2.

Rezistoare dependente

3.

$SOLFD LLOHWHUPLVWRDUHORU17&
3ULQWUH DSOLFD LLOH WHUPLVWRDUHORU 17& DPLQWLP FRQWUROXO L PVXUDUHD
WHPSHUDWXULL FRPSHQVDUHD YDULD LHL FX WHPSHUDWXUD D DOWRU HOHPHQWH GH FLUFXLW
FRQWUROXO SXWHULL PVXUDUHD QLYHOXOXL OLFKLGHORU RVFLODWRDUH GLVSR]LWLYH GH
DYHUWL]DUHLSURWHF LHLDOWHOH
$SOLFD LLOHWHUPLVWRDUHORU17&VXQWIRDUWHGLYHUVHLHVWHGLILFLOGHUHDOL]DWR
JUXSDUHVLVWHPDWLFDORU'HRELFHLSURGXFWRULLSUH]LQWWHUPLVWRDUHOHJUXSDWHGXS
FODVDGHDSOLFD LLDDFHVWRUDFRPELQDWFXDQXPLWHSDUWLFXODULW LFRQVWUXFWLYH
8QLLSURGXFWRULUHDOL]HD]RFODVLILFDUHDDSOLFD LLORUDVWIHO
DSOLFD LLFDUHXWLOL]HD]FDUDFWHULVWLFD57
DSOLFD LLFDUHXWLOL]HD]FDUDFWHULVWLFD8,
 DSOLFD LL FDUH XWLOL]HD] GHSHQGHQ D GH WLPS D WHQVLXQLL VDX FXUHQWXOXL 
caracteristica U(t) sau I(t).
QDFHVWFDSLWRODIRVWUHDOL]DWFODVLILFDUHDDSOLFD LLORUGXSUHJLPXOGHOXFUX
DO WHUPLVWRDUHORU $VWIHO H[LVW GRX PRGDOLW L GH XWLOL]DUH vQ FLUFXLW D
termistoarelor:
vQUHJLPGHvQFO]LUHLQGLUHFW
vQUHJLPGHvQFO]LUHGLUHFW
Q FD]XO vQFO]LULL LQGLUHFWH WHUPLVWRUXO HVWH PHQ LQXW SUDFWLF OD DFHHDL
WHPSHUDWXUFDDPHGLXOXLDPELDQW7HPSHUDWXUDFRUSXOXLWHUPLVWRUXOXLQXWUHEXLHV
VH GDWRUH]H XQHL GLVLSD LL SURSULL SXWHUHD GLVLSDW GH WHUPLVWRU 3d WUHEXLH V ILH
SUDFWLF QXO $SOLFD LLOH GLQ DFHDVW FODV VH ED]HD] SH FDUDFWHULVWLFD 57 D
WHUPLVWRUXOXL 0DWHPDWLF UHJLPXO GH vQFO]LUH LQGLUHFW VH GHVFULH SULQ 7c Ta sau
T0 sau Pd'HRDUHFHWHUPLVWRUXOVHFRQHFWHD]vQWUXQFLUFXLWHOHFWURQLFHOYDIL
SDUFXUVWRWXLGHXQFXUHQWHOHFWULF'LQDFHVWPRWLYVDIRORVLWvQUHOD LLOHDQWHULRDUH
VHPQXOGHHJDOLWDWHDSUR[LPDWLY
Q FD]XO vQFO]LULL GLUHFWH D WHUPLVWRDUHORU WHPSHUDWXUD DFHVWRUD HVWH
GHWHUPLQDWGHGLVLSD LDSURSULHGHSXWHUH0DMRULWDWHDDSOLFD LLORUVHED]HD]DVWIHO
SH FDUDFWHULVWLFD 8, D WHUPLVWRUXOXL L SH GHSHQGHQ D DFHVWHLD GH WHPSHUDWXUD
DPELDQWVDXGHFRHILFLHQWXOGHGLVLSD LHWHUPLF
8WLOL]DUHDvQUHJLPGHvQFO]LUHLQGLUHFW
D8QDGLQSULQFLSDOHOHDSOLFD LLDOHWHUPLVWRDUHORU17&RUHSUH]LQWXWLOL]DUHDFD
VHQ]RUGHWHPSHUDWXU
$YDQWDMXOWHUPLVWRDUHORUID GHDO LVHQ]RULWHUPRFXSOHUH]LVWHQ DGHSODWLQ
vOFRQVWLWXLHVHQVLELOLWDWHDULGLFDWDSULPHORUFRPSRQHQWH8QGH]DYDQWDMLPSRUWDQW
vOUHSUH]LQWQHOLQLDULWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLWHUPLFHIDSWFHLPSXQHRHWDORQDUHDWHQWD
VFDOHLVDXDOWHPHWRGHGHFRUHF LH

Cap.2 Rezistoare

2 YDULDQW GH FRQHFWDUH D WHUPLVWRDUHORU FD VHQ]RUL GH WHPSHUDWXU vO

constituie conectarea n punte, ca n figura 3.99 /D R DQXPLW WHPSHUDWXU GH
exemplu 25C, puntea este n echilibru: R1R3=R2RT25/DRWHPSHUDWXUGLIHULWGH
25C tensiunea U2GRLQIRUPD LHGHVSUHWHPSHUDWXUDDPELDQW
RT

R1

NTC
U1
U2
R2

R3

Fig. 3.993XQWHSHQWUXPVXUDUHDWHPSHUDWXULL

6HSRDWHVFULHUHOD LDFDUHH[SULPYDORDUHDWHQVLXQLL82vQIXQF LHGH

WHPSHUDWXU
R3
R2
.
U 2 = U1

R
R
R
R
+
+
3
T
1
2

'DF51 = R2 = R3 = R, U2 devine:

1
1
1
1
= U1

U 2 = U1
1
+
/
2
R
R

1
1
T

1 + exp B 2

T Ta

5HOD LD827VHUHSUH]LQWJUDILFSHQWUXDREVHUYDDEDWHULOHGHODOLQLDULWDWH

Aceste abateri sunt corectate printr-o etalonare a scalei.
Q SUH]HQW vQWUR VFKHP PRGHUQ GH PVXU D WHPSHUDWXULL FRPSHQVDUHD
QHOLQLDULW LL WHUPLVWRUXOXL HVWH UHDOL]DW SULQ SURJUDPXO XQXL PLFURSURFHVRU
PLFURFRQWUROOHUFDUHFRPDQGWRWRGDWLDILDUHDWHPSHUDWXULL
&XUHQWXO , VH DOHJH VXILFLHQW GH PLF SHQWUX D QX SURGXFH R vQFO]LUH
VHVL]DELOGDWRULWGLVLSD LHLSURSULL'HRELFHL, A sau 100 $vQIXQF LHGH
JDPDGHPVXU
8WLOL]kQG OHJHD FXQRVFXW GH YDULD LH D UH]LVWHQ HL FX WHPSHUDWXUD
PLFURFRQWUROOHUXO FDOFXOHD] WHPSHUDWXUD FDUH FRUHVSXQGH UH]LVWHQ HL PVXUDWH
3HQWUXPVXUWRULGHSUHFL]LHPRGHODUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLWHUPLVWRUXOXLVHIDFHSHED]D
UHOD LHL6WHLQKDUW+DUW

&RPSRQHQWHLFLUFXLWHSDVLYH

Note de curs

I
Microcontroller
Convertor
analog-digital

Amplif.

-t

Fig. 3.1000VXUDUHDWHPSHUDWXULLFXWHUPLVWRU17&LPLFURFRQWUROOHU

7RWSHED]DPVXUWRULORUGHWHPSHUDWXUVHUHDOL]HD]GHbitmetrele de fluid,
DSOLFD LH LPSRUWDQW D WHUPLVWRDUHORU 17& 'H DVHPHQHD VH SRW FRQFHSH VHQ]RUL
SHQWUXPULPLHOHFWULFHVDXQHHOHFWULFHvQFDUHLQWHUYLQHIHFWHFDORULFH
E&RPSHQVDUHDYDULD LHLFXWHPSHUDWXUDDUH]LVWHQ HLvQIXUULORUERELQHORU
2 DOW DSOLFD LH D WHUPLVWRDUHORU 17& HVWH FRPSHQVDUHD YDULD LHL FX
temperatura a altor elemente de circuit.
8Q H[HPSOX WLSLF vO UHSUH]LQW FRPSHQVDUHD YDULD LHL FX WHPSHUDWXUD D
UH]LVWHQ HL XQHL ERELQH 3UREOHPD VH SXQH vQ PRG DFXW OD ERELQHOH UHOHHORU Q
JHQHUDO ERELQHOH VXQW UHDOL]DWH GLQ FRQGXFWRU GH FXSUX &XSUXO SUH]LQW  XQ
FRHILFLHQWSR]LWLYGHWHPSHUDWXU 4000 ppm/&3UHVXSXQkQGFODWHPSHUDWXUD
DPELDQW UH]LVWHQ D FRQGXFWRUXOXL ERELQHL HVWH 5 0 vQ FD]XO XQHL VXSUDvQFO]LUL
puternice a bobinei electromagnetului cu T=100 & UH]LVWHQ D ERELQHL GHYLQH
R = R0 (1 + T ) = 1,4 R0 $FHDVWFUHWHUHLPSRUWDQWDUH]LVWHQ HLSRDWHGXFHOD
vQWUHUXSHUHDFLUFXLWXOXLGHFRPDQGDUHOHXOXLFXUHQWXOSULQFLUFXLWILLQGLQVXILFLHQW
SHQWUX D UH LQH ODPHOHOH HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL &RPSHQVDUHD DFHVWHL YDULD LL VH SRDWH
face prin conectarea bobinei n serie cu un grup paralel rezistor - termistor, grup care
SUH]LQW R FDUDFWHULVWLF WHUPLF FX R OLQLDULWDWH DFFHSWDELO vQ MXUXO SXQFWXOXL GH
inflexiune a caracteristicii.
Rp

RT1

-t

Fig. 3.101 Circuit pentru cRPSHQVDUHDYDULD LHLUH]LVWHQ HLERELQHORUFXWHPSHUDWXUD

Cap.2 Rezistoare

Punctul de inflexiune al caracteristicii grupului paralel rezistor-termistor Ti se

DOHJH OD MXPWDWHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH WHPSHUDWXU vQ FDUH VH GRUHWH V VH UHDOL]H]H
compensarea.
3HQWUXRFRPSHQVDUHFkWPDLEXQVHLPSXQHFDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHLQIOH[LXQH
Ti UH]LVWHQ D ERELQHL V ILH HJDO FX UH]LVWHQ D JUXSXOXL UH]LVWRU  WHUPLVWRU
6XSOLPHQWDU VH LPSXQH L HJDOLWDWHD FRHILFLHQ LORU GH WHPSHUDWXU vQ SXQFWXO 7i.
5H]XOWVLVWHPXOGHHFXD LL
R p RT (Ti )
+ ( ) = R(Ti )
R p RT Ti
(T ) R
T i
p

=
RT (Ti ) + R p

(3.174)

5H]ROYDUHD VLVWHPXOXL QHOLQLDU GH HFXD LL LPSOLFLWH VH IDFH SULQ PHWRGH
iterative, alegnd de exemplu parametrul B al termistorului, care are valori
DSUR[LPDWLYFRQVWDQWHSHQWUXRDQXPLWIDPLOLHGHWHUPLVWRDUHLFDOFXOkQG525 (sau
$L5p.
R

RT
Rp

R
R || RT

T1

T2

Ti

Fig. 3.102 &RPSHQVDUHDYDULD LHLUH]LVWHQ HLERELQHORUFXWHPSHUDWXUD

&DUDFWHULVWLFD WRWDO D ERELQHL vQ VHULH FX JUXSXO SDUDOHO YD IL DSURDSH
LQGHSHQGHQWGHWHPSHUDWXUGDUUH]LVWHQ DWRWDOYDDYHDYDORDUHGXEOFRQGXFkQG
GHFLODSLHUGHULGHSXWHUHGHGRXRULPDLPDUL
8QHRUL VH XWLOL]HD] WHUPLVWRDUH 17& SHQWUX D UHDOL]D VWDELOLWDWHD WHUPLF D
IUHFYHQ HLRVFLODWRDUHORUGHWLS/&vQVSHFLDOvQFLUFXLWHGHvQDOWIUHFYHQ 
Exemplu. 1H SURSXQHP V UHDOL]P FRPSHQVDUHD YDULD LHL FX WHPSHUDWXUD SHQWUX R ERELQ GLQ
cupru cu =4000 ppm/C, n intervalul dintre T1=15&L72=55 C. Se va utiliza un termistor cu
%  . 5H]LVWHQ D ERELQHL OD WHPSHUDWXUD 7i este de 50  5PkQ GH GHWHUPLQDW UH]LVWHQ D
termistorului la 25 &VDXHFKLYDOHQWSDUDPHWUXO$LUH]LVWHQ DFRQHFWDWvQSDUDOHO5p.
7HPSHUDWXUDGHLQIOH[LXQHUH]XOW7i=35C (308K).

&RPSRQHQWHLFLUFXLWHSDVLYH

Note de curs

5H]ROYDUHDVLVWHPXOXLGHHFXD LLvQFRQGL LLOHDQWHULRDUHVHVLPSOLILF3ULQvPSU LUHDFHORU

R(Ti ) 3650
50
GRXHFXD LLUH]XOW RT (Ti ) = T (Ti )
=

481 LDUYDORDUHDUH]LVWHQ HL
2

308 4000 10 6
RpUH]XOWGLQSULPDHFXD LH5p=55,8 .
1
1
5H]LVWHQ DWHUPLVWRUXOXLODC este R25 = R(Ti ) exp B
= 715,9 .
298 Ti
'H RELFHL HVWH GLILFLO V VH JVHDVF XQ WHUPLVWRU H[DFW FX SDUDPHWULL FDUH UH]XOW GLQ FDOFXO 6H
poate alege un termistor cu R25=680 LVHUHFDOFXOHD]5pHYHQWXDOVHGHSODVHD]WHPSHUDWXUDGH
inflexiune TiQHPDLILLQGVLWXDWODMXPWDWHDLQWHUYDOXOXLvQFDUHVHGRUHWHUHDOL]DUHDFRPSHQVULL

 F 7RW GLQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH DSOLFD LL DPLQWLP FRPSHQVDUHD WHUPLF
FRPELQDWFXSURWHF LDHWDMHORUDPSOLILFDWRDUHGHSXWHUH
Un exemplu din schema unui radioreceptor este prezentat n figura 3.103.
Termistorul ThHVWHPRQWDWvQFXSODMWHUPLFVWUkQVFXFHOHGRX WUDQ]LVWRDUH
DOH HWDMXOXL GH LHLUH D DPSOLILFDWRUXOXL HWDM GH WLS SXVKSXOO 3UDFWLF WHUPLVWRUXO
este de tipul din figura 3.104 L HVWH PRQWDW SH DFHODL UDGLDWRU FX FHOH GRX 
WUDQ]LVWRDUH7L72GDWFXFUHWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULLUDGLDWRUXOXLVDXDWHPSHUDWXULL
DPELDQWHDUHORFRUHGXFHUHDWHQVLXQLLGHSRODUL]DUHDED]HLFHORUGRX WUDQ]LVWRDUH
WHQVLXQH GHSHQGHQW GH UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLVWRUXOXL Q DFHVW IHO DUH ORF SUHYHQLUHD
GLVWUXJHULLWUDQ]LVWRDUHORUSULQDPEDODUHWHUPLF 

Fig. 3.103&RPSHQVDUHDLSURWHF LDHWDMHORUILQDOHDOHDPSOLILFDWRDUHORUDXGLRGHSXWHUH

(Exemplu de radioreceptor produs de Electronica).

Cap.2 Rezistoare

Fig. 3.1049DULDQWFRQVWUXFWLYGHWHUPLVWRUSHQWUXPRQWDUHDSHUDGLDWRU

8WLOL]DUHDWHUPLVWRDUHORU17&vQUHJLPGHvQFO]LUHGLUHFW
D6WDELOL]DUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORU
8QDGLQDSOLFD LLOHFODVLFHDOHWHUPLVWRDUHORU17&RUHSUH]LQW XWLOL]DUHDORUOD
VWDELOL]DUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORUSURGXVHGHRVFLODWRDUHOHVLQXVRLGDOHGHWLS5&
6HFRQVLGHUXQRVFLODWRUFXUH HD:LHQ
C1

R1
+

$PSOLILFDWRURSHUD LRQDO

Uo

IT
C2

R2

-t

U_

RT

Fig. 3.105 8WLOL]DUHDXQXLWHUPLVWRU17&ODVWDELOL]DUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORUXQXL

RVFLODWRUFXUH HD:LHQ

)XQF LRQDUHDDFHVWXLPRQWDMVHYDVWXGLDvQGHWDOLXODGLVFLSOLQD'LVSR]LWLYHL
FLUFXLWHHOHFWURQLFHDLFLvQFHUFPQXPDLVHYLGHQ LHPUROXOWHUPLVWRUXOXLvQPRQWDM
2VFLODWRUXOFXUH HD:LHQHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUXQDPSOLILFDWRUF UXLDLVHDSOLFR
UHDF LHSR]LWLYVHOHFWLYLXQDQHJDWLYQHVHOHFWLY5H HDXD:LHQHVWHIRUPDWGLQ
grupul R1, C1, R2, C2.
1
.
)UHFYHQ DGHRVFLOD LHDRVFLODWRUXOXLHVWH f 0 =
2 R 1 R 2 C1 C 2

&RPSRQHQWHLFLUFXLWHSDVLYH

Note de curs

6WDELOL]DUHD DPSOLWXGLQLL RVFLOD LLORU HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX FD RVFLOD LD V VH
PHQ LQODIRUPDVLQXVRLGDOIUGLVWRUVLXQL'DFDPSOLWXGLQHDRVFLOD LLORUFUHWH
HVWHSRVLELOFDDPSOLILFDWRUXOVGLVWRUVLRQH]HVHPQDOXOLQWUkQGvQUHJLPGHOLPLWDUH
6WDELOL]DUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORUVHUHDOL]HD]SULQXWLOL]DUHDXQXLWHUPLVWRU17&
vQUH HDXDGHUHDF LHQHJDWLY
6WDELOL]DUHDDPSOLWXGLQLLRVFLOD LLORUDWHQVLXQLLGHLHLUH8oVHH[SOLFDVWIHO
GDF8oFUHWHFXUHQWXOSULQWHUPLVWRU,TFUHWH$VWIHOSXWHUHDGLVLSDWGHWHUPLVWRU
FUHWH &UHWH DVWIHO L WHPSHUDWXUD WHUPLVWRUXOXL Q FRQVHFLQ  UH]LVWHQ D
WHUPLVWRUXOXL VFDGH FHHD FH LPSOLF FD  WHQVLXQHD 8B V FUHDVF GHRDUHFH
R
U =
U o  'HRDUHFH WHQVLXQHD 8B HVWH DSOLFDW OD ERUQD LQYHUVRDUH D
R + RT
DPSOLILFDWRUXOXL RSHUD LRQDO WHQVLXQHD OD LHLUH YD DYHD WHQGLQ D GH VFGHUH
UHDOL]kQGDVWIHOVWDELOL]DUHDGRULW
6WDELOL]DUHDSRDWHILXUPULWPDLFRQFLVSHVFKHPDXUPWRDUH
Uo

IT

Pd

RT

U_

Uo

$FHDVWHYROX LHDSURFHVXOXLGHVWDELOL]DUHVHUHDOL]HD]GXSWUHFHUHDXQXL
anumit interval de timp, interval determinat n principal de termistor. Pentru ca
WHUPLVWRUXOVQXXUPUHDVFHYROX LDWHQVLXQLLDOWHUQDWLYHvQGHFXUVXOXQHLSHULRDGH
FRQVWDQWDWHUPLFGHWLPSDWHUPLVWRUXOXLWUHEXLHVILHPXOWPDLPDUHGHFkWSHULRDGD
PLQLPGHRVFLOD LH
3HQWUXDUHGXFHLQIOXHQ DWHPSHUDWXULLDPELDQWHYH]LILJXUDWHUPLVWRUXO
YDDYHDXQSXQFWGHIXQF LRQDUHVLWXDWODRWHPSHUDWXUFXSULQVvQWUH&L
&SXQFWFHVHVLWXHD]GHUHJXOODGUHDSWDSXQFWXOXL GH PD[LP DO FDUDFWHULVWLFLL
U(I).
2 (b) Limitarea curentului n circuit n faza de conectare a consumatorilor electrici.
$QXPLWH DSDUDWH HOHFWULFH L HOHFWURQLFH DEVRUE vQ PRPHQWXO FRQHFWULL XQ
FXUHQW LPSRUWDQW FXUHQW FDUH VFDGH GXS XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS IRDUWH VFXUW $FHVW
FXUHQWLQUXVKFXUUHQWHQJOFDUHDUHRYDORDUHGHFkWHYDRUGLQHGHPULPHPDL
PDUHGHFkWFXUHQWXOGHUHJLPSHUPDQHQWSHUWXUEUH HDXDGHDOLPHQWDUHSHQWUXFDUH
H[LVWQRUPHFHOLPLWHD]YDORDUHDYkUIXULORUGHFXUHQW3HGHDOWSDUWHFXUHQWXOGH
SRUQLUHFXYDORULPDULSRDWHGLVWUXJHDQXPLWHSU LDOHDSDUDWXOXLHOHFWURQLFSRDWH
DUGH VLJXUDQ D GH SURWHF LH VDX SRDWH GHWHULRUD FKLDU FRPXWDWRUXO GH SRUQLUH 2
OLPLWDUHDYDORULLFXUHQWXOXLvQID]DGHSRUQLUHSRDWHILUHDOL]DWSULQFRQHFWDUHDvQ
VHULHDXQXLWHUPLVWRU17&FXRYDORDUHUHODWLYUHGXVDUH]LVWHQ HLODWHPSHUDWXUD
DPELDQW /LPLWDUHD FXUHQWXOXL vQ ID]D GH FRQHFWDUH SRDWH IL UHDOL]DW L FX XQ
UH]LVWRU IL[ GDU DYDQWDMXO WHUPLVWRUXOXL HVWH IDSWXO F UH]LVWHQ D DFHVWXLD VH UHGXFH
GXS PRPHQWXO FRQHFWULL FLUFXLWXOXL OD UH HD $VWIHO FXUHQWXO FH VH VWDELOHWH vQ
UHJLP SHUPDQHQW SULQ WHUPLVWRU vO PHQ LQH OD R WHPSHUDWXU UHODWLY ULGLFDW DFHVWD
SUH]HQWkQG vQ DFHVW IHO R UH]LVWHQ  PLF 3UDFWLF UH]LVWHQ D WHUPLVWRUXOXL HVWH
VXILFLHQW GH PLF vQFkW DFHVWD QX PDL FRQWHD] vQ FLUFXLW LDU SXWHUHD GLVLSDW vQ
WHUPLVWRUHVWHPXOWPDLUHGXVGHFkWvQFD]XOXWLOL]ULLXQXLUH]LVWRU
7

Cap.2 Rezistoare
Exemplu:
3UHVXSXQHPFVHXWLOL]HD]XQWHUPLVWRUFX525 = 20 , B=3600 K. La o tensiune
de alimentare U= 220 V, n lipsa termistorului curentul de vrf Ip ar fi de 100 A, ceea ce corespunde
XQHLUH]LVWHQ HHFKLYDOHQWHODSRUQLUH5e=2,2 . Cu termistorul NTC conectat, valoarea curentului
U
maxim scade la I p =
$ YDORDUH SH GHSOLQ DFFHSWDELO Q UHJLP SHUPDQHQW
Re + R25
SUHVXSXQHP F WHUPLVWRUXO DMXQJH OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH  &  /D DFHDVW WHPSHUDWXU UH]LVWHQ D
termistorului va fi de numai 1,76 .

8Q H[HPSOX GH FRQVXPDWRUL OD FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU  SURWHF LD FX WHUPLVWRU vO
UHSUH]LQW FRQVXPDWRULL FH FRQ LQ ILODPHQWH GH WXEXUL HOHFWURQLFH VDX FLUFXLWH
UHGUHVRDUHSUHY]XWHFXFRQGHQVDWRDUHHOHFWUROLWLFHFXYDORULPDULFLUFXLWHXWLOL]DWH
vQVXUVHOHGHDOLPHQWDUHvQFRPXWD LH
K

RT

K
-t

U
F1

Circuit
electronic

+t

F2

F3

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3.106 Utilizarea termistoarelor NTC la reducerea curentului de pornire (a) circuit cu filamente
de tuburi electronice sau becuri (b) circuit redresor cu filtrare.

Q SULPXO FD] UH]LVWHQ D ILODPHQWHORU HVWH UHGXV vQ PRPHQWXO FRQHFWULi,

curentul mare ce ar putea trece prin circuit putnd distruge filamentele tuburilor.
Q FD]XO FLUFXLWHORU GH UHGUHVDUH FRQGHQVDWRUXO HOHFWUROLWLF VH FRPSRUW  vQ SULPXO
PRPHQWDOFRQHFWULLODVXUVDGHWHQVLXQHFDXQVFXUWFLUFXLW$FHVWFXUHQWFDUHHVWH
FXUHQWXOGHvQFUFDUHDOFRQGHQVDWRUXOXLSRDWHGLVWUXJHGLRGDUHGUHVRDUHVDXSXQWHD
UHGUHVRDUHXWLOL]DW
(YROX LDvQWLPSDFXUHQWXOXLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXUD3.107.
I

Ip
fUWHUPLVWRU

Ip'

cu
termistor

Fig. 3.107 /LPLWDUHDFXUHQWXOXLODSRUQLUHDVLJXUDWGHWHUPLVWRUXO17&

8

&RPSRQHQWHLFLUFXLWHSDVLYH

Note de curs

6H REVHUY GLQ JUDILF FXP WHUPLVWRUXO OLPLWHD] FXUHQWXO SULQ FLUFXLW 'XS
FkWHYDVHFXQGHWHUPLVWRUXOVHvQFO]HWHLUH]LVWHQ DOXLVFDGHPXOWSUDFWLFQXPDL
FRQWHD]vQFLUFXLW
2 (c) Traductoare de nivel
)XQF LRQDUHD FD WUDGXFWRU GH QLYHO D WHUPLVWRUXOXL 17& VH ED]HD] SH
PRGLILFDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLL8,DWHUPLVWRUXOXLDWXQFLFkQGVHPRGLILFFRQGL LLOHGH
GLVLSD LH
&RHILFLHQWXOGHGLVLSD LHWHUPLFDOXQXLWHUPLVWRULPHUVDWvQWUXQOLFKLGDUHR
YDORDUHPDLPDUHGHFkWvQDHUIDSWFDUHVHH[SOLFSULQvPEXQW LUHDFRQGL LLORUGH
transfer termic.
7HUPLVWRUXOHVWHDOLPHQWDWDVWIHOFDDWXQFLFkQGHOVHDIOvQOLFKLGFXUHQWXOvQ
FLUFXLW , DUH R YDORDUH PDL PLF GHFkW FXUHQWXO GH DQFODQDUH D UHOHXOXL ,a,
I=

UA
< I a  0HQ LQHUHD FXUHQWXOXL vQ FLUFXLW OD R YDORDUH UHGXV HVWH DVLJXUDW
RT + Rb

SULQ YDORDUHD PDUH D UH]LVWHQ HL WHUPLVWRUXOXL 5H]LVWHQ D PDUH D WHUPLVWRUXOXL VH

PHQ LQH GDWRULW WHPSHUDWXULL VF]XWH D DFHVWXLD 7HPSHUDWXUD WHUPLVWRUXOXL VH
PHQ LQHODRYDORDUHUHGXVFDXUPDUHDWUDQVIHUXOXLWHUPLFEXQHIHFWXDWVSUHOLFKLG
Q DFHVW FD] SXWHUHD JHQHUDW vQ WHUPLVWRU Pd = RT I 2 FDX]HD] R VXSUDWHPSHUDWXU
T =

Pd
DYkQGRYDORDUHVXILFLHQWGHPLF
Daer

Atunci cnd nivelul lichidului scade sub nivelul de sesizare al termistorului

RT GLVLSD LD DUH ORF vQ DHU LDU VXSUDWHPSHUDWXUD 7 GHYLQH DSUHFLDELO FHHD FH
FRQGXFH OD VFGHUHD SXWHUQLF D UH]LVWHQ HL WHUPLVWRUXOXL Q DFHVW IHO VH DWLQJH
FXUHQWXOGHDQFODQDUHDOUHOHXOXLLVHFRPDQGXQVHPQDOGHDYHUWL]DUHGHH[HPSOX
aprinderea unui bec, vezi figura 3.108.

Rb
U
B
+t

U1
RT

Fig. 3.108 Utilizarea termistorului ca traductor de nivel.

'DF VH XWLOL]HD] PDL PXOWH WHUPLVWRDUH SODVDWH OD GLIHULWH QLYHOXUL HVWH
SRVLELO V VH UHDOL]H]H PVXUDUHD QLYHOXOXL OLFKLGXOXL FX R UH]ROX LH GLFWDW GH
QXPUXOGHWHUPLVWRDUHXWLOL]DWH
9

Cap.2 Rezistoare

2 (d) Realizarea unei ntrzieri n comutare

5HDOL]DUHD XQHL vQWkU]LHUL vQWUH PRPHQWXO FRPHQ]LL L PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH
WUHFHODH[HFX LDFRPHQ]LLHVWHXWLOPDLDOHVvQHFKLSDPHQWHLDF LRQULLQGXVWULDOH
3H GXUDWD vQWkU]LHULL HVWH SRVLELO DQXODUHD FRPHQ]LL vQ FD] GH QHFHVLWDWH 'HL vQ
SUH]HQWFRPHQ]LOHGHH[HFX LHVXQWVXSHUYL]DWHGHFDOFXODWRDUHGHSURFHVH[LVWLR
VROX LHVLPSOGHUHDOL]DUHDvQWkU]LHULLSULQWURFRQHFWDUHvQVHULHDXQXLWHUPLVWRUFX
ERELQDGHFRPDQGDXQXLUHOHXYH]LILJXUD3.109. La nchiderea comutatorului K
FXUHQWXO SULQ FLUFXLW QX DVLJXU DQFODQDUHD UHOHXOXL 2GDW FX WUHFHUHD WLPSXOXL
WHUPLVWRUXOVHvQFO]HWHLDUUH]LVWHQ DVDVFDGHFXUHQWXOvQFLUFXLWFUHVFkQG'XSXQ
DQXPLW WLPS UHOHXO YD IL DQFODQDW Q DFHVW IHO VH UHDOL]HD] R vQWkU]LHUH vQWUH
vQFHSXWXODF LXQLLDSULQGHUHDEHFXOXL%LPRPHQWXOFRPHQ]LLGDWSULQvQFKLGHUHD
vQWUHUXSWRUXOXL . Q VWDELOLUHD WLPSXOXL GH vQWkU]LHUH HVWH LPSRUWDQW YDORDUHD
constantei de timp termice a termistorului.
U1
K
-t

RT

Rb

Fig. 3.109 Realizarea unei ntrzieri n comutare.

'XSvQFKLGHUHDUHOHXOXLWHUPLVWRUXOHVWHVFRVGLQFLUFXLWSHQWUXDQXGLVLSD
LQXWLOSXWHUHLDILUHFHJDWDSHQWUXDUHDOL]DRQRXvQWkU]LHUHGXSFHUHOHXOD
fost dezactivat, de exemplu prin deschiderea comutatorului K.

10