Linear Thermal Expansion

L= L0 T
L=L0 (1+T )
Volume Thermal Expansion
V = V 0 T
=3
Thermal Stress
F
T . S .= =Y T
A
Heat
Q=mcT
Q= mL
Conduction:
dQ kA (T H T C )
H=
=
dt
L
*If T = T(x):
dQ
dT
H=
=kA
dt
dx
*R = L/k
A (T H T C )
H=
R
Convection:
H (Tsurface Tfluid)5/4
Radiation:
H= Ae T 4
*A surface area
Net heat current = Hmaterial Hsurroundings
H net =Ae (T m4 T s 4 )
Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
PM = RT
Van der Waals
a n2
P+ 2 ( V nb )=nRT
V
a IMF
b vol. of molecules
KMM
Pressure exerted by gas:
2
Nm v x
P=
V
Pressure and Kinetic energy:
2
PV = K tr
3
*Ktr ave. trans. KE of all molecules

Temperature and Kinetic energy:

3
K tr = nRT
2
single molecule:
1
3
2
K tr /molecule = m v = kT
2
2
Root Mean Square Speed: vrms
3 kT
3 RT
v rms = v 2 =
=
m
M
Heat Capacity
Monoatomic Gas:
Cv = 3/2R
Diatomic Gas:
Cv = 5/2R
Ideal Monatomic Solid:
Cv = 3R
Work done during volume changes

v2

W = P dV
v1

Work done by thermodynamic processes

Isobaric: constant pressure
W =P (V 2V 1)
Isochoric: constant volume
W =0
Isothermal: constant temperature
V
W =nRT ln 2
V1

( )

Internal Energy
U =Q W
Cyclic Processes
U =0
Q=W
Isolated System
U =0
Q=W =0
Internal energy (constant-volume)
dU =n CV dT
Heat Capacities: Constant Pressure and
Volume
dU =dQ dW
C p=C v + R
Ratio of heat capacities ()
C
= P
CV
Adiabatic Process
T1V1-1 = T2V2-1
P1V1 = P2V2

Process
Isobaric
Isochoric
Isotherm
al

Q
W
nC p T
p V
nC v T
0
V
V
nRT ln 2
nRT ln 2
V1
V1
nC v T
Adiabatic
0
Heat Engines
QH W + QC
Efficiency e
W
e=
QH
Refrigerator
|QH| = QC + |W|
QH + QC W = 0

( )

( )

U
nC v T
nC v T
0
nC v T

Coefficient of performance K
Qc H
K=
=
W
P
*H rate of heat being removed from
surroundings; P power input
Carnot engine: efficiency
Q
QH =1+ C
QH
QC
e=1

| |

TC
TH
Carnot refrigerator
QC
K=
Q H +QC
e=1

K=

TC
T H T C

1
K= 1
e
Carnot cycle and Kelvin cycle
QH >0
QC

TC
=
TH
Entropy
Isothermal Process
Q W
S= =
T T
General
relation
(reversible
processes)
2
dQ
S=
1 T
Free Expansion of Ideal Gas
(irreversible)
v
S=nR ln ( 2 )
v1
Second Law statement
Suniverse 0
Microscopic entropy
w
S=k ln ( 2 )
w1
* w is the number of microstates
at a current macrostate
** k = R/NA ; N = nNA
S=Nk ln ( m)
*N molecules, m compartments