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Quantum Channel Capacites - Alessandro Fasse
Quantum Channel Capacites - Alessandro Fasse
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1 author:
Alessandro Fasse
Deutsche Sporthochschule Kln
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BACHELORS THESIS
Author:
Alessandro Fasse
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr. Tobias J. Osborne
Dr. Ciara Morgan
Matriculation Number:
2782510
October 4, 2013
Institute for Theoretical Physics
Quantum Information Group
Abstract
Calculating the quantum capacity of the depolarizing channel is one of the longest
standing open problems in quantum information theory and therefore one of the
most interesting ones. The reason why it is so difficult to get the solution is that
in general the coherent information for a channel is non-additive, and this makes it
nearly impossible to find the exact value for the quantum capacity which is itself
defined as a regularization over the coherent information. But Devetak and Shor [4]
showed that there is a class of channels, known as degradable channels, which have
additive coherent information and it is therefore relatively easy to find the exact
solutions for corresponding capacities.
Smith et.al [16] use this class of channel to express the depolarizing channel as a
combination of degradable channels, in particular amplitude-damping channels, to
give tight bounds to the exact and at this point unknown, quantum capacity of the
channel.
In this thesis we will explore these bounds, the ideas they introduced and in the end
we will present some relations between the dimension of the environment and the
Kraus operators of a channel. The last pages include some exact calculation of the
outputs of Bob and Eve using the formulas previously introduced.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
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channel
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References
28
1 Introduction
The foundation of quantum mechanics brought a lot of new observations, like entanglement and uncertainty which seem to be incompatible with our classical intuition,
but if we use quantum mechanics as a resource for our purposes we can explore some
useful and impressive phenomena.
To do so is the goal of quantum information theory, where physicists try to combine
quantum mechanics with information theory to develop a new picture of communication or to build the theory for some completely new computer-systems, so-called
quantum computer which could be faster than the classical pendant in some special
cases. The first steps in this direction are already established, namely the Shor
algorithm for prime factorization and the Grover algorithm as a searching routine.
Exactly like quantum mechanics promises us some new approaches it also gives us
a lot of problems, mostly because our intuition fails in several cases. For example
not every wire is ideal, i.e. if we are trying to send some, in this case, classical
information through the channel not every message will reach the end of that wire
without any issues or failures. In the real world we can not send every message
reliably. This is a problem in the classical case as well as in the quantum case
and in the quantum case the systems are the most time a lot more susceptible to
influences of the environment. Therefore we need some techniques to create a reliable transmission, i.e. to find some ways to communicate without errors or to
find some codes that can correct the intermittent failures. Shannon published in
the year 1948 this groundwork for the classical information theory [14]. His ideas
where developed over the years and attempts are being made to generalize this work
to the quantum case. In his paper he introduced the capacity of a channel which
gives us the maximum rate, where we can communicate through a classical channel
without any loss of information. This concept also exists in quantum theory but we
have different errors and different resources of information. The standard victims
for communication via a channel are our friends Alice and Bob (A and B), where
Alice wants to send information to Bob by encoding her information in some way,
for example as quantum states, to send it through a channel. Then Bob decodes
this message and hopefully he will get the initial message or is able to recover it.
The question now is, how we could do so? This was, more or less, the quantum
capacity theorem spoken in some simple words, i.e. the question how Alice and Bob
can manage the reliable transmission of information by using quantum information
instead of classical information.
Later we will see, that there is a formula for the quantum capacity, the so-called
LSD-formula1 , to calculate this quantity. But to handle the formula is not that nice
as it might seem at first glance. Only for some channels the exact quantum capacity
is known, in general we are not able to calculate it. But mathematics gives us some
1
The name LSD honors the innovators Lloyd [11], Shor [15] and Devetak [3] which have done
some excellent work in the topic of quantum information theory.
1 Introduction
tools to approximate the exact solutions2 . As you can see, quantum information
theory is a field of active research with many open fields and unanswered questions.
This thesis is organized as follows. At the beginning in chapter 2 we introduce the
fundamental concepts and tools for quantum information theory. Once we have defined everything we will head on to the depolarizing channel, its definition in chapter
3 and in chapter 4 we will deal with the actual bounds of the capacity for the depolarizing channel. In the end of the thesis in chapter 5 we will find a relation between
the number of the so-called Kraus operators and the dimension of the corresponding
environment.
1 |1i .
(2.1)
And with this we can write a state of a qubit |i by superpositioning these two
states together with two complex numbers , to form any combination :
|i = |0i + |1i .
(2.2)
It is easy to see that a qubit is a generalization of the cbit, because if we set for
example = 1 and = 0 we have
|i = 1 |0i + 0 |1i = |0i ,
(2.3)
which is indeed one of the two states of a classical bit, to get the other case we have
to exchange and .
The postulates of quantum mechanics claim also that a physical state has always
3
That we denote these states by 0 and 1 comes from the technical implementation inside of a
computer where a zero stands for off (no voltage) and 1 for on (some voltage).
to be normalized, this can be written that a state has to satisfy the following
condition:
h|i = 1.
(2.4)
If we now insert equation ( 2.2 ) in ( 2.4 ) we get:
( h0| + h1|)( |0i + |1i) = h0|0i + h0|1i + h1|0i + h1|1i , (2.5)
where the denotes the complex conjugated of the subscribed number.
To simplify this equation we have to assume that these two states |0i and |1i form
an orthonormal basis which satisfies the following equation:
hi|ji = ij
with i, j { 0, 1 } ,
(2.6)
(2.7)
and leads to an equation for and , which ensures that every state written as (
2.2 ), together with the condition ( 2.7 ), is normalized to 1.
This normalization gives us also the possibility to represent a qubit in spherical
coordinates [12], in the so-called Bloch Sphere ( Figure 2.1 ), by setting:
!
(2.8)
|i
x
Figure 2.1: The representation of a qubit in the model of a Bloch sphere.
(2.9)
(2.10)
(2.11)
4. H is complete, what means that every Cauchy sequence (|i = limn |n i) converges in H, that is:
> 0 n() N :
n > n() || |n i |i || .
(2.12)
X
k
pk |k i hk | .
(2.13)
There is a special case where only one pk = 1 and the others are equal to zero, then
the state
= |k i hk |
(2.14)
is called a pure state, because we can know that our system is with certainty in |k i,
all other cases we call mixed states. Therefore we can see that every mixed stated
is a mixture of pure states |k i hk |.
The reason why we call this as a density operators is based on the fact that is a
bounded operator of H, i.e. B(H). That is that there exists a constant C R
such that
|| |i || < C|| |i || |i H.
(2.15)
Because a density operator describes a given ensemble it has some nice properties:
For the trace of we have:
X
tr () =
i = 1,
(2.16)
i
where the i are the eigenvalues of . In addition all these eigenvalues are bigger
than or equal to zero. In some literature the fact is denoted by the sentence, that
is a positive semi-definite operator:
0.
(2.17)
(2.18)
(2.19)
(2.20)
Furthermore, we can see that expect of complex conjugation the coefficents of |1i h0|
and |0i h1| are the same. Therefore we can set = c C. This characterizes a
qubit with only two parameters
!
p
c
= p |0i h0| + c |0i h1| + c |1i h0| + (1 p) |1i h1| =
,
c 1p
(2.21)
with p [0, 1] and c C. The last equation is the term before written in the
computation basis because we will use this matrix form to do some calculations.
(2.22)
Of course there are a lot of other channels for a single qubit. We do not want to
focus explicitly on the exact mechanisms of channels, more on the mathematical
properties a quantum channel has to satisfy. Due to the common notations in the
literature we will denote a channel by N , which takes density operators to density
operators, that is defined by a completely-positive trace-preserving map (CPTP
map).
This CPTP formalism ensures that the channel really takes density matrices to
density matrices, that is
N () 0 ,
tr(N ()) = 1.
(2.23)
The most common way to visualize channels is via Alice A0 and Bob B, where Alice
tries to send information through a channel to Bob. That means that Alice sends a
0
0
density operator A to Bob with B = N (A ). The notation of superscripting the
A0 and B should denote that the corresponding density matrix is an operator of the
bounded operator spaces of the Hilbert spaces of Alice and Bob.
B
A
N
(2.24)
10
E
AA
A
Figure 2.3: The schematic of a reference system or sometimes called reference frame
0
where Alice and the referee share a maximally entangled state |AA i.
This allows us to find out "how close" the outcome after a transmission
over a
AA0
channel N is in relation to the input by comparing trA0 (|i h| ) with B =
0
N (trA (|i h|AA )). This closeness relations can be evaluated by using the definitions given in section 2.5.
Ak Ak = 1
(2.25)
and the operators correspond to the channel N a the way, that they obey the
following property:
X
N () =
Ak Ak .
(2.26)
k
That means, that the Kraus operators completely characterize a channel. This
representation is really powerful to do calculations, because these operators allow us
11
to write down exact matrices with which we can handle inside a computer program
or on paper.
q
) (
) .
(2.27)
A notable property of the trace distance is that for the input of two density matrices
its value is bounded by:
0 || ||1 2.
(2.28)
Therefore we will call two states identical if their trace distance is equal to zero,
that is
|| ||1 = 0 = .
(2.29)
2.5.2 Fidelity
Another way is the so-called fidelity, which we can express by the Uhlmanns Theorem [18], as
(2.30)
F (, ) = .
1
F (, )
q
1
|| ||1 1 F (, ).
2
(2.31)
12
2.6 Purification
In this section we will have a look at the theorem of purification, which provides
the possibility to consider the noise of a channel N : A0 B as the influence of an
inaccessible environment E. That means, that there exists an isometric extension
or Stinespring dilation U with
0
(2.32)
UN UN = BE ,
(2.33)
N A B
Figure 2.4: The initial concept of a channel N , which maps from A0 to B, is shown.
B
E
BE
A
UN
Figure 2.5: Now we have the principle of purification shown in this scheme. The
0
isometry UNA BE maps from A0 to B together with the inaccessible environment E. We can get N by tracing out E.
In addition we can write down the environment channel by tracing out B instead
of E and we will call this channel the complementary channel of N denoted by N c
which maps from Alice A0 to Eve E:
N c () = trB UN UN .
(2.34)
13
(2.35)
N c () = N ().
D
(2.36)
(2.37)
The reason why degradable channels are so valuable in quantum information theory
is because the corresponding coherent information is additive [2] [4], that is:
Q(1) (N n ) =
max
I(AiB n ) = n max0 I(AiB) = n Q(1) (N ).
0 n
|iA(A
(2.38)
|iAA
(2.39)
|iAA
for every degradable N . Later we will show why additivity admits a single-letter
formula.
(2.40)
Using this entropy we can form a lot of other different information measures which
are useful to later form the quantum capacity theorem.
14
(2.41)
(2.42)
where B is the state of Bobs system. As you can see the coherent information gives
some measure between of the correlations of the reference frame and Bob after the
transmission of Alices state, which is before the transmission is maximally entangled to the referee.
(2.43)
15
Using the definition of the coherent information ( section 2.7.2 ) we can write it as
I(A0 ; B) = H(A0 ) + I(A0 iB).
(2.44)
(2.45)
With this idea in mind we are able to formulate what is meant by the quantum
capacity Q(N ) of a quantum channel N .
To define what Q is, we need at first the notion of a rate R. We call R an achievable
rate, if for every > 0 and a sufficiently large n N there is a code Cn An , with
log2 dim Cn R n, and a decoding process Dn : B(B n ) B(Cn ) which is satisfied
with
F |i h| , Dn N n (|i h|) 1
(2.46)
for all |i Cn .
If we now think of this problem by keeping the coherent information defined in
section 2.7.2 in mind, we can say, that for
R I(AiB)
(2.47)
(2.48)
|iAA
16
A
A
A
En
N
N
N
..
.
n-times
I(AiB)
Dn
N
Figure 2.6: This figure depicts the operation mode of the regularization to get the
quantum capacity of a channel N
(2.51)
This might seem impossible, because there is absolutely no analog in the classical
case for this possibility and therefore we can not argue with our intuition.
It opens up new paths to think about communication. The bricks of the system are
not the crucial parts to determine whether it is possible to transmit information or
not. It is more the context of the system rather than the complete system itself.
17
(3.52)
As mentioned on the previous pages there is a way to write the depolarizing channel
with some Kraus operators which correspond to the depolarizing channel and gives
the form:
X
p
(3.53)
p () =
Ak Ak = (1 p)11 + (XX + Y Y + ZZ) ,
3
k
where X,Y and Z are the Pauli matrices and 1 is the identity matrix. And therefore
we have:
A0 = A0 = 1 ,
A1 = A1 = X
A2 = A2 = Y
A3 = A3 = Z
(3.54)
= sup S()
px S(x ) ,
(3.55)
Additivity was a long time an expected property of the Holevo-capacity for every channel, but in
the year 2009 Hastings found a counter example via a random unitary channel [7] that showed
that it is not self-evident.
18
where C(p ) labels the classical capacity of the depolarizing channel and the log
is taken to the basis 2. Figure 3.7 shows the corresponding equation for the qubit
case, that means for d = 2.
CHpL
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 3.7: The Figure depicts the classical capacity C of the depolarizing channel
depending on the parameter p for the qubit case, where d = 2.
19
The paper by G. Smith et. al. [16], published 2008, introduces a new and tighter
bound for the quantum capacity for the depolarizing channel compared to previous
works. Within the next pages we will explain the concept of symmetric side channel
assisted capacity and how they use it to find the new bound. The unassisted principle
is already shown, in section 2.8 with the quantum capacity theorem and therefore
will directly have a look at the side channels assisted case.
Suppose there are two d-dimensional spaces > and and a subspace Wd >
which is spanned by the following vectors:
|i, ji =
|ii |ii
i=j
(4.57)
with i, j N and the |ii are an orthonormal basis for > and . Due to these vectors
we find that dim Wd = d(d + 1)/2. Now we consider a map Vd which maps from
Cd(d+1)/2 to Wd .
With this definitions we can define what the symmetric side channel Ad is:
Ad () = tr Vd Vd ,
(4.58)
that is a map from B(Cd(d+1/2) ) to B(>). With this knowledge we can define how
we can assist a channel with the symmetric side channel. Figure 4.8 shows how
we can assist a channel N , where we add Ad parallel to the n uses of the channel
itself.
20
A
A
A
En
N
N
N
..
.
n-times
Dn
Ad
Figure 4.8: Shown is how the symmetric side channel Ad is included in the scheme
of the uses of the channel and the encoding - decoding process.
has some nice properties. First of all it is additive [16], that is:
(1)
(1)
Q(1)
ss (N1 N2 ) = Qss (N1 ) + Qss (N2 )
(4.60)
1 (1) n
Q (N ).
n ss
(4.61)
(4.62)
(4.63)
for a p [0, 1] and two channels N1 and N2 . We will use this fact later on to show
that there is a maximum of capacities for a channel.
21
(4.65)
As presented by Smith et. al. this equality holds for the class of degradable channels.
(4.66)
1
X
Ak Ak ,
(4.67)
k=0
with
1 0
A0 =
1
0
0
A1 =
0
.
0
(4.68)
If we set
N(q,q,pz ) () = (1 2q pz ) + qXX + qY Y + pz ZZ,
(4.69)
1
together with q = 4 and pz = 2 (1 2 1 ), then we are able to find that
1
1
N(q,q,pz ) () = () + Y (Y Y )Y.
(4.70)
2
2
This equation looks similar to the one of the depolarizing channel and if we had
three of these together with different parameters we get:
1
N(q,q,pz ) () + N(q,pz ,q) () + N(pz ,q,q) () = N(D,2q+pz ) ().
3
(4.71)
22
So is the depolarizing channelp writtenas a convex combination of amplitudedamping channels with p = 4 1 p(1 1 p). This gives us the upper bound,
because the capacity of the amplitude damping channel is known [6]. This leads
to
Q(p ) Qss (p ) min Q(p ), (1 4p) ,
(4.72)
with
Q(p ) = max (H2 (t(1 p ) H2 (tp ))) ,
(4.73)
0t1
AA0 F
1
(I(AiBF ) I(AiEF ) ) ,
2
(4.74)
|i =
(4.75)
s,t=0
as a state, where |+ i = 12 |0i |0i + |1i |1i is the first Bell state, then we have the
possibility to give a lower bound with equation ( 4.74 ) :
1
I(AiBF )(1AF p ) + I(AiB)1AF p )
2
Q(1)
ss (N )
for any choice of qst with
by choosing
st qst
(4.76)
q q q
(4.77)
qst = (1 q, , , ).
3 3 3
With this knowledge is it possible to calculate all the von Neumann entropies:
1 4pq
1 2pq
2p,q log
p,q
2
9
4
9
1 2pq
1 4pq
+ 2p,q log
+ p,q
2
9
4
9
8pq
2pq
,
log
9
9
S(BF ) =
4pq
4pq
S(AB) = 1 p q +
log 1 p q +
3
3
4pq
p + q 4pq
p+q
log
,
3
3
9
(4.78)
(4.79)
with p.q =
we get:
1
36
23
S(B) = 1,
(4.80)
(4.81)
1
(1 H2 (p) p log(3) + S(BF ) S(AB)) .
(4.82)
2
The last step is now to optimize over q to get the biggest values for a tight bound.
Qss (p )
Q
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Figure 4.9: The Figure depicts the upper and the lower bound for Qss .
0.25
24
(5.83)
N AB
VNAEBE
Figure 5.10: The figure shows the extension of A to AE and the evolutions of the
whole system under VN .
Also we require that E should be in a pure state, i.e. |0i h0|E , before the transmission
and these two system should also be separated, because that allows us writing them
as a tensor product:
AE = A |0i h0|E .
(5.84)
The postulates of quantum mechanics tell us that there is a unitary time evolution
VN : AE BE which is related to the original channel N with:
BE = (VN ) AE (VN ) .
(5.85)
Now we are interested in the local density operator of Bob B , which we get by
tracing out Eve:
(5.86)
B = trE (BE ) = trE (VN ) AE (VN )
If we insert the initial state ( equation 5.84 ) we get::
B
= trE VN (
|0i h0|)VN
dim
XE
k=1
(5.87)
25
The third equation comes from the evaluation of the partial trace by summing up
over a orthonormal basis { | ki } of Eve with k N and k dim E. If we now look
at these equation we can define the Kraus operators:
Ak = hk| VN |0i
(5.88)
and get:
B =
dim
XE
Ak A Ak .
(5.89)
k=1
Now we can see that the number of Kraus operators is indeed the dimension of Eve,
that means on the other hand that if we know the number of Kraus operators, then
we know what kind of qudit(a qudit is a d-dimensional qubit) Eve gets. Another
important question is whether these Kraus operators are unique or not?
They are not, because if we look at equation ( 5.88 ) we can see that they depend
on the basis we choose for Eve. Another important thing to mention is, that if we
have a set of Kraus operators { Ak } it is possible to find the space of AE [1], the
corresponding vector |0i and VN like in equation ( 5.88 ).
X
1p
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
, (5.90)
+
p () =
Ak Ak =
0
0
1p 0
0
p
0
p
k
with p [0, 1]. We can characterize a qubit by the formula ( 2.21 ) and here we
replace p with to distinguish it from the p in the definition of the channel, resulting
in:
!
c
(, c) =
.
(5.91)
c 1
If we now insert this in the equation for Bobs outcome we get:
!
1 p(1 )
c p
.
p (, c) =
c p
p(1 )
(5.92)
In order to calculate the information that Eve gets we have to trace out Bob from
the purification of the system:
N c () = trB UN UN ,
(5.93)
26
Ak |ki .
(5.94)
tr Ai Ak |ii hj| .
(5.95)
i,k
If we use this form of the complementary channel than Eves outcome is given as
follows:
!
+
p(1
)
c
(5.96)
cp () =
(1 )(1 p).
c 1p
By comparing these two outcomes we can easily see the corresponding map, which
makes the amplitude-damping channel degradable, that is:
D : B(B) B(E) ,
p 7 1 p.
(5.97)
of D exists:
In addition this channel is bidegradable because the inverse D
: B(E) B(B) ,
D
1 p 7 p.
(5.98)
Ak Ak = (1 p)11 +
p
(XX + Y Y + ZZ) .
3
(5.99)
Evaluating equation ( 5.99 ) by inserting the form for a qubit (equation ( 5.91 ))
gives us:
!
4c p
2
p(1
2)
+
3
p (, c) = 3
.
(5.100)
p
c 4cp
1
+
(4
2)
3
3
And for the complementary channel we have to do the same as in equation ( 5.95 ),
that gives us:
c
ND,p
(, p) =
1p
(2<(c)) (1+p)p
i(2=(c))3(1+p)p
3
(1+p)p(1+2)
(2<(c))
(1+p)p
i(2=(c))
(1+p)p
(1+p)p(1+2)
p
3
13 ip(1+2)
1
(2=(c))p
3
1
ip(1+2)
3
p
3
13 i(2<(c))p
1
(2<(c))p
3
1
i(2<(c))p
3
p
3
(5.101)
As you can see Eve receives indeed a 4-dimensional qudit as presented in section
5.
27
6 Conclusion
The aim of this thesis is to explore the problem of calculating the quantum capacity
of the depolarizing channel. The problem is notoriously difficult since the quantum
capacity is only known for the class of degradable channels [4].
Here we have reviewed the work of Smith, Smolin and Winter [16] where they
write the depolarizing channel in terms of degradable channels, namely amplitudedamping channels, and use so-called symmetric side channel assistance. The symmetric side assisted capacity is a useful tool to find bounds for unknown capacities
for channels which are hard to handle. An interesting question would be if we could
use this principle to give bounds for other channels where the quantum capacity is
also unknown.
We think that to focus research on special types and classes of channels is an important field. Because there maybe other classes of channels which also have additive
coherent information and have therefore also an easy expression for the quantum capacity. Another promising approach could be the development of numerical methods
to calculate the quantum capacity. This could also be an interesting field of research
and could provide some good results.
A possible approach could be a so-called "gate-representation" of channels, i.e. one
could try to build channels as combinations of known quantum gates to approximate
the exact Hamiltonian which corresponds to the system.
In the end we were not able to improve the knowledge of the depolarizing channel
explicitly, we focused on discussions of degradable channels and the outputs because
these are crucial for the property of being degradable.
None the less quantum information theory is a really interesting field of research.
At one time it might be possible to build a quantum computer then the theory has
brought us the basics and algorithms to use this type of computer for our purposes.
References
28
References
[1] J. A. Bergou and M. Hillery. Introduction to the theory of quantum
information processing. Springer, 2013.
[2] T. Cubitt, M. B. Ruskai, and G. Smith. The structure of degradable quantum
channels. J. Math. Phys., 49:102104, 2008.
[3] I. Devetak. The private classical capacity and quantum capacity of a quantum
channel. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 51:4455, 2005.
[4] I. Devetak and P. W. Shor. The capacity of a quantum channel for
simultaneous transmission of classical and quantum information. Comm.
Math. Phys., 256:287303, 2005.
[5] D. P. DiVincenzo, P. W. Shor, and J. A. Smolin. Quantum channel capacity
of very noisy channels. Phys. Rev. A3, 57:830 839.
[6] V. Giovannetti and R. Fazio. Information-capacity description of spinchain
correlations. Phys. Rev. A., 71, 2005.
[7] M. B. Hastings. Superadditivity of communication capacity using entangled
inputs. Nature, 4:255257, 2009.
[8] A. S. Holevo. The capacity of the quantum channel with general signal states.
IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 44:269273, 1998. arXiv:quant-ph/9611023.
[9] M. Horodecki, J. Oppenheim, and A. Winter. Partial quantum information.
Nature, 436:673676, 2005.
[10] C. King. The capacity of the quantum depolarizing channel. IEEE Trans. Inf.
Theory, 49:221229, 2003.
[11] S. Lloyd. Capacity of the noisy quantum channel. Phys. Rev. A, 55:1613,
1997.
[12] M. A. Nielsen and I. L.Chuang. Quantum computation and quantum
information. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[13] B. Schumacher and M. Westmoreland. Optimal signal ensembles. Phys. Rev.
A, 63:022308, 2001. arXiv:quant-ph/9912122.
References
29
Acknowledgment
At first I want to thank Dr. Ciara Morgan who supervised me through the whole
thesis and helped me out with every question and language problem I had.
Furthermore, I want to thank my girlfriend Karolin, who ever elated me to continue
and my parents who gave me the chance to study physics.
Selbststndigkeitserklrung
Hiermit erklre ich, diese Arbeit selbstndig und nur mit den angegebenen Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen der Arbeit, die wrtlich oder sinngem
aus anderen Werken bernommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese
Arbeit lag weder in dieser, noch in hnlicher Form bereits einer Prfungsbehrde
vor.