HYPOTHESI

S TESTI
NG :PI
PE FORMI
NG

ftk

FACULTY OFENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
I
n manuf
act
uri
ng,i
ndust
ri
alst
at
i
st
i
ci
anshel
p bui
l
d product
sand del
i
verservi
cest
hatsat
i
sf
y cust
omersand i
ncrease t
hei
rcompany
smarketshare and prof
i
tmargi
n.St
at
i
st
i
ci
anshel
p desi
gn t
he bestproduct
,
gui
de t
he t
ransi
t
i
on f
rom desi
gn t
o manuf
act
uri
ng,ensure a consi
st
ent
l
y excel
l
entproduct
,manage cust
omersat
i
sf
act
i
on,and ensure af
i
nanci
al
l
y benef
i
ci
albot
t
om l
i
ne.
I
ndust
ry prof
essi
onal
suse st
at
i
st
i
calmodel
sf
orqual
i
t
y cont
roland qual
i
t
y assurance i
n nearl
y al
lmanuf
act
ured goods.St
at
i
st
i
calmet
hodsal
l
ow engi
neerst
o make a consi
st
entproduct
,det
ectprobl
ems,
mi
ni
mi
ze chemi
calwast
e,and predi
ctproductl
i
f
e.
I
mportance ofstati
sti
calmethod pi
pe bendi
ng
Asone ki
nd ofkey l
i
ght
wei
ghtcomponent
sf
or
bl
eedi
ngt
ransf
ormi
ng and l
oadi
ng carryi
ng wi
t
h enormousquant
i
t
i
esand di
versi
t
i
es,met
al
l
i
cbentt
ubul
arpart
shave at
t
ract
ed i
ncreasi
ng appl
i
cat
i
onsi
n many hi
gh-t
echnol
ogi
cal
i
ndust
ri
essuch asavi
at
i
on,aerospace,shi
pbui
l
di
ng,aut
omobi
l
e,energy and heal
t
h care si
nce t
hey sat
i
sf
yt
he currentneedsf
orproduct
swi
t
hl
i
ght
wei
ght
,hi
gh st
rengt
h and hi
gh perf
ormance f
rom bot
h mat
eri
al
sand st
ruct
ure aspect
s
To bend t
he t
ubul
armat
eri
al
swi
t
h cert
ai
n bendi
ng radi
us,bendi
ng angl
e and shapes,t
he t
ube bendi
ng,
one i
mport
antbranch oft
he t
ubul
arpl
ast
i
cf
ormi
ng f
i
el
ds,hasbeen a vi
t
almanuf
act
uri
ng t
echnol
ogy f
orl
i
ght
wei
ghtproduct
surgent
l
y
needed i
nt
he above i
ndust
ri
esCal
cul
at
i
on and st
at
i
st
i
cmet
hod are very i
mport
anti
nt
hi
sf
i
l
ed ashi
gh and di
verse demand i
n speci
f
i
cat
i
on,shapes,mat
eri
al
sand f
ormi
ng t
ol
erance.

OBJECTI
VE

BACKGROUND of study

To devel
op probl
em sol
vi
ng appl
i
cat
i
on ofst
at
i
st
i
calmet
hod.

St
eelpi
pe i
sa bui
l
di
ng mat
eri
almade f
rom an al
l
oy ofi
ron and carbon.
I
ti
swi
del
y use i
nt
he const
ruct
i
on i
ndust
ry,butcan al
so be f
ound i
na
vari
et
y ofmanuf
act
uri
ng and i
ndust
ri
alappl
i
cat
i
ons.They are produced
by t
wo di
st
i
nctmet
hodswhi
ch resul
ti
n ei
t
hera wel
ded orseaml
esspi
pe.
I
n bot
h met
hods,raw st
eeli
sf
i
rstcasti
nt
o a more workabl
e st
art
i
ng f
orm.
I
ti
st
hen made i
nt
o a pi
pe by st
ret
chi
ng t
he st
eelouti
nt
o a seaml
ess
t
ube orf
orci
ng t
he edgest
oget
herand seal
i
ng t
hem wi
t
h a wel
d.

To det
ermi
ne t
he f
ormi
ng ofst
eelpi
pe manuf
act
uri
ng process.
To i
dent
i
f
yt
he cont
rol
l
i
ng ofmachi
ne worki
ng condi
t
i
on base on resul
t
s.

Asearl
y as1840,i
ronworkerscoul
d al
ready produce seaml
esst
ubes.
I
n one met
hod,a hol
e wasdri
l
l
ed t
hrough a sol
i
d met
al
,round bi
l
l
et
.
The bi
l
l
etwast
hen heat
ed and drawn t
hrough a seri
esofdi
eswhi
ch
el
ongat
ed i
tt
of
orm a pi
pe.Thi
smet
hod wasi
nef
f
i
ci
entbecause i
twas
di
f
f
i
cul
tt
o dri
l
lt
he hol
ei
nt
he cent
er.Thi
sresul
t
ed i
n an uneven pi
pe wi
t
h
one si
de bei
ng t
hi
ckert
han t
he ot
her.I
n 1888,an i
mproved met
hod was
awarded a pat
ent
.I
nt
hi
sprocesst
he sol
i
d bi
l
l
ed wascastaround a f
i
reproof
bri
ck core.When i
twascool
ed,t
he bri
ck wasremoved l
eavi
ng a hol
e
i
nt
he mi
ddl
e.Si
nce t
hen new rol
l
ert
echni
queshave repl
aced t
hese met
hods.

QUESTI
ON
A st
eelrodsf
ormi
ng manuf
act
ure consi
derst
hatt
he manuf
act
uri
ng process
i
sworki
ng properl
yi
ft
he mean l
engt
h oft
he rod i
s8.
6i
nches.
The st
andard devi
at
i
on oft
hese rodsal
waysrunsabout0.
3i
nches.
Suppose a random sampl
e ofsi
ze n=3.
6 yi
el
dsan average l
engt
h of8.
7i
nches.
Shoul
dt
he manuf
act
uri
ng concl
ude t
he processi
sworki
ng properl
y ori
mproperl
y?

Wel
ded pi
pe i
sf
ormed by rol
l
i
ng st
eelst
ri
pst
hrough a seri
esofgrooved rol
l
ers
t
hatmol
dt
he mat
eri
ali
nt
o a ci
rcul
arshape.Nextpassesby wel
di
ng el
ect
rodes.
These devi
ce sealt
he t
wo endsoft
he pi
pe t
oget
her.Nest
,st
eelpi
pesare made
by t
wo di
f
f
erentprocesses.The overal
lproduct
i
on met
hod f
orbot
h processes
i
nvol
vest
hree st
eps.Fi
rst
,raw st
eeli
sconvert
ed i
nt
o a more workabl
ef
orm.
Next
,t
he pi
pe i
sf
ormed on a cont
i
nuousorsemi
cont
i
nuousproduct
i
on l
i
ne.
Fi
nal
l
y,t
he pi
pe i
scutand modi
f
i
ed t
o meett
he cust
omer'
sneeds.

RESULT
Bend Di
e Deflecti
on.
To mai
nt
ai
n adequat
e cont
ai
nmentoft
he bend i
nt
he t
angent
area,t
he bend di
e mustnotdef
l
ectaway f
rom t
he pressure
di
e duri
ng bendi
ng.I
ft
he bend di
e doesnotremai
nf
l
atand
seat
ed on t
he bend head and perf
ect
l
y opposed f
rom t
he
pressure di
e groove,i
t
sgri
pswi
l
ll
ose t
hei
ref
f
ect
i
venessand
t
he groove i
t
sel
fmay nott
rack t
rue t
ot
he rot
at
i
on oft
he bend,
pot
ent
i
al
l
y wri
nkl
i
ng t
he si
de oft
he t
ube.

Gri
p Groove.
I
n many ci
rcumst
ances,hi
gh-st
rengt
h mat
eri
alwearsdown t
he gri
ps
and t
hey l
ose t
hei
ref
f
ect
i
venessbecause ofout
-of
-roundness,f
ri
ct
i
on
l
oss,orbot
h.I
n some si
t
uat
i
ons,f
i
xi
ng a worn gri
p can be assi
mpl
e as
ret
urni
ng i
tt
o at
ool
i
ng manuf
act
urerf
orregri
ppi
ng (
by t
ungst
en carbi
de
appl
i
cat
i
on ort
hermalspray)
,orby gri
t
bl
ast
i
ng t
he surf
ace t
o ret
urn i
tt
o
i
t
sori
gi
nalst
at
e.Forbendi
ng sof
tmat
eri
al
,gri
t
bl
ast
i
ng al
so can remove
some oft
he t
ube mat
eri
alt
hatt
endst
o remai
ni
nt
he gri
p area,whi
ch al
so
reducest
he gri
p
sef
f
ect
i
veness.I
fgri
psare serrat
ed orknurl
ed,
repl
acementi
snormal
l
yt
he bestopt
i
on.

CONCLUSI
ON
n
ermsi
he t
yt
f
i
dent
ng and i
i
est
st
hesi
cofhypot
he basi
and t
o underst
et
,we abl
ect
sproj
hi
Through t
a
t
s
e
t
o
t
e
r
u
d
e
c
o
r
p
e
h
t
d
n
a
g
n
i
t
s
e
t
s
i
s
e
h
t
o
ype ofhyp
he t
so know t
deswe al
Besi
ng.
i
est
st
hesi
hypot
on
i
at
)because popul
est
Zt
,we use Case C (
ect
sproj
hi
Fort
on mean.
i
at
e popul
ngl
m aboutsi
ai
cl
96
> 1.
c
Z
e
u
l
a
v
l
a
c
i
t
i
r
c
e
h
t
n
a
h
t
e
r
mo
e
r
a
e
u
estval
on unknown and n 30.The Z t
i
at
andard devi
st
.
s
i
s
e
h
t
o
p
y
h
l
l
u
n
t
c
e
j
e
r
s
i
n
o
si
he deci
ore t
heref
t

The probl
em t
hatusual
l
y occurduri
ng machi
ni
ng processare Bend Di
e Def
l
ect
i
on and Gri
p Groove.
We can preventbend di
e def
l
ect
i
on,putan i
ndi
cat
oron t
he t
op f
ace oft
he di
ei
n an uncl
amped posi
t
i
on,
t
hen cl
amp up on a t
ube wi
t
h heavy f
orce t
o see i
ft
he bend di
e ri
sesup f
rom t
he bend head ori
ft
he bend
head def
l
ect
s.
An overhead t
i
e can hel
pt
o reduce bend head def
l
ect
i
on.Thi
scheck can al
so hel
pt
o measure
f
l
at
nessorperpendi
cul
ari
t
y,whi
ch shoul
d have no more t
han 0.
003-i
n vari
ence.To sol
ve f
orgri
p groove
probl
em,i
fgri
psare serrat
ed orknurl
ed,repl
acementi
snormal
l
yt
he bestopt
i
on.
There al
so have many met
hodst
o sol
ve t
he machi
ne accuracy probl
em such ast
he machi
ne preci
si
on shoul
d
cal
i
brat
e agai
n,wearand t
earsealand shaf
tshoul
d repl
ace orrepai
rand addi
ng ext
ra i
nst
rumentcont
rol
underembedded syst
em l
i
ke Programmabl
el
ogi
ccont
rol
l
er(
PLC)
,Programmabl
e Aut
omat
i
on Cont
rol
l
er(
PAC)
and Di
st
ri
but
ed Cont
rolSyst
em (
DCS)t
o cont
rolt
he movementoft
he machi
ne ef
f
ect
i
vel
y.