12.

0 Bellows Design
There are four areas where bellows are employed to allow thermal differential contraction, and to add
thermal conduction length. All of these will be specified in terms of required operating pressure, and
lateral and axial displacements. The stress analyses presented in this section are intended to be an
existence proof for the bellows space allocation. The CVIP consulted with the bellows manufacturer for
appropriate convolution details, and the manufacturer provided qualifications of the bellows designs in
accordance with the EJMA standards.

Item #

Location

BNL002 #27
BNL002 #24
BNL002 #30
BNL002 #30

End of Bore
Jacket
Cover end of
Vacuum Jacket
Leads (Normal
Operation)
Leads (extreme
Thermal
Differential)
Gravity
Support Pads
He/LN Outlet

BNL002 #40
BNL002 #21

Table of Bellows Specifications Revision 2:

Operating
Axial
Lateral
Pressure
Displacement
Displacement
Vacuum

3mm

1 mm (Radial)

Vacuum

3mm

1 mm(Radial)

15 atm

0.7 mm

.25mm

15 atm

3mm

1mm

Vacuum

~2mm

2.2mm

15 atm

~2mm

2mm

Axial
temp
Gradient
30K292K
30K292K
30K292K
30K292K

Material

Only
292K
~0 K

304 or 316
SST
316 SST

316 SST
316 SST
316 SST
316 SST

All bellows have a critical pressure at

which they become unstable. Instability
can occur in either of two modes, column
instability (or squirm), or inplane
deformation of the convolution side wall.
Squirm is the phenomena whereby the
centerline of a straight bellows develops a
sideways or lateral bow.

The critical pressure at which this

instability occurs is a direct function of
the diameter and spring rate, and an
inverse function of the length. If the
bellows is bent, or angulated, the
centerline can begin to move away from
the center of curvature. In each case, the
effective length of the bellows increases,
lowering the material available to
withstand the pressure, thereby increasing
the hoop stresses. As the length increases,
Cryostat Simulation Showing Axial Displacements near
the tendency to squirm increases and the
Bellows
stresses become higher and higher until
catastrophic failure occurs. A simple way to visualize this phenomena is to remember that the bellows is a

Page 12.0-1

cylinder of given volume. Internal pressure tries to increase a vessel's volume. Since a bellows is flexible in
the axial direction, it can increase its volume by increasing the length of its centerline. With the ends fixed,
it does so by simulating the appearance of a buckling column. In the BNL Pulsed Magnet, bellows
squirm is stabilized with tension rods for the lead and LHe/LN2 bellows.

.Gravity support bellows, Stress due to cooldown. 008 thick stock. 4.0 inches in inner diameter, 6mm convolution
pitch with 2.5mm flats, 2.2mm lateral displacement due to cryostat cooldown.
Bellows materials are specified as 316 for sub- LN2 temperature service, and 304 for RT service. Room
temperature yields of highly cold worked materials should be in the range of 500 MPa for 316 and 1000
MPa for 304. All the bellows must see their pressure service at room temperature. The gravity support
bellows worst loading is due to a lateral displacement due to cryostat
contraction.

Page 12.0-2
Bellows Displacement during Vacuum Test.

Repaired Bellows?

Page 12.0-3

Joint and LN2/He Bellows.

These bellows must accept the axial differential thermal
motions between the 30 K cryostat and the magnet.
Nominally this is the difference between cryostat, and
the coil at 100K. Both Copper and Stainless Steel have
coefficients near 10e-6, and the magnet/cryostat
assembly is about 1 m. long. The intention is to have
the plenum inlet side of the magnet and plenum to be
held to the same displacement via spacer blocks, and
the joint end of the magnet is spaced off the cover with
a Belleville spring stack. The differential displacements
thus appear in the joint bellows. Nominal differential
motion is 1m*10e-6*70K=.0007m or 0.7mm. A worst
case differential axial motion might occur if the
cryostat was at 30 K and the magnet accidentally was
heated beyond its normal high temperature, to RT.
The system interlocks should shut down the magnet
current well before this. This would yield a differential
axial motion of 2.62 mm. There is a radial differential
motion. The outer joint at a radius of .35m would see a
little over 1/3 the axial motion or about 1mm. Early in
the design a large axial compression was needed to
expose joint connections but the gland nut- penetration
design does not require this.

Stress in the joint bellows for one cm axial

displacement.

Bellows used for the Joint penetration. The overall length of this model is .127m or 5 inches. The convolution
Page 12.0-4 pitch is 12mm
with 5mm flats. The inner diameter is 6.25 cm or about 2.5 inches. The stock thickness is .016

Joint Bellows Thermal Stresses

The bellows are used to absorb differential
motions, and also to provide long thermal
paths to minimize heat leaks See section
14.0. The joint bellows model was analyzed
with a 30K to RT (292K) axial gradient.
With this linear axial thermal gradient,
appropriate for conduction from the 30K
cryostat cover to the LN2 or RT end of the
joint break-out, the stresses are minimal.

Von Mises Stress of the bellows convolutions with the axial temperature
gradient applied. The peak stress in this analysis is 8.4 MPa

Page 12.0-5

An attempt was made to invent a temperature distribution that

wasnt quite so uniform. This is shown at right. The axial (vertical in
these plots) displacement is not uniform. . The peak stress for this
non-ideal temperature gradient is 15.2 MPa, up from the previous 8.4
MPa, but it is clear that thermal stresses are not critical for the
temperature gradients we expect at the joint penetrations.

Axial thermal displacement in meters.

The peak Von Mises stress is 15.2 MPa

Page 12.0-6

Vacuum Jacket Outer Flange Axial Displacements.

Page 12.0-7

Page 12.0-8

Page 12.0-9