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Force Systems
Force Systems
Outline
Introduction
Equivalence of Vectors
Force
Reduction of Concurrent Force Systems
Moment of a Force about a Point
Moment of a Force about an Axis
Couples
Changing Line of Action of a Force
Equivalence of Vectors
Equivalence implies interchangeability; two
vectors are considered to be equivalent if they
can be interchanged without changing the
outcome of the problem.
Three classifications of vectors
Fixed Vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude, direction and point of application
Sliding Vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude, direction and line of action
Free Vectors: Equivalent vectors have the same
magnitude and direction.
Force
Mechanical interaction between bodies
A vector quantity; with magnitude and direction
A fixed vector
A P
Principle of Transmissibility:
P= 50 N
S= 50 N
Q= 50 N
F1
F2
F2
y
x
F3
Rz
R
F1
y
F3
x
Rx
= = + +
= + +
Ry
Moment of a Force
In addition to the tendency to move a body to the
direction of its direction, a force can also tends to rotate
the body in an axis. This tendency to rotate is the
moment (M) of a force, or torque.
= =
=
=
Varignons Theorem
The moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of the
moments of its components about a point.
= = + = +
= =
Sample Problem
Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of
the 600-N force in five different ways.
2610 N.m Ans.
= =
= = ( )
= = + +
Mz
Mx
x
Mo
My
Sample Problem
A tension T of magnitude 10 kN is applied to the cable attached to
the top A of the rigid mast and secured to the ground at B.
Determine the moment Mz of T about the z-axis passing through
the base O.
-84.9 kN.m Ans.
Couples
Two parallel, noncollinear forces that are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction are known as a couple. Couple has
no resultant force. Its effect is only rotational, no translation.
= ( + ) + =
= +
= ( )
where =
Equivalent Couples
Two couples that have the same moment are said to be
equivalent. Operations on couple without changing its
moment,
a. Original couple with moment Fd
b. Moving the coupe to parallel plane
c.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Sample Problem
The rigid structural member is
subjected to a couple consisting of
the two 100-N forces. Replace this
couple by an equivalent couple
consisting of the two forces P and
P, each of which has a magnitude
of 400 N. Determine the proper
angle .
Ans. 10 N-m at 51.3.
Original Force
Sample Problem
Replace the horizontal 80-lb force
acting on the lever by an equivalent
system consisting of a force at O and a
couple.
Sample Problem
A force of 40 lb is applied at A
to the handle of the control
lever which is attached to the
fixed shaft OB. In determining
the effect of the force on the
shaft at a cross section such
as that at O, we may replace
the force by an equivalent
force at O and a couple.
Describe this couple M as a
vector.
Ans. -200j+320k lb-in
or 377 lb-in with =32