11

1.
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1.2

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1.3


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12

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13

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1.8.

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14

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1.9

1.10 .

.
1.10 .

1.10



1.11.

15

1.11

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= kn

(1.1)

k
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.

1.12

16

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1.
2.
3.
4.

1.2.1

.
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1.13


U

R
U

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U = E IR

(1.2)

17

=
U = U

(1.3)
(1.4)

. 1.14.

1.14
(U0)
(U1)
% = 100 (U0-U1)/U1

(1.5)

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5 10%
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.
1.2.2

.
1.15 .

1.15

18

U = E IR
= +
U = U = U

(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.8)

.


1.16
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1.16
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)


.
1.17
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1.17

19

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1.18

1.18
1.2.3 ,

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(1.9)
U

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P = R2 + R2+R2

(1.10)

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20

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1.19.

1.19
1.3
1.3.1

1.20
1.20
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.
Laplace (F = BlIsin)
. sin = 1
.

21

.
= Fr

(1.11)

F
F
r

= k

(1.12)

k




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U = E + R

(1.13)

, 80 95%
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22

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23

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1.3.4
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1.21

1.21
U = E + R
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(1.16)
(1.17)

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24

1.22 .
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1.23.

1.23

150%


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25

1.24 .

1.24

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1.3.5

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1.25

U = E + I(R+R)
=

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(1.19)

1.25

26

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27

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. 1.27
.

1.27