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Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry 20-2-2016 PDF
Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry 20-2-2016 PDF
JIK 101
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Dr R.Gunasunderi
Chapter 3
Stoichiometry
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Thus, the same collection of atoms is present after a reaction as before the reaction.
The changes that occur during a reaction just involve the rearrangement of atoms.
Stoichiometry
Is the "measurement of elements".
Reactants are consumed and products are formed in definite proportions.
These proportions are given by the coefficients in the balanced equations for
chemical reactions
The calculation of the quantities of reactants and products is called
STOICHIOMETRY.
Stoichiometry is the use of chemical equations to calculate quantities of
substances that take part in chemical reactions.
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We can fix this by doubling the relative number of water molecules in the list
of products:
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C7H16(l)+O2(g)CO2(g)+H2O(g)
1. Identify the most complex substance. The most
complex substance is the one with the largest number
of different atoms, which is C7H16. We will assume
initially that the final balanced chemical equation
contains 1 molecule or formula unit of this substance.
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C7H16(l)+O2(g)7CO2(g)+H2O(g)
3. Balance polyatomic ions as a unit. There are
no polyatomic ions to be considered in this reaction.
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4.
Balance the remaining atoms. Because one molecule of nheptane contains 16 hydrogen atoms, we need 8 H2O molecules, each
of which contains 2 hydrogen atoms, on the right side:
C7H16(l)+O2(g)7CO2(g)+8H2O(g)
The carbon and hydrogen atoms are now balanced, but we have 22 oxygen
atoms on the right side and only 2 oxygen atoms on the left. We can balance
the oxygen atoms by adjusting the coefficient in front of the least complex
substance, O2, on the reactant side:
C7H16(l)+11O2(g)7CO2(g)+8H2O(g)
Check your work. The equation is now balanced, and there are no fractional
coefficients: there are 7 carbon atoms, 16 hydrogen atoms, and 22 oxygen
atoms on each side. Always check to be sure that a chemical equation is
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Summary
A chemical reaction is described by a chemical equation
that gives the identities and quantities of the reactants
and the products.
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C6H6(l) + O2(g)
CO2(g) + H2O(g);
2.
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)
Cr2O3(s) +
3.
C6H14(l) + O2(g)
4.
Mg3N2(s) + H2O(l)
N2(g) +
H2O(g):
CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Mg(OH)2(s) +
NH3(g)
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A+BC
Example of the generation of ammonia (NH3 from
nitrogen (N2 and hydrogen (H2):
N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)
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AC+B
The general chemical equation for decomposition reaction is:
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Combustion in air
Combustion reactions are rapid reactions that produce a flame. Most
common combustion reactions involve oxygen (O2) from the air as
a reactant. A common class of compounds which can participate in
combustion reactions are hydrocarbons (compounds that contain
only carbon and hydrogen).
Examples of common hydrocarbons:
Name
Molecular
formula
methane
CH4
propane
C3H8
butane
C4H10
octane
C8H18
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Atomic Masses
Absolute masses of atoms cannot be obtained too
small to measure the mass directly;
Relative atomic masses are used instead masses
relative to a chosen standard or reference.
Carbon-12 is used as atomic mass reference it is
assigned an atomic mass of 12 u exactly;
Other atoms are assigned masses relative to that of
carbon-12;
Relative atomic masses are determined using mass
spectrometer;
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2(1.0079amu)+1(15.9994amu)=18.01528amu
If a substance exists as discrete molecules (as with atoms that
are
chemically
bonded
together)
then
the
chemical
formula is the molecular formula, and the formula
weight is the molecular weight.
For example, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen can chemically bond to
form a molecule of the sugar glucose with the chemical and
molecular formula of C6H12O6.
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23.0amu+35.5amu=58.5amu
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Atomic mass
12.01 u
16.00 u
26.98 u
28.09 u
197.0 u
Gram-atomic mass
12.01 g/mol
16.00 g/mol
26.98 g/mol
28.09 g/mol
197.0 g/mol
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Molar Mass
The molar mass of a compound is the mass of 1 mole of the
compound in grams.
The molar masses of water, salt (NaCl), and table sugar (C12H22O11)
are calculated as follows:
Molar mass of H2O = (2 x 1.008 g) + (16.00 g) = 18.02 g/mol;
Molar mass of NaCl = (22.99 g + 35.45 g) = 58.44 g/mol;
Molar mass of C12H22O11 = (12 x 12.01 g) + (22 x 1.008 g) + (11 x 16.00 g)
= 342.3 g/mol
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= 132.06 g/mole
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A pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same
proportion by mass.
Mass % of Element = (Total mass of that Element per mole of compound) x 100%
Molar mass of the Compound
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Mass-to-Mole-to-Mole-to-Mass Relationships
When actual reactions are carried out, the quantities of substances
are measured in mass units. We have to convert their masses into
moles so that they can be directly related to each other using the
coefficients in the balanced equation.
Again consider the reaction:
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1 mol H = 98.0 g H2
g
1 mol N2
2
= 552 g NH3
1
1
2
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= grams of B
= grams of C
= grams of A
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Molecular Formula
A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of
each type in a molecule.
Examples: C4H10, C6H6, C6H12O6.
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Mercury forms a compound with chlorine that is 73.9% mercury and 26.1%
chlorine by mass. What is the empirical formula?
If we had a 100 gram sample of this compound. The sample would therefore
contain 73.9 grams of mercury and 26.1 grams of chlorine. How many moles of
each atom do the individual masses represent?
For Mercury:
(73.9 g)*(1 mol/200.59 g) = 0.368 moles
For Chlorine:
(26.1 g)*(1 mol/35.45 g) = 0.736 mol
What is the molar ratio between the two elements?
( 0.736 mol Cl/0.368 mol Hg) = 2.0
Thus, we have twice as many moles (i.e. atoms) of Cl as Hg. The
empirical formula would thus be (remember to list cation first, anion last):
HgCl2
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The general flow chart for solving empirical formulas from known mass percentages.
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Hydrogen
Oxygen
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The relative molar amounts of carbon and oxygen appear to be equal, but
the relative molar amount of hydrogen is higher.
Since we cannot have "fractional" atoms in a compound, we need to
normalize the relative amount of hydrogen to be equal to an integer. 1.333
would appear to be 1 and 1/3, so if we multiply the relative amounts of each
atom by '3', we should be able to get integer values for each atom.
C = (1.0)*3 = 3
H = (1.333)*3 = 4
O = (1.0)*3 = 3
This is our empirical formula for ascorbic acid.
C 3H 4O 3
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What about the chemical formula? We are told that the experimentally
determined molecular mass is 176 amu. What is the molecular mass of
our empirical formula?
Thus, it would appear that our empirical formula is essentially one half
the mass of the actual molecular mass. If we multiplied our empirical
formula by '2', then the molecular mass would be correct. Thus, the
actual molecular formula is:
2* C3H4O3 = C6H8O6
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Combustion Analysis
When a compound containing carbon and hydrogen is subject to
combustion with oxygen in a special combustion apparatus all the carbon is
converted to CO2 and the hydrogen to H2O.
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Since one mole of CO2 is made up of one mole of C and two moles of O, if
we have 0.0128 moles of CO2 in our sample, then we know we have 0.0128
moles of C in the sample. How many grams of C is this?
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C = 3.05 atoms
H = 8.1 atoms
O = 1 atom
Within experimental error, the most likely empirical formula for propanol
would be:
C3H8O
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1 mol O2
2 mol H2O
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2 2
The ratio
is the stoichiometric relationship between H2O
1 2
and O2 from the balanced equation for this reaction.
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therefore :
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Limiting Reactants
1 box mix + 2 eggs 1 batch brownies
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Thus, after all the hydrogen reactant has been consumed, there will be
2 moles of O2 reactant left.
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Ba3(PO4)2
Ba3(PO4)2
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Thank You