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-
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V, . 2,
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5.

.

5.1
,
,19 -
, ,
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19
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3 ( 02)
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3 ( 02)
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Scriven 1997 Haskins 2003 McMillan & Keller 2000 Paul & Elder 2000 Potts
1994).
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3 ( 02)
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3 ( 02)
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3 ( 02)
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3 ( 02)
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Drake & Drake-Brown 2003)24
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3 ( 02)
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3 ( 02)
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, -
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nate history, alternative history, (what) if history, counterfactual history, counterfactu-
als, allohistory.

,
(=-) -
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Hawthon 1991 Lebow 2007).
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3 ( 02)
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25
R.W. Fogel Railroads and
American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History (1964),
,
.

3 ( 02)
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136

, (
Gettysburg);
,
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ford 2005).

3 ( 02)
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138

, ,
(Brown 2004 McTighe & Wiggins 1998):
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3 ( 02)
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 140

 (, )
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, .

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(language across the curriculum). -
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