LMD allows us to create the

lumped circuit abstraction
i

Lumped circuit element

power consumed by element = vi

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
Review
Maxwells equations simplify to
algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!
KVL:

j j = 0
loop

KCL:

jij = 0
node

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Review
a
R1

R4

R3

R2

d
R5

DEMO

vca + vab + vbc = 0

KVL

ica + ida + iba = 0

KCL

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis
Goal: Find all element vs and is
1. write element v-i relationships
(from lumped circuit abstraction)
2. write KCL for all nodes
3. write KVL for all loops

lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of

Circuit analysis

Element Relationships
For R,

V = IR

For voltage source, V = V0

R
+

V0
For current source, I = I 0
J
Io
3 lumped circuit elements

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

KVL, KCL Example

a
+

1
+

0 = V0

R3

b
+

R1

+ 3
R2

R4

d
+

R5

c
The Demo Circuit

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Associated variables discipline

i

Element e

Current is taken to be positive going

into the positive voltage terminal

Then power consumed

by element e

= i is positive

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

KVL, KCL Example

a
+

0 = V0

i0

L1

i4
i1 L 2
+
R1
4 R4

R3
b i3
d
+ 3
i2
i5
+
R2
5 R5
L3

c
The Demo Circuit

L4

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Analyze
0 5 ,0 5
1. Element relationships (v, i )
given v3 = i3 R3
v0 = V0
v4 = i4 R4
v1 = i1 R1
v5 = i5 R5
v2 = i2 R2

12 unknowns
6 equations

2. KCL at the nodes

a: i0 + i1 + i4 = 0
3 independent
b: i2 + i3 i1 = 0
equations
d: i5 i3 i4 = 0
e: i0 i2 i5 = 0 redundant
3. KVL for loops
L1: v0 + v1 + v2 = 0
3 independent
equations
L2: v1 + v3 v4 = 0
s
L3: v3 + v5 v2 = 0
n
o
L4: v0 + v4 + v5 = 0 redundant ati
s
n
w
u
no
k
eq
n
u
2
2
1
1

ugh @#!
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Other Analysis Methods

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

A
B

R1

R2 R3

G1

G2

V1

V2

RN

GN

+ RN

+ GN

V1 + V2
+

I2

G1 + G2

1
Gi =
Ri

D
I1

R1 + R2 +

I1 + I 2

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page 8
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Other Analysis Methods

Method 2 Apply element combination rules

I =?

Example

R1

V +

R3

R2

I
V +

R1

V +

R2 R3
R2 + R3
R = R1 +

R
R2 R3
R2 + R3

V
I=
R
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Method 3Node analysis

Particular application of KVL, KCL method
1. Select reference node ( ground)
from which voltages are measured.
2. Label voltages of remaining nodes
with respect to ground.
These are the primary unknowns.
3. Write KCL for all but the ground
node, substituting device laws and
KVL.
4. Solve for node voltages.
5. Back solve for branch voltages and
currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0

R2

R5

e2

+ V e1
0

Step 1

R4

R1 R
3

I1

Step 2

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0

+ V e1
0
R2

R4
e2

R5

R1 R
3

for
I1 convenience,
write
1
Gi =
Ri

KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at e2
(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0
Step 3

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Example: Old Faithful

plus current source

V0

e2

R2

R5

+ V e1
0

R4

R1 R
3

I1

1
Gi =
Ri

KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1 + (e1 e2 )G3 + (e1 )G2 = 0

KCL at l2
(e2 e1 )G3 + (e2 V0 )G4 + (e2 )G5 I1 = 0
move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns

e1 (G1 + G2 + G3 ) + e2 (G3 ) = V0 (G1 )

e1 (G3 ) + e2 (G3 + G4 + G5 ) = V0 (G4 ) + I1
2 equations, 2 unknowns
(compare units)

Solve for es
Step 4

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

In matrix form:
G3
G1V0
G1 + G2 + G3
e1
=
G V + I

G3 + G4 + G5 e2
G3
4 0 1

conductivity
matrix

sources

unknown
node
voltages

Solve
G3
G3 + G4 + G5
G1V0
G3
G1 + G2 + G3 G4V0 + I1
e1
e =
(G1 + G2 + G3 )(G3 + G4 + G5 ) G3 2
2

)(

) ( )(

G +G +G G V + G G V + I
3
4
5 1 0
3 4 0 1
e =
1 G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G G +G 2 +G G +G G
1 3
1 4
1 5
2 3
2 4
2 5
3
3 4
3 5
e2 =

(G3 )(G1V0 ) + (G1 + G2 + G3 )(G4V0 + I 1 )

G1G3 + G1G4 + G1G5 + G2G3 + G2G4 + G2 G5 + G3 + G3G4 + G3G5
2

(same denominator)

Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives

in denominator
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2

Solve, given
G1
1
=

G5 8.2 K

G2
1
=
G4 3.9 K

1
G3 =
1.5 K

I1 = 0

)(

G G V + G +G +G G V + I
e = 3 10 1 2 3 40 1
2 G + G + G + G + G + G G 2
1 2 3
3 4 5 3
1
1
1
G +G +G =
+
+
=1
1
2
3 8.2 3.9 1.5

G3 + G4 + G5 =

)(

1
1
1
+
+
=1
1.5 3.9 8.2

1
1
1

+ 1
3.9 V
e2 = 8.2 1.5
0
1
1 2
1.5

Check out the

DEMO

e2 = 0.6V0

If V0 = 3V , then e2 = 1.8V0
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 2