Báo Cáo Hiện Trạng Môi Trường Quốc Gia Giai Đoạn 2011 - 2015

B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
BO CO HIN TRNG MI TRNG

QUC GIA GIAI ON 2011 - 2015
H Ni, 2015
CHU TRCH NHIM XUT BN: ThS. Kim Quang Minh

BIN TP: ThS. Th Phng Hoa, ThS. o Th Hu
THIT K V TRNH BY: Nhm thit k Nam Ph
In 1.500 cun, kch thc: 21x29,7cm, ti Nh my in Bn - 14 Pho i Lng
KKH xut bn s: 1242-2016/CXBIPH/01-250/Ba
Quyt nh xut bn s: 33/Q-TMBVN ngy 25/7/2016
M s sch ISBN: 978-604-904-927-9
In xong v np lu chiu nm 2016.
BO CO HIN TRNG MI TRNG QUC GIA GIAI ON 2011 - 2015
DANH SCH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SON

Tp th ch o
Trn Hng H, B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Nguyn Minh Quang, Nguyn B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
V Tun Nhn, Th trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Bi Cch Tuyn, Nguyn Th trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Nguyn Vn Ti, Tng Cc trng Tng cc Mi trng
Hong Dng Tng, Ph Tng Cc trng Tng cc Mi trng
T th k
KS. Nguyn Vn Thy, ThS. L Hong Anh, ThS. Nguyn Th Nguyt nh, KS. Phm
Quang Hiu, ThS. Mc Th Minh Tr, ThS. Phm Th Thy, ThS. Nguyn Thy Qunh, ThS.
Nguyn Th Thu Trang, CN. Nguyn Th Bch Loan, CN. Vng Nh Lun, CN. Nguyn Th
Hoa - Tng cc Mi trng.
Tham gia bin tp, bin son
GS.TSKH. Phm Ngc ng, TS. Nguyn Ngc Sinh, GS.TS. ng Kim Chi, TS. Tng
Th Cng, TS. Phm Qu Nhn, ThS. Nguyn Hng Thnh, ThS. Nguyn Hong nh.
Ban son tho
ThS. Nguyn Hoi c, ThS. Nguyn Thng Hin, ThS. Nguyn c Hng, ThS. Nguyn
Quc Hon, TS. Hong Th Thanh Nhn, ThS. Nguyn Th Thin Phng, ThS. Hong Minh
Sn, ThS. L Minh Ton, KS. Hong Vn Vy, ThS. Dng Th Thanh Xuyn.
ng gp kin v cung cp s liu cho bo co:
Cc n v thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
B Cng thng, B Cng an, B Giao thng Vn ti, B Gio dc v o to, B K
hoch v u t, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, B Ni
v, B Quc phng, B Thng tin v Truyn Thng, B T php, B Vn ha, Th thao v Du
lch, B Xy dng, B Y t.
Hi Bo v Thin nhin v Mi trng Vit Nam, Hi Nng dn Vit Nam, Hip hi Lng
ngh Vit Nam, Lin minh Hp tc x Vit Nam.
Cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng 63 tnh, thnh ph.
MC LC
Mc lc
iii
Danh mc Biu
vi
Danh mc Khung
xi
Danh mc Bng
xv
Danh mc Hnh
xvii
Danh mc Ch vit tt
xviii
Li ni u
xix
Tm tt
xxi
1.7.1. Hot ng trng trt v sc p

ln mi trng
29
1.7.2. Hot ng chn nui v sc p

ln mi trng
31
1.7.3. Hot ng nui trng thy sn

v sc p ln mi trng
32
Chng 2. Bin i kh hu, thin tai
35
2.1. Bin i kh hu
37
2.1.1. Pht thi kh nh knh
37
2.1.2. Biu hin cua bin i kh hu
39
2.2. Thin tai
42
Chng 3. Pht sinh v x l cht thi

rn
47
3.1. Pht sinh cht thi rn
49
3.1.1. Cht thi rn thng thng
49
3.1.2. Cht thi nguy hi
54
3.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn
57
3.2.1. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

thng thng
57
3.2.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

y t
60
3.2.3. Thu gom v x l cht thi nguy

hi t hot ng sn xut
62
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
65
4.1. Mi trng nc mt lc a
67
69
Chng 1. Pht trin kinh t - x hi

v sc p i vi mi trng
1.1. Dn s, th ha
1.1.1. Pht trin dn s v qu trnh

th ha
1.1.2. Sc p t hot ng dn sinh

ln mi trng
1.2. Pht trin cng nghip v sc p

ln mi trng
1.2.1. Khu cng nghip v cm cng

nghip
1.2.2. Lng ngh
11
1.2.3. C s sn xut nm ngoi KCN,

CCN
13
1.3. Pht trin nng lng v sc p

ln mi trng
18
1.4. Pht trin xy dng v sc p ln

mi trng
20
1.5. Pht trin giao thng v sc p

ln mi trng
21
1.5.1. Pht trin giao thng ng b
21
1.5.2. Pht trin h thng cc cng bin
24
4.1.1. Hin trng khai thc v s dng

nc
1.5.3. Sc p t hot ng giao thng
25
4.1.2. Din bin cht lng nc mt
70
1.6. Pht trin dch v, y t v sc p

ln mi trng
26
4.2. Mi trng nc di t
91
1.6.1. Pht trin du lch
26
91
1.6.2. Pht trin y t
27
93
1.7. Pht trin nng nghip v sc p

ln mi trng
4.2.2. Din bin cht lng nc di

t
29
4.3. Mi trng nc bin
96
iii
BO CO hin trng MI TRNG QUC GIA giai on 2011 - 2015

4.3.1. Din bin cht lng nc bin
ven b
96
4.3.2. Din bin cht lng nc bin

khi
99
Chng 5. Mi trng khng kh
101
5.1. Cht lng khng kh ti cc th
103
5.1.1. Bi
104
5.1.2. Cc kh nhim NO2, SO2 v CO
108
5.1.3. Ting n
7.2. a dng sinh hc loi
152
7.3. a dng sinh hc ngun gen
157
7.4. Nguyn nhn gy suy gim a

dng sinh hc
160
7.4.1. Chuyn i s dng t, mt

nc thiu c s khoa hc
160
111
160
5.2. Cht lng khng kh xung quanh

cc khu sn xut cng nghip
7.4.2. Tiu th ti nguyn ngy cng

nhiu v khai thc qu mc ti nguyn
sinh vt
111
7.4.3. Bin i kh hu v chy rng
162
5.2.1. Bi
111
163
5.2.2. Cc kh nhim SO2, NO2
112
7.4.4. S xm hi ca cc loi sinh vt

ngoi lai
5.3. Cht lng khng kh lng ngh

v nng thn
113
Chng 8. Tc ng ca nhim mi
trng
165
5.3.1. Mi trng khng kh lng ngh
113
8.1. nh hng n sc khe cng ng
167
5.3.2. Mi trng khng kh nng thn
114
167
5.4. Mt s vn nhim khng kh

lin quc gia Vit Nam
8.1.1. Tc hi ca nhim khng kh

n sc khe con ngi
115
171
5.4.1. Xu hng lan truyn nhim

xuyn bin gii
8.1.2. Tc hi ca nhim ngun

nc n sc khe con ngi
115
8.1.3. Tc hi ca nhim t v cht

thi rn n sc khe con ngi
172
5.4.2. Lng ng axit
116
8.2. nh hng n h sinh thi
175
5.4.3. Sng m quang ha
116
Chng 6. Mi trng t
117
8.3. nh hng n kinh t - x hi
176
6.1. S dng t
119
8.3.1. Thit hi kinh t do gia tng

ganh nng bnh tt
176
6.1.1. Hin trng s dng t
119
176
6.1.2. Chuyn i mc ch s dng t
120
8.3.2. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng

n thy sn v nng nghip
6.2. Mi trng t
122
8.3.3. Thit hi i vi hot ng du

lch
179
6.2.1. Thoi ha t
122
6.2.2. nhim t
129
8.3.4. Thit hi kinh t do chi ph ci

thin mi trng
180
Chng 7. a dng sinh hc
141
8.3.5. Pht sinh xung t mi trng
180
7.1. a dng sinh hc h sinh thi
143
Chng 9. Qun l mi trng
185
7.1.1. H sinh thi rng
143
187
7.1.2. H sinh thi rng ngp mn
150
9.1. Kt qu thc hin cc ch tiu v

mi trng trong 5 nm qua
7.1.3. H sinh thi thm c bin
151
7.1.4. H sinh thi rn san h
152
9.2. H thng chnh sch, vn bn

quy phm php lut v cc tiu chun,
quy chun v mi trng
190
iv
mc lc
190
9.10. Hp tc quc t trong bo v

mi trng
213
9.2.2. Nhng tn ti v thch thc
191
9.11. Nhng vn trng tm cn gii

quyt trong cng tc bo v mi trng
214
9.3. H thng t chc qun l nh

nc v mi trng
192
214
9.3.1. H thng t chc qun l nh

nc v mi trng cc cp
9.11.1. S dng hiu qu cc cng c

qun l mi trng trong tnh hnh mi
192
193
216
9.4. Vn ti chnh, u t cho cng

tc bo v mi trng
9.11.2. Kim sot v hn ch cc

ngun gy nhim, tc ng xu n
mi trng
194
216
9.4.1. u t t ngn sch nh nc
194
9.11.3. Huy ng ngun lc ti chnh

cho cng tc BVMT trn nguyn tc
Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin
9.4.2. Ngun u t h tr t Qu Bo
v mi trng
197
218
9.4.3. u t h tr t ngun lc x
hi v cc t chc quc t
200
9.11.4. ng ph vi cc vn bin
i kh hu v nhim mi trng xuyn
bin gii trong giai on hi nhp
9.5. Cc cng c qun l mi trng
200
219
9.5.1. Thc hin nh gi mi trng

chin lc v nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Chng 10. Nhng thch thc mi

trng v nh hng bo v mi
trng trong 5 nm ti
200
10.1. Nhng thch thc v c hi
221
9.5.2. Thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi

phm php lut v BVMT
202
221
9.5.3. Kim sot nhim v x l cc

ngun gy nhim
10.1.1. nhim v s c mi trng

tip tc gia tng, a dng sinh hc tip
tc suy gim
203
225
9.5.4. Quan trc mi trng
205
10.1.2. Cng tc qun l mi trng

cn nhiu bt cp
9.6. Cng tc bo v mi trng cc

lu vc sng
206
9.7. Cng tc bo tn a dng sinh hc
207
226
9.8. Hot ng nghin cu khoa hc

cng ngh v p dng cng ngh mi
209
10.1.3. Bin i kh hu v cc vn
mi trng xuyn bin gii ngy cng
ln, phc tp, kh lng, t ra cc
yu cu ngy cng cao i vi cng
tc bo v mi trng
9.8.1. Hot ng nghin cu khoa hc

cng ngh
209
10.1.4. Nhng c hi i vi cng tc

bo v mi trng trong giai on mi
227
9.8.2. p dng cng ngh trong x l

cht thi
210
10.2. nh hng v mt s gii php

bo v mi trng trong 5 nm ti
228
9.9. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng v

huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng
211
10.2.1. nh hng
228
10.2.2. Mt s gii php c th
229
9.9.1. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng
211
9.9.2. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng

ng
Kt lun v kin ngh
233
212
Ti liu tham kho
239
9.2.1. H thng chnh sch, vn bn

quy phm php lut v cc tiu chun,
quy chun v mi trng

DANH MC BIU
Chng 1. Pht trin kinh t - x
hi v sc p i vi mi trng
Biu 1.1. Mt dn s phn

theo vng nm 2014
Biu 1.2. Din bin nhp c

giai on 2010-2014
Biu 1.3. T l h ngho trn c

nc giai on t 2006 - 2014
Biu 1.4. T l thnh phn cc

cht nhim trong nc thi sinh
hot cc vng trn c nc
Biu 1.5. C cu nn kinh t

nc ta nm 2015
Biu 1.6. Gi tr sn xut cng

nghip theo gi thc t
Biu 1.7. T l phn b KCN ti

cc vng trn c nc
Biu 1.8. T l x c lng ngh
phn theo vng
Biu 1.9. Cc lnh vc s dng
nng lng nc ta giai on
2010-2030
10
11
18
Biu 1.10. C cu ngun in

ca Vit Nam nm 2015
19
Biu 1.11. Din tch sn xy

dng nh phn theo vng
20
Biu 1.12. S liu phng tin

giao thng ng b trn ton
quc giai on 2011 - 2015
22
Biu 1.13. T l ng gp pht

thi cc cht gy nhim khng kh
do cc phng tin giao thng c
gii ng b ton quc nm 2014
25
Biu 1.14. Thi lng nc thi

y t tnh trn phm vi ton quc
qua cc nm
28
vi
Biu 1.15. Khi lng cc nhm

thuc BVTV Vit Nam
Biu 1.16. S lng chn nui
gia sc, gia cm giai on 20112014
Biu 1.17. Sn lng nui trng
v khai thc thy sn giai on
2000 - 2014
Chng 2. Bin i kh hu, thin
tai
Biu 2.1. Din bin pht thi
kh nh knh theo lnh vc cc
nm 1994, 2000 v 2010
Biu 2.2. c tnh pht thi kh
nh knh n nm 2020 v 2030
Biu 2.3. Pht thi kh nh knh
t lnh vc lm nghip v chuyn
i s dng t nm 2010
Biu 2.4. Lng pht thi cc
loi kh nh knh nm 2010
Biu 2.5. S nh b sp , b
cun tri do thin tai
Biu 2.6. Din tch la v hoa
mu b mt trng hng nm do
thin tai
Chng 3. Pht sinh v x l cht
thi rn
Biu 3.1. T l pht sinh cht
thi rn ti 6 vng trong c nc
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
Biu 4.1. Din bin lu lng
nc cao nht mt s sng chnh
cc nm 2010 - 2014
Biu 4.2. Gi tr BOD5 trn
sng Bng Giang v ph lu trn
a bn tnh Cao Bng nm 2011
29
31
32
35
37
38
38
38
44
44
47
49
65
70
71
mc lc
Biu 4.3. Din bin gi tr COD

trn sng K Cng v ph lu trong
giai on 2011 - thng 6/2015
72
Biu 4.4. Din bin gi tr COD

trong nc sng Hng v cc phn
lu chy qua tnh Nam nh trong
giai on 2011 - 2015
74
Biu 4.5. Din bin hm lng

Amoni nc sng Hng giai on
2012 - 2014
Pht pht nc sng Hng giai
on 2012 - 2014
Biu 4.14. Din bin hm

lng COD trn sng M giai on
2011 - 2015
lng BOD5 trong nc sng M
trn a bn tnh Thanh Ha giai
on 2011-2014
81
81
74

TSS trn LVS Vu Gia - Thu Bn giai
on 2012-2015
82
84
74
Biu 4.17. Din bin gi tr

COD trn sng ng Nai giai on
2011 - 2015
Biu 4.18. Din bin t l
vt QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 ca thng s COD v
BOD5 trn sng ng Nai giai
on 2011 - 2015
84

lng Amoni sng Si Gn giai
on 2011 - 2015
85

lng DO trn sng Si Gn giai
on 2011 - 2015
85

Amoni cc thng trong nm 2014
ti trm quan trc nc sng
xuyn bin gii trn sng Hng,
tnh Lo Cai
75
Biu 4.8. Din bin gi tr

COD trn cc sng khc thuc LVS
Hng - Thi Bnh trong giai on
2011 - 2015
75

Amoni trong nc sng Ng Huyn
Kh giai on 2011 - 2015
78
86
Biu 4.10. Din bin t l vt

chun ca mt s thng s trong
nc mt trn LVS Cu giai on
2011 - 2014

lng BOD5 nc sng Vm C v
cc ph lu giai on 2011 - 2015
78

COD trong nc mt thuc LV HTS
ng Nai giai on 2011 - 2014
86
Biu 4.11. Din bin ch s

WQI trung bnh nm trn sng
Nhu giai on 2011 - 2015
79

Amoni trong nc mt thuc LVS
M Cng giai on 2012 - 2015
87
Biu 4.12. Din bin ch s

WQI trung bnh nm trn sng
y giai on 2011 - 2015
80

COD trong nc mt thuc LVS M
Cng giai on 2011 - 2014
88
80

Cl- ca mt s on sng trn LVS
M Cng giai on 2011 - 2015
89
Biu 4.13. Hm lng TSS trn

sng M ma ma v ma kh
nm 2014
vii

Biu 4.37 Din bin hm lng
P-PO43- trung bnh nm trong nc
vng bin khi giai on 2010 2013
99

du m trung bnh nm trong nc
vng bin khi giai on 2010 2013
99
101
Biu 5.1. Din bin nng

bi PM10 trung bnh nm ti mt
s trm quan trc t ng, lin tc
giai on 2011 - 2015
103
Biu 5.2. Din bin ch s cht

lng khng kh AQI 5 trm
quan trc t ng, lin tc giai
on 2011 - 2015
104
Biu 5.3. S ngy c AQI>100

do thng s PM10 cao 5 trm
quan trc t ng, lin tc giai
on 2011 - 2015
104
Biu 5.4. Thng k s ngy c

nng PM10 v PM2,5 trung bnh
24h khng t QCVN 05:2013
cc trm chu nh hng ca giao
thng th giai on 2011- 2015
105

bi theo cc thng giai on
2011 - 2015 ti trm Nguyn
Vn C, H Ni
105
98
Biu 5.6. Xu hng bin i

theo ma nng cc loi bi
PM1-PM2,5-PM10 Nha Trang giai
on 2012 - 2015
105
99
Biu 5.7. Xu hng bin i

theo ma nng cc loi bi
PM2,5, PM10 ti trm ng Khi,
Bin Ha, ng Nai
106

lng DO ti trm quan trc nc
t ng Long Bnh - An Giang qua
cc thng nm 2012 - 2015
89

lng COD ti mt s h giai on
t 2011 - 2015
90

COD trn mt s sng ni thnh
H Ni giai on t 2011 - 2015
90
Biu 4.29. C cu s dng nc

di t nm 2014
92
Biu 4.30. Hm lng TDS cao

nht ghi nhn ti mt s vng nm
2013
94
Biu 4.31. Hm lng Amoni

cao nht ghi nhn ti mt s vng
nm 2013
94
Biu 4.32. Hm lng Amoni

trong nc di t ti mt s a
phng giai on 2011 - 2015
95
Biu 4.33.Din bin hm lng

TSS trung bnh trong nc bin
ven b ti mt s khu vc ven bin
giai on 2011 - 2015
97
Biu 4.34. Din bin

hm lng COD trung bnh
trong
nc
bin
ven
b
ti mt s khu vc ven bin giai
on 2011 - 2015
97

lng du m khong trung bnh
trong nc bin ven b ti mt
s khu vc ven bin giai on
2011 - 2015
lng N-NH4+ trung bnh nm
trong nc vng bin khi giai
on 2010 - 2013
viii
mc lc

cc loi bi PM10, PM2,5, PM1 trong
ngy ti mt s trm khng kh t
ng
106
Biu 5.18. Nng TSP trong

khng kh xung quanh mt s lng
ngh khu vc pha Bc
114
Biu 5.19. Nng As ti mt

s lng ngh c kh trn a bn
H Ni
114
Biu 5.20. Nng benzen ti

mt s lng ngh my tre an, ch
bin g trn a bn H Ni
114

TSP trong khng kh xung quanh
ti mt s khu dn c trn ton
quc giai on 2011 - 2015
108

TSP trong khng kh xung quanh
ti mt s th v vng ven th
giai on 2011- 2014
108

TSP ti mt s vng nng thn giai
on 2011 - 2014
115

NO2 trung bnh nm ti mt s
trm quan trc t ng lin tc
109
Chng 6. Mi trng t
117

NO2 trung bnh nm mt s khu
dn c giai on 2011 - 2015
Biu 6.1. C cu s dng t c

nc nm 2013
119
109
Biu 6.2. Din tch t b thoi

ha mt s vng trong ton quc
123
Biu 6.3. Gi tr pHKCl tng

t canh tc (0-30 cm) ti vng
t b nh hng ca qu trnh xi
mn ra tri giai on 2012-2014
125
Biu 6.4. Hm lng hu c

(OC%) trn t ct Nghi Lc Ngh An giai on 2011 - 2013
127
Biu 6.5. Hm lng hu c

(OC%) trn t ct tnh Ninh
Thun v tnh Bnh Thun giai
on 2012 - 2014
127
Biu 6.6. Din bin Cl- theo

loi hnh s dng t ti ng
bng sng Cu Long giai on
2009 - 2012
129
Biu 6.7. Hm lng pHKCl

trong t tai mt s vng chuyn
canh nng nghip pha Bc giai
on 2011 - 2014
131

NOx trong ngy (minh ha s liu
ca trm quan trc khng kh t
ng lin tc H Long, Nng)
SO2 trung bnh nm mt s tuyn
giao thng v khu dn c giai on
2011 - 2015
110
110

TSP xung quanh mt s KCN
thuc 3 vng kinh t trng im
Bc, Trung, Nam giai on t nm
2011 - 2015
112
Biu 5.16. Nng TSP xung

quanh cc KCN ca ng Nai giai
on t nm 2011 - 2014
112
Biu 5.17. Nng SO2 xung

quanh cc khu vc sn xut ca
mt s a phng giai on t
nm 2011 - 2015
113
ix

Biu 6.8. Hm lng pHKCl
trong t tai vng chuyn canh
nng nghip tnh Lm ng giai
on 2012 - 2014
131
Biu 6.9. Hm lng N, P, K

tng s ti vng chuyn canh nng
nghip ti Hip Ha - Bc Giang
v Yn nh - Thanh Ha
132
Biu 6.10. Hm lng As trong

t nng nghip tnh Lng Sn giai
on 2011 - 2013
132
Biu 6.11: Din bin hm lng

As trong t trng hoa M Linh H Ni giai on 2011 - 2014
132
Biu 6.12. Hm lng Pb, Cu

trong t sn xut nng nghip
mt s khu vc nng thn tnh
Bnh Thun v tnh k Nng
nm 2014
lng Cu trong t chuyn canh
nng nghip Lm ng giai
on 2012 - 2014
Biu 6.14. Din bin d lng
thuc BVTV trong t trng rau
Vn Ni, Huyn ng Anh - H
Ni
133
133
135
Biu 6.15. Din bin d lng

thuc BVTV nhm Pyrethoid trong
mi trng t tnh Bc Giang
nm 2013 v 2014
135
Biu 6.16. Hm lng Cu

trong t mt s khu vc ven
pha Bc
137
Biu 6.17. Hm lng kim loi

Cu (6.17a) v Pt (6.17b) trong t
chu tc ng ca hot ng lng
ngh ti ch Chu Kh - Bc Ninh
giai on 2011 - 2014
137
141
Biu 7.1. Bin ng din tch

v che ph ca rng Vit Nam
giai on 1990 - 2014
144
Biu 7.2. Din bin rng ngp

mn qua tng thi k
150
Biu 7.3. Din tich rng

chuyn i muc ich s dung cho
phat trin c s ha tng va cac
muc ich ngoai nng nghip, thy
li qua cac nm trn toan quc
161
Biu 7.4. Lng g b tch thu

qua cc nm
161
Biu 7.5. S lng ng vt

rng bi bun ban qua cac nm
161
Chng 8. Tc ng ca nhim
mi trng
165
Biu 8.1. T l cc bnh chnh

gy mt i s nm sng khe mnh
do t vong v tn tt (DALY) nam
gii (biu tri) v n gii (biu
phi)
167
Biu 8.2. So snh thit hi kinh

t theo i tng chu nh hng
lng ngh
178
Biu 8.3. Thit hi v ti

chnh do v sinh mi trng km
Vit Nam
180
185
Biu 9.1. Ngun kinh ph ngn

sch nh nc chi cho s nghip
mi trng giai on 2011 - 2015
195
mc lc
DANH MC KHUNG
3
Khung 1.17. c tnh thi lng cc

kh thi do t sinh khi ti Chu
30
Khung 1.1. Tc th ha H
Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh
Khung 1.18. nhim mi trng do

t rm r sau ma v
30
Khung 1.2. Nhm th c nguy c

ngp lt cao
Khung 1.19. nhim khng kh t

chn nui
32
Khung 1.3. Tng trng ngnh cng

nghip nm 2014
Khung 1.20. Nguy c nhim nc

di t t hot ng nui tm trn ct
33
Khung 1.4. Nc thi cng nghip

trn lu vc h thng sng ng Nai
10
Khung 1.5. Thc trang v ia im

san xut VLXD trn ia ban Tp. H
Ch Minh
35
13
Khung 2.1. Tnh hnh hn hn tnh

Ninh Thun
40
Khung 2.2. Tnh hnh xm nhp mn

ti Kin Giang v Bn Tre
41
Khung 2.3. Kt qu Hi ngh cc bn

tham gia Cng c khung ca Lin
hp quc v bin i kh hu (COP21)
42
Khung 2.4. S bt thng Bo b

vng ven bin
43
Khung 2.5. nh hng ca ma l

ko di tnh Qung Ninh
44
Khung 2.6. Dch bnh xut hin sau

bo s 11 (Nari) ti Min Trung v
Ty Nguyn
45
Khung 2.7. St l t ti Lo Cai
45

thi rn
47
Khung 3.1. Bn thi t hot ng khai

thc, ch bin bauxit
51

v sc p i vi mi trng
Khung 1.6. nhim do nc thi

cng nghip trn a bn tnh Thi
Nguyn
14
Khung 1.7. nhim kh thi cng

nghip ti mt s a phng
15
Khung 1.8. Ngnh nng lng Vit

Nam trc ni lo nhp khu nguyn
liu
18
Khung 1.9. Pht trin thy in va

v nh
19
Khung 1.10. Thi cng nng cp, m

rng quc l 1: Dn bc xc v bi
m mt
21
Khung 1.11. nhim bi do hot

ng xy dng h tng th
22
Khung 1.12. Giao thng th v mi

trng
22
Khung 1.13. Tc pht trin cc

phng tin giao thng 2011 - 2015
23
Khung 1.14. Pht trin cng bin v

nguy c nhim mi trng
25
Khung 3.2. Thnh phn CTNH cng

nghip pht sinh ti H Ni
54
Khung 1.15. Khch du lch trong v

ngoi nc nm 2014 - 2015
26
Khung 3.3. Cc cng ngh x l CTR
58
Khung 1.16. X l cc c s y t gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng
28
Khung 3.4. Mt s m hnh x l cht

thi ti cc a phng
59
xi

Khung 4.13. nhim mi trng
bin do nc thi t Cng ty TNHH
100
Gang thp Hng nghip Formosa
H Tnh v s phc hi sau s c
Khung 3.5. Sn xut phn hu c t

cht thi rn sinh hot
60
Khung 3.6. X l CTR y t trn a

bn Tnh Ngh An
61
Khung 3.7. Hin trng x l CTR y t

ti H Ni
61
Khung 3.8. Tng cngcp php cho

cc c s thc hin thu gom, vn
chuyn CTNH
63
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
65
Khung 4.1. Suy gim mc nc mt

s vng trn c nc
70
Khung 4.2: Ch s nh gi cht

lng nc WQI
73
Chng 6. Mi trng t
Khung 4.3. Cht lng nc sng

on qua thnh ph Ha Bnh
76
Khung 6.1. Chuyn i mc ch s

120
dng t
Khung 4.4. Cht lng nc vng Ty

sng Hu
88
Khung 6.2. Cn i mc ch s dng

121
t ti Tuyn Quang
Khung 4.5. Mt s d n ci to, phc

hi knh, mng, ao, h b nhim
90
Khung 6.3. Ph xanh t trng, i

122
ni trc Qung Tr, k Nng
101
Khung 5.1. N lc gim thiu nhim

v n tc giao thng ti Ng Ba Hu 107
- Nng
Khung 5.2. H thng cc trm o
116
gim st lng ng axit Vit Nam
117
Khung 6.4. Cc dng thoi ha t t

122
nhin nc ta
Khung 4.6. Kt qu chng trnh th

nghim x l nhim nc h ni
thnh H Ni
90
Khung 4.7. St gim mc nc ngm

ti H Ni
92
Khung 4.8. Hin trng s dng nc

di t trn a bn tnh Qung
Ninh
92
Khung 4.9. nhim Asen trong nc

di t
Khung 6.7. Tc ng ca h tr nc
v cng trnh thy li i vi mi 124
trng
95
Khung 4.10. Hin trng xm nhp

mn nc di t ti mt s tnh
Khung 6.8. Lng t b ra tri do

125
xi mn ti LVS Cu
95
Khung 6.9. Tnh hnh xi l b bin

126
BSCL
Khung 4.11. Hin tng thy triu

din ra vng bin Nam Trung B
96
Khung 6.10. Tnh hnh st l t ti

126
An Giang
Khung 4.12. nhim du m khong

ti vng ven b vnh H Long
98
Khung 6.11. Cht lng t vng

131
chuyn canh nng nghip
xii
Khung 6.5. Thoi ha t ti Qung

123
Ninh
Khung 6.6. Thoi ha t ti Vnh
124
Long
mc lc
Khung 6.12. Cc nhm cht thi gy

136
nhim mi trng t
Khung 6.13. nhim mi trng t
xung quanh mt s khu x l cht thi 136
tnh ng Nai
Khung 6.14. Kt qu x l cc im
139
tn lu thuc BVTV tnh in Bin
Khung 6.15. Ba im nng v dioxin
139
Vit Nam
141
Khung 7.1. Tnh hnh chy v cht

146
ph rng nm 2014
Khung 7.2. Vai tr ca HST rng ngp
150
mn nc ta
Khung 7.3. Gi tr ca thm c bin
151
Khung 7.4. ng vt qu him, c

153
hu ti VQG P Mt
165
trng
Khung 8.1. Bnh bi phi than trong
168
ngnh khai thc than
Khung 8.2. nhim khng kh v cc
tc ng ca n ti khu vc khai thc 169
khong sn
Khung 8.3. Nhim khun h hp cp
170
tnh tr em
Khung 8.4. nh hng ca asen n
171
sc khe
Khung 8.5. Tr em lng ng Mai b
172
phi nhim ch
Khung 8.6. T l nhim giun sn, k
173
sinh trng Vit Nam
Khung 8.7. Mt s vn c bn v
x l nhim Dioxin hin nay Vit 174
Nam
Khung 7.5. Danh mc cc loi c

nh gi theo cc tiu ch phn hng
154
theo mc cn bo tn ca IUCN
2014
Khung 7.6. a dng sinh hc ti
VQG Xun Thy, mt HST rng ngp 155
mn in hnh
Khung 8.8. Cnh bo nhim bin

174
t tu bin
Khung 7.7. Suy gim DSH ti khu

156
vc RNM m Ni, Ninh Thun
Khung 8.11. Nh my Bio-Ethanol

Dung Qut nhn trch nhim v c 177
cht hng lot
Khung 7.8. S mai mt ngun ging

160
cy trng a phng
Khung 7.9. Suy gim din tch RNM
160
do chuyn i mc ch s dng t
Khung 8.9. Bo v cp bch h sinh

175
thi rn san h Ph Quc
Khung 8.10. Bi trong khng kh v
175
nhng nh hng ti mi trng
Khung 8.12. Lng c b Thi Sn

177
(Tin Giang): C cht bt thng
Khung 7.10. D bo tc ng ca
162
BKH n a dng sinh hc ti VN
Khung 8.13. nhim nc sng gy

177
thit hi kinh t Ph Yn.
Khung 7.11. Suy gim a dng sinh

162
hc loi ti VQG U Minh Thng
Khung 8.14. Nng dn ku cu v la

178
b cht
Khung 8.15. Tinh ch -xt kim loi
178
gy nhim mi trng H Nam
xiii

Khung 8.16. Pht trin du lch v tc
ng i vi mi trng tnh Qung 179
Ninh
Khung 8.17. Khch du lch v du lch
179
lng ngh H Ni
Khung 8.18. Dn phong ta nh my
181
hot ng tri php gy nhim
185
Khung 9.1. Tnh hnh xy dng, ban

hnh h thng tiu chun, quy chun 191
mi trng
Khung 9.2. Phn cng trch nhim
192
trong qun l cht thi
Khung 8.19. Dn dng lu phn i

181
thi cng bi rc
Khung 9.3. Tiu ch phn b chi s

nghip mi trng ca ngn sch 195
a phng
Khung 8.20. Trang tri nui b v

nhng nh hng do tnh trng 182
nhim ti ngi dn
Khung 9.4. Ngun ngn sch h tr

x l trit cc c s gy nhim 195
mi trng nghim trng nm 2014
Khung 8.21. Tc ng ca cc cng

trnh thy in trn cc lu vc sng, 183
sui ca tnh k Nng
Khung 9.5. Tnh hnh hot ng ca

199
mt s Qu BVMT a phng
Khung 8.22. Thm ha mi trng do

183
khai thc titan ven bin
Khung 9.6. Mt s chng trnh

KH&CN trng im giai on 209
2011 - 2015
Khung 9.7. o to cho doanh nghip
trong khun kh D n o to
sn xut sch hn v qun l cht 211
thi dnh cho cc doanh nghip ti
Vit Nam
xiv
mc lc
DANH MC BNG

v sc p i vi mi trng

thi rn
47
Bng 1.1. Din tch ti thiu t cy

xanh s dng cng cng ngoi n v
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn ca cht thi

rn H Ni
50
Bng 1.2. Sn lng khai thc mt s

loi ti nguyn quan trng nc ta
giai on 2011 - 2014
Bng 3.2. Lng cht thi rn cng

nghip pht sinh nm 2011
51
Bng 1.3. c tnh ti lng cc cht

pht thi vo mi trng t sn xut xi
mng v vt liu xy dng
Bng 3.3. c tnh khi lng cht

thi rn chn nui ca Vit Nam
52
17
53
Bng 1.4. Kt qu kim tra kh thi,

ting n, khi bi ca phng tin
giao thng c gii ng b
Bng 3.4. c trng pht thi cht

thi rn t sn xut ca mt s loi
hnh lng ngh
23
Bng 3.5. Khi lng cht thi rn y

t ca mt s a phng nm 2014
53
Bng 1.5. H thng cng bin Vit

Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n
nm 2030
24
Bng 3.6. Lng cht thi rn pht

sinh ti mt s lng ngh ti ch
55
Bng 3.7. Ngun pht sinh cc loi

CTNH c th t hot ng y t
56
Bng 3.8. Khi lng cht thi rn

nguy hi y t ca mt s a phng
nm 2014
56
Bng 3.9. Tng lng gom cht thi

rn sinh hot th mt s a phng
nm 2014
57
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
65
39
Bng 4.1. Tnh hnh khai thc ti

nguyn nc di t
91
Bng 2.2. Mc tng nhit v thay

i lng ma trong 50 nm qua
Vit Nam
40
93
Bng 2.3. Tng hp c im bo

theo vng ven bin
Bng 4.2. c trng tng hp gi

tr trung bnh nhiu nm ca mt s
thng s ch yu trong nc di t
ti mt s vng trn c nc
42
Chng 6. Mi trng t
117
Bng 2.4. Tng hp s v v cc loi

hnh thin tai giai on 2011 - 2014
43
Bng 1.6. Lng khch quc t n

Vit Nam
27
Bng 1.7. Mt vi ch s c bn ngnh

Y t nm 2013 - 2014
27
Bng 1.8. Hiu sut s dng phn bn

cho la qua cc thi k
29
35
Bng 2.1. Pht thi/hp th kh nh

knh cc nm 1994, 2000 v 2010
theo loi kh
Bng 6.1. Din bin s dng t c

119
nc giai on 2011 - 2013
xv

Bng 6.2. Din bin t nng nghip
119
c nc giai on 2011 - 2014
Bng 7.5. Kt qu bo tn ngun gen

158
sinh vt
Bng 6.3. Din tch cc loi t

nng nghip chuyn i sang t
121
th ti Tp. ng Hi, tnh Qung
Bnh nm 2013
Bng 7.6. Kt qu cng tc nh gi

159
ngun gen
Bng 6.4. Hin trng xm nhp mn

ti ng bng sng Cu Long (thng 128
3/2015)
Bng 6.5. Mc s dng phn ln
v kali trn mt s cy trng chnh ti
130
x Thanh Long, huyn Thanh Chng,
Ngh An
Bng 6.6. Mc s dng m, ln,
kali trn mt s vng chuyn canh 130
nng nghip
Bng 6.7. Lng thuc BVTV s dng
134
trong nng nghip tnh Nam nh
141
Bng 7.1. Din bin din tch rng

v kt qu sn xut lm nghip nm 145
2011-2014
Bng 7.2. H thng vn quc gia ca
nc ta thnh lp tnh n thng 147
9/2015
Bng 7.3. Cc loi hnh bo tn thin
149
nhin khc
Bng 7.4. Kt qu iu tra ngun gen
xvi
157
165
trng
Bng 8.1. T l cc bnh ngi mc
168
cao nht trong phm vi ton quc
Bng 8.2. S ca mc bnh truyn
171
nhim giai on 2011 - 2014
185
Bng 9.1. Cc ch tiu mi trng

ra trong cc ngh quyt ca Quc hi,
189
ca Chnh ph v kt qu thc hin
nm 2011 - 2015
Bng 9.2. Kt qu s dng vn ca
Qu BVMT Vit Nam giai on
198
2011 - 2015, so snh vi giai on
2005 - 2010
Bng 9.3. Tnh hnh thm nh MC,
TM v hot ng sau thm nh 201
trong giai on 2011 - 2014
Bng 9.4. Thng k cng tc thanh
tra, x l vi phm php lut v
202
BVMT cp Trung ng giai on
2011 - 2014
mc lc
DANH MC HNH
35
Hnh 2.1. Ngp lt v st l nh do ma l ti Qung Ninh nm 2015
44
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
65
Hnh 4.1. Bn ranh gii cc LVS chnh Vit Nam
68
Hnh 4.2. Din bin cht lng nc sng Cu theo WQI giai on 2011 - 2014
77
Hnh 4.3. V tr mt s im cnh bo v suy gim mc nc ti ng bng Bc B

6 thng u nm 2013
92
Hnh 4.4. V tr mt s im cnh bo v suy gim mc nc vng Nam B
92
Chng 8. Tc ng ca nhim mi trng
165
Hnh 8.1. o nhit th
170
Hnh 8.2. Bi x than ca nh my nhit in Vnh Tn 2 (tnh Bnh Thun)
172
xvii
DANH MC CH VIT TT
BKH
Bin i kh hu
KCNC
Khu cng ngh cao
BVMT
Bo v mi trng
KCX
Khu ch xut
BVTV
Bo v thc vt
KH&CN
Khoa hc v Cng ngh
CCN
Cm cng nghip
KKT
Khu kinh t
CDM
C ch pht trin sch
KTT
Kinh t trng im
CTNH
Cht thi nguy hi
KT - XH
Kinh t - x hi
CTR
Cht thi rn
LVHTS
Lu vc h thng sng
DHMT
Duyn hi min Trung
LVS
Lu vc sng
BSCL
ng bng sng Cu Long
NGTK
Nin gim thng k
BSH
ng bng sng Hng
NN&PTNT
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
DSH
a dng sinh hc
QCVN
Quy chun Vit Nam
MC
nh gi mi trng chin lc RNM
TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng
TCMT
Tng cc Mi trng
GDP
Tng sn phm quc ni
TCTK
Tng cc Thng k
HTMT
Hin trng mi trng
TN&MT
Ti nguyn v Mi trng
HST
H sinh thi
UBND
y ban nhn dn
KCN
Khu cng nghip
VQG
Vn quc gia
xviii
Rng ngp mn
LI NI U
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, mc d nn kinh t nc ta chu nhng nh hng khng
nh ca suy thoi kinh t th gii, tuy nhin cc hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi vn tip
tc v gy nhiu sc p ln mi trng. Bn cnh mt s ngnh sn xut cng nghip, xy dng
b ngng tr, thm ch ngng hot ng, mt s ngnh cng nghip vn tip tc l ngun gy
nhim mi trng. c bit, trong 2 nm tr li y, hot ng xy dng ng giao thng,
th, sn xut cng nghip bt u tng tr li t ra nhiu thch thc cho cng tc qun l v
bo v mi trng. Trong giai on ny, cng tc qun l v kim sot nhim c nhiu n
lc, mt s ni cht lng mi trng c ci thin. Tuy nhin cht lng mi trng nhiu
ni vn ang tip tc b suy gim. nhim bi vn tip tc duy tr ngng cao ti nhiu th.
nhim nc khng ch cn tp trung cc khu vc h lu, cc th, khu vc sn xut m
xut hin mt s khu vc thng ngun, vng nng thn. Cc s c mi trng, c bit l cc
s c do x thi cht thi cng nghip ang c xu hng gia tng c v s lng v mc nh
hng. Nguy c nhim, suy thoi t cng vi vn chuyn i mc ch s dng t khng
hp l gy tc ng tiu cc n mi trng t. Bn cnh , din bin BKH v cc vn
mi trng xuyn bin gii ngy cng phc tp v kh lng.
Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia giai on 2011 - 2015 c xy dng vi mc tiu
cung cp cch nhn tng quan v hin trng mi trng quc gia trong giai on ny, nh gi
tnh hnh pht trin v nhng ngun tc ng in hnh ln mi trng. ng thi, nhn nh,
nh gi v cng tc qun l mi trng, nhng vic lm c, nhng thch thc tn ti
v ang t ra a ra nhng khuyn ngh, gii php trong thi gian ti.
Trong thi gian hon thin, Bo co cng cp nht b sung mt s vn mi trng ni
cm xy ra trong 6 thng u nm 2016 kp thi cung cp thng tin hin trng mi trng
cho cng ng.
Bo co c hon thnh vi s tham gia ng gp kin ca cc B ngnh v cc a
phng trn c nc, cc cn b qun l mi trng, cc nh khoa hc v chuyn gia trong lnh
vc mi trng.
Hy vng rng, Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia giai on 2011 - 2015 s l mt trong
nhng ngun thng tin, d liu hu ch gip a ra nhng hnh ng tch cc, kp thi phc v
cng tc qun l, bo v mi trng trong tnh hnh mi m bo mc tiu pht trin bn vng
v p ng yu cu hi nhp vi th gii.
TRN HNG H
B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
xix
TM TT BO CO
Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia giai on 2011 - 2015 nh gi tng quan hin
trng mi trng Vit Nam, t hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi, nguyn nhn, cc ngun
tc ng chnh ln mi trng, din bin cht lng mi trng t, nc, khng kh v a
dng sinh hc. Bo co cng phn tch nhng tc ng ca nhim mi trng v nhng p
ng ca cng tc qun l, t , xut nhng nh hng, gii php ph hp cho giai on
tip theo.
Bo co c xy dng da trn m hnh ng lc - p lc - Hin trng - Tc ng - p
ng (D-P-S-I-R). ng lc l s gia tng dn s, pht trin th v cc ngnh kinh t... Cc
hot ng pht trin ny cng vi BKH, thin tai v s c mi trng to ra nhng p lc ln
lm thay i hin trng cht lng mi trng. Hin trng mi trng c nh gi gm din
bin cht lng mi trng nc (nc mt lc a, nc di t, nc bin), khng kh, t;
hin trng pht sinh, thu gom v x l cht thi rn; a dng sinh hc. Cht lng cc thnh
phn mi trng c nh gi thng qua vic so snh kt qu quan trc cc thng s mi
trng vi cc quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng hin hnh, ng thi c s so snh
gia cc nm trong giai on 2011 - 2015 v so snh vi giai on 2006 - 2010. S suy gim
cht lng v nhim mi trng gy ra cc Tc ng n sc khe cng ng, hot ng
pht trin KT - XH v pht sinh xung t mi trng. Vic phn tch, nh gi thc trng, tn
ti trong cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng; nhn nh cc vn mi trng bc xc v
nhng thch thc mi trng t ra trong giai on 2011 - 2015 l c s xy dng ni dung
phn p ng l nhng xut, gii php nhng vn trng tm u tin gii quyt nhm
qun l hiu qu, phng nga, gim thiu nhim, tng bc ci thin, nng cao cht lng
mi trng v m bo mc tiu pht trin bn vng trong giai on mi.
Bo co gm 10 chng vi cc ni dung chnh sau y:
Chng 1. Pht trin kinh t - x hi v sc p i vi mi trng
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, mi trng nc ta tip tc chu tc ng mnh m ca cc
hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi. Qu trnh th ha v m rng a gii hnh chnh
th tip tc din ra mnh m, dn s thnh th tng nhanh. Cng vi , kinh t pht trin,
i sng ngi dn ti cc khu vc nng thn cng c ci thin, nhu cu sinh hot, tiu th
cng gia tng. Tt c nhng vn ny bn cnh vic ng gp kinh ph cho ngun ngn sch
cng ng thi a mt lng ln cht thi vo mi trng, gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc
n mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin v mt cn bng sinh thi.
xxi

Sau mt khong thi gian trm lng do khng hong kinh t, bt u t nm 2013, sn
xut cng nghip pht trin tr li tuy nhin t l ng dng cng ngh hin i trong cc
lnh vc sn xut, kinh doanh cn khong cch kh xa so vi cc quc gia khc trong khu
vc. Trn thc t, s tng trng kinh t ca t nc cho n nay vn cn da nhiu vo hot
ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin v gn lin vi l sc p ngy cng tng ln i vi
mi trng. Hot ng sn xut cng nghip t cc khu, cm cng nghip, c s sn xut, lng
ngh... song song vi vic ng gp cho pht trin kinh t cn tip tc l nhng ngun thi
ln, gy nhim mi trng nhiu khu vc. Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin ca hot
ng cng nghip, c bit l vic hnh thnh cc KCN, KKT tp trung nhng vng d b
tn thng nh vng duyn hi, ven bin ang tim n nhng nguy c khng nh v nhim,
s c mi trng nu vic qun l v x cht thi ca cc i tng ny khng c thc hin
nghim tc v gim st cht ch. Thm ch, c nhng s c mi trng nghim trng xy
ra, gy hu qu ln v nhim mi trng, tn thng cc h sinh thi v nh hng trc tip
ti i sng sinh hot v sinh k ca ngi dn. i vi vn pht trin nng lng, c bit
l pht trin nhit in trong giai on va qua l mt trong nhng ngun trng im gy
nhim mi trng khng kh. Bn cnh , pht trin thy in va v nh bc l mt s
hn ch, thm ch gy nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng sinh thi, ph hoi din tch rng
t nhin v lm suy thoi mi trng nc, t.
Ngnh xy dng vi cc d n xy dng h tng (ng giao thng, cng trnh xy dng
dn dng...) sau mt thi gian chng li, hin cng ang c mc tng trng kh cao, ko
theo pht thi mt lng ln bi vo mi trng. Trong nhng nm qua, h thng giao thng
ng b pht trin kh nhanh. Tuy nhin, kt cu h tng giao thng vn cha p ng c
nhu cu pht trin KT - XH. Cng vi , s gia tng nhanh chng s lng phng tin c
gii c nhn gy ra tnh trng n tc giao thng v gia tng nhim khng kh ti cc
th. Theo cc nh gi, nhiu phng tin giao thng c cht lng khng m bo (xe c,
khng c bo dng thng xuyn) cng lm gia tng ng k nng cc cht nhim
trong khng kh. Song song vi , hot ng pht trin cng bin (hot ng no vt lung
lch, lm chn sng...) trong thi gian qua cng lm gia tng mi e da i vi mi trng.
Ngnh nng nghip vi cc hot ng trng trt, chn nui, nui trng thy sn c tc
pht trin ng k so vi thi k trc. Cng vi l cc nguy c gy nhim mi trng
t vic s dng phn bn ha hc, thuc BVTV khng ng quy trnh, yu cu k thut; cng
tc thu gom, lu gi v x l cc loi ha cht, v bao b ha cht BVTV cha c quan tm
ng mc. Chn nui gia sc, gia cm tng cao tr li sau mt vi nm chng li v dch
bnh. Tuy nhin, hnh thc chn nui cn manh mn, nh l, phn nhiu c nui quy m
h gia nh khin cho t l cht thi chn nui c x l trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng
l rt thp (ch khong 10%). Din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thy sn khng tng,
nhng sn lng thy sn li gia tng lin tc, vi mc tng bnh qun l 9,07%/nm cng gy
p lc khng nh cho mi trng. l cc vn dch bnh, x l thc n d tha khng trit
, lm dng thuc...
xxii
tm tt bo co
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, ngnh dch v tip tc duy tr mc tng trng kh tt so
vi tc tng trng GDP. Ngnh y t cng c nhng bc pht trin ng k nh ng dng
thnh cng nhiu thnh tu y hc hin i, ngn chn thnh cng nhng dch bnh nguy
him, cng c mng li y t cc tuyn. Cng vi , cht thi pht sinh t hot ng dch v,
y t cng gia tng, gy nhiu p lc ln mi trng. Th hin r nt nht l vn CTR, nc
thi v vn v sinh mi trng
Chng 2. Bin i kh hu v thin tai
Bn cnh nhng sc p ca hot ng pht trin KT - XH ln mi trng, trong nhng
nm qua, nh hng ca BKH v nhng din bin thin tai bt thng cng ang ngy cng
gia tng nhng tc ng tiu cc ln mi trng nc ta. Theo , t nm 1994 - 2010, tng
lng pht thi kh nh knh Vit Nam tng hn 2 ln, t 103,8 ln 246,8 triu tn CO2
tng ng. c tnh n nm 2020 tng hn 4 ln v nm 2030 tng hn 7 ln so vi nm
1994. Trong , nm 2010, lnh vc nng lng pht thi kh nh knh ln nht v d kin
mc pht thi nh knh ca lnh vc ny tip tc chim t trng ln nht trong nhng nm
tip theo.
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia chu nh hng r rt nht ca BKH. Bin i
kh hu th hin thng qua s gia tng cc hin tng thi tit cc oan, d thng (bo, ma
ln, l lt, hn hn, triu cng) c v s lng v cng . H qu ca BKH l suy gim
ngun nc v hin tng nc bin dng. Trong , s suy gim ngun nc dn n pht
sinh dch bnh, nht l cc bnh dch vo ma h. ng thi, s thiu ht ngun nc cng
khin cho cc chi ph sn xut tng, thay i c cu ma v, nng sut, sn lng suy gim
thm ch nh tr nh vng Nam Trung B. Nc bin dng l hu qu nghim trng nht ca
BKH. Hin tng ny nh hng c bit ti cc vng ven bin, ca sng ca Vit Nam, gy
ra cc hin tng xi l b bin, ph hy rng phng h ven bin, thu hp din tch t, trong
c t nng nghip v nh hng n cht lng nc ngt (do s xm nhp mn) v suy
thoi mi trng t. Trong nhng nm gn y, nh hng ca BKH cng khin cho ranh
gii mn ti nhiu khu vc BSCL, khu vc ca sng ca LVHTS ng Nai... c xu th ln
su vo ni a v c din bin ngy cng trm trng, c bit l cc thng cui nm 2015,
u nm 2016. Cc hu qu ca BKH v ang gy ra nhiu thit hi v kinh t, con ngi
v lm suy thoi mi trng.
Di tc ng ca BKH, trong giai on 2011 - 2015, thin tai nc ta tuy xy ra t v
s lng nhng cng tc ng mt s t li t mc cao k lc nh: nng nng gay gt
vi nn nhit cao t mc k lc v ko di trn din rng t Bc B n cc tnh Nam Trung
B; ma ln Qung Ninh; st l t, xm nhp mn, cn kit ngun nc, c bit vo
u nm 2015, nhiu hin tng thi tit cc oan, thi tit bt thng nh rt m v bng
tuyt min Bc; ma ln tri ma Qung Ngi; dng lc, ma v lc xoy, xy ra
ti mt s a phng. Thin tai gy thit hi nng n v sc khe, tnh mng con ngi,
nn kinh t, ti sn v trc tip li hu qu nghim trng i vi cht lng mi trng.
xxiii

Chng 3. Pht sinh v x l cht thi rn
Trong nhng nm qua, nhim cht thi rn (CTR) tip tc l mt trong nhng vn
mi trng trng im. Trn phm vi ton quc, CTR pht sinh ngy cng tng vi tc gia
tng khong 10% mi nm v cn tip tc gia tng mnh trong thi gian ti c v lng v
mc c hi. Theo ngun gc pht sinh, khong 46% CTR pht sinh l CTR sinh hot
th, 17% CTR t hot ng sn xut cng nghip; cn li l CTR nng thn, lng ngh v y
t. Theo phm vi, khu vc c lng CTR pht sinh cao nht l ng Nam B v ng bng
sng Hng.
i vi khu vc th, lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh trong giai on 2011 - 2015 tip
tc gia tng v c xu hng tng nhanh hn so vi giai on 2006 - 2010. c tnh lng pht
sinh CTR sinh hot khong 63 nghn tn/ngy.
i vi khu vc nng thn, c tnh mi nm ti khu vc ny pht sinh khong 7 triu tn
CTR sinh hot, hn 76 triu tn rm r v khong 47 triu tn cht thi chn nui. Mt khc,
s pht trin ca cc lng ngh, c bit l cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi, c ng cng to
sc p ln i vi mi trng khi thi ra lng CTR ln. Vn qun l CTR sinh hot khu vc
nng thn hin nay ang l vn nng ca cc a phng.
i vi khu vc sn xut cng nghip, lng CTR pht sinh xp x 4,7 triu tn cht thi
mi nm. So snh vi giai on 2006 - 2010, lng CTR pht sinh t hot ng sn xut cng
nghip vn kh n nh.
i vi CTR pht sinh t hot ng y t, cng vi s gia tng ging bnh iu tr, khi
lng CTR c chiu hng ngy cng gia tng. c tnh nm 2015, lng CTR y t pht sinh
l 600 tn/ngy v nm 2020 s l 800 tn/ngy. Tuy nhin, hin cha c thng k y v
s bnh vin c ni lu gi CTR y t m bo yu cu v sinh theo quy nh.
i vi CTNH, tng lng pht sinh khong 800 nghn tn/nm. CTNH ch yu pht
sinh t sn xut cng nghip v y t. Trong hot ng y t, CTNH c tnh c th cao v l
ngun ly nhim bnh nu khng c qun l ng quy trnh. i vi CTNH pht sinh t
khu vc sn xut nng thn, ng lu l cc loi CTNH nh bao b phn bn, thuc BVTV
v CTNH pht sinh t nhm lng ngh ti ch ph liu (kim loi, giy, nha) vi nhiu thnh
phn nguy hi cho mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
T l thu gom CTR sinh hot ti cc th kh cao (84 - 85%), tng 3 - 4% so vi giai on
trc. T l thu gom CTR sinh hot khu vc nng thn cn rt thp (40%), ch yu c tin
hnh cc th trn, th t. Cho n nay, vn phn loi rc ti ngun vn cha c trin
khai m rng. CTR sinh hot c x l ch yu bng phng php chn lp l thin hoc l
t cht thi. CTR thng thng t hot ng cng nghip, y t hu ht c thu gom, t x l
ti c s hoc thng qua cng ty mi trng th. i vi CTNH, cng tc qun l c
quan tm u t vi khi lng CTNH c thu gom, x l tng qua tng nm, tuy nhin t l
xxiv
tm tt bo co
vn cn thp (khong 40%). Vn qun l, u t cho cng ngh x l CTR ni chung v

CTNH ni ring cha c nhiu ci thin so vi giai on trc.
Chng 4. Mi trng nc
Mi trng nc mt
Tng lng nc mt trung bnh nm ca Vit Nam khong 830 t m3 c tp trung ch
yu trn 8 LVS ln, bao gm: LVS Hng - Thi Bnh, Bng Giang - K Cng, M, C, Vu Gia Thu Bn, Ba, ng Nai v sng M Cng (Cu Long). Tuy nhin, khong 63% ngun nc mt
ca Vit Nam (tng ng vi 520 t m3) c ngun gc ngoi ranh gii quc gia, ch c gn
310 t m3 mi nm c sinh ra trn lnh th Vit Nam. Tng lng nc ang c khai thc,
s dng hng nm khong 80,6 t m3 cho cc mc ch nng nghip, sn xut nng lng,
sinh hot, nui trng thu sn v hot ng sn xut cng nghip, du lch, dch v. Tuy nhin,
khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc cha hp l va thiu bn vng v ang gy suy giam tai
nguyn nc. Hiu qua s dung nc con thp, tnh trng lng ph trong s dng nc vn cn
din ra kh ph bin trn phm vi c nc. C th nhn thy trc mt nhng thch thc t
ra trong vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc quc gia, l nguy c cn kit ngun nc
do s phn b lng nc khng ng u theo ma, s suy gim cht lng nc do nhim,
c bit l c ch hp tc, chia s ngun nc gia vng, cc quc gia i vi cc LVS lin
vng, lin quc gia cha hiu qu...
Nhn chung, cht lng nc mt thng ngun cc LVS ca Vit Nam cn tng i
tt. So vi giai on trc, cht lng nc mt ti mt s khu vc c s ci thin do vic
thc hin cc d n u t ci thin mi trng, tng cng qun l v vic thc hin cc
n bo v mi trng, u t nng cp, ci thin cnh quan mi trng mt s sng h, knh
rch trong ni thnh cc th ln (knh Nhiu Lc - Th Ngh, knh Tn Ha - L Gm, Tp.
H Ch Minh)... Tuy nhin, nhim v suy thoi cht lng nc tip tc xy ra nhiu on,
tp trung vng trung lu v h lu (c bit l cc on chy qua khu vc th, khu cng
nghip, lng ngh), nhiu ni nhim mc nghim trng, nh LVS Nhu - y, LVS
Cu, LVHTS ng Nai. Hin tng xm nhp mn vng h lu, ca sng din ra kh ph
bin trong nhng nm gn y ti vng Ty Nam B, ng Nam B v duyn hi min Trung.
Mi trng nc di t
c tnh tr lng nc di t trong cc thnh to cha nc chnh Vit Nam khong
172,6 triu m3/ngy. Tng lng khai thc nc di t khong 10,53 triu m3/ngy, trong
ng bng Bc B v ng bng Nam B l hai khu vc khai thc nhiu nht vi tng lng
khai thc ca 2 vng khong 5,87 triu m3/ngy chim 55,7% tng lng khai thc ton quc.
Lng nc khai thc tp trung 2 thnh ph ln l H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh vi tng lng
nc khai thc khong 2,63 triu m3/ngy chim gn 25% tng lu lng khai thc ton quc.
xxv

Trong my thp k qua, di tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin v con ngi, nc di t
c s bin ng kh mnh m. Do khai thc s dng mt cch cha hp l, ti nguyn nc
di t ang c chiu hng suy gim v tr lng vi mc nc xung thp. in hnh l
vng ng bng Bc B v vng Nam B, mc nc tng cha nc Pleistocene c xu hng
gim dn ti mt s vng c hot ng khai thc nc mnh. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi chung,
ngun nc di t nc ta c cht lng cn tng i tt. Hin tng nhim nc di
t mi ch din ra cc b mt s khu vc. nhim nc di t ch yu l do cc thng
s TDS, Amoni, kim loi nng (Mn, As, Cd, Pb) v xm nhp mn.
Mi trng nc bin
Cht lng nc bin ven b Vit Nam cn kh tt vi hu ht gi tr cc thng s c
trng nm trong gii hn cho php ca QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT. Tuy nhin, do nh hng
t khu vc ca sng v s tip nhn cht thi ca cc hot ng pht trin kinh t ven bin,
mt s vng bin c hm lng TSS cao. Bn cnh , s gia tng hm lng cht hu c v
du m cng l nhng vn cn quan tm i vi cht lng nc bin ven b Vit Nam
trong nhng nm gn y.
Nc bin khi Vit Nam c nh gi c cht lng tt, cha c du hiu b nhim
bi cht hu c, hm lng DO lun m bo cho vng nc bo tn thy sinh theo tiu chun
ASEAN. Hu ht cc thng s c trng cho cht lng nc bin xa b u t QCVN 10MT:2015/BTNMT.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, cht lng khng kh ti cc th ln, khu vc xung quanh
cc khu sn xut cng nghip v lng ngh cha c nhiu ci thin so vi giai on 2006 2010. Trong cc tc nhn gy nhim khng kh th bi l vn ni cm nht. Cc th
ln nh H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh hay th c hot ng cng nghip mnh nh Vit Tr
(Ph Th), nhim bi trong khng kh c xu hng duy tr ngng cao, c bit l cc khu
vc gn cc trc giao thng chnh. Ti cc cng trng xy dng (khu chung c, th mi,
sa cha ng giao thng, xy dng ng trn cao,) tnh trng nhim bi cc b vn tip
tc din ra. Ti cc khu dn c, nng bi trong khng kh nhn chung thng thp hn so
vi hai bn ng giao thng v cc cng trng xy dng. Tuy nhin, do chu nh hng bi
hot ng giao thng, cng nghip nn hu ht cc im quan trc ti khu dn c u ghi
nhn mc nhim bi TSP vn vt nhiu ln ngng cho php QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT.
Kt qu nh gi cht lng khng kh thng qua ch s cht lng khng kh AQI cho thy,
ti cc th ln, s ngy c AQI mc km (cht lng khng kh nh hng xu n sc
khe) chim t l kh ln. in hnh nh ti th H Ni, s ngy trong nm 2014 c AQI
mc km chim t l hn 50% tng s ngy quan trc trong nm.
xxvi
tm tt BO CO
Cht lng khng kh ti cc khu vc xung quanh cc khu sn xut cng nghip v lng
ngh ph thuc vo loi hnh sn xut cng v mc pht thi ca cc nh my. Nhiu khu
vc trong s ny c bit l cc khu vc xung quanh nh my xi mng v khai thc khong sn
b nhim. Cc khu vc nng thn v min ni cch xa cc trc ng giao thng chnh
cht lng khng kh vn mc tt.
Vi c trng kh hu ca nc ta, mc nhim khng kh thay i qua cc thng
trong nm, din bin r rt theo ma. iu ny c th hin r khu vc min Bc, nhim
khng kh mc cao thng tp trung vo cc thng ma ng. Khu vc Nam Trung B nm
trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma vi nn nhit n nh, t bin ng quanh nm nn s
khc bit v nhim khng kh gia cc thng khng r rt. i vi cc a phng pha
Nam, kh hu trong nm c s phn ha gia ma kh v ma ma v vy nhim khng kh
thng cao trong ma kh v thp hn ma ma. Din bin nng cc cht nhim trong
khng kh (c bit ti khu vc th) cng c nhng thay i theo quy lut trong ngy, th
hin r nht ti cc khu vc gn trc giao thng. Nng cht nhim tng cao nht vo cc
gi cao im giao thng.
i vi nhim khng kh lin quc gia, mc d, nhng nghin cu, nh gi cn hn
ch, tuy nhin, mt s vn nh lng ng axit, sng m quang ha hay nhim xuyn
bin gii xut hin nhng du hiu nh hng nht nh n cht lng mi trng khng
kh mt s khu vc ca nc ta. Hin tng sng m quang ha din ra cc th ln ti
mt s thi im trong nm. Hin tng ny xy ra khi nhim khng kh mc rt cao.
Theo mt s nghin cu, ton b min Bc v min Trung Vit Nam c nh gi l chu tc
ng ng k t cc ngun pht thi t cc khu vc pha ng, ng Bc, ng Nam ca
Trung Quc, i Loan. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy c s vn chuyn cc cht nhim
theo gi ma ng Bc vo ma ng (in hnh thng 1), ng gp mt lng kh nhim
v bi mn trong khng kh min Bc Vit Nam.
Chng 6. Mi trng t
Trong giai on t 2011 - 2015, din tch s dng t ca ba nhm chnh (nng nghip,
phi nng nghip v cha s dng) khng c s thay i ln. Din tch t nng nghip (bao
gm: t sn xut nng nghip, t lm nghip, t nui trng thy sn, t lm mui, t
nng nghip khc) c tng ln nhng khng nhiu v tp trung ch yu vo din tch t lm
nghip. Trong khi , qu trnh chuyn i mc ch s dng t vn ang din ra ph bin
cc a phng vi 4 loi hnh ch yu gm: chuyn i t lm nghip sang nng nghip, tp
trung khu vc min ni pha Bc v Ty Nguyn; chuyn i t nng nghip sang t
th, khu cng nghip, tp trung vng ng bng, khu vc ven ; chuyn i t rng ngp
mn sang nui trng thy sn v chuyn i t trng, i ni trc sang trng rng.
xxvii

S suy gim cht lng t (thoi ha t) c xu hng tng c v quy m v mc do
cc tc ng tiu cc ca BKH v cc hot ng pht trin KT - XH. Tc thoi ha t t
nhin khu vc c a hnh i ni, sn dc hoc cc khu vc ven bin din bin mnh hn
so vi t ph sa khu vc ng bng. Ty Nguyn, t b thoi ha nng tp trung nhm
a hnh g i v ni cao. Hoang ha t cng c xu hng tng khu vc Nam Trung B
do s bin i bt thng ca kh hu, thi tit. Nm 2014, hn hn khu vc ny, c bit
tnh Ninh Thun, Khnh Ha c cho l khc lit nht trong vng 40 nm gn y, lm suy
kit ngun nc v gia tng din tch t hoang mc cc vng kh hn, bn kh hn. Cng
vi hoang ha t, din tch t nhim mn v nhim phn cng c s gia tng ng k, ln
nht l vng BSCL v mt s a phng khu vc pha Bc nh Thi Bnh, Hi Dng v
Qung Ninh.
nhim t hin nay ch yu do cc hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip, xy dng,
sinh hot v cc cht ha hc tn lu. Trong hot ng nng nghip, nhim t do s dng
khng hp l phn bn ha hc v thuc BVTV xut hin cc b mt s vng chuyn
canh nng nghip v c xu hng tng qua cc nm. Hm lng kim loi nng c trong t
vt mc cho php mt s vng nng nghip. nhim t do cht thi t cc hot ng
cng nghip, xy dng, sinh hot th hin r nht cc vng ven cc th ln nh H Ni,
Tp. H Ch Minh hoc cc vng tp trung cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, khai khong
nh Thi Nguyn, ng Nai. Ti cc khu vc ny, hm lng kim loi nng trong t c xu
hng gia tng. Cc khu vc nhim t do cc cht c ha hc tn lu hin c phn
thnh hai nhm: khu vc b nhim dioxin do nh hng ca chin tranh v cc kho thuc
BVTV. Cc khu vc b nhim dioxin ch yu tp trung ti min Nam; cc khu vc c im tn
lu ha cht BVTV li ri rc trn a phn ca 46 tnh. Ti hai khu vc ny, t b nhim cc
hp cht c hm lng cht c cao, thi gian tn lu trong mi trng lu, kh phn hy, rt
kh khn cho vic x l hoc ci to.
Vit Nam c ghi nhn l mt trong nhng nc c DSH cao ca th gii, vi nhiu
kiu h sinh thi, cc loi sinh vt v ngun gen phong ph v c hu. Gi tr DSH cung
cp khong 80% thy sn khai thc ven b, 40% lng protein cho ngi dn... Cc HST c
tnh DSH cao ang thu ht nhiu khch du lch, ha hn em li nhiu gi tr v kinh t.
c tnh, cc vng duyn hi giu tnh DSH c mc tng trng du lch ln ti 70%. Bn
cnh , trong bi cnh nhim ngy cng gia tng, BKH ang tr nn khc nghit hn th
vai tr ca cc HST cng quan trng.
Vit Nam l ni sng ca gn 16.500 loi thc vt bc cao, nm ln v ru trn cn,
trong , s lng cc loi thc vt c hu chim mt t l ln (khong 30%). Trn cn c
khong 10.500 loi ng vt, gm xp x 8.000 loi cn trng v ng vt khng xng sng,
gn 500 loi b st - ch nhi, 850 loi chim v 312 loi th. nc ngt, c khong 1.500
xxviii
tm tt BO CO
loi vi to v rong, trn 1.000 loi ng vt khng xng sng v khong 600 loi c; di
bin c trn 1.200 loi rong, c v vi to, trn 7.000 loi ng vt khng xng sng, khong
2.500 loi c v xp x 50 loi rn bin, ra bin v th bin.
Cc h sinh thi c mc a dng sinh hc cao bao gm: HST rng, HST rng ngp
mn, HST thm c bin, HST rn san h.
Trong cc kiu HST trn cn th rng c s a dng v thnh phn loi cao nht, ng
thi y cng l ni c tr ca nhiu loi ng, thc vt hoang d v vi sinh vt c gi tr kinh
t v khoa hc. che ph rng ngy cng tng, nm 2015 t 40,73%, tng 1,23% so vi
nm 2010 (39,5%). Tuy nhin, a s din tch rng tng ln l rng trng v rng phc hi
c gi tr a dng sinh hc khng cao. Trong khi cht lng rng t nhin tip tc gim do
chy rng v cht ph tri php.
Vit Nam c thm thc vt rng ngp mn ven bin kh phong ph tri di t Qung
Ninh n H Tin, tuy nhin din tch rng ngp mn b gim st nghim trng. Trong hn
nm thp k qua, Vit Nam mt i 67% din tch rng ngp mn so vi nm 1943. Hin
nay, 56% tng din tch rng ngp mn trn ton quc l rng mi trng, thun loi, cht
lng rng km c v kch c, chiu cao cy v a dng thnh phn loi.
Thm c bin phn b t Bc vo Nam v ven cc o, su t 0 - 20m, tng din
tch khong trn 5.583 ha. Hin nay, cc HST thm c bin ang chu tc ng rt ln t cc
hot ng ca con ngi. V HST rn san h, trong 15 nm tr li y, khong 15 - 20% din
tch cc rn san h b mt.
DSH ti nc ta ang b suy thoi nghim trng. Tc tuyt chng ca cc loi ngy
mt tng. Hu qu tt yu dn n l s lm gim/mt cc chc nng ca HST nh iu ho
nc, chng xi mn, ng ha cht thi, lm sch mi trng, m bo vng tun hon vt
cht v nng lng trong t nhin, gim thiu thin tai v cc hu qu cc oan ca kh hu.
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy suy gim DSH trong bao gm: khai thc qu mc,
thu hp din tch rng t nhin, sn bt ng vt tri php, du nhp cc sinh vt ngoi lai v
BKH. Vic khai thc qu mc ti nguyn sinh vt, sn bt ng vt tri php vn cn din
ra ti nhiu a phng. Thu hp din tch rng t nhin ch yu do chy rng v cht ph
tri php. Do iu kin kh hu ca nc ta, kh nng chy rng vo ma kh hng nm l
rt ln. Trung bnh mi nm c 25.000 - 100.000 ha rng b chy, tp trung nhiu nht l
vng cao nguyn Trung B.
S lng thc vt ngoi lai, du nhp vo Vit Nam tng i nhiu qua cc con ng
khc nhau. Theo thng k n nay, c khong 94 loi, thuc 31 h khc nhau du nhp vo
Vit Nam, trong c 42 loi xm hi, 12 loi thc vt xm hi in hnh nh cy mai dng,
c lng ty, c tranh m, bo ty.
xxix

Chng 8. Tc ng ca nhim mi trng
nhim mi trng v ang tip tc gy nhiu nh hng tiu cc n sc khe cng
ng. c tnh trong giai on 2011 - 2014, tnh ring chi ph trc tip cho vic khm cha
cc bnh lin quan n nhim nc v thiu nc sch l khong 400 t ng, cha k chi
ph pht sinh do mt ngy cng lao ng ca nhng ngi chm sc ngi bnh, gim hiu
sut lao ng
Giai on 2011 - 2015, bnh h hp ngy cng ph bin vi t l ngi mc bnh gia
tng. nhim khng kh thnh ph c nhng nh hng rt ln i vi ng h hp. Cc
tc nhn gy bnh ng k l khi bi do kh thi t cc loi xe trong thnh ph v bi mn
trong khng kh. Trong khu vc sn xut, i tng b nh hng trc tip khi mi trng khng
kh b nhim l ngi lao ng, c bit l ngi lao ng trong cc c s sn xut cng
nghip. Bnh do nhim khng kh khng ch tc ng trc tip n ngi lao ng, m cn
tc ng n cng ng dn c sinh sng quanh khu vc sn xut.
Thng k cho thy, gn mt na trong s 26 bnh truyn nhim c nguyn nhn lin quan
n ngun nc b nhim. nh hng ca nhim nc mt n sc khe ch yu thng
qua ng n ung v tip xc vi ngun nc b nhim thng qua qu trnh sinh hot v lao
ng. Tiu chy, cc bnh v gan, giun sn, au mt ht l nhng bnh thng gp khi s
dng ngun nc b nhim. Ngoi ra, ngun nc b nhim kim loi nng cn gy ra cc
bnh thiu mu, cc bnh v da Ngun nc v iu kin v sinh km l nguyn nhn gy
t vong khong 9.000 ngi mi nm.
nhim t nh hng ti sc khe con ngi thng qua chui thc n. nhim kim loi
nng trong t nh hng nghim trng n sc khe cng ng, c bit l tr em. nhim
kim loi nng n t cc bi tro x th sau khai thc ca cc nh my nhit in hay cc khu
vc khai thc khong sn. nhim vi sinh din ra rt ph bin trn cc vng t canh tc
nng nghip, gy ra cc bnh giun sn, k sinh trng. Cc bi rc, bi chn lp CTR khng
hp v sinh, khng c h thng x l nc rc t tiu chun, cng l ngun gy nhim t
v pht sinh bnh tt i vi ngi dn sinh sng trong khu vc.
Ngoi cc mi e da v sc khe ca ngi dn, nhim mi trng cn gy nh hng
ln ti KT - XH. l nhng thit hi v kinh t do gia tng gnh nng bnh tt, nh hng
n hot ng sn xut (tp trung vo ngnh thy sn, nng nghip, du lch...) v thit hi kinh
t do chi ph ci thin mi trng...
nhim mi trng gy ra thit hi kinh t do mt chi ph vo cc khon khm cha bnh,
tn tht ngy cng lao ng... Theo thng k trong 4 nm qua, c ti 6 triu trng hp mc
bnh lin quan n thiu nc sch, c tnh chi ph trc tip cho vic khm cha bnh t,
thng hn, l v st rt l khong 400 t ng. nhim mi trng nc t vic x cht thi
ca cc ngnh cng nghip ra cc LVS l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra thit hi i vi ngnh
xxx
tm tt BO CO
thy sn. Ngoi ra, khi cht lng mi trng nc mt nh sng h, knh mng - ngun ti
tiu chnh trong hot ng nng nghip - b nhim, dn ti nhng thit hi khng nh trong
sn xut nng nghip. Kh thi ti cc khu vc sn xut cng nghip, c bit l cc c s cng
nghip nh, lng ngh khu vc nng thn, cha qua x l cng gy thit hi ng k ti nng
sut cy trng v kinh t nng nghip. Vic x rc thi ba bi ti cc bi tm, khu du lch hay
vn nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh truyn thng... cng gy nhng n tng khng
tt cho du khch, lm gim sc thu ht khch du lch.
nhim mi trng cng l nguyn nhn chnh ca cc xung t mi trng. Cc xung
t mi trng thng gp nc ta l xung t mi trng do sn xut cng nghip; xung t
mi trng do cc hot ng lng ngh, xung t mi trng do cc bi chn lp rc khng hp
v sinh. Ngoi ra, cc xung t mi trng do hot ng sn xut nng nghip, pht trin thy
in v khai thc khong sn cng l nhng xung t thng gp trong giai on 2011 - 2015.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, cc Chin lc, K hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi tip tc
c xy dng theo hng pht trin bn vng, ton din trn c 3 lnh vc: kinh t, x hi v
mi trng. Theo , nhm ch tiu v mi trng c t ra vi mc tiu duy tr bn vng
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, nng cao cht lng mi trng sng v gim thiu nhim, tc
ng tiu cc ca thin tai, BKH. Trn c s Chin lc, K hoch cho c giai on, hng
nm, Quc hi u thng qua K hoch pht trin KT - XH cho tng nm, trong , c a ra
mt s ch tiu mi trng. Tuy nhin, qua thi gian trin khai thc hin, kt qu thc hin cc
ch tiu mi trng hng nm so vi mc tiu ra cn tng i thp. Mt s ch tiu c mc
tng trng kh u qua cc nm nh t l che ph rng, t l dn s th, nng thn c s
dng nc sch, hp v sinh, t l thu gom CTR th Tuy nhin, vi mc tng ny, cng kh
t c ch tiu t ra n nm 2020. Cha k n, nhng ch tiu nh t l KCN, KCX,
KCNC c h thng x l nc thi tp trung, s liu bo co cho thy, con s cn thp hn rt
nhiu so vi mc tiu t ra. Mc d vic xc nh cc ch tiu ca Quc hi v mi trng
trong giai on 2011 - 2015 c nhng iu chnh so vi giai on 2006 - 2010 v kh st
vi yu cu thc t nhng vic trin khai thc hin vn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn, bt cp.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, ln u tin, Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng th hin
quan im, ch trng nht qun ca mnh trong cng tc BVMT bng vic ban hnh Ngh
quyt Trung ng s 24-NQ/TW ngy 03 thng 6 nm 2013 v ch ng ng ph vi BKH,
tng cng qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng. Cc chin lc, k hoch, chng trnh
hnh ng trong giai on mi tip tc c Chnh ph ban hnh nhm trin khai thc hin
cc quan im, ch trng ca ng. H thng chnh sch, php lut v bo v mi trng
tip tc c kin ton. Quc hi kha XIII thng qua Lut bo v mi trng nm 2014,
thay th Lut bo v mi trng nm 2005 vi nhiu quy nh mi, cp n nhng vn
nng ang t ra trong cng tc BVMT hin nay nh ng ph vi BKH, thc y tng trng
xxxi

xanh, xy dng quy hoch mi trng. So vi giai on trc, h thng vn bn quy phm
php lut v mi trng c c th ha hn, vic xy dng hnh lang php l cho cng
tc bo v mi trng trong qun l vng, lnh vc chuyn ngnh c ch trng. Tng
ng vi , vic kin ton thng nht t chc qun l nh nc v mi trng tip tc c
y mnh trong giai on ny, bao gm vn c cu t chc v ngun nhn lc. Ngun ti
chnh, u t cho bo v mi trng h tr, thc y mnh m cng tc bo v mi trng.
Ngun chi t ngn sch nh nc tip tc m bo t l t 1% tng ngun chi ngn sch nh
nc. Ngoi ra, cc ngun u t, h tr t Qu BVMT Vit Nam, cc d n, chng trnh quc
t, huy ng t ngun lc x hi cng c nhng bc tin ng k. Cc cng c qun l
mi trng (MC, TM, thanh tra kim tra, kim sot nhim, quan trc mi trng) tip
tc c tng cng v pht huy hiu qu. Hot ng nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh tip tc
c y mnh, nhiu chng trnh, ti cp nh nc, cp b c trin khai. Cc hot
ng truyn thng, nng cao nhn thc cng ng ngy cng c a dng ha. Hot ng
hp tc quc t cng thu ht c nhiu d n u t v mi trng trong giai on ny.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, cng tc qun l mi trng cng cn tn
ti mt s kh khn, bt cp. Mc d thng xuyn c r sot, sa i b sung v tng cng
xy dng mi nhng h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v mi trng vn cha y v
cn thiu nhng quy nh c th, tnh thc thi ca mt s vn bn cn thp. c bit, vic
trin khai vn cn cha y v nghim tc. i vi h thng c cu t chc qun l, vn
cn s chng cho v chc nng nhim v v trch nhim khng r rng t cp b ngnh n
a phng, c nhng mng cn b b ng nh qun l CTR khu vc nng thn. Ngun nhn
lc vn cn cha p ng yu cu thc t, c cu cha hp l, c bit l cp a phng.
Ngun vn u t cho cng tc BVMT mc d hng nm tng nhng vn cha p ng
c yu cu thc t v ci thin mi trng, tng cng c s vt cht h tng, trang thit b
Ngoi ra, vic s dng cc cng c qun l mi trng, nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh, huy
ng s tham gia ca cng ng vn cn nhng hn ch.
Chng 10. Nhng thch thc mi trng v nh hng bo v mi trng trong 5
nm ti
Nhng phn tch, nh gi c th v hin trng mi trng v cng tc qun l mi trng
trong giai on 2011 - 2015 l c s nhn nh nhng thch thc mi trng, l: vn
nhim v s c mi trng tip tc gia tng nhiu khu vc, nghim trng nht l vic xy
ra s c mi trng bin min Trung trong thng 4/2016 va qua gy thit hi nng n i
vi mi trng, h sinh thi bin v i sng, sinh k ca ngi dn min Trung; DSH tip
tc suy gim; cng tc qun l mi trng cn nhiu bt cp; BKH v cc vn mi trng
xuyn bin gii ngy cng phc tp, kh lng, t ra yu cu ngy cng cao i vi cng tc
BVMT. Bn cnh cc thch thc, cng tc BVMT cng c nhng c hi trong giai on mi.
l nhng chuyn bin tch cc v nhn thc, thc chp hnh php lut ca cng ng
xxxii
tm tt BO CO
v cc doanh nghip. Nhng im sng trong khc phc, ci thin nhim mi trng cho
thy hng i ph hp, hiu qu cn c pht huy, nhn rng. Cng vi , xu th hi nhp
quc t m ra nhng c hi trong vic hp tc, tham gia cng nghin cu, gii quyt cc vn
mi trng lin vng, lin quc gia, hc tp kinh nghim ca cc nc khc
ng trc nhng thch thc v c hi nu, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th t
(t chc vo thng 9/2015) a ra nhng nh hng c bn i vi cng tc BVMT cn
tp trung trong giai on tip theo 2016 - 2020: (1) Qun l v kim sot hiu qu cc ngun
thi trng im; (2) Gii quyt nhng vn mi trng ni cm, tng bc gim nh v
khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng cc khu vc trng im; (3) Gim st cc vn
nhim mi trng xuyn bin gii, ng ph hiu qu vi din bin BKH; (4) Kin ton h
thng t chc qun l nh nc v BVMT; (5) Cng tc qun l v BVMT quc gia phi bm
st vi xu hng chung ca th gii, nh hng pht trin bn vng, chuyn i m hnh tng
trng hng ti nn kinh t xanh p ng yu cu hi nhp trong giai on mi.
Trn c s , bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia giai on 2011 - 2015 xut
mt s gii php c th cng nh nhng kin ngh i vi Quc hi, Chnh ph v cc b,
ngnh, a phng v cng tc BVMT trong giai on mi.
xxxiii
xxxiv
PHT TRIN KINH T - X HI V SC P I VI MI TRNG
CHNG 1
PHT TRIN KINH T - X HI

V SC P I VI MI TRNG
CHNG 1

Thi gian qua, pht trin kinh t - x hi gp phn nng cao ng k iu kin sng
cho ngi dn, to tip tc y mnh s tng trng kinh t. Tuy nhin, i km vi l
nhng p lc khng nh tc ng ln mi trng.
1.1. DN S, TH HA
1.1.1. Pht trin dn s v qu trnh
th ha
Pht trin dn s
Theo s liu ca Tng cc Thng k,
hin nay dn s nc ta vt mc 90
triu ngi, a Vit Nam tr thnh quc gia
c dn s ng th 13 trn th gii, th 3
ng Nam . Trong 5 nm qua, dn s Vit
Nam tng thm khong hn 4,5 triu
ngi, trung bnh mi nm tng khong 1
triu ngi. Qu trnh gia tng dn s nhanh
chng ko theo nhng nhu cu ngy cng
tng v sinh hot, gio dc, o to, chm
sc y t, giao thng vn ti, nh , vic
lm,... lm gia tng sc p i vi mi trng
t nhin v mi trng x hi. Dn s nc
ta ng nhng phn b khng ng u v
c s khc bit ln theo vng (Biu 1.1).
Chnh s khc bit ln ca cc ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin v mi trng gia cc
Mt dn s (ngi/km2)
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
Ton
quc
ng
bng
sng
Hng
Ty
Trung du Bc Trung
Nguyn
B v
v min
ni pha Duyn hi
min
Bc
Trung
ng
Nam B
ng
bng
sng Cu
Long
Biu 1.1. Mt dn s phn theo vng nm 2014

Ngun: Nin gim Thng k, TCTK, 2015
vng nh hng r nt ti phn b dn

c v kinh t Vit Nam.
ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng
Cu Long v ng Nam b l ni c t ai
mu m v iu kin canh tc nng nghip
thun li, c 59,5% dn s ca c nc
sinh sng. Ngc li, hai vng Trung du v
min ni pha Bc v Ty nguyn l nhng
vng ni cao, iu kin i li kh khn, ch
chim gn 19% dn s ca c nc.
Dn s tng nhanh to ra p lc kh ln
cho vn to vic lm mi cho ngi lao
ng. Nm 2014, t l dn s trong tui
lao ng (15 - 64 tui) ca Vit Nam chim
69,4% tng dn s, t l dn s ph thuc
(di 15 tui v t 65 tui tr ln) chim
30,6%. Vi t l dn s trong tui lao
ng cao hn gp i nhm dn s trong
tui ph thuc, Vit Nam vn ang trong thi
k c cu dn s vng1. Nhm ngi tr
thng c xu hng di c tm vic lm cac
thanh ph ln, cac vung kinh t trong im,
ni c nhiu KCN, KCX nh H Ni, Tp. H
Ch Minh, Bnh Dng. S lng ngi di
c nhiu nht n t vng Bc Trung B v
Duyn hi min Trung. Chiu hng di dn
cn hng ti nhng vng nng thn cn
tha vng ngi nh vng t Ty Nguyn
tm kim c hi canh tc (Biu 1.2).
1. Thng co bo ch, Ban ch o Tng iu tra dn s v
nh Trung ng, 31/12/2014
CHNG 1
2010
%o
2011
2012
2013
2014
25
20
15
10
ng bng
sng Hng
Trung du v
min ni pha
Bc
Bc Trung B
v Duyn hi
min Trung
Ty Nguyn
ng Nam B
ng bng
sng Cu Long
Biu 1.2. Din bin nhp c giai on 2010-2014

Cng cuc gim ngho nc ta t

c nhng thnh tu n tng: t l ngho
gim t 15,5% nm 2006 xung cn 8,4%
nm 2014; tuy nhin, t l ngho vn cn
cao cc cng ng dn tc thiu s. Tnh
trng d b tn thng do nguy c ti ngho
nghim trng hn do t l ngho cng cc
gim. Cn ngho ang l mt hin tng
ng ch trong x hi v mt b phn
ng dn s ang ngay trn ngng ngho
- c nguy c khng kh nng ng ph vi
cc c sc v bin i kh hu v kinh t.
%
18
15
15,5
13,4
12
14,2
11,1
9,8
8,4
6
3
0
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2014
Biu 1.3. T l h ngho trn c nc

giai on 2006 - 2014
i ngho s lm mt cn i cn cn
kinh t - mi trng - x hi. V vy, bo
v mi trng, n nh chnh tr - x hi,
cn phi thc hin hiu qu chng trnh
xa i, gim ngho.
Qu trnh th ha
S chuyn i m hnh kinh t thnh
cng trong thi gian va qua a nc ta t
mt nn kinh t km pht trin, chuyn tip
sang mt quc gia c thu nhp trung bnh.
iu ny din ra ng thi vi qu trnh
th ha v m rng a gii hnh chnh
th, dn ti dn s thnh th tng theo.
Tnh n thng 12/2015, c nc c
787 th, trong c 02 th c bit,
15 th loi I, 25 th loi II, 42 th
loi III, 75 th loi IV v 628 th loi
V2. Dn s thnh th (gm cc khu vc: ni
thnh, ni th v th trn) khong 31 triu
ngi vi t l dn s th ha t khong
35,7%, tng 1,2% so vi nm 2014. Tc
th ha tng nhanh, trong nhng nm
2. Hi ngh trc tuyn tng kt cng tc nm 2015 v trin
khai nhim v k hoch nm 2016 ca ngnh Xy dng,
B Xy dng, thng 1/2016
gn y tng trung bnh 1% - 1,02%/nm, tng

Khung 1.1. Tc th ha H Ni
v Tp. H Ch Minh
ng vi 1 - 1,2 triu dn th mi nm. Trong qu

trnh m rng th nc ta, tc th ha
iu ng ch trong qu trnh m
rng th Vit Nam l tc tng
nhanh khu th ti H Ni v Tp.
H Ch Minh. Tc m rng ca hai
thnh ph ny ln lt l 3,8% v 4%
hng nm, tc tng trng nhanh hn
nhiu so vi cc khu th khc ca Vit
Nam. Hn 50% tng din tch t
th c nc nm ti hai khu th ny
v khong cch gia hai th ny vi
cc khu th khc ca Vit Nam ang
ngy cng m rng vi 75% tng trng
khng gian th mi thuc v hai khu
ny. Hu ht tt c cc khu th trong
nc tr nn dy c hn, nhng c
mt ngoi l ng ch l, mc d Tp.
H Ch Minh c ng dn nht, tng 2,5
triu ngi (3,9% hng nm), nhng mt
dn s li gim.
tng nhanh khu vc H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh
Ngun: Bo co Thay i cnh quan

th ng ca Ngn hng Th gii
(World Bank), 2014
th qu thp, mi t khong 2m2/ngi. Nhn
(ln lt l 3,8% v 4% hng nm), trn thc t

hai thnh ph ny chi phi cnh quan th ca
c quc gia.
Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng, cc th chim
2/3 tng nhu cu nng lng v pht thi lng
kh thi cacbon (c ngun gc t giao thng, cng
nghip, cc hot ng xy dng v cng trnh).
th ho nhanh gy ra nhng nh hng ng k
n mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, gy mt
cn bng sinh thi.
Ti nhiu vng th ha nhanh, nhng vnh
ai xanh bo v mi trng khng c quy hoch
v bo v. Ch tiu t trng cy xanh trong cc
chung, h thng cy xanh mi ch hnh thnh v
tp trung ti cc th ln v trung bnh. Ti hai
thnh ph ln l H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh, con
s ny ch t khong 2m2/ngi, khng t quy
Bng 1.1. Din tch ti thiu t cy xanh

s dng cng cng ngoi n v
Loi th
Tiu chun (m2/ngi)
c bit
I v II
III v IV
4
Ngun: Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam,
Quy chun quy hoch, 2008
chun v ch bng 1/10 ch tiu cy xanh ca cc

thnh ph tin tin trn th gii.
Thc trng th ha thi gian qua, bn cnh
nhng im tch cc, vn cn nhiu bt cp nh:
cht lng cc th cha tng xng vi loi
th; kt ni h tng gia cc khu th cha c
quan tm y , h thng kt cu h tng k thut
v x hi trin khai chm, thiu ng b; u t
pht trin th cn theo phong tro, dn tri, gy
lng ph ti nguyn t ai v ngun lc x hi;
cng tc qun l th cha theo kp thc tin
pht trin, thiu cc cng c qun l pht trin
5
CHNG 1
th (thiu quy hoch phn khu, quy hoch
h thng h tng k thut BVMT, quy hoch
chi tit, thit k th v quy ch qun l
quy hoch kin trc). Bn cnh , mt s
th, c bit cc th ven bin b
ngp ng vo ma ma, triu cng. Ngoi
H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh, Tp. Hu ngp
ng thng xuyn v ma ma, cn mt s
th khc b ngp do triu cng, ma ln,
l qut, nh: Cn Th, Tuyn Quang, H
Giang, Lng Sn, C Mau, H Tnh
Khung 1.2. Nhm th c nguy c

ngp lt cao
B Xy dng phn chia nhm th c nguy
c ngp lt cao theo v tr c th. l cc tnh,
thnh ven bin, ven sng, cc khu vc th
ng bng c nguy c ngp lt, nc bin dng,
triu cng, mt t, nhim mn ngun nc.
C th k n nhng khu vc th c nguy
c ngp lt cao nh vng BSH, vi 141 th
thuc 11 tnh, thnh, d kin 5 tnh, thnh c
nguy c ngp cao l Hi Phng, Thi Bnh, Nam
nh, Ninh Bnh, Qung Ninh. Vng Bc Trung
b v duyn hi min Trung hin c 190 th
thuc 14 tnh. Theo kch bn BKH, d kin
ton b 14 tnh c nguy c ngp lt, c 41 th
c nguy c ngp cao, trong c cc th ln
nh Vinh, Hu, Nng Ring khu vc ng
Nam B, d ch c 55 th (thp nht so vi
cc vng trn c nc) nhng t l th ha li
l 62%. Vi 6 tnh, thnh hin c 52 th, d
kin c 73 th vo nm 2020. Vng BSCL
vi 63 th c nguy c ngp cao cc th
ln nh Cn Th, C Mau, Rch Gi.
Ngun: B Xy dng, 2014
1.1.2. Sc p t hot ng dn sinh ln mi

trng
Nc thi sinh hot
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s
gia tng dn s v nhu cu cuc sng, lng
nc thi sinh hot tip tc tng cao... Thnh
phn cc cht gy nhim chnh trong nc
thi sinh hot l TSS, BOD5, COD, Nit v
Pht pho. Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn
v c, vi sinh vt v vi trng gy bnh. Lng
nc thi sinh hot pht sinh dao ng trong
phm vi rt ln, ty thuc vo mc sng v
thi quen sinh hot ca ngi dn. c tnh
trung bnh khong 80% lng nc cp cho
sinh hot tr thnh nc thi sinh hot. Theo
s liu tnh ton, ng Nam B v BSH l
2 vng tp trung nhiu lng nc thi sinh
hot nht c nc (Biu 1.4).
Theo s liu thng k nm 2015, trong
tng s 787 th trn c nc c 40
th c cng trnh x l nc thi t tiu
chun quy nh. Trong , cc cng trnh
ny ch yu th loi c bit (2/2),
th loi I (8/15), th loi II (10/25), th
loi III (7/42) v th loi V (13/628)3 vi
tng cng sut x l khong 800.000m3/
ngy m. T l nc thi sinh hot c
x l mi t 10% - 11% trn tng s lng
nc thi th, tng khong 4% - 5% so
vi nm 2010. in hnh mt s nh my
x l nc thi sinh hot c cng sut ln
i vo hot ng nh nh my x l nc
thi Bnh Hng (Tp. H Ch Minh) vi cng
sut 141.000 m3/ngy m, nh my x l
nc thi ti Yn S (Tp. H Ni) vi cng
sut 200.000m3/ngy m4.
3. Nin gim thng k nm 2014.
4. Bo co tng kt cng tc bo v mi trng giai on
2011 - 2015 v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020, B
TN&MT, Hi ngh MT ton quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015.
%100%
100
90%
90
ng bng sng Cu Long
80%
80
70
70%
ng Nam B
60
60%
50
50%
Ty Nguyn
40
40%
Bc Trung B v Duyn hi min Trung
30
30%
20
20%
Trung du v min ni pha Bc
10
10%
0
0%
Ghi ch: Thi

lng nc thi c tnh
ton da trn h s pht
thi - WHO, 1993 v s
dn thnh th, nng thn
- NGTK, 2014
TSS
BOD5
Thnh th
COD
TSS
BOD5
COD
Nng thn
ng bng sng Hng
Ngun: TCMT tng hp,

2015
Biu 1.4. T l thnh phn cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot cc vng trn c nc
Mc d s lng cng trnh x l nc

thi th c tng qua cc nm, tuy nhin,
con s ny cn rt nh so vi yu cu thc t
cn x l. Nc thi sinh hot cha qua x
l vn ang tip tc l ngun thi ln, gy
nhim mi trng khu vc th v cc
vng ln cn.
Bi v kh thi
Gia tng dn s, th ha nhanh,
ko theo gia tng s lng phng tin giao
thng c nhn, tip tc gy p lc ln mi
trng khng kh ti cc th, c bit l
cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni v Tp. H
Ch Minh. Bi v kh thi t hot ng giao
thng th vn l mt trong nhng ngun
nhim chnh i vi mi trng khng
kh cc khu vc ny. Bn cnh , cht
lng cc phng tin tham gia giao thng
cn hn ch (xe c, khng c bo dng
thng xuyn) lm gia tng ng k nng
cc cht kh nhim trong khng kh.
Trong nhng nm gn y, hot ng
xy dng cc khu chung c, khu th mi,
cu ng, sa cha nh, vn chuyn vt
liu v ph thi xy dng, o lp ng
lp t h thng cp ngm, thng tin
lin lc din ra khp ni. Cc hot ng

nh o lp t, p ph cng trnh c, vt
liu xy dng b ri vi trong qu trnh vn
chuyn thng gy nhim bi i vi mi
trng xung quanh.
Mc d c quy nh v che chn
bi ti cc cng trng xy dng, phun ra
phng tin vn chuyn khi ra vo cng
trng v che ph phng tin chuyn ch,
cng vi l vic phun nc ra ng,
nhng thc t thc hin cn nhiu hn ch,
cha tun th y dn ti pht tn lng
bi ln vo khng kh. Bn cnh bi, cc
thit b xy dng (my xc, my i,...) v
cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu xy
dng cn thi ra mi trng khng kh cc
cht gy nhim kh nh SO2, CO, VOCs,...
Ngoi ra, i vi khu vc dn c vn
cn tn ti hot ng un nu s dng nhin
liu than t ong v gy nhim cc b bi
SO2, CO, bi PM10 trong phm vi mt h gia
nh hoc vi h xung quanh. Tuy nhin,
nhng ngun ny thng c quy m nh v
gim ng k cc khu vc th trong 5
nm qua, ch cn nhiu cc khu vc ven
v vng nng thn.
7
CHNG 1
1.2. PHT TRIN CNG NGHIP V SC P LN MI TRNG
10,09%
Nng, lm nghip
v thy sn
16,30%
Cng nghip
v xy dng
40,52%
Dch v
33,09%
Thu sn phm tr tr cp
sn phm
Biu 1.5. C cu nn kinh t nc ta nm 2015

Khai khong
Cng nghip ch bin, ch to
Sn xut v phn phi in, kh t, nc
t ng
4.000.000
3.500.000
3.000.000
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
Sau mt khong thi gian trm

lng do khng hong kinh t, n
thng 9 nm 2015, t trng khu vc
cng nghip v xy dng chim
33,9% GDP c nc, ng th hai
trong c cu kinh t hin nay, trong
, ngnh cng nghip ch bin ng
vai tr quan trng.
Hin nay, t l p dng cng
ngh hin i trong cc lnh vc sn
xut, kinh doanh cn khong cch
kh xa so vi cc quc gia khc trong
khu vc, do vy, sn xut cc mt
hng cn tiu th nhiu hn nguyn
liu v nng lng, thi ra nhiu hn
cht thi, li khng c x l hoc
x l khng m bo, gy nhim
mi trng. Theo , gi tr gia tng5
ngnh cng nghip cn thp v c
xu hng gim dn ti hiu qu u
t thp.
1.000.000
500.000
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
Biu 1.6. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip theo gi thc t

5.Tiu ch v cng nghip bao gm 3 ch tiu thuc

nhm kinh t l:Mt l,t trng Cng nghip +
Xy dng trong GDP phi t 42 - 43%;Hai l, t
trng hng ha ch to/tng kim ngch xut khu
trn 28% (t trng ny c th thay th bng ch
tiu t trng hng cng nghip xut khu/tng kim
ngch xut khu trn 80%);Ba l,t trng gi tr
gia tng trn gi tr sn xut cng nghip = 42 45%.
Khung 1.3. Tng trng ngnh cng nghip nm 2014

Nm 2014, ngnh cng nghip tng trng 7,15% so vi nm trc, trong cngnghip ch bin,
ch to c chuyn bin kh tch cc vi mc tng cao l 8,45%, cao hn nhiu so vi mc tng ca mt s
nm trc,ng gp ng k vo tc tng ca khu vc II v gp phn quan trngvo mc tng trng
chung. Trong cng nghip ch bin, ch to,cc ngnh sn xut ung; dt; sn xut trang phc; sn
xut da v cc sn phm c lin quan; sn xut giy; sn xut sn phm t kim loi c sn (tr my mc
thit b); sn phm in t my tnh; sn xut xe c ng c l nhng ngnh c ng gp ln vo tng
trng vi ch s sn xut tng kh cao mc trn 10%.
Ngun: Thng co bo ch v tnh hnh KT - XH nm 2014, TCTK, 2015

Bng 1.2. Sn lng khai thc mt s loi ti nguyn quan trng
nc ta giai on 2011 - 2014
Sn phm
n v
tnh
Than sch
nghn tn
46.611
42.083
41.035
41.697
Du th
nghn tn
15.185
16.739
16.705
17.392
Qung
Apatit
nghn tn
2.395,3
2.363,8
2.635,8
G x
nghn m3
5.179,3
4.732
4.324
khai
thc
nghn m3
155.549
136.635
128.532
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013 Nm 2014
Trong 5 nm qua (2011 - 2015), do nh

hng ca khng hong kinh t ton cu
t nm 2008, sn lng khai thc mt s
ti nguyn quan trng khng c nhiu bin
ng nhng vn dng li con s kh cao.
iu ny phn nh thc t s tng trng
kinh t ca nc ta cho n nay vn cn
da nhiu vo ti nguyn thin nhin v
gn lin vi l sc p ngy cng tng ln
i vi mi trng t hot ng khai thc (
nhim, suy thoi, suy gim cht lng mi
trng,...).
Ln sng u t t nc ngoi, c bit
l t Nht Bn v Hn Quc, ang tip tc
m rng. Th trng rng ln ang v s m
ra vi cc Hip nh thng mi gia Vit
Nam, ASEAN v cc nc i tc (TPP, VN
- EU, ASEAN+6). Xu hng dch chuyn
ca cc dng u t mang li nhiu c hi
nhng i km vi l cc thch thc khng
nh: cnh tranh t cc nc trong khu vc;
suy thoi kinh t ton cu; thch thc t

cc cam kt hi nhp trong lnh vc cng
nghip trong khun kh cc Hip nh
thng mi t do (FTA); BKH v cc vn
mi trng, an ninh nng lng s tip
tc l cc vn cn nhn c s quan
tm thch ng.
1.2.1. Khu cng nghip v cm cng nghip
Theo s liu iu tra ca Tng cc Mi
trng, tnh n ht nm 2015, c nc
c 283 KCN i vo hot ng; t l lp
y din tch t cc KCN vn hnh t
khong 60%, thu ht khong 3 triu lao
ng c trc tip v gin tip. Vic thu ht
doanh nghip u t kinh doanh h tng
KCN - CCN cn gp kh khn, c bit
l cc tnh duyn hi min Trung v Bc
Trung B, tri ngc hn vi nhng vng c
h tng tt nh ng Nam B, ng bng
sng Hng.
9
CHNG 1
1,3
%
ng Nam B
6,5
11,8
43,3
ng bng sng
Hng
Ty Nam B
15,4
21,7
Duyn hi min
Trung
Trung du min
ni pha Bc
Ty nguyn
Khung 1.4. Nc thi cng

nghip trn lu vc h thng
sng ng Nai
Lu vc h thng sng ng
Nai mi ngy phi tip nhn trn
111 nghn m3 nc thi ca cc
KCN, khu ch xut, khu dn c,
ch yu t vng d n, trong
c khong 15 tn TSS, 19,6 tn
BOD, 76,9 tn COD v 1,6 tn
nit...
Ngun: Cc Qun l cht thi v
Ci thin mi trng, TCMT, 2014
Biu 1.7. T l phn b KCN ti cc vng trn c nc
Trong tng s 283 KCN ang hot ng
Cc KCN thuc vng ng Nam B,
trong c nc c 212 KCN xy dng
BSCL, BSH tun th quy nh v u t
h thng x l nc thi tp trung (chim
h thng x l nc thi tp trung v bo
74,9%), 24 KCN ang xy dng h thng x
v mi trng tt hn cc vng khc trn
l nc thi tp trung (chim 11,5%), cc
c nc; t l KCN xy dng hoc vn
KCN cn li ang xy dng l trnh u t
hnh nh my x l nc thi tp trung so
h thng x l nc thi tp trung6. Ngun
vi tng s KCN ang hot ng ca vng
thi t cc KCN mc d tp trung nhng thi
t cao (tng ng tng vng l 95%, 83%
lng rt ln, trong khi cng tc qun l
v 74,5%). Cc vng trung du min ni pha
cng nh x l cht thi KCN cn nhiu hn
Bc, Ty Nguyn, DHMT do pht trin KCN
ch. Cc h thng x l nc thi tp trung
mun hn v ch yu ang trong giai on
cc KCN ch x l c khong 60% lng
xy dng v tng bc thu ht u t, ngun
nc thi pht sinh. Lng nc thi cn li,
nc thi pht sinh cha nhiu.
mt phn do cc c s c min tr u
ni v t x l, mt phn khng qua x l
m x trc tip ra mi trng.
Theo s liu t Cc Cng nghip a

phng, B Cng Thng, c nc c 878
CCN c quyt nh thnh lp hoc
c ph duyt d n u t xy dng h
6. Tng quan v cc p lc ln mi trng nc ta hin nay

v mt s nh hng, gii php nhm gim thiu nhim
mi trng thi gian ti, Cc Kim sot nhim, TCMT,
Hi ngh MT ton quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015
10
tng vi tng din tch 32.481 ha; 786 CCN

hnh thnh trc khi Quy ch qun l CCN
c hiu lc v 92 CCN thnh lp mi. Cc

d n ny hot ng to vic lm v thu
ht khong 461.000 lao ng.
1.2.2. Lng ngh
S liu nghin cu cho thy, mc

pht thi trn n v din tch ca cc CCN
khng thua km cc KCN vi trung bnh 15 20 m3 nc thi/ngy m. Tnh n thng
10/2014, ch c khong 3% - 5% trong tng
s cc CCN ang hot ng c h thng x
l nc thi tp trung, cn li l t x l
hoc x trc tip ra mi trng. H thng x
l nc thi cha c u t ng b, mt
s hot ng cha thc s hiu qu (c nc
ch c 66 CCN c h thng x l nc thi
nhiu ngun vn trong dn c, to c vic
chung i vo hot ng chim 10,5% so vi

cc CCN ang hot ng7) nn nh hng
n mi trng nc mt ca cc CCN vn
l vn t ra nhiu thch thc hin nay.
Trong thi gian qua, nhiu lng ngh

c khi phc v pht trin thu ht c
lm ti ch cho hng chc vn lao ng.
Theo s liu thng k, n ht nm 2014, s
lng ngh v lng c ngh nc ta l 5.096,
trong s lng ngh truyn thng c
cng nhn theo tiu ch lng ngh hin nay
ca Chnh ph l 1.748 lng ngh.
S lng lng ngh min Bc chim
gn 60% s lng cc lng ngh trong c
nc, trong tp trung nhiu nht v pht
trin mnh nht l vng BSH, khu vc
min Trung chim khong 23,6% v khu
vc min Nam chim khong 16,6% tng
s lng ngh (Biu 1.8).
7. Vai tr ca ngnh cng thng trong cng tc qun l

nh nc i vi cc cm cng nghip, Cc Cng nghip
a phng, B Cng thng, 2015
Min Nam
16,6%
Min Trung
23,6%
Min Bc
59,8%
Biu 1.8. T l lng ngh phn theo vng

Ngun: B TN&MT, 2014
11
CHNG 1
Nguyn vt liu cho cc lng ngh ch
v ha cht trong dy chuyn cng ngh
yu c khai thc ti cc a phng v
sn xut. Ty theo tnh cht ca tng loi
hu ht cc ngun nguyn liu vn ly trc
lng ngh m loi nhim mi trng cng
tip t t nhin. Phn ln cng ngh v k
khc nhau. Trong , ngnh sn xut c thi
thut p dng cho sn xut trong cc lng
lng nhim ln nht l ti ch kim loi,
ngh cn lc hu, mang tnh c truyn.
qu trnh ti ch v gia cng cng gy pht
Nhng yu t khin cho lng ngh ang l
sinh cc kh c nh hi axit, kim, oxit
tc nhn gy nhim mi trng c th k
kim loi (PbO, ZnO, Al2O3). Cc lng ngh
ra nh: trnh cng ngh sn xut ti cc
ch bin lng thc, thc phm, chn nui
lng ngh vn cn rt thp, manh mn, lc
v git m pht sinh nhim mi do qu
hu; nhn thc ca ngi dn v BVMT cn
trnh phn hu cc cht hu c trong nc
cha cao. Nguyn nhn dn n nhim
thi v cc cht hu c trong ch phm
mi trng cc lng ngh hin nay l do
tha thi ra to nn cc kh nh SO2, NO2,
hu ht cc c s sn xut c quy m nh,
H2S, NH3... Cc kh ny c mi hi tanh
nm trong khu dn c, mt bng cht hp
rt kh chu, in hnh nh lng trng da
cho nn kh xy dng h thng x l mi
Lm Yn (i Lc, Qung Nam). Cc lng
trng; phn ln cc h sn xut ca lng
ngh m t, dt vi v thuc da, thng
ngh cha u t thch ng nhm gim
b nhim bi cc kh: SO2, NO2. Cc lng
nhim khng kh, ting n, nc thi, CTR.
ngh th cng m ngh thng b nhim
Nc thi sn xut cha qua x l cng nc
nng bi kh SO2 pht sinh t qu trnh x l
thi sinh hot c x vo h thng thot
chng mc cho cc sn phm my tre an.
nc mt. Trong khi , cng tc qun l
cc lng ngh sn xut mt hng my, tre
v nhng gii php bo v mi trng cha
an th c tnh trng nhim khng kh,
c quan tm ng mc...; thc v nhn
do phi s dng lu hunh khi sy nguyn
thc ca ngi dn v bo v mi trng
liu. Nng SO2, NO2 ti cc lng ngh
cn cha cao, cho nn nhim mi trng
ti ch nha kh cao, vt nhiu ln gii
v ang tip tc tr thnh mi e da
hn cho php. Ngnh ti ch lm pht sinh
thng trc i vi mi trng sinh thi, sc
bi v cc kh thi nh SO2, NO2, hi axit
khe cng ng dn c sng trong cc lng
v kim sn sinh t cc qu trnh nh x
ngh, ngi dn khu vc xung quanh lng
l b mt, phun sn, nh bng b mt sn
ngh...
phm, nung, sy, ty trng, kh thi l rn,
nhim mi trng khng kh ti cc

lng ngh c ngun gc ch yu t vic s
dng than lm nhin liu (ph bin l than
cht lng thp), s dng nguyn vt liu
12
in hnh nh lng ngh ti ch nha Trung

Vn (H Ni), lng ngh c ng i Bi
(Bc Ninh), lng ti ch nha V Hon
(Nam nh), lng ngh ti ch nhm Yn
Bnh (Nam nh)...
1.2.3. C s sn xut nm ngoi KCN, CCN

Cc doanh nghip ln nm ngoi KCN,
CCN tuy ch chim s lng nh (t hn 2%
tng s doanh nghip c nc) nhng chim
trn 30% tng sn lng cng nghip ton
quc. Cc doanh nghip ln nm ri rc,
phn tn trn cc vng min ca c nc
vi cc lnh vc sn xut chnh l khai thc
khong sn, sn xut in, khai thc v ch
bin du kh, c kh, ha cht, luyn kim,
ng tu, sn xut xi mng, ch bin thc
phm. Mt s c s cng nghip ln hin
ang sn xut vi cng ngh cha tin tin,
hin i, li t hoc cha quan tm n u
t cng trnh x l mi trng trong qu trnh
sn xut nn gy ra sc p rt ln ln
mi trng, gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng ti nhiu a phng.
Khung 1.5. Thc trang v ia im

san xut vt liu xy dng trn ia ban
Tp. H Ch Minh
Theo s liu thng k iu tra, khao sat s
b cac c s san xut vt liu xy dng trn ia
ban Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2013, chi co mt s
it cac c s san xut vt liu xy dng ln hoat
ng tai cac khu ch xut, cng nghip (12 c
s, chim hn 5%); phn ln cac c s nho, le
tn tai va hoat ng bn ngoai, nm xen ke trong
cac khu dn c (khoang 200 c s, chim 95%).
Vic phn tan cac c s san xut vt liu xy
dng dn n nhiu anh hng tiu cc n mi
trng, cht lng cuc sng cua c dn thanh
ph, khng phat huy hiu qua u t va gy kho
khn trong qua trinh quan ly.
Ngun: S Xy dng Tp. H Ch Minh, 2014
Cc doanh nghip va v nh c v th
quan trng trong pht trin kinh t Vit
Nam, chim n 90% s lng c s sn
xut kinh doanh, 25% tng u t x hi,
thu ht 77% lc lng lao ng phi nng
nghip. Cc doanh nghip ny phn ln
phn b xen ln trong khu dn c, tp trung
trong cc khu vc th, gia cng sn xut
cho cc doanh nghip ln vi cng ngh lc
hu, tiu tn nhiu nguyn liu v c t l
pht thi cao. Do c tnh phn tn trn din
rng, s lng doanh nghip ln, nm xen
ln trong khu dn c,... doanh nghip va v
nh l i tng rt kh kim sot v mt mi
trng. Cho n nay, cha c nhiu nghin
cu tng hp nh gi v nhim mi trng
ca cc c s sn xut cng nghip ng c
lp ngoi KCN, CCN. Tuy nhin, theo cc
bo co, nh gi u cho thy, lng pht
thi (nc thi, kh thi) t cc c s ny
chim t l kh ln v gy nhiu sc p ln
mi trng. Ty theo loi hnh sn xut m
lng pht thi v tnh cht ngun nhim
l khc nhau.
Nc thi t cc c s sn xut cng
nghip
Kim sot ngun nc thi t cc c
s sn xut cng nghip n l vn l mt
trong nhng thch thc ln i vi cng tc
qun l mi trng. Mt s ngnh sn xut
cng nghip c thi lng nc thi ln
cng nh nng cc cc cht nhim cao
nu khng qua x l c th k n nh: ch
bin lng thc, thc phm; dt nhum, sn
xut giy, khai thc khong sn...
Nc thi pht sinh t ngnh cng
nghip ch bin thc phm vi cc thng
s c trng nh BOD, COD, cn l lng,
13
CHNG 1
du m, nit cao, gm nc thi t qu trnh
ra, s ch nguyn liu, ch bin sn phm,
v sinh nh xng l ngun gy nhim
nc khu vc tip nhn. Hot ng ch bin
thc phmti cc c s nh l nh sn xut
nng sn, thy hi sn, l git m gia sc,
gia cm thng gy nhim hu c v
nhim mi. Trong s hn 500 nghn c s
sn xut, ch bin thc phm trn c nc,
nhiu c s cha p ng cc tiu ch v
iu kin m bo an ton thc phm. Hin
vn cn 16% c s ch bin thy sn tp
trung cha c h thng x l nc thi8.
ty). Nc thi ngnh dt nhum l mt

trong nhng loi nc thi nhim nng,
hm lng cc cht hu c cao, kh phn
hy. mu ca nc thi dt nhum nu
khng c x l, khi thi ra mi trng
khng nhng lm mt cnh quan mi
trng m cn lm nh hng n kh
nng khuch tn nh sng vo nc tc
ng n h thy sinh vt. Ngoi ra, trong
nc thi nhum cn c cha hm lng
kim loi nng rt cao, y cng l mt
nguyn nhn gy ng c cho con ngi
v h sinh vt ni tip nhn.
Ngnh dt nhum s dng mt lng

nc ln sn xut v ng thi thi ra
mt lng nc thi ng k cho mi trng
(khong 50 - 300m3 nc cho 1 tn hng
dt, ch yu t cng on dt nhum v nu
Ngnh sn xut giy cng l mt trong

nhng ngnh gy nhim mi trng nc
do nc thi cha lng ln cht thi c
hi v rt kh x l. Ty theo cng ngh
v sn phm, lng nc cn thit sn
xut 1 tn giy thnh phm dao ng t 80450m3, v vy lng nc thi ra t ngnh
cng nghip ny cng rt ln. Nc thi ch
yu l dch en t cng on nu, ty trng
v xeo giy c hm lng cht rn l lng,
BOD, COD cao, c bit trong nc thi nh
my giy thng cha nhiu lignin, cht ny
kh ha tan v kh phn hy, ckh nng
tch t sinh hc trong c th sng nh cc
hp cht clo hu c.
Khung 1.6. nhim do nc thi cng nghip

trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn
Theo thng k s b, cc c s sn xut
cng nghip ca tnh thi ra khong 19 triu
m3 nc thi/nm v c d bo tng 22%
mi nm. Trong s 100 c s gy nhim mi
trng trn a bn tnh c thng k c
52 c s c ngun nc thi gy nhim mi
trng. Nc mt trn cc sng, sui tip nhn
nc thi t cc m khong sn v c s sn
xut cng nghip c du hiu nhim cht
rn l lng (TSS) v mt s kim loi nng (Fe,
As, Cd, Pb, Zn).
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Thi Nguyn, 2015
8. D bo, phng nga v gim thiu cc ngun gy

nhim mi trng do hot ng pht trin kinh t ti
khu vc nng thn, GS.TS.NGND. ng Kim Chi, thng
9/2015.
14
Hot ng khai thc khong sn cng

v ang gy nhiu tc ng xu n
mi trng xung quanh. Trong , vic nh
hng n s dng nc, nhim nc l
nhng vn ng ch do ngun thi t
t v nc thi m. Bn cnh , hot
ng khai thc v kinh doanh tri php ct
si trn cc sng ln cng v ang lm
tht thot ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, gy
nhim mi trng, tr thnh vn bc
xc mt s a phng.
X l nc thi i vi cc c s sn
xut cng nghip ng c lp ngoi KCN,
CCN ang l vn nan gii do a s cc
doanh nghip sn xut nh l u nm xen
ln trong khu dn c. C s sn xut nh
thng khng c kinh ph xy dng mt
h thng x l cht thi ng tiu chun, do
vy tnh trng nhim mi trng khu vc
ny l rt ng lo ngi.
Kh thi t cc c s sn xut cng nghip
nhim mi trng khng kh do hot
ng sn xut cng nghip ch yu tp trung
ti cc vng ven cc nh my, c s sn
xut vn s dng cng ngh lc hu, qun
l mi trng km, in hnh nh mt s
nh my xi mng, luyn kim, khai khong,
nhit in Bi, kh thi ti xung quanh cc
c s ny thng vt nhiu ln quy chun
cho php.
Ngun nhim khng kh t hot ng
cng nghip ny thng c nng cc
cht c hi cao, tp trung trong mt vng.
Ty thuc vo loi hnh sn xut, quy trnh

cng ngh, quy m sn xut v nhin liu s
dng m cc hot ng cng nghip khc
nhau s pht sinh kh thi vi thnh phn v
nng khc nhau.
Cc cht c hi t kh thi cng nghip
c phn loi thnh cc nhm bi, nhm
kh v c (NO2, SO2, CO), nhm cc cht
hu c v kim loi nng. Trong lng pht
thi NO2, SO2 v TSP chim phn ln trong
tng lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim,
cn li l cc cht nhim khng kh khc.
Ngun gy nhim khng kh ca hot
ng sn xut thp ch yu pht sinh t cc
khu vc sn xut nh nh xng, l than,
khu vc to hnh, khu vc tp kt sn phm
vi cc kh thi ch yu: bi, g st cha cc
oxit kim loi (FeO, MnO, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO,
MgO); kh thi cha bi CO2, SO2. Ti cc
khu vc nh kho, bi cha, kho than, khu
vc vn chuyn, kh thi pht sinh ch yu
gm NOx, VOC, hi xng du.
Khung 1.7. nhim kh thi cng nghip ti mt s a phng

Ti Ph Th, ti cc khu, CCN nh khu vc cng nghip pha ng, Nam Tp. Vit Tr, CCN Bch
Hc, Cng ty CP supe pht pht v ha cht Lm Thao, Cng ty CP xi mng Ph Th, m Ninh Dn, m
Thanh Ba) nng bi TSP cao hn quy chun cho php 1,2 - 4,3 ln.
Ti ng Nai, theo bo co kt qu kim tra 137 c s sn xut cng nghip trn a bn tnh, c 5
c s c kh thi cha t quy chun k thut v mi trng i vi kh thi cng nghip.
Ti Tp. H Ch Minh, nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim khng kh l t hot ng sn xut ca cc
nh my cng nghip nm cc khu vc ngoi thnh hoc ngay trong ni thnh, nh cc KCN Tn Bnh,
KCX Tn Thun, KCX Linh Trung, cc nh my xi mng H Tin, nh my thp Th c rt nhiu c s
sn xut cng nghip cha trang b h thng x l kh thi, khi bi. Theo s liu bo co, trong s 170 nh
my, c s sn xut c pht sinh kh thi ra mi trng th cn ti 81 c s cha c h thng x l kh thi.
in hnh nh hng lot nh my cng nghip sn xut m n lin, du thc vt, ha cht, dt nhum
nm dc b knh Tham Lng thng xuyn thi khi bi c hi ra mi trng.
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh, thnh ph: Ph Th, ng Nai, Tp. H Ch Minh, 2014.
15
CHNG 1
Cc nh my sn xut thp phn b
khng ng u gia cc vng trn c nc,
ch yu tp trung vng BSH v ng
Nam B. Do , p lc nhim mi trng
khng kh t hot ng sn xut thp ti hai
khu vc ny cng ln hn cc khu vc khc,
i hi phi c s cn nhc trong quy hoch
pht trin vng v s u t ng mc cho
cc h thng x l kh thi pht sinh.
Cc nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng
phn b tp trung ch yu ti BSH v
Trung du min ni pha Bc. nhim khng
kh do hot ng sn xut vt liu xy dng
pht sinh t qu trnh khai thc, sn xut v
vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. Cc tc ng
gy nhim khng kh gn lin vi ngnh
ny gm bi, CO, NOx, SO2, H2S...
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut xi mng l
ngnh cng nghip ng vai tr quan trng
trong qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i
ho t nc. Tuy nhin, y li c coi
l ngnh cng nghip gy nh hng n
cht lng khng kh ln nht v c trng
nht. Cc nh my sn xut xi mng ch
yu c phn b ti vng BSH v Bc
Trung B, chim 39% tng sn lng sn
xut xi mng trn ton quc. Hin nay, cng
ngh sn xut xi mng ca nc ta ch yu
theo phng php kh, l quay. Theo nh
gi ca cc chuyn gia, sn xut xi mng
bng cng ngh l quay t gy nh hng
n mi trng hn l ng. Mc d c
ch trng loi b xi mng l ng nhng
trn thc t vn cn tn ti mt s nh my
xi mng l ng v cc trm nghin c lp,
c cng sut nh, thit b c, lc hu. Kh
16
thi t l nung xi mng c hm lng bi,

NO2, CO2, F rt cao v c kh nng gy
nhim nu khng c kim sot tt, trong
ni cm l nhim bi. Bi xi mng pht
sinh hu ht cc cng on trong qu trnh
sn xut nh: qu trnh nghin, p, sng,
phn ly, sy, nung, lm ngui, ng bao v
vn chuyn.
gi vng an ninh nng lng v tng trng

kinh t ca Vit Nam. Theo thng k, hin
c khong 28 doanh nghip khai thc, ch
bin than nm trong Tp on cng nghip
Than v Khong sn Vit Nam. Do c th
ca ngnh v cng ngh khai thc cn lc
hu, cc bin php gim thiu bi, kh thi
cn hn ch nn cc tc ng n mi
trng khng kh vn l vn cn c
ch trong ngnh sn xut ny.
Cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng

khc trong qu trnh hot ng cng gy
nh hng n cht lng khng kh ti
cc khu vc xung quanh. Vic khai thc v
ch bin gy nhim bi t qu trnh
n mn, p nghin v bc xc . Ngoi
Tc nhn gy nhim mi trng

khng kh pht sinh t hot ng ca ngnh
khai thc v ch bin than ch yu l bi
(TSP, PM10) v mt s cht nhim khc
bi, qu trnh khai thc cn pht sinh ra cc

kh: CO, NOx, SO2, H2S, do n mn v s
dng du diezen. Hot ng sn xut gm
s, gch nung, gch p lt, do s dng than
lm nhin liu nn kh thi ch yu l bi,
SO2 v HF.
nh SO2, CO, NO2, CH4... Mc d trong qu

trnh khai thc, ch bin v vn chuyn,
cc doanh nghip thc hin mt s bin
php gim thiu tc ng nh trang b h
thng x l bi, che ph xe vn chuyn,
ci tin dy chuyn sn xut nhng kt qu
quan trc cho thy 100% cc c s khai
thc v ch bin than c nng bi vt
ngng QCVN.
Khai thc v ch bin than l mt

trong nhng ngnh cng nghip gp phn
Bng 1.3. c tnh ti lng cc cht pht thi vo mi trng t sn xut xi mng v vt liu xy dng
n v: triu tn/nm
Ngnh sn xut
Xi mng
Vt liu xy dng
Cc cht pht thi
2011
2015
2020
Bi
0,65
1,075
1,34
SO2
0,086
0,14
0,18
Bi
2,82
3,43
4,1
SO2
0,73
0,87
1,03
CO2
280,7
342,8
446,5
Ngun: Vin Vt liu xy dng, B Xy dng, 2013
17
CHNG 1
1.3. PHT TRIN NNG LNG V SC P LN MI TRNG
Nc ta nm trong nhm nhng nc

tiu th nng lng tng i ln so vi khu
vc v trn th gii. Tng trng kinh t
gip ci thin mc sng ca ngi dn v
lm tng nhu cu s dng nng lng.
Cc ngun nng lng nc ta kh a
dng: nhin liu ha thch, thy in, sinh
khi, nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri...
tuy nhin, ngun nng lng ch yu vn s
dng t cc nhin liu ha thch: than ,
du th, kh t... v thy in. Qu trnh
cng nghip ha nhanh chng khin ngun
cung nng lng khng bt kp cu. T
mt nc xut khu nng lng (xut khu
than v du th), sp ti, Vit Nam phi
nhp khu nng lng (nhp khu sn phm
du qua ch bin v in nng).
c trng ca giai on 2011 - 2015,
cc nh my nhit in l mt trong nhng
ngun gy nhim khng kh rt ng ch .
2010
2015
2020
2025
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Giao thng vn Dch v thng

ti
mi
Mi loi hnh sn xut ca ngnh nhit

in s pht sinh cc loi kh thi khc nhau.
Lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim cng
ph thuc vo loi nhin liu s dng v cng
ngh sn xut. Trong , nhit in than pht
thi mt lng ln bi v kh SO2, NOx v
CO2; nhit in du FO pht thi ch yu l
kh SO2, NO2 v CO2; nhit in kh - tuabin
kh hn hp pht thi ch yu l kh CO2 v
NOx, hu nh khng c bi v kh SO2.
Khung 1.8. Ngnh nng lng Vit Nam

trc ni lo nhp khu nguyn liu
2030
n v tnh: ktoe
Cc nh my nhit in tp trung ch yu ti
khu vc pha Bc (Qung Ninh, Ninh Bnh,
Hi Dng) v khu vc pha Nam (Bnh
Thun, B Ra - Vng Tu, Cn Th, Tp. H
Ch Minh) v gn nh hu ht cc nh my
nhit in t than ch yu s dng nhit
in ngng hi, l hi tun hon t nhin,
hiu sut thp nng lng thp, thi nhiu
bi, SO2 v NO2, khng p ng yu cu v
bo v mi trng.
Dn dng
Biu 1.9. Cc lnh vc s dng nng lng

nc ta giai on 2010 - 2030
Ghi ch: ktoe (ting Anh: thousand tons of oil equivalent):
nghn tn du quy i
Ngun: UNDP, B KH&T, Vin Chin lc,
Chnh sch TN&MT, 2014
D kin n nm 2025, Vit Nam phi

nhp khu than phc v cho cc nh my
nhit in khong 215 triu tn. Trong tng
lai gn, Vit Nam s t mt nc xut khu
than thnh mt nc nhp khu do quy hoch
pht trin ngnh in cha c cn i trong
tng th quy hoch pht trin nng lng quc
gia, khi tp trung qu nhiu vo pht trin
nhit in s dng than nhp khu. Chin lc
ngnh than n nm 2015, c xt trin vng
n nm 2025 c Chnh ph ph duyt
cho thy cn i cung cu than cm, nht l
than cm cho in ang mc ng lo ngi.
Theo , Vit Nam s phi nhp khu khong
8 triu tn (nm 2012); 32 triu tn (2015) v
215 triu tn (2025) t cc nc Indonesia,
Australia.
Ngun: B Cng thng, 2013
18
Vic cn kit cc ngun nhin liu ha

thch trong sc p v nhu cu nng lng
cng m ra c hi pht trin cho ngnh
nng lng Vit Nam theo hng bn vng
hn trong khi tim nng in gi ca nc ta
chim ti 63% din tch lnh th; tim nng
nng lng mt tri, bc x theo vng tng
dn v pha Nam, vi tng x kh cao,
khai thc in mt tri. Bn cnh , pht
trin nng lng ht nhn giai on u s
ng gp n 9% (4.000 MW) trong c cu
ngun in9; y l ngun nng lng sch,
tuy nhin, nu khng m bo an ton mi
trng tuyt i th nh my in ht nhn
c th xy ra s c mi trng nghim trng.
y mnh pht trin ngun nng lng
ti to khng ch gii quyt vn cn bng
cung cu nng lng, an ninh nng lng m
cn gp phn quan trng gim pht thi kh
nh knh, chng bin i kh hu ton cu.
Trong h thng cung ng nng lng ni
chung cng nh in nng ni ring, thu
in l ngun nng lng ti to, chim t
9. Chng trnh pht trin ngun in giai on 2006 2025 theo Quyt nh s 110/2007/Q-TTg ngy 18 thng
7 nm 2007
Thy in
38,0%
Nhit in
26,0%
in kh
30,0%
Nc ta c nhiu li th trong vic pht

trin thu in nh nh h thng sng ngi
dy c. Vic pht trin hng lot cc cng
trnh thy in nh m khng ch n tc
ng tng hp v KT - XH v mi trng
dn n nhiu tc ng tiu cc, trong
s xm chim, ph hoi din tch rng t
nhin rt ln. Bn cnh , vic cc nh
u t xy dng thy in va v nh thin
nhiu v mc tiu pht in m khng ch
trng ng mc n vn hnh h thy in,
khin cho nguy c mt an ton v ma l,
thiu nc v ma kh ti vng h du cc
LVS l rt cao. Hn na, nhiu d n thy
in, ch u t khng thc hin theo cam
kt tin ra, chm trng rng b li
din tch rng do xy dng thy in tn
ph, dn n thin tai trong vng ngy mt
khc lit, e da an sinh x hi.
Khung 1.9. Pht trin thy in va v nh
C cu ngun in ca Vit Nam 2015
Khc
6,0%
trng kh ln trong h thng cung ng nng

lng nc ta. Thi gian qua, trn phm
vi ton quc, nhiu cng trnh thy in kt
hp vi cng trnh thy li v iu tit nc
c nh nc v cc doanh nghip u
t xy dng, mang li nhng li ch v KT XH cho nhiu a phng.
Cc ngun
nng lng mi
v ti to
5,3%
Ngun khc
0,7%
Biu 1.10. C cu ngun in ca Vit Nam

nm 2015
Ngun: T chc Bo tn thin nhin v Lin minh
Nng lng bn vng; EVN, 2015
Theo thng k, c nc hin c gn 7.000

h cha nc thy li, thy in, trong c
khong 6.000 h cha nc quy m nh (dung
tch cha di 10 triu m3 hoc cng sut nh
hn 15 MW). Cc d n ny ch yu do t nhn
lm ch u t. Ring bn tnh min Trung cng
hai tnh Ty nguyn l Kon Tum v k Nng
c gn 150 d n thy in ln nh c
ph duyt. Qung Nam l a phng c s
lng cc nh my thy in ln nht, c n
62 d n thy in nh vi tng cng sut ln
ti 1.601MW.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2015
19
CHNG 1
1.4. PHT TRIN XY DNG V SC P LN MI TRNG
Cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ha,
th ho, hot ng xy dng cng nghip,
xy dng nh dn dng, xy dng h tng
k thut v h tng x hi th v nng
thn din ra ht sc mnh m tt c
cc vng min ca t nc.
Sau mt thi gian kh di tng trng
thp hn hoc xp x mc tng trng GDP,
nm 2014, ngnh xy dng c du hiu
phc hi vi mc tng 7,07%, trong
cng trnh nh vn l ng lc tng trng
chnh vi t trng ln nht 44%. Lnh vc
xy dng cng trnh k thut dn dng vi
cc d n xy dng h tng nh cu ng,
hng khng, ng st, cng bin, nh my
in, du kh cng ang c mc tng
trng kh cao.
vt liu, che chn bi, x thi cht thi i

vi thi cng cc cng trnh xy dng v
phng tin chuyn ch nguyn vt liu,
nhng vic pht thi cht nhim t cc
hot ng ny vn l ngun gy nhim
mi trng khng kh, t, nc rt ln.
Cc hot ng xy dng nh o lp t,
p ph cng trnh c, vt liu xy dng b
ri vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thng
gy nhim bi kh nghim trng i vi
mi trng khng kh xung quanh. CTR xy
dng c thi ra vi s lng ln, trn din
tch rng, c mc nh hng ln, nu
khng c x l, v lu di tnh cht th
nhng ti khu vc s b thay i, nh
hng ti s sinh trng ca thc vt, ng
thi gy nh hng xu ti cnh quan.
Mc d c quy nh v BVMT trong

hot ng xy dng nh vn chuyn nguyn
nghn m2
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
TDMN pha
Bc
14.147
Bc Trung
B v DHMT
13.399
Ty Nguyn
2010
B sng
Hng
23.993
2011
22.619
10.521
16.665
2012
18.841
10.829
2013
22.345
12.329
4.505
ng Nam
B
11.757
B sng
Cu Long
18.084
4.143
11.355
19.063
17.382
5.321
10.338
18.602
17.717
5.640
10.875
17.715
Biu 1.11. Din tch sn xy dng nh phn theo vng

20
1.5. PHT TRIN GIAO THNG V SC P LN MI TRNG

1.5.1. Pht trin giao thng ng b
Khung 1.10. Thi cng nng cp, m rng
Quc l 1: Dn bc xc v bi m mt
Vic trin khai d n m rng Quc l
1A t 2 ln 4 ln t thc y s pht
trin ca cc a phng m n i qua, bn
cnh cng mang n nhng tc ng
khng nh ti mi trng xung quanh nh:
gia tng nng bi, gia tng mc n, nh
hng xu n mi trng x hi, thm m
cnh quan khu vc, nh hng n mt s
loi sinh vt sng trong vng, nh hng
n c cu s dng t.
Trong qu trnh nng cp, m rng
Quc l 1 qua a bn cc tnh, vic thi
cng chm tin , gy bi m mt ang
khin d lun bc xc.
Tha Thin Hu: D n nng cp, m
rng Quc l 1A qua Tha Thin Hu thi
cng ngn ngang, nhiu on ng o
nn xong vy vi thi gian di, dn n
tim n nguy c xy ra tai nn giao thng.
Trong lc thi cng, cc n v cn thiu
trch nhim trong vic m bo v sinh
mi trng v an ton giao thng, nhim
bi lm nh hng nghim trng n
khu vc dn c ln cn.
Ph Yn: Bi m mt phong ta nhiu
on ng trn tuyn Quc l 1A qua a
bn Ph Yn ang gy nhiu bc xc ca
ngi i ng v cc gia nh sinh sng
dc tuyn ng ny.
Khnh Ha: Thi gian qua, mt s nh
thu thi cng d n m rng Quc l 1A
qua a bn tnh Khnh Ha khng ch
n vic bo m v sinh mi trng khu
vc xung quanh cng trnh. iu ny
dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nghim trng, khi bi bay vo nh dn rt
nhiu, gy nh hng khng nh n cuc
sng sinh hot ca ngi dn dc tuyn
quc l ny.
H tng giao thng, c bit l h thng

giao thng ng b pht trin kh nhanh.
Trong 5 nm qua, kt cu h tng giao thng
c nc tng bc c ci thin, mt s
cng trnh giao thng ln quan trng hon
thnh nh Cu Nht Tn, Nh ga T2 - sn
bay quc t Ni Bi, ng ni cu Nht
Tn vi sn bay Ni Bi, ng cao tc Ni
Bi - Lo Cai, ng cao tc Cu Gi - Ninh
Bnh, ng cao tc HCM - Long Thnh Du Giy v rt nhiu cng trnh giao thng
khc. Vn ti duy tr mc tng trng 8% vi
tng chiu di 570.448 km gm 3 h thng
chnh: (1) 21.109 km quc l (QL); (2) 583
km ng cao tc a vo khai thc; (3)
H thng ng do cc a phng qun l
vi tng chiu di 548.756 km.
Tuy nhin, kt cu h tng giao thng
nc ta vn cha p ng c nhu cu
pht trin KT - XH; chi ph vn ti cao; tnh
kt ni cc vng min cn hn ch, ch
yu vn ti bng ng b; giao thng
th cha pht trin, v d nh vn ti hnh
khch cng cng trong th cn hn ch,
n tc giao thng vn xy ra cc th
ln nh Th H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh,
Bn cnh , cht lng h tng cn thp
cng vi pht trin v xy dng cc khu dn
c, KCN dc theo cc tuyn quc l,... ny
gy tnh trng bc xc v giao thng,
nhim mi trng v to sc p ln n mi
trng khng kh nc ta.
Cng vi tc th ha nhanh v
vic gia tng dn s c hc ti cc th, s
gia tng nhanh chng s lng phng tin
21
CHNG 1
Khung 1.11. nhim bi do hot ng xy dng
h tng th
Ti ng Nai, vic xy dng ng dn ln cu ng Nai,
cu vt Tn Vn; xy dng cu vt qua tuyn ng st ti
ng ba Cua Heo (th x Long Khnh) ko di trong c nm
2014 gy nhim bi cc khu vc xung quanh.
Ti H Ni, vic tuyn ng st trn cao Ct Linh - H
ng xy dng trong thi gian ko di (khi cng cui nm
2011, d kin ko di n thng 6/2016) gy nh hng
khng nh ti hot ng giao thng v sinh hot ca cc khu
vc dn c xung quanh. nhim bi l vn d nhn bit
nht bng mt thng, c bit vo nhng ngy nng nng.
Ngun: Bo co HTMT tnh ng Nai giai on 2011 - 2015;
TCMT tng hp, 2015.
Khung 1.12. Giao thng th v mi trng

Theo s liu thng k, ti cc th ln, cc ch tiu v h
tng giao thng cn thp, ch p ng c khong 35 - 40%
so vi nhu cu cn thit, nh: ti H Ni, din tch t giao
thng khong 7,8%, mt ng t 3,89km/km2; ti Tp.
H Ch Minh din tch t giao thng khong 7,5%, mt
ng t 3,88km/km2. Cc ch tiu giao thng ti cc th
loi thp hn cng nh hn nhiu so vi yu cu cn thit.
Din tch cc im xe ch t khong 25% nhu cu song
cha c quy hoch c th. Mt ng chnh t 40%, mt
ca ng lin khu vc, phn khu vc thp nht ch t
20 - 30% so vi yu cu.
Xe my
M t, xe gn my
(Triu xe)
(Triu xe)
t c ng c chy do nn (izen)
50
2,5
t c ng c chy cng bc (xng/ LPG)
40
30
1,5
20
10
0,5
giao thng c gii c nhn

gy ra tnh trng n tc giao
thng v cn tr qu trnh pht
trin KT - XH cng nh gia
tng s nhim khng kh ti
cc th.
Phng tin c gii tng
cao theo tng nm. Ti H Ni:
xe con tng bnh qun 17,23%/
nm, xe gn my tng bnh
qun 11,02%/nm, ti Tp. H
Ch Minh: xe con tng bnh
qun 14,88%/nm, xe gn my
tng bnh qun 9,79%/nm10.
i i vi s lng xe ln l
mt phng tin mc qu
cao. t c nhn tp trung cao
th ln, chim dng mt
ng v mc kh thi cao
gp t 5 - 10 ln so vi xe my.
Bn cnh , s lng xe my
c, xe km cht lng, xe khng
c bo dng thng xuyn,
nh k, ng quy cch, chim
phn kh ln v y chnh l
nguyn nhn chnh gy nn
nhim khng kh th.
10. n Pht trin hp l cc phng
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
9-2015
Biu 1.12. S liu phng tin giao thng ng b

trn ton quc giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Cc ng kim Vit Nam, 2015
22
thc vn ti ti cc thnh ph ln Vit

Nam, B GTVT, 2013
Khung 1.13. Tc pht trin cc phng tin giao thng 2011 - 2015
Nm 2011, theo thng k ca Cc ng kim Vit Nam, s lng t l 1,428 triu chic, m t xe my
l 33,9 triu chic; tnh n ht nm 2014, theo s liu t ca B Giao thng Vn ti, Vit Nam hin cn
lu hnh gn 40 triu m t, xe my vt xa mc d kin vo nm 2020 (36 triu), s lng t gn 2 triu
chic. Ring Tp. H Ch Minh tnh n thng 12/2014, tng s phng tin giao thng trn a bn thnh
ph c 6.949.285 phng tin, bao gm 578.138 t v 6.271.147 xe my (cha k khong mt triu xe
my t cc tnh do ngi dn mang vo thnh ph i lm). Cng theo thng k ca B Giao thng Vn
ti t u nm 2015 n nay, mi qu, s lng xe my ng k mi khong 700.000; s lng t n cui
nm c th tng thm 200.000 chic. Vi tng trng nh hin nay, d bo n nm 2020 s xe my s
tng thm 13 triu chic, sn lng tiu th t nm 2020 s t 300.000 chic.
Ngun: Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015
Bng 1.4. Kt qu kim tra kh thi, ting n, khi bi

ca phng tin giao thng c gii ng b
Kt qu kim tra nm 2014
(t ngy 01/01/2014 n ngy 31/5/2014)
Kt qu kim tra nm 2013

Phn loi
S lt
kim tra
S lt
kim
tra
S t tiu chun
S lng
Ln 1
Ln tip theo
S
lng
S
lng
S lt
kim
tra
1.221.881
959.807
78,55
262.074
21,45
T 10 n
15 nm
244.736
164.331
67,15
80,405
T 15 n
20 nm
223.527
129,407
57,89
Trn 20
nm
238.657
128.133
53,68
t ang
lu hnh
S lt
kim tra
T 10 nm
tr xung
S t tiu chun
S lng
Ln 1
Ln tip theo
S
lng
S lng
487.637
343.745
70,49
143.892
29,51
32,85
137.359
81.855
59,59
55.504
40,41
94.120
42,11
77.272
36.063
46,67
41.209
53,33
110.544
46,32
105.536
46.938
44,48
58.598
55,52
Ngun: S liu bo co ca B Giao thng vn ti ti cng vn s 8061/BGTVT-MT ngy 04/7/2014
23
CHNG 1
Theo Hip hi Xng du c tnh, xng
du tiu th ni a c nm 2015 t khong
16,4 triu m3/tn (tng khong 6% so vi
nm 2014), trong khong 50% l tiu th
dnh cho cc phng tin giao thng vn ti.
Bn cnh , theo cc chuyn gia, Vit Nam
c sc tiu th xng du tng mnh nht khu
vc, tnh ring giai on t 1994 n 2013
(trong thi gian 20 nm) mc tiu th
xng du Vit Nam tng 7,5% nm. Vi
gi nh tc tng t nay n nm 2020
cng l 7,5% th n 2020 Vit Nam s tiu
th khong hn 23,5 triu m3/tn.
C th thy rng, hot ng giao
thng vn ti ang tip tc gy p lc rt
ln ln mi trng, nht l mi trng khng
kh ti cc th (hai th ln l H Ni v
Tp. H Ch Minh chim n 30% tng s xe
my, m t v 50% s xe t cc loi ca
c nc). iu ny i hi phi c cc gii
php ng b trong qun l v kim sot
ngun thi ti khu vc th trong thi gian
sp ti.
1.5.2. Pht trin h thng cc cng bin

Vi li th l quc gia nm st ng
hng hi quc t, ni c mt tu bin qua
li cao nht nh th gii v thun li v iu
kin a l, nc ta c nhiu iu kin
xy dng v pht trin h thng cng bin,
k c cc cng bin nc su trn khp cc
vng bin ca c nc.
Tnh n thng 9/2014, cc tnh/ thnh
vng duyn hi nc ta c tng cng 44
cng bin cc loi, trong c 14 cng bin
loi I, IA, 17 cng bin loi II v 13 cng
bin loi III bao gm khong 219 bn cng
vi gn 44 km cu cng v hng chc khu
chuyn ti. Sn lng hng ha thng qua
h thng cng bin c t 370,3 triu tn,
tng 14%, trong hng container t 10,24
triu TEUs11, tng 20,1% so vi nm 2013.
11. TEUs l t vit tt ca twenty-foot equivalent units

trong ting Anh, tc n v tng ng 20 foot
Bng 1.5. H thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030
Nhm
Lng hng ha
thng qua cng n nm 2015
(triu tn/nm)
Lng hng ha
thng qua cng n nm 2020
(triu tn/nm)
Tng
Hng ha,
container
Tng
Hng ha,
container
1 - Cng bin pha Bc

t Qung Ninh n Ninh Bnh
112 - 117
81 - 83
153 - 164
113 - 120
2 - Cng bin Bc Trung B

t Thanh Ha n H Tnh
46,7 - 48
10,7 - 11
101 - 106
15,2 - 16
3 - Cng bin Trung Trung B

t Qung Bnh n Qung Ngi
31 - 32,5
15,8 - 16,2
56,5 - 70
22,3 - 23,7
4 - Cng bin Nam Trung B

t Bnh nh n Bnh Thun
24 - 25
14,6 - 15
61 - 62,5
20,4 - 21,6
5 - Cng bin ng Nam B
172 - 175
142 - 145,5
238 - 248
191 - 200
6 - Cng bin B sng Cu Long
10 - 11,2
7,7 - 8,4
25 - 28
11,5 - 14
Ngun: Quyt nh 1037/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh ngy 24/06/2014 ph duyt iu chnh Quy hoch
pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030
24
Khung 1.14. Pht trin cng bin v nguy c

nhim mi trng
Trong thi gian ngn nc ta xy dng
thm nhiu bn cng. Nhn chung, khng
gian pht trin cng thng xy dng nhng
ni c cc HST nhy cm v c gi tr. Hu
qu l hu ht cc hot ng ca cng u tc
ng tiu cc n sinh thi v mi trng t
nhin nh mt cc ni sinh c, nhim nc,
khng kh, v t xung quanh khu vc cng.
Khi xy dng cng Ci Ln (Qung Ninh)
no vt lung cng chm qua vnh H Long,
no vt tc ng xu ti h sinh thi y
bin. Vic m rng cng cng vi cc cng
trnh khu vc cng lm cho 359 ha rng ngp
mn v 47 ha bi bin, hng chc ha c bin
b ph hu. Khi no vt cng Nng lm
suy thoi nng rn san h vng ny. Nhng
tc nhn gy nhim nguy hi cng v vng
cng, ln nht l du, cc ph thi trn tu v
ph liu xy dng cng c tun xung bin,
lm nhim c khng kh, t v nc.
Xe my
t cc loi
t con
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TSP SO
NO
CO VOC
TSP
SO2
NO2
CO
VOC
2
2
Biu 1.13. T l ng gp pht thi cc cht

gy nhim khng kh do cc phng tin giao
thng c gii ng b ton quc nm 2014
(Tnh ton theo h s pht thi WHO, 1993)
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc mi trng
- TCMT, 2015
Pht trin v s lng cng bin v mt

tu thuyn trong nhng nm qua lm gia
tng mi e da v nhim mi trng. Vic
u t m cng nhng a phng khng c
nhiu li th cng nc su trong khi hng ha
t, iu kin t nhin khng cho php khin mt
s cng phi lm chn sng, no vt lung
hng hi, thng xuyn duy tu bo dng, lm
mi h thng giao thng ng b thm ch
ph v quy hoch, gy nhim nghim trng
gay n mi trng bin.
1.5.3. Sc p t hot ng giao thng
Hot ng giao thng vn ti c xem l
mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim ln i
vi mi trng khng kh, c bit cc khu
th v khu vc ng dn c ni m hot
ng giao thng pht trin mnh.
Cc phng tin giao thng c gii s
dng xng v du diesel lm nhin liu to
ra s chuyn ng, qu trnh t chy nhin
liu ny dn ti pht sinh nhiu cc cht
nhim khng kh khc nhau, bao gm CO,
VOCs, SO2, NOx, bi ch,... Bn cnh cn
ko theo s hnh thnh bi TSP do t ct b
cun bay ln t mt ng ph mt v sinh
trong qu trnh di chuyn.
Ti nc ta hin nay, s gia tng cc
phng tin giao thng c gii ng b, c
bit l t v xe my cng vi cht lng cc
tuyn ng cha p ng nhu cu, cht lng
nhin liu s dng cn thp l nhng nguyn
nhn chnh gy nn nhim mi trng khng
kh. Theo cc kt qu kim ton pht thi cho
thy, xe my chim t trng ln trong s pht
thi cc cht nhim CO, VOCs, TSP; t con
chim t trng ln trong s pht thi SO2, NO2;
cc loi t cn li pht sinh nhiu bi TSP,
SO2 v NO2.
25
CHNG 1
Lng pht thi cc cht nhim khng
kh TSP, NOx, CO, SO2,... tng ln hng nm
cng vi s pht trin ca cc phng tin
giao thng ng b. Cht lng phng
tin cn hn ch (xe c, khng c bo
dng thng xuyn), lm gia tng ng k
nng cc cht nhim trong khng kh.
1.6. PHT TRIN DCH V, Y T V SC

P LN MI TRNG
Bn cnh , cc tuyn ng cht

hp, xung cp, thiu quy hoch ng b,
cha p ng nhu cu i li cng vi thc
tham gia giao thng ca ngi dn cha cao
gy hin tng n tc giao thng cng l
yu t ng k lm nghim trng thm vn
nhim mi trng khng kh, c bit
Dch v ngy cng chim v tr trng

yu trong nn kinh t quc dn v l yu t
ng gp quan trng cho tng trng kinh t.
T trng dch v trong GDP tng theo hng
tch cc, t khong 44% vo nm 201512.
l ti cc th ln nh H Ni v Tp. H
Ch Minh.
Khung 1.15. Khch du lch trong v ngoi nc

nm 2014-2015
Nm 2014, lng khch du lch t 5 nc Ty
u n Vit Nam t hn 635.000 lt ngi,
so vi gn 516.000 lt ngi nm 2010, trung
bnh giai on 2010 - 2014 tng 5,35%/nm.
Nm 2015 cng chng kin s tng trng
mnh m ca khch du lch ni a vi 48,8
triu lt ngi (c nm 2014 t 38,5 triu lt
ngi), trong gn 50% l khch lu tr vn l
i tng chi tiu nhiu, gp phn a tng thu
t khch du lch trong 9 thng t 269.458 t
ng, tng 2,8% so vi cng k nm 2014.
Ngun: Tng cc Du lch, 2015
Ngnh dch v sau thi gian tng trng

kh, giai on ny c s bin ng nh;
tuy nhin ngnh dch v vn gi tc tng
trng cao hn so vi tc tng trng tng
sn phm quc ni (GDP).
Mt s ngnh dch v c tim nng, li

th ang c tp trung pht trin nh cng
ngh thng tin, truyn thng, giao nhn vn ti, ti chnh, ngn hng, du lch, thng
mi in t... Mng li thng mi v dch
v pht trin mnh trn phm vi c nc,
p ng tt hn yu cu pht trin KT - XH.
Tuy nhin, s pht trin dch v cn nhiu
hn ch, c tc tng thp hn giai on
trc. Cc ngnh dch v c hm lng tri
thc cao nh ti chnh - tn dng, khoa hc
v cng ngh, gio dc v o to, y t cn
chim t trng rt nh trong GDP ca ton
nn kinh t. Bn cnh , s gn kt gia
cng nghip - nng nghip vi dch v cn
nhiu bt cp.
1.6.1. Pht trin du lch
Mc d chu s nh hng ca nhng
bin ng ton cu v khu vc, du lch Vit
Nam vn tng trng vi lng khch quc
t ti tham quan, ngh dng tng theo hng
12. Bo co tnh hnh kinh t - x hi nm 2015 v 5 nm
2011 - 2015; phng hng, nhim v 5 nm 2016 - 2020
v nm 2016 ca Chnh ph ti K hp th 10, Quc hi
kha XIII, ngy 20/10/2015
26

Bng 1.6. Lng khch quc t n Vit Nam
n v: lt khch
Ch tiu
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
Khch quc t
2.140.100
3.477.500
5.049.855
6.014.032
6.847.678
7.572.352
ng khng
1.113.140
2.335.180
4.061.712
5.031.586
5.575.904
5.979.953
ng bin
256.052
200.471
50.500
46.321
285.545
193.261
ng b
770.908
941.849
937.643
936.125
986.229
1.399.138
Ngun: B Vn ha, Th thao v Du lch, 2014
nm (Bng 1.6), cng vi l s m rng

quy m v c s vt cht k thut dch v du
lch; h thng h tng, lu tr, vn chuyn,
gii tr...
Do tc pht trin nhanh chng v
vic gia tng lng khch du lch, tng cng
hot ng xy dng pht trin c s h tng
dch v du lch; gia tng nhu cu s dng
cc gi tr ti nguyn thin nhin nh cc
ngun nc, cnh quan t nhin, bi bin,
h nc, gy tc ng khng nh n
mi trng c th hin r nt nht l vn
rc thi, nc thi, cht thi c hi v
vn v sinh mi trng t hot ng du
lch
Ti nhiu khu vc, do hot ng du lch
pht trin nng vt nng lc qun l hoc
Bng 1.7. Mt vi ch s c bn
ngnh Y t nm 2013 - 2014
TT
Ch s
n v
T l ging bnh/
vn dn (khng bao
gm TYT x)
Ging
T l x t tiu ch
quc gia v y t
3
4
2013 2014
22,5
23,0
50
55
T l dn s tham
gia BHYT
69,5
70,8
Tui th trung bnh
Tui
73,1
73,2
Ngun: B Y t, 2015
do nhn thc ca nhng ngi c trch nhim

v iu hnh cn hn ch nn cc hot ng
du lch vt qu kh nng p ng ca ti
nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, gy tnh
trng nhim cc b v nguy c suy thoi
mi trng v lu di, tc ng ngc tr li
qu trnh pht trin du lch.
1.6.2. Pht trin y t
Thi gian va qua, ngnh y t nc ta
c bc pht trin ng k nh ng dng
thnh cng nhiu thnh tu y hc hin i,
ngn chn thnh cng nhng dch bnh
nguy him, cng c mng li y t cc
tuyn, gp phn nng cao an sinh x hi
v tng bc nng cao cht lng sc khe
ngi dn.
Hin c nc c hn 13.500 c s y t
cng v t, hng ngy thi ra 47 tn cht
thi y t nguy hi (chim t l khong 15 20% trong tng lng CTR y t pht sinh),
tng lng nc thi y t pht sinh cn x
l ln ti 125.000 m3/ngy13. Thi gian qua,
hn ch nhng tc ng xu t cht thi
y t, nhiu ngun lc c u t cho
cng tc BVMT y t, tuy nhin, cng tc
BVMT trong lnh vc y t vn cn bc l
nhiu hn ch, tn ti.
13. Cc Qun l mi trng y t, B Y t, 2015
27
CHNG 1
Khung 1.16. X l cc c s y t gy nhim
mi trng nghim trng
Ti Quyt nh 1788/Q-TTg ngy 1/10/2013,
(Ph duyt K hoch x l trit cc c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng), n nm 2020 c
169 c s y t trong danh sch c s gy nhim
mi trng nghim trng, trong giai on n nm
2015, c 53 bnh vin v giai on n nm 2020
c 116 bnh vin phi x l trit , dt im tnh
trng nhim mi trng nghim trng. Trong s 169
bnh vin nm trong danh sch c s gy nhim
mi trng nghim trng, ch c 1 bnh vin trc
thuc B Y t v hin nay bnh vin ny c
cp chng nhn hon thnh x l trit tnh trng
nhim mi trng theo quy nh v ra khi danh
sch c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Cn
li 168 bnh vin nm trong danh sch c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng u thuc quyn
qun l ca cc a phng v UBND tnh/thnh ph
phi c trch nhim gii quyt tnh trng gy nhim
ca cc c s ny.
Tuy nhin, n thi im thng 7/2015, ch c
9/169 bnh vin c cp chng nhn hon thnh
x l trit tnh trng nhim mi trng theo quy
nh; 68/169 bnh vin hon thnh vic xy dng
h thng x l cht thi theo quy nh, hin ang
lm th tc c cp chng nhn hon thnh vic
x l trit tnh trng nhim mi trng; 32/169
bnh vin ang trin khai d n u t xy dng h
thng x l cht thi y t nhm khc phc tnh trng
nhim mi trng nghim trng; 60/169 bnh vin
ang tm kim ngun vn u t xy dng h thng
x l cht thi y t.
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
m3/ngy
14.000
140000
120000
12.000
100000
10.000
80000
8.000
60000
6.000
40000
4.000
20000
2.000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Ghi ch: Thi lng nc thi c tnh ton da trn h s pht

thi ca WHO, 1993 v s lng ging bnh - NGTK, 2014
Biu 1.14. Thi lng nc thi y t

tnh trn phm vi ton quc qua cc nm
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng tng hp, 2015
28
Trn thc t, nhiu bnh vin

c xy dng t rt lu, khng c h
thng thu gom, x l cht thi; vic kim
tra, gim st cng tc BVMT cha c
ch trng ng mc dn ti cng tc
qun l cht thi y t cn lng lo; c
bit mt s cc c s y t t nhn cn trn
trnh ngha v x l cc loi cht thi
pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng; cc
c s khm cha bnh vng su, vng
xa khng m bo cc th tc php l v
ng k n BVMT, cc h s php l
v mi trng. Nhng nguyn nhn ny
khin cho thc trng qun l mi trng
y t cn gp nhiu kh khn, gy p lc
khng nh i vi mi trng.
Hin nay, hu ht cc bnh vin do
B Y t qun l c u t h thng
x l nc thi tp trung. Tuy nhin, ti
cc bnh vin thuc S Y t a phng
qun l hay cc bnh vin thuc ngnh
khc qun l, cng nh cc c s khm
cha bnh t nhn nm ri rc, phn ln
cha c h thng x l nc thi. Mt s
lng ln cc cht c hi trong nc thi
y t khng th x l c bng phng
php x l nc thi thng thng.
Theo iu tra kho st, i vi cc
bnh vin quy m cp tnh v thnh ph
c t 250 - 500 ging, lu lng nc thi
khong 100 - 150 m3/ngy m v i vi
cc bnh vin nh tuyn huyn v trung
tm c t 50 - 250 ging th lu lng
nc thi t 50 - 100 m3/ngy m. Lng
nc thi y t pht sinh hng nm tng
dn theo thi gian. Mc gia tng ca
lng nc thi y t giai on 2011 - 2014
mc d khng c s gia tng t bin so
vi giai on 2005 - 2010 nhng cng duy
tr mc kh cao (Biu 1.14).
1.7. PHT TRIN NNG NGHIP V SC P LN MI TRNG

Sn xut nng nghip giai on 2011
- 2015 tuy gp mt s kh khn do thi
tit khc nghit, hn hn, xm nhp mn,
th trng tiu th nng sn gp kh khn,
gi xung thp nhng gi tr sn xut
nng, lm nghip v thu sn tnh ring
nm 2014 c tnh t 830 nghn t ng,
tng 3,86% so vi nm 2013, trong :
nng nghip t 617,5 nghn t ng, tng
2,86%; lm nghip t 23,9 nghn t ng,
tng 7,09%; thu sn t 188,6 nghn t
ng, tng 6,82%.
1.7.1. Hot ng trng trt v sc p ln
mi trng
Lnh vc trng trt tng bc chuyn
sang sn xut hng ha, gn vi th trng,
l ngnh chim t trng ch yu trong tng
gi tr sn xut nng nghip. Nng nghip
trng trt dn chuyn theo hng cht lng
cao, ng dng cng ngh sinh hc, c gii
ha c bit l vic p dng sn xut cc
ging cy trng mi vi sn lng v nng
sut cao, cy trng gi tr, gp phn thay i
c cu cy trng.
Sn lng v nng sut cy trng khng
ngng tng cao ko theo nhu cu s dng
phn bn v ha cht BVTV ngy cng
nhiu. Trong khi cc nc pht trin c
xu hng gim vic s dng phn bn th
ti cc nc ang pht trin, trong c
Vit Nam, chiu hng ny li tng. Theo
Cc Trng trt - B NN&PTNT, nc ta
hiu sut s dng phn bn ch t trung
bnh 45-50% vi phn m, 25-35% vi
ln, 60% vi kali, phn cn li b tht thot
v s dng lng ph.
Vic s dng phn bn ha hc mt

cn i, phn hu c, phn vi sinh dn b
qun lng, thi gian bn, cch bn phn
khng c c s khoa hc v mang tnh t
pht, dn n hu qu lm nhim mi
trng, mt cn bng sinh thi, lm cho t
b chua ha, mt kh nng sn xut.
Song song vi vic s dng phn bn trn
lan, lng thuc BVTV cng ang tng nhanh.
Theo thng k ca Cc Bo v thc vt - B
NN&PTNT (2015), t nm 2011 n nay, hng
nm Vit Nam nhp v s dng t 70.000 n
100.000 tn thuc BVTV.
Bng 1.8. Hiu sut s dng phn bn cho la
qua cc thi k
Hiu sut,
kg thc/kg
NPK
NPK,
kg/ha/v
Thi k
1960 - 1979
15 - 20
110 -133
1980 - 1989
50 - 55
50 - 55
1990 - 1999
75 - 90
41 - 43
2000 - 2010
174 - 209
15 - 25
Ngun: Vin Khoa hc k thut nng nghip

min Nam, 2014
Tn thnh phm
Thuc tr c
Thuc tr bnh
Thuc tr su
120000
12.000
10.000
100000
8.000
80000
6.000
60000
4.000
40000
2.000
20000
1991
2000
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Biu 1.15. Khi lng cc nhm thuc BVTV

Vit Nam
Ngun: Cc Trng trt, B NN&PTNT, 2013
29
CHNG 1
Tnh trng thuc gi, nhi v thuc
nhp lu trn lan trn th trng cng l
mt vn nhc nhi trong vn qun
l v s dng thuc BVTV. Trong , thuc
tr su chim khong 20%, thuc tr bnh
chim khong 23%, thuc tr c chim
khong 44%, cc loi thuc BVTV khc
chim 13%. 80% s thuc BVTV nhp v
l t Trung Quc. Trong s cc loi thuc
BVTV m Vit Nam ang s dng vn cn
nhng loi c c cao, nhiu loi thuc
lc hu.
Gia tng liu lng v chng loi thuc
BVTV, phn bn ha hc s dng trong trng
trt, nhng cng tc thu gom, lu gi v x l
cc loi ha cht, v bao b ha cht BVTV
cha c quan tm ng mc, nhiu ni,
thi b ngay ti ng rung gy pht sinh
mi, kh thi gy nh hng n mi trng
khng kh.
Vic s dng v qun l thuc BVTV
trong ngnh nng nghip cn gp nhiu
kh khn do c ti 80% thuc BVTV ti
Vit Nam ang c s dng sai mc ch.
Thm vo , s dng thuc khng ng k
thut lm cho su bnh quen thuc gy ra
hin tng khng thuc BVTV, nhiu loi
sinh vt c ch (thin ch) b tiu dit, gy
mt cn bng sinh thi, su bnh hi cng
pht trin mnh hn v nng dn cng dng
thuc nhiu hn. Mt thc trng ng lu
l xu hng ca ngi dn thch s dng cc
loi thuc r tin, cng dng mnh, nhng
li t quan tm n an ton mi trng. Cc
c n 50% - 70% lng phn bn v c

khng c cy trng hp th, thi ra mi
trng14. Nc thi t hot ng chuyn
canh nng nghip c cha cc thnh phn
c hi nh ha cht BVTV, phn bn ha
hc v ang gy ra nguy c nhim mi
trng t, nc di t v nc mt cc
khu vc ln cn.
Khung 1.17. c tnh thi lng cc kh thi

do t sinh khi ti Chu
Ti chu , da trn cc cng trnh nghin
cu cho thy, hng nm ngun pht thi do t
sinh khi ngoi tri c tnh t 0,37 triu tn
SO2, 2,8 triu tn NOx, 1100 triu tn CO2, 67
triu tn CO v 3,1 triu tn CH4. Ring lng
pht thi do t cy trng theo c tnh t: 0,1
triu tn SO2, 0,96 triu tn NOx, 379 triu tn
CO2, 23 triu tn CO v 0,68 triu tn CH4.
Ngun: i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2013
Khung 1.18. nhim mi trng

do t rm r sau ma v
Trong nhng nm gn y, hin tng t
rm r Thi Bnh din ra kh ph bin, gy
nh hng khng nh n cht lng mi trng
khng kh ti thi im t. Nm 2012, theo kt
qu tnh ton cho ton tnh Thi Bnh, c tnh
lng kh thi t t rm r cho thy: lng CO2
pht thi ln nht: 738,8 nghn tn/nm chim
89,57% tng lng kh pht thi, CO: 58,3 nghn tn/nm chim 7,08%(1).
Ti Cn Th, rm r sau thu hoch cng c
t ngay trn ng rung. Theo bo co, khong
86% lng rm r sau ma v c t to ra
lng bi thi ln km theo mui en v kh
CO2(2).
Ngun: (1) i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2013;
(2)
S TN&MT Cn Th, 2015.
cht c hi nu trn tn ti d lng trong

mi trng, ngm xung t, ngun nc
gy nhim mi trng. Hng nm c tnh
30
14. Bo co tng kt cng tc BVMT giai on 2011 2015 v nh hng giai on 2016-2020, B TN&MT,
Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015
Bn cnh , sau mi ma ngi dn

thng t b rm r v cc sinh khi khc
ngay trn ng rung. Hot ng ny
gy ra hin tng khi m cho cc vng ln
cn. Vic t rm r ngoi tri l qu trnh
t khng kim sot, trong sn phm
ch yu l cc cht kh: CO2, CO, NOx, bi
mn, cc hp cht Anhit iu ny v
ang gy ra cc nh hng xu ti sc khe
con ngi.
1.7.2. Hot ng chn nui v sc p ln
mi trng
Hot ng chn nui gia sc, gia cm
thi gian qua tng trng lin tc vi cc
trang tri chn nui tp trung ngy cng
c m rng v quy m v din tch. S
lng gia sc, gia cm tng cao tr li
sau mt vi nm chng li v dch bnh.
Hot ng chn nui ch yu l chn nui
ln (56% nng h) v gia cm (69%), ring
chn nui b sa tip tc tng nhanh vng
ng Nam B (chim 75%) v cc tnh pha
Bc (chim 20%). Bn cnh mt s trang
tri c u t tp trung vi quy m ln,
triu con
triu con
Gia sc
Gia cm
330
36,6
36,4
325
36,2
320
36,0
315
35,8
310
35,6
35,4
305
35,2
300
295
35,0
2011
2012
2013
2014
34,8
* Ghi ch: Gia sc bao gm b, d, cu, ln.
Biu 1.16. S lng chn nui gia sc,

gia cm giai on 2011 - 2014
vn cn ph bin hnh thc chn nui cn

manh mn, nh l, phn nhiu c nui
quy m h gia nh.
Theo Cc Chn nui - B NN&PTNT,
trung bnh mi nm ngnh chn nui thi
ra 85 - 90 triu tn phn, nhng ch khong
40% c x l, phn cn li b x thi trc
tip ra mi trng, nh hng n nng sut
chn nui, gy nhim t, nc mt, nc
ngm, to mi kh chu, nh hng ti sc
khe ngi dn.
Theo c tnh hin c nc c 8,5 triu
h chn nui quy m gia nh, 18.000 trang
tri chn nui tp trung15, nhng mi ch c
8,7% s h xy dng cng trnh kh sinh hc
(hm biogas). T l h gia nh c chung
tri chn nui hp v sinh cng ch chim
10% v ch c 0,6% s h c cam kt BVMT.
Vn cn khong 23% s h chn nui khng
x l cht thi bng bt k phng php no
m x thng ra mi trng bn ngoi gy
nhim mi trng16.
Cc nghin cu cho thy, mi nm
ngnh chn nui gia sc, gia cm thi ra
khong 75 - 85 triu tn kh thi, trong
kh CO2 chim 9%, kh CH4 chim 37%, kh
NOx chim 65% cn li l cc kh khc nh:
H2S, NH3 Theo bo co ca Vin Chn
nui, nng kh H2S v NH3 trong cht
thi chn nui cao hn khong 30 - 40 ln
mc cho php. Kh CO2 t chn nui ch
yu pht sinh t vic t nhin liu chy
my mc dng cho thc n gia sc, gia cm.
Kh CH4 pht sinh ch yu t qu trnh ln
men thc n d c ca ng vt nhai li
v phn ca gia sc.
15. Cc Chn nui, B NN&PTNT, 2014
16. Bo v mi trng trong chn nui quy m nng h,
Trn Vit Cng, Vin Mi trng Nng nghip, 2014
31
CHNG 1
1.7.3. Hot ng nui trng thy sn v sc p ln
mi trng
Khung 1.19. nhim khng kh
t chn nui
Tnh Thi Bnh c khong 700
trang tri, 16.000 gia tri nm phn
tn ti cc vng nng thn nn rt
kh qun l v kim sot ngun thi.
Kh thi, mi hi t hot ng ny
gy nhim mi trng v nh hng
ti cc khu vc dn c ln cn.
Hot ng chn nui gia sc, gia
cm ti H Tnh cng tng trng
mnh vi cc trang tri chn nui
tp trung ngy cng c m rng v
quy m v din tch. Tnh n nm
2015, H Tnh c 134 gia tri, trang
tri quy m ln (t 300 - 6.000 con/
la). Theo s liu thng k, mi nm
hot ng chn nui trn a bn
tnh thi ra khong 2.200 - 2.400
tn/nm cht thi. Cht thi t hot
ng chn nui gia sc, gia cm ti
mt s trang tri, c s chn nui
nh khng c x l ng k thut,
x trc tip ra mi trng l nguyn
nhn lm nhim mi trng khng
kh, t, nc. Ngoi ra, mi cng
l vn ni cm do nh hng t
cc cht thi chn nui cha c
x l tt. in hnh nh cc c s
chn nui nng h, vng chn nui
ln vi mt cao, v d khu Cm
Bnh (Cm Xuyn), Thch Thng,
Thch Hi (Thch H)... do k thut
vn hnh v cng ngh x l ca cc
hm khng ph hp nn mt s ni
mi trng vn ghi nhn tnh trng
nhim, cc kh thi v mi pht
tn lm nh hng n dn c xung
quanh.
Ngun: Bo co HTMT tnh Thi Bnh,
H Tnh giai on 2011 - 2015
Trong lnh vc thy sn, giai on va qua, din

tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng khng tng,
nhng sn lng thy sn li gia tng lin tc, vi
mc tng bnh qun l 9,07%/nm. Tng din tch
mt nc nui trng thy sn khong 1.046,4 nghn
ha trong din tch nc mn v nc l chim
72% tng din tch mt nc nui trng thy sn.
BSCL l khu vc nui trng v xut khu thy sn
chnh ca nc ta vi tng sn lng xut khu hng
nm chim 65% tng sn lng thy sn ton quc.
Bn cnh nhng thnh tu v mt kinh t,
p lc mi trng trong nui trng thy sn (thin
tai, dch bnh, x l thc n d tha) l mt trong
nhng vn mang tnh thi s hin nay. Vic xy
dng m ao nui trng thy sn vng ca sng,
ven bin dn n nhng thay i v ni sinh sng
ca qun x sinh vt, mui, lng ng trm tch
v xi l b bin. Hn na, ti mt s khu vc nui
tm, c tp trung (trong c nui trn ct), vic x
thi cc cht hu c ph dng, cht c vi sinh vt
(c mm bnh) v cc cht thi sinh hot ba bi
Sn lng khai thc
nghn tn
Sn lng nui trng
3.500
4.000
3.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.500
2.000
2.000
1.500
1.500
1.000
1.000
500
0
500
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Biu 1.17. Sn lng nui trng v khai thc thy sn

giai on 2000 - 2014
32
Khung 1.20. Nguy c nhim

nc di t t hot ng nui
tm trn ct
Nu nui hai v/ha/nm th
lng nc ngt cn khong 32.460
- 45.600m3. Vng ct ven bin tr
lng nc ngm thp v khng
p ng cho nui trng thy sn
vi qui m ln. Nu lm dng qu
mc vic s dng nc ngm cc
ging khoan d dn n ln st a
tng v tng xm nhp mn ln su
vo khu vc ni ng. Bn cnh
, vic x nc thi trc tip t
ao nui ra mi trng xung quanh
khng ng ni quy nh, d pht
sinh ly lan dch bnh tm nui v
nhim ngun nc ngm.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh nh,
2014
lm cho mi trng suy thoi, bng n dch bnh v

gy thit hi ng k v kinh t cng nh v iu kin
mi trng sinh thi.
Trung bnh mi nm Vit Nam cn khong 4,4
triu tn thc n cho nui trng thy sn. ng lu l
hin cha c quy chun k thut v thc n nui trng
thy sn c th cng b, cp chng nhn nh quy
nh ca Lut Cht lng sn phm, hng ha.
Trong nhng nm gn y, hot ng nui tm trn
ct pht trin mnh m vng ven bin min Trung.
Vic lm dng nc ngm nui tm trn ct, khng
tun th Lut Ti nguyn nc ang l hin tng kh
ph bin. Lng nc ngm c bm ln phc v cho
hot ng ny kh ln dn n nguy c nhim mn
cc mch nc ngm. Mt khc, cc cht thi to ra
t hot ng nui tm cng c th gy nhim ngun
nc di t. Hu qu lu di s lm cn kit ngun
nc ngt v nc ngm, nhim bin v nc ngm,
gy mn ha t v nc ngm, thu hp din tch rng
phng h, lm tng hot ng ct bay v bo ct.
33
BIN I KH HU, THIN TAI
CHNG 2
35
CHNG 2

2.1. BIN I KH HU
2.1.1. Pht thi kh nh knh
Lnh vc kim k pht thi kh nh knh
l lnh vc mi nc ta, n thi im hin
nay, Vit Nam thc hin kim k pht
thi kh nh knh vo cc nm 19941, nm
20002 v nm 20103. Do , trong khun
kh bo co ch cp n s liu pht thi
kh nh knh vo cc nm nu trn.
Trong giai on 1994 - 2010, tng lng
pht thi kh nh knh Vit Nam tng
nhanh t 103,8 triu tn CO2 tng ng
ln 246,8 triu tn CO2 tng ng, trong
1. B TN&MT, Bo co kim k pht thi kh nh knh, B
TN&MT, 2008
2. Thng bo Quc gia ln th 2 ca Vit Nam cho cng
c khung ca Lin Hp quc v bin i kh hu, B
TN&MT, 2010.
3. B TN&MT, Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th
nht ca Vit Nam cho cng c khung ca Lin Hp quc
v bin i kh hu, B TN&MT, 2014.
Triu tn CO2
CO2
tng ng
Nm 1994
lnh vc nng lng tng nhanh nht t

25,6 triu tn CO2 tng ng ln 141,1
triu tn v cng l lnh vc pht thi nhiu

nht nm 2010 (Biu 2.1). Cng qua kt
qu kim k tng lng pht thi kh nh
knh giai on 1994 - 2010 cho thy pht
thi kh nh knh nc ta c xu hng tip
tc gia tng trong nhng nm tip theo.
Cng theo Bo co cp nht hai nm mt
ln ln th nht nm 2014, c tnh lng
pht thi kh nh knh trong 04 lnh vc gm
nng lng, nng nghip, s dng t, thay
i s dng t v lm nghip (LULUCF) v
cht thi vo nm 2020 l 466 triu tn CO2
tng ng v nm 2030 tng ln 760.5

triu tn CO2 tng ng. Trong lnh vc
nng lng vn l ngun pht thi kh nh
knh ln nht (Biu 2.2).
Nm 2000
Nm 2010
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
Nng lng
Cc qu trnh cng
nghip
Nng nghip
LULUCF (S dng
t, thay i s dng
t v lm nghip)
Cht thi
Biu 2.1. Din bin pht thi kh nh knh theo lnh vc cc nm 1994, 2000 v 2010
Ngun: Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th nht, B TN&MT, 2014
37
CHNG 2
Qua kt qu kim k pht thi kh
nh knh cc lnh vc cho thy, ch
c lm nghip v chuyn i s dng
t c kh nng hp th v lm gim
CO2. Tnh tng cng, pht thi kh nh
knh t lnh vc lm nghip v chuyn
i s dng t l -19,2 triu tn CO2
tng ng (Biu 2.3).
900
Triu tn CO2 tng ng
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2010
-100
Nng lng
2020
Nng nghip
LULUCF
2030
Cht thi
Tng
Biu 2.2. c tnh pht thi kh nh knh

n nm 2020 v 2030
Ngun: Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th nht,
B TN&MT, 2014
10,000
10.000
Triu tn CO2 tng ng
5.000
5,000
Phn tch s liu kim k pht thi

theo cc loi kh nh knh (quy ra CO2
tng ng) cho nm 2010 cho thy,
lng CO2 l 125,7 triu tn, chim
51%, CH4 l 88,3 triu tn, chim
36% v N2O l 32,8 triu tn, chim
13% (Biu 2.4).
Lng pht thi CH4, N2O ch yu
pht sinh t hot ng nng nghip,
chim 75-90%, trong khi nng
lng v cc qu trnh cng nghip l
ngun pht thi CO2 ch yu, chim
68% tng lng pht thi.
--5,000
5.000
--10,000
10.000
--15,000
15.000
--20,000
20.000
--25,000
25.000
t rng
t
trng
trt
t ng t ngp
c
nc
t khc
Tng
CO2
CO2
N2O
NO2
13%
Biu 2.3. Pht thi kh nh knh t lnh vc

lm nghip v chuyn i s dng t nm 2010
Ngun: Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th nht,
B TN&MT, 2014
CH4
CH4
51%
36%
Biu 2.4. Lng pht thi cc loi

kh nh knh nm 2010
Ngun: Thng bo quc gia ln th hai,
B TN&MT, 2014
38

Bng 2.1. Pht thi/hp th kh nh knh cc nm 1994, 2000 v 2010 theo loi kh
n v: Nghn tn CO2 tng ng
Lnh vc
CO2
CH4
1994
2000
2010
21.580
45.900
Cc qu trnh
cng nghip
3.807
Nng nghip
N2O
1994
2000
124.799
3.513
6.480
15.959
544
394
413
10.006
21.172
43.951
50.059
57.909
8.494
15.032
30.446
15.217
11.860
-20.346
3.777
2.947
1.012
384
298
117
65
1.430
6.961
13.449
1.135
964
1.838
Tng pht thi

(khng bao gm
LULUCF)
25.387
55.906
146.037
48.894
63.499
87.316
10.173
16.390
32.696
Tng pht thi

(bao gm LULUCF)
40.604
67.766
125.689
52.671
66.446
88.328
10.557
16.688
32.814
Nng lng
LULUCF
Cht thi
2010
1994
2000
2010
Ngun: Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th nht, B TN&MT, 2014
Theo Bo co nh gi ln th 5i (AR5)
nm 2013 ca y ban lin chnh ph v
bin i kh hu (IPCC), di tc ng ca
BKH s nh hng n chu k carbon, lm
gia tng nng kh CO2 trong kh quyn.
Lng kh thi CO2 tch ly gy ra s m ln
trn phn ln b mt tri t ngay c khi
lng kh thi CO2 khng tip tc gia tng
v l th phm ch yu gy ra BKH ko
di nhiu th k t qu kh n hin ti v
tng lai. Do vy, nu tip tc gia tng pht
thi kh nh knh ng ngha vi vic i
mt vi nh hng ca BKH.
2.1.2. Biu hin v tc ng ca bin i

kh hu
Bin i kh hu biu hin thng qua
cc hin tng thi tit cc oan, d thng
nh nhit tng, bo manh, ma ln, lu
lut, hn hn v nc bin dng cao,... v
ang c du hiu tr nn ph bin hn trong
thi gian gn y. BKH v nc bin dng
nh hng n cc HST t nhin, cy trng,
vt nui, lm tng kh nng pht trin su
bnh, gia tng sc p ln con ngi, tng
mc thit hi khi thin tai xy ra.
Nhit v lng ma: Trong vng 50
nm qua Vit Nam, nhit trung bnh
nm tng khong 0,50C trn phm vi c
nc v lng ma c xu hng gim pha
Bc v tng pha Nam.
39
CHNG 2
Bng 2.2. Mc tng nhit v thay i lng ma trong 50 nm qua Vit Nam
Nhit (oC)
Vng kh hu
Lng ma (%)
Thng 1
Thng 7
Nm
Thi k cc
thng 11-4
Thi k cc
thng 5-10
Ty Bc B
1,4
0,5
0,5
-6
-2
ng Bc B
1,5
0,3
0,6
-9
-7
ng bng Bc B
1,4
0,5
0,6
-13
-11
Bc Trung B
1,3
0,5
0,5
-5
-3
Nam Trung B
0,6
0,5
0,3
20
20
20
Ty Nguyn
0,9
0,4
0,6
19
11
Nam B
0,8
0,4
0,6
27
Nm
Ngun: Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc bin dng cho Vit Nam, B TN&MT, 2012
Khung 2.1. Tnh hnh hn hn

tnh Ninh Thun
Nm 2015, trn a bn tnh
Ninh Thun hn hn din ra khc
lit nht trong nhiu nm qua,
gy thiu nc sinh hot v nc
sn xut ti nhiu a phng.
Nhiu din tch cy trng b thit
hi, mt s din tch phi dng
sn xut. Nhiu vng sn xut
nng nghip c ti 5 v khng
canh tc c.
Nm 2015, c tnh Ninh
Thun ch sn xut c 15.000
ha la, tng thit hi c tnh
khong 240 t ng. V gia sc,
d kin n cui thng 3 nm
2016 s c nhiu khu vc gia sc
thiu thc n, nc ung do hn.
Theo d bo, nm 2016, tnh
hnh thiu nc v hn hn s
khc lit hn nm 2015. Hin
lng nc tch ti cc h cha
ca tnh ch cn khong 58 triu
m3, t 30% dung tch thit k.
Vi lng nc ny s rt kh p
ng cho sn xut v ng Xun,
cha ni n cc v sn xut khc
trong nm.
Ngun: Chinhphu.vn, 2015
40
Mt trong nhng nh hng ca xu th suy thoi do

tc ng ca BKH ton cu l suy gim ngun nc.
Nhit khng kh c xu th ngy mt tng, theo kch
bn BKH n nm 2070, nhit cc vng ven
bin c kh nng tng thm +1,5oC, vng ni a tng
+2,0oC. Vic ny ko theo lng hi nc bc ln tng
khong 7,7% - 8,4%, nhu cu ti tng ln, lng dng
chy nc mt s gim i tng ng khi lng ma
khng i v thm ch gim. Hin tng El - Nino mi
khi xut hin cng gn lin vi vic gy hn hn rt
nng n nc ta. Trong khu vc chu tc ng nng
nht ca hin tng El - Nino l cc tnh min Trung
nh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun,...
Ngun nc cc sng, cc h cha gim nhanh v
u mc thp hn trung bnh hng nm t 18 - 38%,
thiu ht nhiu nht lu vc sng Thao (nm 2014).
Tuy nhin, bin i lng ma c xu hng cc oan:
tng trong ma ma v giam trong ma kh. Thm vo
, lng ma phn b khng u theo thi gian: ma
kh v ma ma - ma kh th hn hn, ma ma th
ngp ng, v theo khng gian - trong mt thi im c
vng chu l lt li c vng thiu nc trm trng thm
ch kh hn.
Lng ma khng n nh gy nh
hng n mi trng sinh thi, ti nguyn
nc th hin vic gia tng din tch ngp
ng, ma mng theo m gim nng sut,
i sng ngi dn gp nhiu kh khn;
trong khi s chnh lch v lng ma
theo ma khin cho ma kh tr nn khc
nghit hn to nn s mt cn i trong
vic phn b ngun nc.
Ngun nc suy gim gy kh khn n
sinh hot thng ngy do iu kin v sinh
khng c bo m, cng vi tnh trng
nng nng gia tng, dn n pht sinh dch
bnh, nht l dch bnh ma h. Thiu ht
ngun nc cng khin cho chi ph sn xut
nng nghip tng ln, lm thay i c cu
ma v, nng sut sn lng suy gim thm
ch nh tr nh vng Nam Trung B;
ngnh chn nui, nui trng thy sn cng
khng nm ngoi quy lut ny.
Khung 2.2. Tnh hnh xm nhp mn

ti Kin Giang v Bn Tre
Tnh trng hn hn, xm nhp mn tnh
Kin Giang v Bn Tre ang din ra v cng gay
gt v c chiu hng phc tp. D bo, trong
thi gian ti, khi vo cao im ma kh, thi tit
ch o s l nng, nhiu ngy c nng nng vi
nhit t 35 - 370C. Nc bc hi cng mnh,
tnh trng xm nhp mn s din ra cng gay
gt hn.
Bo co ca S NN-PTNT tnh Bn Tre cho
bit hin mn 4%o xm nhp su vo t
lin cch ca sng t 40 - 50 km, rnh mn 1%o
xm nhp su cch ca sng khong 75km,
hu nh bao trm phm vi ton tnh (chim
khong 155/164 x, phng, th trn). Mn lm
thit hi trn 10.000 ha la, trong nng nht
l huyn Ba Tri vi trn 3.800ha la thit hi
trn 70%, cha k nhng thit hi cho cc vn
cy n qu, rau mu.
Ngun: B TN&MT, 2015.
H qu ca BKH c tnh cht nng

n, su rng nht l hin tng nc bin
dng. Trong , nc bin dng c bit
nh hng i vi vng ca sng, ven bin.
Nc bin dng s lm tc ng xm thc
b bin tng ln do gia tng cng ca
sng bin, nhiu on b bin b xi l, lm
mt di rng phng h ven bin, lm thu
hp dn din tch t nng nghip, c bit
l cc vng t ven bin.
Nc bin dng cng lm gia tng xm
nhp mn su trong lc a, lm nh hng
n cht lng nc ngt v lm suy thoi
mi trng t. Di tc ng ca thy triu
lm cho nc l rt chm, to iu kin
nc mn xm nhp vo ni ng v c xu
hng i xa hn do tnh trng ngun nc
ngt t cc sng ngy cng b gim. Tc
ng ny biu hin ngy cng gay gt khu
vc BSCL. BSH cng c nhng biu
hin, tuy nhin do c h thng khng ch
nn i vi khu vc ny mn t xm nhp
vo trong ni ng.
Nhm bo v h thng kh hu, cng
ng Quc t c nhiu n lc gim
nh BKH. Ti Hi ngh COP 21 din ra ti
Paris vo cui nm 2015, Vit Nam a
ra cam kt Vit Nam s ng gp 1 triu
USD vo Qu Kh hu xanh giai on 2016 2020. V ng gp gim pht thi kh nh
knh,Vit Nam s thc hin gim pht thi
so vi kch bn c s l 8% lng pht thi
kh nh knh vo nm 2030 v c th gim
n 25% nu nhn c h tr hiu qu t
cng ng quc t. S tham gia tch cc
cng nh cam kt mnh m ca Vit Nam
trong cuc chin chng bin i kh hu ti
Hi ngh COP 21 c nhiu quc gia
chia s v nh gi cao.
41
CHNG 2
Khung 2.3. Kt qu Hi ngh cc bn tham gia Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc
v bin i kh hu (COP21)
Tha thun Paris t ra mc tng nhit ca tri t n nm 2100 l thp hn ng k so vi ngng
20C v gng tin ti ngng thp hn 1,50C.
Tha thun Paris cn ra c ch mi nc t nguyn r sot, theo , t nm 2023, c 5 nm/ln
Lin hp quc s t chc nh gi hiu qu tng hp v cc n lc chng BKH ca cc nc. Vic nh
gi ny s gip cc nc c thm thng tin cp nht v tng cng cc cam kt ca h.
Trong iu khon v tn tht v thit hi, cc bn s tng cng hiu bit, hnh ng v h tr thng
qua c ch quc t v tn tht v thit hi cng vi tc ng ca BKH.
Cc nc pht trin s cung cp ngun lc ti chnh h tr cc nc ang pht trin thch ng v
gim nh pht thi kh nh knh v cc bn c khuyn khch cung cp hoc tip tc cung cp h tr ny
trn c s t nguyn. Mc ng gp 100 t la mi nm cho n nm 2020 tip tc c khng nh
li nhng quan trng l tha thun Paris xem con s 100 t USD ny khng v ang ku gi tng thm.
n nm 2025 s li a ra c mt con s c th khc v ng gp ti chnh.
Ngun: B TN&MT, 2015
2.2. THIN TAI

Di tc ng ca BKH v hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi, tnh hnh thin tai nc
ta ngy cng din bin phc tp. Mt trong nhng hin tng thin tai ph bin nc ta l
bo v p thp nhit i. Bo hot ng nhiu nht v s lng v mnh nht v cng tp
trung vng bin Bc B, c bit, khu vc t Qung Ninh n Thanh Ha.
Bng 2.3. Tng hp c im bo theo vng ven bin
Vng ven bin
c im bo
Ven bin t Qung Ninh n Thanh Ha
Thi k bo xut hin: thng 6 - 8

Lng ma ln nht trong ngy tng ghi c l trn
470mm
Cng bo ghi nhn ln n cp 16 - cp ln nht
trong lch s quan trc ca ngnh kh tng. Khu vc
ny, nc dng do bo cao nht ln n 3,5m
Ven bin t Ngh An n Tha Thin - Hu
Chu nh hng nng n do ma bo.

Bo xut hin: thng 8 - 10
Lng ma o c trong ngy t 790mm - mc ln
nht trong lch s quan trc
Khu vc ven bin t Nng - Bnh nh
C tn s bo t hn v bo thng tp trung thng 10

v 11
Khu vc ven bin t Ph Yn - Khnh Ha
S lng bo xut hin t
Khu vc ven bin t Ninh Thun - C Mau
S lng bo xut hin t

42
Khung 2.4. S bt thng Bo b

vng ven bin
Trong nm 2014, c hai cn bo gy nc
dng ng k ti vng ven b l cn bo s 3
(KALMAEGI) v cn bo s 4 (SINLAKU). Bo
s 3 gy nc dng cao 1,1m ti Hn Du (Hi
Phng), bo s 4 gy nc dng 0,4m ti Quy
Nhn (Bnh nh). Mc d nc dng do bo
cha phi l ln, nhng do bo b vo thi
im triu cng nn gy ngp lt mt s
khu vc trng ti ven bin Sn, Hi Phng
(bo s 3), ph hy mt s tuyn bin ti
Bnh nh v Ph Yn (bo s 4). Mt c
im kh ring bit v nc dng do bo nm
2014 l hin tng nc dng sau khi bo
b ko di ti 12 gi vi cao ti hn 1,0m
ti ven bin Hi Phng (bo s 3).
Ngun: U ban Quc gia ng ph s c, thin tai
v tm kim cu nn, 2014
Bng 2.4. Tng hp s v v cc loi hnh

thin tai giai on 2011 - 2014
Loi thin tai
Nm
2011
Nm
2012
Nm
2013
Nm
2014
Bo
10
15
p thp nhit
i
Ma ging,
st, lc xoy
280
232
St l
68
98
Ma l, l qut
146
48
ng t
26
Tng cng:
517
414
Ngun: U ban Quc gia ng ph s c, thin tai

v tm kim cu nn, 2014
Theo Ban ch o Trung ng v phng,

chng thin tai, giai on 2011 - 2015 thin
tai tuy xy ra t v s lng nhng cng
tc ng mt s t li mc cao k lc.
Nng nng gay gt vi nn nhit cao ko
di k lc xy ra trn din rng t Bc b
n cc tnh Nam Trung b. Ma c bit
ln ti Qung Ninh; st l t, b sng, b
bin xy ra nhiu ni; xm nhp mn xy ra
sm hn v ln su vo t lin; tnh trng
cn kit ngun nc trn cc dng sng
ngy cng ph bin nh hng ln n
cht lng nc mt, mi trng t v cc
vn v sinh mi trng.
Nhng thng u nm 2015, rt nhiu
hin tng thi tit cc oan, bt thng
xy ra nc ta. in hnh nh trong
thng 1/2015, t rt v bng tuyt ph
rt nhiu tnh, thnh vng ni pha Bc; t
ma ln tri ma xy ra vo thng 3/2015
ti Qung Ngi; nhiu trn dng lc, ma
xy ra, c bit l Lt (Lm ng) c
2 trn ma v 1 trn ma ln gy ngp
lt Tp. Lt; lc xoy cng gy nhiu
thit hi ti Th H Ni v hin tng
ma ln ko di ti Qung Ninh...
Thin tai l mt trong nhng thch thc
ln i vi pht trin, nht l di tc ng
ca bin i kh hu. Thc t cho thy, mc
tn ph ca thin tai, c bit nh bo,
l v st l t l rt ln, gy thit hi nng
n v ngi, ti sn v gy suy thoi mi
trng. Trong 5 nm qua, thin tai lm
cho 1.141 ngi cht v mt tch, gy ra
thit hi v ti sn c tnh khong 55.400
t ng, tuy c gim so vi giai on 2006 2010, nhng vn cn rt cao (thit hi trong
giai on 2006 - 2010: 2.408 ngi cht v
mt tch, thit hi 77.200 t ng).
43
CHNG 2
Khung 2.5. nh hng ca ma l ko di tnh Qung Ninh
Nm 2015, trn a bn tnh Qung Ninh ma ln ko di t 25/7 n u thng 8/2015 c nh
gi l c cng v din bao ph ln nht trong 50 nm qua trn a bn tnh. Lng ma mt s ni t
trn 1.000 mm cng vi nc ma khng c ch tiu thot hoc thot chm gy ra tnh trng ngp ng
nng nhiu ni v xy ra cc v st l t di dng l bn nghim trng, gy thit hi nng cho
nhiu kh vc nh Cm Ph v H Long. Tnh n u thng 8/2015, c 17 ngi thit mng; 32 ngi
b thng; khong 3.700 h dn, trng hc, bnh x ngp lt; hng trm ngi nh sp ; thit hi 4.863,2
ha la v hoa mu; h hng 2.258 lng b thy sn; h tng kinh t, giao thng h hng nng; ngnh than
b tri st 300.000 m3 t , hng vn tn than... c thit hi ln ti 2.700 t ng, trong ring ngnh
than mt hn 1.200 t ng.
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Qung Ninh, 2015
Hnh 2.1. Ngp lt v st l nh do ma l ti Qung Ninh nm 2015

(ha)
Nh
7000
7.000
45000
45.000
6000
6.000
40.000
40000
5000
5.000
35.000
35000
4.000
4000
30000
30.000
25000
25.000
3.000
3000
20.000
20000
2.000
2000
15000
15.000
1.000
1000
10000
10.000
La
Hoa mu
50.000
50000
5000
5.000
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Nm 2015
Biu 2.5. S nh b sp , b cun tri do thin tai
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Nm 2015
Biu 2.6. Din tch la v hoa mu b mt trng

hng nm do thin tai
Ngun: U ban Quc gia ng ph s c, thin tai v tm kim cu nn 2014;

Ban ch o Trung ng v phng, chng thin tai,2015.
44
Khung 2.6. Dch bnh xut hin

sau bo s 11 (Nari) ti Min
Trung v Ty Nguyn
Sau khi bo l i qua, ngi dn
vng b thin tai min Trung v
Ty Nguyn khn trng khc phc
hu qu song h ang php phng
lo s dch bnh bng pht v mi
trng v ngun nc sinh hot b
nhim nghim trng.
Ti huyn Minh Ha, tnh
Qung Bnh, c hin tng
dch mt ly lan cc x vng
b ngp l nh Thng Ha, Trung
Ha, Tn Ha Ti x Thng
Ha c gn 200 trng hp b
nhim bnh, phn ln tp trung
tui hc sinh.
Ngun: Trung tm Y t d phng
huyn Minh Ha tnh Qung Bnh, 2013
Khung 2.7. St l t ti Lo Cai

Do nh hng ca khng kh
lnh tng cng, ti Lo Cai t ngy
27/7 n 3/8 c ma lin tc,
lng ma trung bnh t trn 100
mm, c bit mt s huyn vng
cao c ni ma gn 200 mm. Ma
ln ko di khin Quc l 279,
4D, 4E b st l trn 20 im; cc
tuyn tnh l nh 151, 152, 153,
154, 155, 156, 157, 158 v 159
cng b ma l lm h hng nhiu
im, khi lng t st l ln
n trn 21.000 m3 gy ch tc v
kh khn cho cc phng tin giao
thng.
Ngun: Bo Ti nguyn v Mi trng,
05/08/2015
Bn cnh tc ng v KT - XH v thit hi v sinh

mng con ngi do thin tai, mi trng sau bo, l b
suy thoi nghim trng, in hnh l nhim ngun
nc mt lm gia tng bnh tt hay suy thoi mi
trng t do xi l, trt l t,...
Nc l, l qut cun theo v ha tan nhiu cht
bn tch t trong sut nhng thng ma kh hay cc
cht thi, cc cht nguy hi t cc bi thu gom, tp
kt v x l CTR; cng trnh x l nc thi, h thng
thot nc thi b ph hu; t cc kho cha ha cht,
kho cha thuc bo v thc vt,.. lm ngun nc mt
ti cc khu vc bo, l c cha hm lng cc vi sinh
vt gy bnh rt cao, cc loi ha cht gy c cho
mi trng... c kh nng pht tn, lan truyn trn
din tch rng ln.
S gia tng bnh tt di tc ng ca s thay i
nhit v mi trng sng do mi trng b nhim,
thiu iu kin sinh hot m bo v sinh c nguy c
gia tng sau nhng v thin tai thng xut hin cc
dch bnh nh st rt, st xut huyt (do mui), vim
no, qua mi trng nc (cc bnh ng rut) v
cc bnh khc (suy dinh dng, bnh v phi).
Ma ln, l qut cng lm gia tng tnh trng xi
mn, ra tri t, ngp ng, trt t v st l t,
to h t thn,... lm suy thoi mi trng t. S suy
thoi mi trng t ko theo s suy thoi cc qun
th ng, thc vt v chiu hng gim din tch t
nng nghip trn u ngi.
Trc thit hi ca thin tai, mt s bin php
thch ng vi thin tai nh thay i ma v, la chn
ging vt nui, cy trng thch hp; hn ch cng nh
tn dng nhng nh hng tch cc (nh lng ph sa
ln, lng hi sn di do sau ma l). Tuy nhin, cc
bin php ny cho n nay cha c quan tm v
u t nghin cu ng mc, gii php sng chung
vi l BSCL cha c pht huy y , hu qu
l con ngi vn phi hng chu thit hi do thin tai
hng nm.
45
PHT SINH V X L CHT THI RN
CHNG 3
47
CHNG 3

3.1. PHT SINH CHT THI RN
Vic phn loi cht thi rn (CTR) c
th tip cn theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Theo ngun gc pht sinh, c th chia ra
CTR sinh hot, CTR xy dng, CTR cng
nghip, CTR nng nghip v lng ngh, CTR
y t. Theo phm vi khng gian, c th chia
thnh CTR th v CTR nng thn. Mt
khc, nu theo tnh cht c hi ca CTR
th chia ra lm 2 loi: CTR thng thng v
CTNH.
V tng th, min ng Nam B l khu
vc c mc pht sinh CTR cao nht trong
c nc, tip n l ng bng sng Hng;
Bc Trung B v duyn hi min Trung;
ng bng sng Cu Long; ri n Trung du
v min ni pha Bc; khu vc Ty Nguyn
c lng pht sinh CTR th thp nht so
vi cc khu vc khc (Biu 3.1)
ng bng sng Hng
Trung du v min ni pha bc
Bc Trung B v duyn hi min Trung
Ty nguyn
ng nam b
ng bng sng Cu Long

15%
22%
7%
3.1.1. Cht thi rn thng thng
3.1.1.1. Cht thi rn sinh hot

Lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh trong giai
on 2011 - 2015 tip tc gia tng v c xu
hng tng nhanh hn so vi giai on 2006
- 2010. Theo s liu thng k c trong cc
nm t 2007 n 2010, tng lng CTR sinh
hot cc th pht sinh trn ton quc
l 17.682 tn/ngy (nm 2007); 26.224 tn/
ngy (nm 2010), tng trung bnh 10% mi
nm. n nm 2014, khi lng CTR sinh
hot th pht sinh khong 32.000 tn/
ngy. Ch tnh ring ti H Ni v Tp. H
Ch Minh, khi lng CTR sinh hot pht
sinh l 6.420 tn/ngy v 6.739 tn/ngy1.
Theo tnh ton mc gia tng ca giai on t
2010 - 2014 t trung bnh 12% mi nm.
CTR sinh hot th pht sinh ch yu
t cc h gia nh, cc khu vc cng cng
(ng ph, ch, cc trung tm thng mi,
vn phng, cc c s nghin cu, trng
hc...). CTR sinh hot th c t l hu c
vo khong 54 - 77%, cht thi c th ti
ch (thnh phn nha v kim loi) chim
khong 8 - 18%.
33%
18%
5%
Biu 3.1. T l pht sinh cht thi rn

ti 6 vng trong c nc
Ngun: TCMT, 2014
1. Ngun: Bo co Qun l cht thi, bo v mi trng

lu vc sng, khc phc nhim, suy thoi v ci thin
cht lng mi trng, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc, B
TN&MT, thng 9/2015
49
CHNG 3
V c bn, thnh phn ca CTR sinh
hot bao gm cht v c (cc loi ph thi
thu tinh, snh s, kim loi, giy, cao su,
nha, ti nilon, vi, in, chi...),
cht hu c (cy c loi b, l rng, rau qu
h hng, n tha, xc sc vt, phn ng
vt....) v cc cht khc. Hin nay, ti nilon
ang ni ln nh vn ng lo ngi trong
qun l CTR do thi quen sinh hot ca
ngi dn.
Trong CTR th, CTR xy dng chim
mt t l khng nh. Loi CTR ny ch yu
pht sinh t cc cng trnh xy dng, sa
cha nh, h tng k thut th. CTR
th khng tng mnh v c tnh t bin nh
giai on 2005 - 2010 (t 33.370 nghn m2
din tch nh nm 2005 ln 85.885 nghn m2 nm 2010), tng din tch nh xy
mi th trong giai on 2011 n 2013
ch tng nh nm 2013 l 86.621 nghn m2.
Qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh mi ny
s lm pht sinh mt lng khng nh CTR

xy dng t qu trnh o mng, xy dng
v hon thin cng trnh.
Cht thai rn sinh hoat khu vc nng
thn co ty l kha cao cht hu c, chu yu
la t thc phm thai, cht thai lm vn v
phn ln u l cht thi hu c d phn hy
(t l cc thnh phn d phn hy chim
ti 65% trong cht thi sinh hot gia nh
nng thn). V c bn, lng pht sinh CTR
sinh hot nng thn ph thuc vo mt
dn c v nhu cu tiu dng ca ngi dn.
Nhn chung, khu vc ng bng c lng
pht sinh CTR sinh hot cao hn khu vc
min ni; dn c khu vc c mc tiu dng
cao th lng rc thi sinh hot cng cao
hn. Nm 2014, khu vc nng thn nc
ta pht sinh khong 31.000 tn CTR sinh
hot mi ngy. Tuy nhin, vn qun l
CTR sinh hot khu vc ny c nhiu bt cp.
3.1.1.2. Cht thi rn cng nghip

Bng 3.1. Thnh phn ca cht thi rn H Ni
STT
Thnh phn CTR
T l (%)
Cht hu c
51,9
Cht v c
16,1
2.1
Giy
2,7
2.2
Nha
3,0
2.3
Da, cao su, g
1,3
2.4
Vi si
1,6
2.5
Thu tinh
0,5
2.6
, t st, snh s
6,1
2.7
Kim loi
0,9
Cc ht < 10mm
31,9
Cng
100
Ngun: Bo co Quy hoch x l cht thi rn

Th H Ni n nm 2030, tm nhn n nm 2050,
Vin Quy hoch xy dng H Ni, 2015
50
Trong phm vi ton quc, qua kho

st ca B TN&MT, khi lng CTR cng
nghip xp x trn 22.440 tn/ngy, tng
ng 8,1 triu tn/nm (Bng 3.2). Theo
thng k, CTR cng nghip tp trung ch
yu 2 vng BSH v ng Nam B ni tp
trung 2 vng KTT ca c nc. ng Nam
B vn l khu vc c mc pht sinh CTR cao
nht, chim 34% tng lng pht sinh trong
c nc, tip n l khu vc BSH (29%)
v Bc Trung B v duyn hi min Trung
(24%). So snh vi giai on 2005 - 2010,
lng CTR pht sinh t hot ng sn xut
cng nghip vn kh n nh.

Bng 3.2. Lng cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh nm 2011
VT: tn/ngy
TT
a phng
CTR cng
nghip
CTNH cng
nghip
ng bng sng Hng
7.250
1.370
Trung du v min ni pha

Bc
1.310
190
Bc Trung b v Duyn
hi Min Trung
3.680
1.140
Ty Nguyn
460
65
ng Nam B
7.570
1.580
ng bng sng Cu Long
2.170
350
Tng:
22.440
4.695
Ngun: TCMT, 2012
Khung 3.1. Bn thi t hot ng khai thc,

ch bin bauxit
Mun sn xut 1 tn alumina, phi khai thc t nht 2
tn qung bauxite v thi ra n 1,5 tn bn . Theo bo
co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n Bauxit Nhn C,
nc thi v bn thi c khi lng ti sinh do cng 11
triu m3/nm. Bn (Red Mud) l cht thi khng th trnh
c ca khu ch bin bauxite thnh alumina, gm cc
thnh phn khng th ha tan, tr, kh bn vng trong in
phong ho nh Hematit, Natrisilicoaluminate, Canxititanat,
Monohydrate nhm, Trihydrate nhm v c bit l cha xt
- mt ha cht c hi dng ch bin alumina t bauxit,
v.v. Ty Nguyn, nu ch bin bauxit thnh alumina, bt
buc phi xy dng cc h cha bn ti ch. Ch ring
d n Nhn C, theo bo co TM, dung tch h thi bn
sau 15 nm ln ti 8,7 triu m3. Tng t, d n Tn Rai
c lng bn thi ra mi trng khong 0,8 triu m3/nm,
tng lng bn phi tch trn cao nguyn c i d n
Tn Rai 80 - 90 triu m3.
Ngun: Bo co p lc mi trng v phng nga, gim thiu
nhim mi trng do hot ng pht trin cng nghip, khai thc
khong sn Vit Nam, PGS.TS, L Trnh, Hi ngh Mi trng
ton quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015
CTR cng nghip thng

thng ch yu pht sinh t
cc KCN, KCX, khu cng ngh
cao v cc c s sn xut kinh
doanh nm ngoi KCN. Trong
, ng ch l CTR t cc
ngnh cng nghip khai thc
(khai thc than, cng nghip
nhit in, qung st, khai
thc cc kim loi mu, khai
thc bauxit...); cng nghip
ng mi v sa cha tu
bin; cng nghip nhit in;
cng nghip ru, bia, nc
gii kht... Tuy nhin, CTR
cng nghip pht sinh t cc
c s sn xut nm ngoi
KCN, CCN khng c thng
k y .
Khi lng CTR pht sinh
do cng nghip khai thc cn
cao hn nhiu ln so vi CTR
pht sinh t cc KCN.
sn xut 1 tn than, cn bc
i t 8 - 10m3 t ph. Ch
tnh ring cc m than ca
Tp on Cng nghip than
v Khong sn Vit Nam
thi vo mi trng khong
180 triu m3 t .2
2. Bo co p lc mi trng v phng
nga, gim thiu nhim mi trng do
hot ng pht trin cng nghip, khai
thc khong sn Vit Nam, GS.TS, L
Trnh, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc,
thng 9/2015
51
CHNG 3
3.1.2.3. Cht thi rn nng nghip v lng ngh
c tnh mi nm ti khu vc nng thn
CTR chn nui bao gm phn, cc cht n
pht sinh hn 76 triu tn rm r v khong
chung, thc n tha, xc gia sc, gia cm
47 triu tn cht thi chn nui (cha k mt
Theo thng k n nay, c khong 40-50%
khi lng ln cht thi sn xut t cc lng
lng CTR chn nui c x l, s cn li
ngh)3. Ngoi ra, i vi CTR nng nghip,
thi trc tip thng ra ao, h, knh, rch4.
cn lu n mt lng khng nh bao b

phn bn thuc BVTV b thi b v khng
S pht trin mnh m ca cc lng
c thu gom, x l ng quy cch.
ngh thi ra lng CTR ln, c bit cc
Cng vi s gia tng n v s lng
lng ngh khu vc min Bc. Trong ,
vt nui th tnh trng nhim mi trng
cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi, c ng c
do cht thi chn nui ngy cng tng.
lng CTR gm bavia, bi kim loi, phi, r

st ln ti 1 - 7 tn/ngy.
Mi nm ngun thi t chn nui thi ra

mi trng ln trn 80 triu tn (Bng 3.3).
4. Bo co D bo, phng nga v gim thiu cc ngun

gy nhim mi trng do hot ng pht trin kinh t ti
khu vc nng thn, B TN&MT, Hi ngh Mi trng ton
quc ln th IV, thng 9/2015
3. Bo co Tng quan v cc p lc ln mi trng nc ta

hin nay v mt s nh hng, gii php nhm gim thiu
nhim mi trng thi gian ti, Tng cc Mi trng,
Hi ngh mi trng ton quc, thng 9/2015
Bng 3.3. c tnh khi lng cht thi rn chn nui ca Vit Nam
n v: Triu tn/nm
CTR bnh
qun (kg/
ngy/con)
TT
Loi vt nui
10
Tru
Ln
Tng cht thi rn

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
22.000
21.500
19.500
18.600
18.500
15
15.800
15.900
14.600
14.000
13.800
20.000
20.000
19.400
19.000
18.900
Gia cm
0.2
20.400
21.000
23.000
22.000
22.600
D, cu
1.5
750
706
684
725
726
Nga
149
131
126
120
113
Ngun: Cc Chn nui, B NN&PTNT, 2014
52

Bng 3.4. c trng pht thi cht thi rn t sn xut ca mt s loi hnh lng ngh
Loi hnh sn xut
Cht thi rn
Ch bin lng thc, thc phm v chn nui, git m
X than, CTR t nguyn liu
Dt nhum, m t, thuc da
X than, t si, vi vn, cn v bao b ha cht
Th cng m ngh (gm s, sn mi, g m ngh, ch

tc )
X than (gm s), ph phm, cn ha cht
Ti ch ph liu (giy, nha, kim loi)
- Bi giy, tp cht t giy, ph liu, bao b ha cht

- X than, r st, vn kim loi nng (Cr6+, Zn2+)
- Nhn mc, tp cht khng ti sinh, cao su
Vt liu xy dng, khai thc
X than, x , vn
Ngun: Hi Bo v Thin nhin v Mi trng Vit Nam, 2015
3.1.1.4. Cht thi rn y t

Bng 3.5. Khi lng cht thi rn y t
ca mt s a phng nm 2014
STT
Tn tnh
Cng vi s pht trin v s tng
CTR Y t
(tn/ nm)
Ngh An
3.904
Ninh Bnh
3.548
Thanh Ha
3.128
ng Nai
3.024
H Ni
Lng Sn
1.706
H Tnh
1.442
Nam nh
1.095
Ninh Thun
1.011
10
in Bin
626
11
Kon Tum
322
12
An Giang
236
2.972 (*)
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng

5 nm (2011 - 2014) cc a phng, 2015
(*) S liu thng k ti cc n v y t
do S Y t H Ni qun l
nhanh v s lng ging bnh iu

tr, khi lng pht sinh CTR t cc
hot ng y t c chiu hng ngy
cng gia tng. CTR y t trong bnh
vin bao gm hai loi l CTR sinh
hot v CTNH y t. CTR sinh hot
chim khong 75 - 80% CTR trong
bnh vin.
Theo thng k, mc tng cht thi
y t hin nay l 7,6%/nm. c tnh
nm 2015, lng CTR y t pht sinh
l 600 tn/ngy v nm 2020 s l
800 tn/ngy. Ch tnh ring trn a
bn H Ni, qua kho st ca S Y
t, lng CTR y t t hot ng khm
cha bnh ca cc c s y t trn a
bn thnh ph trong nm 2014 l
khong gn 3.000 tn.
53
CHNG 3
3.1.2. Cht thi nguy hi
3.1.2.1 Cht thi nguy hi t hot ng sn

xut cng nghip
Theo thng k t bo co ca cc a
phng cho thy tng lng CTNH pht sinh
trn ton quc hin nay khong 800.000
tn/nm5.
c tnh trong CTR cng nghip, lng
CTNH chim t l khong 20 - 30%. T
l ny thay i ty loi hnh cng nghip,
trong ngnh c kh, in, in t, ha
cht l nhng ngnh c t l CTNH cao
(Khung 3.2).
Khung 3.2. Thnh phn CTNH cng nghip

pht sinh ti H Ni
CTR cng nghip t ngnh c kh c khong
50% l cht thi c hi cha kim loi nng,
cht n mn v d chy; CTR cng nghip t
ngnh cng nghip dt, may mc cha khong
44,5% cht thi c hi; CTR cng nghip t
ngnh cng nghip in, in t c trn 70% l
cht thi c hi cha cc cn kim loi nng gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng; CTR cng
nghip t ngnh ho cht c khong 62% l
cht thi c hi di dng vi sinh vt v kim
loi ha tan; CTR cng nghip t ngnh cng
nghip thc phm c khong 20% cha cc vi
khun lm thi ra; Cc CTR cng nghip khc
nh thuc da, x phng, sn xut tn dc...
cng to ra cht thi c hi.
Ngun: Bo co nh gi phc v xy dng Quy
hoch x l cht thi rn Th H Ni
n nm 2030, tm nhn n nm 2050,
Vin Quy hoch xy dng H Ni, 2013
5. Bo co Tng kt cng tc bo v mi trng giai on

2011-2015 v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020, B
TN&MT, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV, thng
9 nm 2015
54
Ngoi ra, mt ngun pht sinh CTNH

l t cc v vi phm php lut trong nhp
khu ph liu lm nguyn liu sn xut. Mt
s t chc, c nhn li dng vic nhp khu
ph liu a CTNH ch yu l ph liu
kim loi, nha, sm lp cao su thi, v t,
tu bin cha lm sch tp cht, c quy ch
thi, sn phm in t qua s dng (mn
hnh my tnh, bn mch in t thi,...) v
Vit Nam. Cc a bn trng im din ra
hot ng ny l tuyn bin gii pha Bc
(Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Lo Cai), Ty Nam
(Ty Ninh, Kin Giang) v cc ca khu
ng bin (ti Hi Phng, Qung Ninh v
Tp. H Ch Minh). Theo thng k ca Tng
cc Hi quan, s lng cc v vi phm nhp
khu CTNH tri php c din bin phc tp,
c th: nm 2011 pht hin 17 v vi khi
lng CTNH thu gi l 573 tn, nm 2012
pht hin 30 v vi khi lng thu gi 3.868
tn v tnh n thng 7/2013 pht hin 13
v vi khi lng CTNH thu gi l 323 tn6.
3.1.2.2 Cht thi nguy hi khu vc nng

thn
i vi CTR pht sinh t khu vc sn
xut nng thn, ng lu l cc loi CTR
nh bao b phn bn, thuc BVTV v CTR
pht sinh t nhm lng ngh ti ch ph
liu (kim loi, giy, nha) vi nhiu thnh
phn nguy hi cho mi trng v sc khe
con ngi (Bng 3.6). c tnh mi nm ti
khu vc nng thn nc ta pht sinh hn
14.000 tn bao b ha cht BVTV, phn bn
cc loi.
nhim mi trng thi gian ti, Hi ngh Mi trng ton
quc ln th IV, B TN&MT, thng 9/ 2015
Theo kt qu iu tra, thng k ca B

Ti nguyn v Mi trng v bo co ca y
ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng v cc im tn lu do hoa cht
BVTV t thi k bao cp, chin tranh, khng
r ngun gc hoc nhp lu (sau y gi tt l
im nhim mi trng do ha cht BVTV
tn lu), tnh n thng 6 nm 2015 trn a
bn ton quc thng k c 1.562 im
tn lu do ha cht BVTV trn a bn 46
tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng. Cn

c theo QCVN 54:2013/BTNMT ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v ngng x l ha
cht BVTV hu c theo mc ch s dng t
th hin c khong 200 im nhim tn
lu do ha cht BVTV c mc ri ro cao
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng v
c bit nghim trng, nh hng n mi
trng v sc khe cng ng7.
Bng 3.6. Lng cht thi rn pht sinh
CTNH y t cha cc tc nhn vi sinh,

cht phng x, ha cht, cc kim loi nng
v cc cht c gy t bin t bo l dng
cht thi c th s gy nhng tc ng tim
tng ti mi trng v ti sc khe cng
ng, c bit l nhng ngi phi tip xc
trc tip8 (Bang 3.7).
ti mt s lng ngh ti ch
STT
Lng ngh
Cht thi rn
Lng ngh ti
ch ch
V c quy hng, r st, st

vn, t, bn
Lng ngh ti
ch nha
Nha ph loi, nhn mc,

bng ghim, cc tp cht
Lng ngh ti
ch giy
Ph thi giy, bao gi
Lng ngh ti
ch st thp
R st, st vn, t, bn
m, mt kim loi
3.1.2.3. Cht thi nguy hi y t
7. Ngun Bo co Bo co qun l, bo v mi trng lu

vc sng, khc phc nhim, suy thoi v ci thin cht
lng mi trng, B TN&MT, Hi ngh mi trng ton
quc, thng 9/2015
nhim mi trng thi gian ti, Tng cc Mi trng,
Hi ngh mi trng ton quc, thng 9/2015
55
CHNG 3
Bng 3.7. Ngun pht sinh cc loi CTNH c th t hot ng y t
Loi CTNH
Ngun to thnh
Cht thi
ly nhim
Cht thi ly nhim sc nhn l cht thi ly nhim c th gy ra cc vt ct hoc xuyn thng,
bao gm: kim tim; bm kim tim; u sc nhn ca dy truyn; kim chc d; kim chm cu,
li dao m; inh, ca dng trong phu thut v cc vt sc nhn khc;
Cht thi ly nhim khng sc nhn, bao gm: Cht thi thm, dnh, cha mu hoc dch sinh
hc ca c th; cc cht thi pht sinh t bung bnh cch ly;
Cht thi c nguy c ly nhim cao, bao gm: Mu bnh phm, dng c ng, dnh mu bnh
phm, cht thi dnh mu bnh phm pht sinh t cc phng xt nghim an ton sinh hc cp
III tr ln;
Cht thi gii phu, bao gm: M, b phn c th ngi thi b v xc ng vt th nghim.
Cht thi
nguy hi
khng ly
nhim
Ha cht thi b bao gm cc thnh phn nguy hi;

Dc phm thi b thuc nhm gy c t bo hoc c cnh bo nguy hi t nh sn xut;
Thit b y t v, hng, qua s dng c cha thy ngn v cc kim loi nng;
Cht hn rng amalgam thi b;
Cht thi nguy hi khc theo quy nh qun l cht thi nguy hi hin hnh.
Ngun: Cng vn s 436/BYT-MT ngy 22/1/2016, B Y t, 2016
Ch tnh ring trn a bn H

Ni, qua kho st ca S Y t, lng
CTNH y t t hot ng khm cha
bnh ca cc c s y t trn a bn
thnh ph trong nm 2014 l xp x
1,6 nghn tn.
Bng 3.8. Khi lng cht thi rn nguy hi y t ca mt s

a phng nm 2014
STT
Tn tnh
CTNH Y t
(tn/ nm)
H Ni
1.632 (*)
Ninh Bnh
887
ng Nai
756
Ngh An
616
Thanh Ha
283
Lng Sn
256
An Giang
236
Nam nh
233
in Bin
173
10
Ninh Thun
146
11
H Tnh
134
12
Kon Tum
64

5 nm (2011 - 2015) cc a phng, 2015
(*) S liu thng k ti cc n v y t do S Y t H Ni qun l
56
3.2. THU GOM V X L CHT THI RN

3.2.1. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn thng
thng
Bng 3.9. Tng lng gom cht thi rn sinh hot

th mt s a phng nm 2014
Theo bo co ca B Xy dng9, t l
thu gom trung bnh cc th giai on
giai on 2013 - 2014 t khong 84% 85%, tng t 3 n 4% so vi giai on
2008 - 2010. Khu vc ngoi thnh t l thu
gom trung bnh t khong 60% so vi lng
CTR sinh hot pht sinh. T l thu gom CTR
sinh hot ti khu vc nng thn cn thp,
trung bnh t khong 40 - 55%. Cc vng
su, vng xa t l ny ch t khong 10%.
TT
a phng
T l thu gom CTR

Sinh hot th
(%/ nm)
Tp. H Ch Minh (ni

thnh)
100
Nng (ni thnh)
100
Hi Phng (ni thnh)
100
H Ni (4 qun ni
thnh c)
98
Hu
95
in Bin
94
Long An
94
Nam nh
93
Qung Ninh
92
10
Lng Sn
91
11
Ngh An
90
12
Kin Giang
88
13
H Giang
80
Theo bo co t cc a phng, mt
s th c bit, th loi 1 c t l thu
gom khu vc ni thnh t mc tuyt i
100% nh Tp. H Ch Minh; Nng; Hi
Phng; H Ni t khong 98% 11 qun
ni thnh (qun H ng t 96% v Th x
Sn Ty t 94%); Hu t 95%. Cc th
loi 2 cng c ci thin ng k, a s cc
th loi 2 v 3 u t t l thu gom khu
vc ni thnh t trn 80% - 85%. cc
th loi 4 v 5 th cng tc thu gom c
ci thin khng nhiu do ngun lc vn hn
ch, thu gom phn ln do cc hp tc x
hoc t nhn thc hin nn thiu vn u
t trang thit b thu gom. Mt khc, thc
ngi dn cc th ny cng cha cao
nn vn c gia nh khng s dng dch v
thu gom rc.
Ti cc th, vic thu gom, vn chuyn
CTR sinh hot do Cng ty mi trng th
hoc Cng ty cng trnh th thc hin.
9. Cng vn s 573/BXD-KHCN ca B Xy dng ngy
31/03/2014 v vic bo co kt qu thc hin cc ch tiu
k hoch v TNMT v pht trin bn vng nm 2013
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng 5 nm

(2011 - 2014) cc a phng, 2015
Ti khu vc nng thn, vic thu gom, vn

chuyn CTR sinh hot phn ln l do cc
hp tc x, t i thu gom m nhim vi
chi ph thu gom tha thun vi ngi dn
ng thi c s ch o ca chnh quyn
a phng. Tuy nhin, vic thu gom, vn
chuyn khu vc nng thn thng ch
dng li ti im trung chuyn, do cha
gii quyt c ton b vn thu gom rc
khu vc ny.
Vic phn loi CTR ti ngun cha c
ch ti p dng v khng ng b cho cc
cng on thu gom, x l. Hin cng tc
phn loi CTR ti ngun mi c thc hin
th im ti mt s phng ca mt s
57
CHNG 3
th ln. Phn ln CTR sinh hot th cha
phn loi ti ngun m thu gom ln ln v
vn chuyn n bi chn lp. Chn lp CTR
sinh hot l hnh thc x l ph bin ti cc
th. Ngoi ra cn mt s cng ngh x l
CTR sinh hot bng phng php phn loi,
thu hi, ti ch mt s thnh phn gm c
rc hu c, cc ph liu nh nha, thy tinh,
kim loi hoc sn xut vt liu xy dng.
Ti khu vc nng thn, thc hin tiu
ch 17 ca Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v xy dng nng thn mi, ti mt s a
phng y mnh vic thnh lp n v
thu gom CTR sinh hot. Vic thu gom, x
l cng mi bc u c p dng i vi
CTR sinh hot, tng bc hn ch tnh trng
vt rc thi trn lan. Theo thng k, hin c
khong 40% s thn, x hnh thnh cc t,
i thu gom rc t qun vi kinh ph hot
ng do ngi dn ng gp, nh ti huyn
Bnh Xuyn v Yn Lc (Vnh Phc), huyn
Thanh Tr (H Ni), huyn Yn Phong (Bc
Ninh)Tuy nhin, hiu qu thu gom rc thi
sinh hot cn thp l do h thng phn loi

v ti ch rc hot ng cha tt hoc cha
c. i vi cc loi CTNH v kh phn hy
nh cc loi ha cht, v bao b ha cht
bo v thc vt qua s dng... t chc
thc hin thu gom mt s ni nhng cha
c hng x l sau thu gom.
CTR pht sinh t hot ng sn xut
c thu gom, vn chuyn bi chnh cc c
s sn xut hoc mt s n v khc. V CTR
lng ngh, ch mt phn nh CTR thu gom
cng CTR sinh hot ca dn c nng thn,
cn phn ln cha c thu gom, x l.
Cc phng php x l CTR th hin
nay ph bin l chn lp CTR khng c x
l; chn lp CTR c phun ch phm EM, vi
bt; chn lp CTR c k thut kim sot, x
l nhim; s dng l t; ch bin phn
compost theo cng ngh nc ngoi; ch
bin CTR theo cng ngh Seraphin, An Sinh
ASC; t CTR thu nng lng; t CTR ym
kh thnh than.
Khung 3.3. Cc cng ngh x l CTR

1. Cng ngh t rc to ngun nng lng.
2. Cng ngh ch bin phn hu c.
3. Cng ngh ch bin kh Biogas.
4. Cng ngh x l nc rc.
5. Cng ngh ti ch rc thi thnh cc vt liu v ch phm xy dng.
6. Cng ngh ti s dng cc thnh phn c ch trong rc thi.
7. Cng ngh ch bin CTR theo cng ngh Seraphin.
8. An Sinh ASC
9. Chn lp CTR hp v sinh.
10. Chn lp CTR nguy hi.
11. Cc cng ngh khc.
Vic la chn cng ngh x l CTR phi cn c theo tnh cht v thnh phn ca cht thi v cc iu
kin c th ca tng a phng.
Khuyn khch la chn cng ngh ng b, tin tin cho hot ng ti ch, ti s dng cht thi to
ra nguyn liu v nng lng.
Khuyn khch p dng cng ngh tin tin x l trit cht thi, gim thiu khi lng CTR phi
chn lp, tit kim qu t s dng chn lp v bo m v sinh mi trng.
58
Bn cnh nhng kt qu tch cc t
nhim mi trng khu vc h ngun. i vi
c, vic p dng cc cng ngh x l CTR
khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long, nhiu
cn nhiu vn bc xc. Vic la chn
bi chn lp khng c b bao, khi ma l
cc bi chn lp, khu trung chuyn, thu gom
v, bi chn lp b ngp nc gy nhim
cha cn c khoa hc v thc tin c tnh
mi trng. Nhiu bi chn lp c cu to
thuyt phc; cng ngh x l cht thi cha
h, vo ma kh, cht thi c em t.
m bo k thut v sinh mi trng nn

cha thu c nhiu s ng h ca ngi
dn a phng.
Tnh n nm 2012, c nc c khong

25 nh my x l CTR c u t xy dng
v a vo vn hnh vi tng cng sut
Qua kho st thc t ti 63 tnh thnh
thit k khong 4.000 tn/ngy hot ng
cho thy, nhiu tnh khu vc Duyn hi
ch yu ti mt s th, trong c 3 nh
Nam Trung B v Ty nguyn, cht thi cng
my s dng cng ngh t, 3 nh my s
nghip v CTR sinh hot vn cn chn lp
dng kt hp c t v sn xut phn bn
chung, hu ht cc bi chn lp u khng
compost. Cc nh my cn li s dng cng
hp v sinh. khu vc Ty Nguyn, cc bi
ngh sn xut phn compost kt hp chn
chn lp l thin thng c b tr ti cc
lp c u t xy dng v i vo vn
thung lng, c ni gn u ngun nc gy
hnh. Cc nh my ny gp phn gim
Khung 3.4. Mt s m hnh x l cht thi

ti cc a phng
Cng ngh hm biogas x l cht thi i vi
cc c s chn nui, git m gia sc; m hnh
qun l cht thi nguy hi lng ngh Bnh Yn,
tnh Nam nh; m hnh thu gom v x l rc
thi p dng quy m thn hoc x Thi Bnh,
Ninh Bnh, m hnh cng ngh m lt sinh hc
trong chn nui ln ti H Nam. Khuyn khch
pht trin cc cng ngh x l CTR sinh hot
bng phng php phn loi, thu hi, ti ch
mt s thnh phn gm c CTR hu c (sn xut
phn hu c vi sinh - phn compost), cc ph
liu nh nha, thu tinh, kim loi (sn xut vt
liu), cc thnh phn hu c d chy; xy dng
nh my ch bin phn hu c compost ti mt
s a phng. c bit, mt s d n x l CTR
sinh hot bc u p dng c ch pht trin
sch (CDM) theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v gim
pht kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh nh: D n
nng cp cng trng x l rc G Ct, Tp. H
Ch Minh; khu lin hip x l CTR Nam Sn,
H Ni.
Ngun: Bo co s 231/BC-CP ngy 22/5/2015 ca
Chnh ph v cng tc BVMT
thiu cht thi phi chn lp v hn ch cc

tc ng n mi trng.
Tnh n Qu I nm 2014, trong khun
kh Chng trnh x l CTR giai on 2011
- 202010 c 26 c s x l CTR tp trung
c u t xy dng theo hoch x l CTR
sinh hot ca cc a phng. Trong s 26
c s x l CTR c 03 c s x l s dng
cng ngh t, 11 c s x l s dng cng
ngh sn xut phn hu c, 11c s x l
s dng cng ngh sn xut phn hu c
kt hp vi t, 01 c s x l s dng cng
ngh sn xut vin nhin liu. Tuy nhin,
hiu qu hot ng ca cng ngh x l CTR
sinh hot s dng ti 26 c s ny cha c
nh gi mt cch y , ton din; cha
la chn c m hnh cng ngh x l CTR
10. Quyt nh 798/Q-TTg ngy 25 thng 05 nm 2011
ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt chng trnh u t x
l cht thi rn giai on 2011 - 2020
59
CHNG 3
Khung 3.5. Sn xut phn hu c t cht thi rn sinh hot
Hin nay, cc c s x l CTRSH thnh phn hu c ch yu s dng cng ngh hiu kh hoc k kh
trong thi gian khong 40 - 45 ngy, mt s c s x l ang hot ng: Nh my x l CTRSH Nam Bnh
Dng thuc Cng ty TNHH MTV cp thot nc v mi trng Bnh Dng (s dng dy chuyn thit b
ca Ty Ban Nha, cng sut thit k 420 tn/ngy); Nh my x l v ch bin cht thi Cm Xuyn, H
Tnh thuc Cng ty TNHH MTV qun l cng trnh th H Tnh (s dng dy chuyn thit b ca hng
Mernat - B, cng sut thit k 200 tn/ngy); Nh my x l rc Trng Ct, thuc Cng ty TNHH MTV mi
trng th Hi Phng (s dng dy chuyn thit b ca Hn Quc, cng sut thit k 200 tn/ngy); Nh
my x l CTR Nam Thnh, Ninh Thun thuc Cng ty TNHH xy dng thng mi v sn xut Nam Thnh
(dy chuyn thit b ca Vit Nam, cng sut thit k 200 tn/ngy, d kin s nng cng sut ln 300 tn/
ngy) H thng thit b trong dy chuyn cng ngh ca cc c s x l nhp khu t nc ngoi thng
phi thc hin ci tin cng ngh, thit b ph hp vi c im CTRSH cha c phn loi ti ngun
v iu kin kh hu Vit Nam.
Ngun: Bo co nh gi hin trng p dng cng ngh x l cht thi nguy hi v CTR sinh hot ti Vit Nam
hin nay, Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc ln th IV, B TN&MT, thng 9/2015.
sinh hot hon thin t c c cc tiu ch
Cng tc x hi ha, khuyn khch cc
v k thut, kinh t, x hi v mi trng .
thnh phn kinh t tham gia u t xy dng
11
Theo bo co khng y ca cc
tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, hin
nay trn c nc c 50 l t CTR sinh hot,
a s l l t c nh (di 500kg/h), trong
khong 2/3 l t c sn xut, lp rp
trong nc12. Hin nhiu ni ti cc vng
nng thn ang c xu hng u t i tr
l t cht thi sinh hot tuyn huyn, x.
y l gii php tnh th gp phn nhanh
chng gii quyt vn x l cht thi sinh
hot hin ang tn ng ti khu vc nng
thn. Tuy nhin, vn t ra i vi vic
qun l v kim sot cc l t ny c bit
i vi nhng l cha p ng c nhu cu
k thut trong quy trnh vn hnh khng m
bo s dn n vic pht sinh nhim th
cp pht thi cc kh c hi vo mi trng,
c bit pht thi kh thi Dioxin v Furan rt
nguy him i vi sc khe cng ng.
11. Bo co nh gi hin trng p dng cng ngh x l
cht thi nguy hi v CTR sinh hot ti Vit Nam, Hi ngh
mi trng ton quc ln th IV, B TN&MT, Thng 9/2015
12. Bo in t ng cng sn Vit Nam, ngy 1/9/2015
60
nh my x l CTR ang gp kh khn,

cha t c kt qu nh mong i, c
bit trong vic vay vn v tr n vn vay.
Ngun thut ph x l CTR do a phng
cam kt ch m bo khong 30% chi ph
x l hng nm. Doanh thu t cc sn phm
ti ch (lm phn hu c, sn xut nha ti
ch, gch block,) hin kh thp v khng
n nh. Cng tc qun l tng hp CTR cn
phi bao cp bi ngn sch nh nc trong
khi ph v sinh mi trng cn rt thp.
3.2.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn y t
i vi x l CTR y t, so vi giai on
trc, hot ng ny c tng cng
ng k. Tuy nhin vic u t vn cha
c ng b cc tnh, thnh ph. c
bit l hot ng thu hi v ti ch CTR y
t nhiu ni thc hin khng ng theo quy
ch qun l CTR y t ban hnh13.
13. Bo co s 231/BC-CP ngy 22 thng 5 nm 2015 ca
Chnh ph v cng tc bo v mi trng
Theo s liu bo co ca Cc Qun

l mi trng (B Y t) v tnh hnh qun
l i vi CTR y t, c hn 90% bnh
vin thc hin thu gom hng ngy v c
thc hin phn loi cht thi t ngun. Tuy
vy, i vi cc c s khm cha bnh a
phng do cc S Y t qun l, cng tc thu
gom, lu gi v vn chuyn CTR cha c
ch trng, c bit l cng tc phn loi v
lu gi cht thi ti ngun. S liu thng k

t a phng trong nm 2013 cho thy c
32/57 a phng c s liu x l CTR y t
t t 80% tr ln. Nhn chung, t l thu
gom CTR y t trong giai on 2011 - 2015
tng khng cao14.
14 Bo co nh gi tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu mi
trng trong Chin lc pht trin KT-XH giai on 2011 2020v K hoch pht trin KT-XH nm 2013 - 2014, Tng
cc Mi trng, 2014
Khung 3.6. X l CTR y t trn a bn

Tnh Ngh An
Khung 3.7. Hin trng x l CTR y t

ti H Ni
Tnh n cui nm 2014, tnh Ngh An c

97% lng cht thi ti cc c s y t c thu
gom, phn loi v vn chuyn n cc c s x
l, trong c 65% lng CTNH y t c x l
m bo cc tiu chun v mi trng.
Bnh vin tuyn Trung ng: Theo s liu

thng k ca Cc Qun l Mi trng (B Y
t), nm 2014, trn a bn thnh ph c 22
bnh vin tuyn Trung ng, trong c Bnh
vin nhit i Trung ng v Bnh vin Phi
Trung ng x l CTRNH y t bng thit b vi
sng kt hp vi hi nc bo ha; Bnh vin
Tm thn Trung ng 1 x l bng phng
php t; cn li hp ng thu thu gom, x
l vi URENCO 10. Nhn chung, CTNH y t
pht sinh ti cc bnh vin tuyn Trung ng
c thu gom v x l gn nh 100%.
Hin nay, tnh Ngh An ang p dng ng

thi 2 m hnh x l CTNH y t cho cc bnh
vin: m hnh x l ti ch v m hnh x l theo
cm c s y t. Trn a bn tnh c 18 cng trnh
x l cht thi y t, tt c u t trong khun
vin ca cc bnh vin, c cp giy php
hnh ngh x l CTNH. Trn a bn tnh Ngh
An cha c cng ty mi trng th hay cng ty
t nhn no tham gia x l CTNH y t.
i vi m hnh x l ti ch, 17 bnh vin
ang c cng trnh x l CTR y t ti ch l l
t ChuwAstar - Nht Bn, c cng sut t 20 30 kg/gi (cung cp nm 2010) ang hot ng
tt nhng cng rt tn nhin liu; 09 L t l l
t VHI 08- Vit Nam c cng sut t 35kg/gi
(cung cp t nm 2005) ang hot ng nhng
pht sinh nhiu vn nh tn nhin liu, nhit
thp v khng t tiu chun kh thi ra mi
trng.
Nm 2007 Bnh vin Lao v bnh Phi c
lp t l t hiu VHI - 18B (Vit Nam) cng
sut 20kg/gi. L t hot ng t nm 2008 n
nay thit b xung cp, h hng nng do phi
t thm phn rc thi cho mt s bnh vin khc
trong tnh tnh trng mi kht, khi en khng t
tiu chun quy nh.
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng 5 nm (2010 2014) tnh Ngh An,UBND Tnh Ngh An, 2015
C s Y t do S Y t H Ni qun l:
Theo s liu thng k nm 2015 ca S Y t
H Ni, ti cc c s do S Y t H Ni qun
l, cht thi y t nguy hi ang c x l theo
2 m hnh: x l ti ch v thu vn chuyn,
x l tp trung. 18/41 bnh vin c h thng
x l CTR y t ring (16 bnh vin c
u t xy dng h thng l t CTR theo Q
s 5341/Q - UBND ngy 29/10/2011 v
02 n v c u t t trc ). Hin nay,
12/41 bnh vin, cc trung tm chuyn khoa
v cc trung tm y t (52 phng khm a khoa
khu vc, 4 nh h sinh), v cc bnh vin t
nhn (26 bnh vin), cc phng khm v c
s dch v y t t nhn k hp ng vi doanh
nghip c t cch php nhn trong vic vn
chuyn v x l CTR y t theo hnh thc thu
gom tp trung.
Ngun: Bo co tng th hin trng mi trng
thnh ph H Ni giai on 5 nm (2011 - 2015),
UBND thnh ph H Ni, 2015.
61
CHNG 3
Tnh n nm 2015, t l CTR y t c
vin, hoc thi trc tip ra bi rc chung, ni
thu gom t trn 75%; t l CTNH y t c
c ng dn c sinh sng v khng t trong

s c tun bn ra ngoi ti ch. y
thc s l nhng mi nguy e da mi trng
v cuc sng ca ngi dn.
thu gom, x l t khong 65%. Hu ht cc

bnh vin u tin hnh thu gom, phn loi
cht thi, nhng phng tin thu gom cn
thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu
chun, khng c cc trang thit b m bo
cho qu trnh vn chuyn c an ton15.
Ti cc c s khm cha bnh trc thuc
s qun l ca B Y t, phn ln CTR y t
pht sinh c thu gom v vn chuyn n
cc khu vc lu gi tp trung sau c x
l ti cc l thiu t nm ngay trong c s
hoc k hp ng vn chuyn v x l i
vi cc c s x l cht thi c cp
php ti a bn c s khm cha bnh .
Trong khong hn 300 tn cht thi y t
mi ngy ch c 1/3 s CTR c t bng
l t hin i v c th m bo an ton
mi trng. Thng k cho thy, hin c nc
c gn 200 l t rc thi y t chuyn dng,
trong c 2 x nghip t rc tp trung ti
H Ni v Tp. HCM, cn li l cc l t rc
c trung bnh v c nh. S l t rc thi y
t ny mi ch phc v cho 453 bnh vin v
c s y t, chim khong 40% s bnh vin.
Hn na, cc l t rc ch yu tp trung
cc bnh vin tnh tr ln v mt s bnh
vin tuyn huyn thuc cc th x, thnh ph.
Cn li c ti 33% bnh vin tuyn huyn v
tnh khng c h thng l t chuyn dng,
phi x l cht thi y t nguy hi bng cc
l t th cng, chn trong khun vin bnh
15. Bo co s 231/BC-CP ngy 22 thng 5 nm 2015 ca
Chnh ph v cng tc bo v mi trng

62
Hin nay, vic s dng cng ngh

khng t, thn thin vi mi trng trong
x l cht thi y t c khuyn khch
v u tin pht trin16. in hnh l cng
ngh x l cht thi y t bng phng php
khng t nh kh khun bng l hp, l
vi sng em li hiu qu v mt kinh t
ln mi trng, do s dng nhit di
4000C nn khng pht sinh kh thi c bit
dioxin/furan v gim tiu th nng lng.
3.2.3. Thu gom v x l cht thi nguy hi
t hot ng sn xut
Theo thng k t bo co ca cc a
phng cho thy, khi lng CTNH c
thu gom, x l ngy cng tng qua tng
nm, c th trong nm 2012 l 165.624 tn,
nm 2013 l 186.657 tn (tng 12,7% so
vi nm 2012), nm 2014 l 320.275 tn
(tng 93,4% so vi nm 2012), chim t l
khong 40% tng lng cht thi nguy hi
pht sinh trn ton quc17.
So vi 5 nm t 2005 - 2010, trong giai
on t 2011 n 2015, vic thu gom, x l
CTNH ti mt s c s sn xut quy m ln
bt u c quan tm. Tuy nhin, ti
cc c s sn xut va v nh, vn ny
vn b bung lng. Hin nay, CTNH cng
16. Bo co Tng kt cng tc bo v mi trng giai on
2011 - 2015 v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020, Hi
ngh Mi trng ton quc ln th IV, B TN&MT, thng
9/2015.
17. Bo co tng kt 10 nm thc hin Lut phng chng
tham nhng nm 2005 - TCMT, 2015
Khung 3.8. Tng cngcp php cho cc c s

thc hin thu gom, vn chuyn CTNH
Cng tc x l cht thi nguy hi c quy
nh v qun l cht ch t Trung ng n a
phng, thng qua vic cp php, kim tra gim
st cc n v x l cht thi nguy hi. Tnh n
thng 6 nm 2015, trn ton quc c 83 doanh
nghip vi 56 i l c a bn hot ng t hai
tnh tr ln v khong 130 n v (ch yu l
n v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi) c cc
B, ngnh v a phng cp php ang hot
ng. Ring B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, trong
6 thng u nm 2015 cp mi, gia hn, iu
chnh 36 lt Giy php hnh ngh qun l cht
thi nguy hi.
Ngun: Bo co cng tc nh nc v BVMT,
B TN&MT, 2015
nghip c thu gom, x l bi URENCO

v mt s n v nh l khc hoc c
cc n v sn xut t thu gom, x l hoc
lu tr.
Hu ht cc c s x l CTNH u l
doanh nghip t nhn (chim 97% tng s
doanh nghip x l CTNH do B TN&MT
cp php hot ng). Cng sut x l ca cc
c s c B TN&MT cp php l khong
1.300 tn/nm, cc c s ny ng vai tr
chnh trong vic thu gom, vn chuyn v x
l CTNH trn phm vi c nc. Vic pht
trin cc doanh nghip t nhn hot ng
theo c ch th trng gip cho hot ng
qun l cht thi c tnh cnh tranh cao, to
iu kin cho cc ch ngun thi CTNH cn
chuyn giao c th chn la doanh nghip
x l c kinh nghim v dch v ph hp,
trnh tnh trng c quyn v p gi x l.
Tuy nhin, vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l
CTNH ti cc khu vc vng su, vng xa cn
gp nhiu kh khn, c bit vi cc ch

ngun thi pht sinh lng CTNH t (<0,6
tn/nm) do khng tm c n v c chc
nng x l k hp ng chuyn giao. Cc
vn ny gy sc p khng nh n
cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn CTNH nc
ta thi gian qua18.
Trong thi gian qua, thng qua Chng
trnh mc tiu quc gia khc phc nhim v
ci thin mi trng giai on 2012 - 2015,
Quyt nh 1946/Q - TTg ngy 21 thng
10 nm 2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph v
vic ph duyt K hoch x l, phng nga
nhim mi trng do ha cht BVTV tn lu
trn phm vi c nc v cc chng trnh h
tr c mc tiu kinh ph t ngn sch nh
nc nhm x l trit , khc phc nhim
v gim thiu suy thoi mi trng cho mt
s i tng thuc khu vc cng ch v cc
d n hp tc quc t, B TN&MT cng cc
B v a phng x l c 60 im tn
lu ha cht BVTV b nhim nghim trng
v c bit nghim trng; x l th im, tiu
hy hn 900 tn ha cht cc loi cht thi
cha ha BVTV tn lu; xy dng hng dn
k thut qun l cc khu vc b nhim do
ha cht BVTV19.
18. Bo co tng kt 10 nm thc hin Lut phng chng

tham nhng nm 2005 - TCMT, 2015
19. Ngun: Bo co Bo co qun l, bo v mi trng
lu vc sng, khc phc nhim, suy thoi v ci thin
cht lng mi trng, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc, B
TN&MT, thng 9/2015
63
MI TRNG NC
CHNG 4
MI TRNG NC
65
MI TRNG NC
CHNG 4
MI TRNG NC
4.1. MI TRNG NC MT LC A
Theo thng k ca B TN&MT, Vit
Nam c 3.450 sng, sui vi chiu di t
10 km tr ln. Cc sng sui ny nm trong
108 LVS c phn b v tri di trn c
nc vi tng din tch trn 1.167 triu km2.
Tng lng nc mt trung bnh nm ca
Vit Nam khong 830 t m3 c tp trung
ch yu trn 8 LVS ln, bao gm: LVS Hng
- Thi Bnh, Bng Giang - K Cng, M, C,
Vu Gia - Thu Bn, Ba, ng Nai v sng
M Cng (Cu Long), trong LVS Cu
Long (khong 57%), LVS Hng - Thi Bnh
hn 16%, LVHT sng ng Nai (hn 4%),
cn li cc LVS khc. Tuy nhin, khong
63% ngun nc mt ca Vit Nam (tng
ng vi 520 t m3) c ngun gc ngoi
bin gii quc gia, ch c gn 310 t m3 mi
nm c sinh ra trn lnh th Vit Nam,
tp trung cc sng ng Nai, C, Ba, V
Gia - Thu Bn. Theo kt qu thng k, r

sot s b, c nc c trn 2.900 h cha
nc thy in, thy li vn hnh, ang
xy dng hoc c quy hoch xy dng
vi tng dung tch trn 65 t m31.
Do c trng dng chy, s phn b
lng nc khng ng u theo ma v s
suy gim cht lng nc do nhim nn
nguy c cn kit ngun nc trong khi nhu
cu s dng nc ngy cng gia tng, hiu
qu s dng nc thp, c ch hp tc, chia
s ngun nc gia cc quc gia cha hiu
qu... l nhng thch thc t ra trong vic
s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc quc gia.
1. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam - Nhng vn t ra i
vi vic tip tc hon thin chnh sch, php lut v ti
nguyn nc, Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT,
thng 4/2015.
67
CHNG 4
1060'0"E
H GIANG
BNG GIANG - K CNG

S: 13.260 km2
ST: 11.280 km2
SN: 1.980 km2
BC KN
LNG SN
THI NGUYN
VNH PHC
PH TH
SN LA
1140'0"E
BC GIANG QUNG NINH
BC NINH
H NI
HI DNG
HNG YNHI PHNG
HA BNH
HNG - THI BNH

S: 169.020 km2
ST: 86.680 km2
SN: 52.340 km2
H NAMTHI BNH
VNH
BC B
NINH BNHNAM NH
200'0"N
THANH HA
200'0"N
220'0"N
TUYN QUANG
YN BI
1120'0"E
TRUNG QUC
CAO BNG
LO CAI
IN BIN
1100'0"E
M
S: 28.400 km2
ST: 17.720 km2
SN: 10.680 km2
L O
NGH AN
O HI NAM
(TRUNG QUC)
C
S: 29.930 km2
ST: 20.460 km2
SN: 9.470 km2
180'0"N
QUNG BNH
180'0"N
GIANH
S: 4.680 km2
ST: 4.680 km2
H TNH
THCH HN
S: 2.550 km2
ST: 2.550 km2
THI LAN
HNG
S: 3.300 km2
ST: 3.300 km2
QUNG TR
VU GIA - THU BN
S: 10.350 km2
ST: 10.350 km2
THA THIN HU
160'0"N
NNG
CH GII
TR KHC - V - TR BNG
S: 5.200 km2
ST: 5.200 km2
QUNG NAM
Ranh gii quc gia
QUN
HO
NG
N
N
(TP
160'0"N
LAI CHU
1080'0"E
220'0"N
1040'0"E
SA
G)
Ranh gii tnh

QUNG NGI
Sng, h
S SAN
S: 11.450 km2
ST: 11.450 km2
140'0"N
GII THCH CH VIT TT

S
KN - H THANH - LA TINH
S: 3.640 km2
ST: 3.640 km2
KON TUM
140'0"N
Ranh gii lu vc sng
BNH NH
Tng din tch lu vc
ST
Din tch lu vc trong lnh th
SN
Din tch lu vc ngoi lnh th
GIA LAI
BA
S: 13.900 km2
ST: 13.900 km2
SR POK - IA LP - IA H'LEO
S: 18.200 km2
ST: 18.200 km2
PH YN
CAMPUCHIA
KHNH HA
120'0"N
120'0"N
K NNG
N
B I
K LK
BNH PHC
NG NAI - SI GN
S: 40.294 km2
ST: 33.594 km2
SN: 6.700 km2
NINH THUN
LM NG
TY NINH
BNH DNG
BNH THUN
NG NAI
NHM CC LVS VNG NG NAM B

S: 15.760 km2
ST: 15.760 km2
TP. H CH MINH
LONG AN
VNH
THI LAN
NG THP
AN GIANG
TIN GIANG
KIN GIANG
BN TRE
VNH LONG
HU GIANG
100'0"N
100'0"N
CN TH
o Ph Quc
(KIN GIANG)
B RA - VNG TU
TR VINH
SC TRNG
BC LIU
C MAU
CU LONG
S: 761.417 km2
ST: 37.165 km2
SN: 724.252 km2
Cn o
(B RA - VNG TU)
1040'0"E
1060'0"E
QUN
60
1080'0"E
30
60
(KH
TR
H
NH
SA
A)
120
Km
1100'0"E
1120'0"E
Hnh 4.1. Bn ranh gii cc LVS chnh Vit Nam

Ngun: D n nh gi ngnh nc, Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT, 2008
68
MI TRNG NC
4.1.1. Hin trng khai thc v s dng nc

Tng lng nc ang c khai thc,
s dng hng nm khong 80,6 t m3, chim
xp x 10% tng lng nc hin c ca c
nc. Trong , trn 80% lng nc c
s dng cho mc ch nng nghip (khong
65 t m3/nm)2. Ngoi ra, nc cn c s
dng cho sn xut nng lng, sinh hot,
nui trng thy sn v hot ng sn xut
cng nghip, du lch, dch v. C cu s
dng nc ang c xu hng tng dn cho
cng nghip, thy sn v sinh hot.
Nc phc v cho san xut nng nghip
nhiu nht hai vng BSCL v BSH,
chim t l 70% lng nc s dng. Nhng
vng, LVS c t l s dng nc cho thy
sn cao bao gm: cao nht l sng Cu Long,
sng Hng - Thi Bnh, nhm sng vng
ng Nam B, sng ng Nai v sng M
vi cc tng lng dng tng ng: 5,8 t m3;
0,7 t m3; 0,63 t m3; 0,4 t m3.
Lu vc sng c t l dng nc cho
cng nghip cao nht l LVS Hng - Thi
Bnh, chim gn 1/2 tng lng nc s
dng cho ngnh cng nghip ca c nc;
tip n l LVHTS ng Nai chim 25%;
LVS Cu Long l 10%; cui cng l nhm sng
vng ng Nam B l 7%.
Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc
cha hp l va thiu bn vng gy suy
giam tai nguyn nc trong khi hiu qua
s dung nc con thp, tnh trng lng
ph trong s dng nc cn ph bin trn
phm vi c nc.
2. Nhng vn v ti nguyn nc ti Vit Nam, Ta m
v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam - Hungary, Bi pht biu ca
Th trng Nguyn Thi Lai, Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc,
B TN&MT, thng 11/2014.
Nhng nm gn y, do nhiu nguyn

nhn, h lu hu ht cc LVS, tnh trng
suy gim ngun nc dn ti thiu nc,
khan him nc khng cung cp cho
sinh hot, sn xut ang din ra ngy mt
thng xuyn hn. Mu thun trong s dng
ngun nc xut hin, nh gia nhu cu
cp thot nc cho nng nghip, thy in,
tiu thot nc cho sn xut v dn sinh,
bo v ngun li ca cc ao nui thy sn.
Thm vo , ti nguyn nc trn cc
LVS nc ta ang b suy gim do nhu cu
dng nc tng cao trong sn xut nng
nghip, cng nghip, nui trng thy sn,
thy in, lng ngh; cng tc qun l ti
nguyn nc cn hn ch; cc HST rng
u ngun cc lu vc cng b suy gim
trn din rng do nn ph rng, do canh tc
nng nghip, khai khong v xy dng c
s h tng. Ngoi ra, BKH cng tc ng
mnh m ln ti nguyn nc mt Vit
Nam. Theo d bo, tc ng ca BKH s
lm dng chy trong ma kh vng BSCL
(ch tnh ring lng nc pht sinh trong
vng) suy gim khong 4,8% vo nm 2020
v khong 14,5% vo nm 2050.
Ti nguyn nc ca nc ta n cha
nhiu yu t km bn vng. Xt lng nc
vo ma kh th nc ta thuc vo vng
phi i mt vi nguy c thiu nc, mt s
khu vc thuc loi khan him nc. Trong
khi nhu cu nc khng ngng tng ln th
nhiu dng sng li b suy thoi, nhim,
nc sch ngy mt khan him. Hn hn,
thiu nc din ra thng xuyn, nghim
trng. An ninh v nc cho pht trin bn
vng v BVMT ang khng c bo m
nhiu ni, nhiu vng trn c nc.
69
CHNG 4
Khung 4.1. Suy gim mc nc mt s vng trn c nc
Tnh trng hn hn, thiu nc xy ra trong cc thng u ma kh nm 2014 nhng khng gay gt
do cc h thy in thng ngun u tch c nc n mc nc dng bnh thng v cp nc tng
cng trong ma cn. Ngun nc cc sng, cc h cha gim nhanh v u mc thp hn trung bnh
nhiu nm t 18-38%.
Lng dng chy trn phn ln cc sng chnh Trung B v khu vc Ty Nguyn u thiu ht so vi
trung bnh nhiu nm cng k t 30-70%. Tnh hnh kh hn thiu nc xy ra mt s vng ti cc
tnh Qung Tr, Bnh nh, Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, k Lk.
Trong cac thng u nm 2015, lng dng chy h lu sng M Cng v u ngun sng Cu Long
thiu ht so vi trung bnh nhiu nm t 20-30%. Mc nc cui ngun sng Cu Long chu nh hng
mnh ca thy triu v c xu th gim dn. Ti cc trm Tn Chu, Chu c mc nc cao nht thng
lun mc cao hn trung bnh nhiu nm t 0,15 - 0,25m; mc nc thp nht trong thng thp hn trung
bnh nhiu nm t 0,4 - 0,6m. Xm nhp mn su vo ni ng (20 - 30km) xy ra v cao hn cng k
nm 2014.
Ngun: Trung tm Kh tng thy vn quc gia, thng 3/2015
m3/s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0
Sng Sng Sng

Sng
Sng
- Trm - Trm Thao - Hng - Hng Lai Chu Ho Bnh Trm
Trm Trm H
Yn Bi Sn Ty
Ni
Sng Sng Lc Sng M Sng C Sng C

Nam - - Trm - Trm - Trm
Cu Trm
Cm
Da
Yn
Trm
Ch
Thu
Thng
Thi
Nguyn
Biu 4.1. Din bin lu lng nc cao nht mt s sng chnh cc nm 2010 - 2014
Ngun: NGTK, TCTK, 2014
4.1.2. Din bin cht lng nc mt

Din bin cht lng nc mt c
nh gi trn c s cht lng nc ca
cc LVS ln tri di t Bc vo Nam. Nhn
chung, cht lng nc mt thng ngun
cc LVS ca Vit Nam cn tng i tt. Tuy
nhin, c mt s khu vc u ngun c
du hiu nhim ti mt s thi im. Mc
70
d y khng phi hin tng in hnh,

thng gp, nhng cng cn c s gim st
cht ch.
Ti cc LVS, nhim v suy thoi cht
lng nc tip tc xy ra nhiu on, tp
trung vng trung lu v h lu (c bit
l cc on chy qua khu vc th, khu
cng nghip, lng ngh), nhiu ni nhim
MI TRNG NC
mc nghim trng, nh LVS Nhu y, LVS Cu, LVHTS ng Nai. Mc

nhim ph thuc vo yu t thy vn ca
dng chy (mc nhim thng tng
cao hn vo ma kh) v c bit ph thuc
vo vic kim sot cc ngun thi vo
ngun nc.
vng Ty Nam B, ng Nam B v duyn

hi min Trung.
So vi giai on trc, cht lng nc
mt ti mt s khu vc c s ci thin do
vic thc hin cc d n u t ci thin
mi trng, tng cng qun l v vic thc
hin cc n BVMT, u t nng cp, ci
thin cnh quan mi trng mt s sng h,
knh rch trong ni thnh cc th ln nh
Tp. H Ch Minh v H Ni.
Mi trng nc mt ti cc khu vc b
nhim hu ht do cc cht hu c v vi
sinh vt vt ngng cho php; tnh trng
nhim hu c din ra kh ph bin ti
nhiu LVS. Vn nhim du m thng
ch xy ra nhng on sng c hot ng
giao thng thy pht trin, hoc nhng on
sng tip nhn nc thi cng nghip ca
cc c s sn xut, cc khu vc cng
nhim kim loi nng mang tnh cc b, tp
trung ch yu nhng sng nhnh gn cc
khu vc khai thc khong sn hoc cc c
s sn xut cng nghip. Hin tng xm
nhp mn vng h lu, ca sng din ra
kh ph bin trong nhng nm gn y ti
mg/l
4.1.2.1. Lu vc sng Bng Giang - K Cng

LVS Bng Giang - K Cng gm c 2
sng ln l sng Bng Giang v sng K
Cng. Sng Bng Giang bt ngun t tnh
Qung Ty - Trung Quc, chy qua a phn
Cao Bng ri sang Trung Quc, hp lu
vi sng K Cng. Sng K Cng l con sng
chnh ca Lng Sn, bt ngun t vng ni
Bc Xa, chy sang Trung Quc theo hng
ngc li vi sng Bng Giang.
QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT (A1)
QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT (B1)
16
12
8
4
0
Pha di Pha di Pha di

NM luyn khch sn chn cu
gang 100m Bng Giang Hong Ng
Chn cu
Hng Vit
Sng Bng Giang
Trm bm
nh my
ng
Ca khu
Sc Giang
Di trm
bm NM
nc
Chn cu
sng Hin
Pha di
cch ch
Canh Tn
30m
Sng Hin
(ph lu sng Bng Giang)
Biu 4.2. Gi tr BOD5 trn sng Bng Giang v ph lu trn a bn tnh Cao Bng nm 2011
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Cao Bng, 2012
71
CHNG 4
Sng Bng Giang
Nhn chung, cht lng nc sng
Bng Giang v cc ph lu ti khu vc
thng ngun cn kh tt. Nng cc cht
nhim tng dn v h lu, ni ng dn
c v cc c s cng nghip, tiu th cng
nghip. Ti nhng on sng c khai thc
vng sa khong, ct, cui, si v nhng on
sng tip nhn ngun nc thi t hot ng
khai thc khong sn th c, TSS ti y
cao hn trn thng ngun rt nhiu ln v
mc vt QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT
B1. nhim do cht hu c cha phi l
vn ng lu trn sng Bng Giang, ti
hu ht cc im quan trc, gi tr COD v
mg/l
BOD5 vt QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT A1

song vn t loi B1 (Biu 4.2).
Sng K Cng
Cht lng nc sng K Cng trong giai
on 2011 - 2015 t c s bin ng qua cc
nm. Hu ht cc thng s quan trc u
nm trong ngng gii hn cho php ca
QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 (Biu
4.3). Ti mt s thi im, nc sng c du
hiu nhim cc b cht hu c do chu s
tc ng trc tip ca cc ngun nc thi
cha qua x l, x thi trc tip vo sng
(in hnh nh on sng chy qua nh my
thuc da Nguyn Hng, huyn Vn Lng).
2011
2012
2013
2014
T6/2015

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cu Ngm, Chi
Cu Mai Pha, Mai Cu bn Chu, Khut Cu Bn Tri, Khng Thn P Nu, Tn
Lang, Vn Lng
Lng, Tp. Lng Sn Pha, Tp. Lng Sn
X, Lc Bnh
Chin, Trng nh
X Hoa Thm, Bnh

Gia
Sng K Cng
Sng Bc Giang
(ph lu sng K
Cng)
Biu 4.3. Din bin gi tr COD trn sng K Cng v ph lu

trong giai on 2011 - thng 6/2015
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Lng Sn, 2015
72
MI TRNG NC
4.1.2.2. Lu vc sng Hng - Thi Bnh

LVS Hng - Thi Bnh trn lnh th Vit
Nam, chy qua a phn cc tnh/thnh
ph, bao gm: Lai Chu, in Bin, Sn La,
Ha Bnh, H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Lo Cai,
Yn Bi, Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Thi Nguyn,
Bc Cn, Bc Ninh, Bc Giang, Hi Dng,
Hi Phng, Hng Yn, H Ni, H Nam,
Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, Qung
Ninh, Lng Sn v Cao Bng.
Sng Hng
Cht lng nc sng Hng c nh
gi cn kh tt vi ch s cht lng nc
WQI mc cao, nhiu ni nc c th s
dng tt cho cp nc sinh hot. Trong giai
on 2011 - 2015, cht lng nc c xu
hng tt ln.
Sng Hng c c trng t nhin l
lng ph sa ln nn hm lng cht rn
l lng v st trong nc kh cao, nht l
vo ma ma (thng 4 - thng 10), hm

lng TSS c s gia tng mnh do nc ma
lm xi mn cc hp cht b mt vo mi
trng nc.
Ti cc tnh Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Ph Th,
gi tr TSS ghi nhn c trong nc sng
Hng lun mc cao hn QCVN 08:2015
B1 v cao hn cc tnh khc nh H Nam,
Nam nh. Nguyn nhn l do hot ng
khai thc khong sn, ct, si din ra kh
ph bin. Ti cc on sng chy qua cc
nh my, khu vc tp trung hot ng sn
xut cng nghip (on chy qua Ph Th,
Vnh Phc), mi trng nc c du hiu
b nhim cht hu c, cht dinh dng.
on sng Hng v phn lu ca sng
Hng chy qua a bn tnh Nam nh
cng ghi nhn hin tng nhim cht
hu c, cht dinh dng (Biu 4.4).
Khung 4.2. Ch s nh gi cht lng nc WQI

Ch s nh gi cht lng nc WQI c tnh ton theo Quyt nh s 879/Q-TCMT ngy 01 thng
7 nm 2011 ca Tng Cc trng Tng cc Mi trng v vic ban hnh S tay hng dn tnh ton ch s
cht lng nc, c biu din qua cc thang im.
Gi tr WQI
Mc nh gi cht lng nc
Mu
91 - 100
S dng tt cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot
Xanh nc bin
76 - 90
S dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot

nhng cn cc bin php x l ph hp
Xanh l cy
51 - 75
S dng cho mc ch ti tiu v cc mc

ch tng ng khc
Vng
26 - 50
S dng cho giao thng thy v cc mc ch

tng ng khc
Da cam
0 - 25
Nc nhim nng, cn cc bin php x l

trong tng lai
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
73
CHNG 4
2011
2013
2015
mg/l
2012
2014
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
X Giao Thin
Hi Chu
M Tn
Yn Phng
Sng Hng
Sng Ninh C
Sng o
Sng y
Phn lu sng Hng
Biu 4.4. Din bin gi tr COD trong nc sng Hng v cc phn lu

chy qua tnh Nam nh trong giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Nam nh, 2015
Mt vn cng cn tip tc c quan tm theo di thng xuyn, l vic gim st

cht lng mi trng nc sng Hng khu vc u ngun, vng gip ranh vi Trung Quc.
Trm quan trc mi trng xuyn bin gii trn sng Hng ti Lo Cai thng xuyn ghi nhn
hm lng Amoni v Pht pht cao hn cc im khc ti thng ngun sng Hng. Gi tr
cao nht c ghi nhn nm 2012 v gim dn trong cc nm tip theo, tuy nhin vn vt
QCVN (Biu 4.5 v Biu 4.6). Trong nm, gi tr Amoni thng tng cao vo 6 thng
u nm, gim trong 6 thng cui nm (Biu 4.7).
2012
mg/l
2013
2014
mg/l
2012
2013
2014
2,0
1,4
1,2
1,6
1,0
1,2
0,8
0,6
0,8
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,0
Nc sui Lng P
Nc S. Hng u ngun
Nc S. Hng ti Trm QT
xuyn bin gii
Biu 4.5. Din bin hm lng Amoni

nc sng Hng giai on 2012 - 2014
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Lo Cai, 2015
74
0,0
Nc sui Lng P
Nc S. Hng u ngun
Nc S. Hng ti Trm QT
xuyn bin gii
Biu 4.6. Din bin hm lng Pht pht

nc sng Hng giai on 2012 - 2014
MI TRNG NC
mg/l
1,4
1,2
NS01
NS02
NS03
NS04
NS05
NS06
NS07
NS08
NS09
NS10
NS11
NS12
NS13
NS14
NS15

1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
Ghi ch: NS01, NS02... NS15 l thi im ly mu 02 ngy/ln trong tng thng.
Biu 4.7. Din bin hm lng Amoni cc thng trong nm 2014 ti trm quan trc
nc sng xuyn bin gii trn sng Hng, tnh Lo Cai
Cc sng khc (sng , sng L, sng Thi Bnh, sng Thng)

Cc sng khc thuc LVS Hng - Thi Bnh c cht lng nc kh tt, trong nc
sng c th s dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot. Tuy nhin, kt qu quan trc ghi
nhn hin tng nhim cht hu c cc b trn sng Thng on chy qua tnh Bc Giang
(Biu 4.8).
mg/l
60
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
50
40
30
20
10
0
Thn Man Cu Chi Thn Vit Tp. Bc

ng
Lng
Thng
Giang
Lng Sn
Sng Thng
H. Lng
Giang
Bc Giang
Cm Vn Cu Ph Hp c c Bc NM Thy Cu Ha Cu Trung
Bnh
H
Lng
in Ha
Bnh
Hi Dng
Ph Th
Sng Thi Bnh
Sng L
Ha Bnh
H Ni
Sng
Biu 4.8. Din bin gi tr COD trn cc sng khc thuc LVS Hng - Thi Bnh
trong giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Lng Sn, Bc Giang, Ha Bnh, 2015
Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2015
75
CHNG 4
4.1.2.3. Lu vc sng Cu
LVS Cu c din tch lu vc trn 6.000
km , bt ngun t tnh Bc Kn v kt thc ti
Ph Li - Hi Dng, chy qua cc tnh Bc
Kn, Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, Vnh
Phc v Hi Dng.
2
Khung 4.3. Cht lng nc sng

on qua thnh ph Ha Bnh
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, trn
sng ni ln vn v ngun nc
cp cho sinh hot b nh hng bi bi
rc Dc Bng thuc a phn phng
Tn Ha, Tp. Ha Bnh. Bi rc ny c
a vo khai thc t nm 2003 vi din
tch khong 1,2ha; su trung bnh t
12 n 14m. Nc r rc t bi rc chy
trc tip xung sng l ngun gy
nhim cho ngun nc trong nhiu nm,
c bit l trong nm 2013 - 2014. Trc
tnh trng trn, UBND Tp. Ha Bnh
ng ca bi rc ny theo Quyt nh s
113/TP-UBND ngy 4/12/2014.
Theo kt qu phn tch ti cng nc
thi Dc Bng nm 2015, gi tr cc
thng s COD, BOD5, TN, N-NH4, Fe v
Coliform u vt QCVN 40:2011 (A1)
nhiu ln.
Kt qu quan trc nc sng t v
tr sau p h thy in Ha Bnh n
v tr trc khi chy qua knh dn nc
th ca Nh my nc Vinaconex ngy
24/12/2014 cho thy, ti v tr sau im
thi ca bi rc Dc Bng, nc b
nhim cc b bi Nitrit v Amoni (vt
QCVN 08:2008 A2 tng ng l 2 ln v
1,5 ln). Tuy nhin, do kh nng t lm
sch ca nc sng kh tt nn n
im knh dn nc th ca Nh my
nc Vinaconex, ton b cc thng s
quan trc u t QCVN 08:2008 A2, s
dng c cho mc ch cp nc sinh
hot nhng phi p dng cng ngh x
l ph hp.
Ngun: Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2015
76
Cht lng nc sng Cu t thng ngun

n on trc khi chy qua thnh ph Thi
Nguyn lun mc tt qua cc nm. on
sng Cu chy qua Thi Nguyn cht lng
nc mc trung bnh do tip nhn nc thi
t cc hot ng cng nghip, sinh hot. on
sng Cu chy qua Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, cht
lng nc ti hu ht cc thi im mc
km, nc sng b nhim do nh hng t
nc thi ca cc khu cng nghip, lng ngh.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, vi s n lc ca
cc cp chnh quyn v y ban bo v mi
trng LVS Cu trong vic qun l v kim sot
cc ngun thi gy nhim, cht lng nc
trn LVS sng Cu c ci thin nhiu
ni so vi giai on trc (Hnh 4.2).
Tuy nhin, trn LVS Cu vn cn tn ti
mt s im nc sng b nhim nng, cht
lng nc cha c ci thin nhiu. Mt s
im c cht lng nc thng xuyn mc
thp: khu vc sui Ci (Thng Nung, Thi
Nguyn) do khai thc khong sn, ct; khu
vc Tn Long (Thi Nguyn) do nc thi sinh
hot, nc thi sn xut ca hng lot cc c
s sn xut trong khu vc. Ti mt s khu vc
thuc a bn tnh Bc Ninh, Bc Giang, do
tip nhn nc thi ca cc hot ng sn xut
ca lng ngh, KCN v sinh hot ca dn c,
vn nhim ch yu l nhim cht hu
c, cht dinh dng v cht rn l lng.
MI TRNG NC
Hnh 4.2. Din bin cht lng nc sng Cu theo WQI giai on 2011 - 2014
77
CHNG 4
Sng Ng Huyn Kh l mt trong
nhng in hnh nhim nghim trng ca
LVS Cu do chu nh hng ca cc c s
sn xut v c bit l cc lng ngh tri
dc sng t ng Anh (H Ni) n cng
Vn An (Bc Ninh). Mc d so vi giai
on 2006 - 2010, cht lng nc sng
Ng Huyn Kh c s ci thin nhng
vn c im thng xuyn b nhim nng
2011
2012
2013
(cu o X, Vn Mn, Song Tht, Lc H)

(Biu 4.9).
Thng k t l vt QCVN 08-MT:2015/
BTNMT B1 ca mt s thng s trong nc
mt LVS Cu trong giai on 2011 - 2015
cho thy, mt s thng s c t l vt
chun mc cao l Nitrit, Fe, Coliform,
Amoni, TSS (Biu 4.10).
2014
2015
mg/l
4
Cu Lc H - Huyn ng
Anh, H Ni
Cu Song Tht - Huyn Yn Vn Mn - Mn X, Huyn

Phong, Bc Ninh
Yn Phong, Bc Ninh
Cu o X - Tp. Bc Ninh
Biu 4.9. Din bin hm lng Amoni trong nc sng Ng Huyn Kh giai on 2011 - 2015
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2011
DO
6,19
COD
7,14
BOD5
1,90
TSS
19,52
Fe
28,57
Amoni
14,29
Nitrit
43,81
2012
6,67
7,62
2,86
15,24
17,62
20,95
44,76
2013
2,38
8,10
2,86
26,67
26,19
19,52
43,33
2014
5,00
8,00
3,00
20,00
24,00
34,00
49,00
2015
3,33
8,10
6,19
20,95
21,90
25,71
45,24
Biu 4.10. Din bin t l vt chun ca mt s thng s trong nc mt trn LVS Cu giai on 2011 - 2015
78
MI TRNG NC
4.1.2.4. Lu vc sng Nhu - y

Lu vc sng Nhu - y c din tch
lu vc 7.665km2, chy qua a phn cc
tnh Ha Bnh, H Ni, H Nam, Nam
nh, Ninh Bnh.
Sng Nhu
Ti u ngun - im tip nhn nc
sng Hng (cng Lin Mc - H Ni) - nc
sng Nhu hu nh cha b nhim. Mc
nhim tng ln ti on chy qua a
phn H ng, Thanh Tr, Thanh Oai (H
Ni) do tip nhn nc thi sinh hot
th v nc thi sn xut ca cc c s sn
xut, lng ngh trong khu vc. Ch s WQI
trung bnh nm ti on sng chy qua a
phn H Ni lun duy tr mc thp (t
WQI
2011
2012
on u ngun), nc b nhim, hu ht
ch s dng c cho mc ch giao thng
thy. on cui ngun sng Nhu chy qua
a phn tnh H Nam, cht lng nc c
s ci thin hn (Biu 4.11).
Sng y
Cht lng sng y tt hn sng
Nhu, tuy nhin nc sng ti hu ht cc
im quan trc ch s dng c cho mc
ch ti tiu. Ti mt s im nh cu Mai
Lnh (H Ni), cht lng nc b suy gim
trong nm 2014 v nm 2015 (Biu
4.12). Theo nh gi ca S TN&MT tnh
Ninh Bnh, nc sng y chy qua a
phn tnh Ninh Bnh c cht lng kh n
nh, hu ht cc thng s quan trc u t
QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1.
2013
2014
2015
100
75
50
25
Cng Lin Phc La

Mc
Cu T
Cu
Chic
ng
Quan
Cng
Thn
Cng
Kiu Cu Hng
Nht Tu
Ph
Biu 4.11. Din bin ch s WQI trung bnh nm trn sng Nhu giai on 2011 - 2015
79
CHNG 4
WQI
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
100
75
50
25
Biu 4.12. Din bin ch s WQI trung bnh nm trn sng y giai on 2011 - 2015
4.1.2.5. Sng M
Sng M c chiu di trn 500 km,
trong phn chy qua lnh th Vit Nam
l trn 400 km. Sng bt ngun t tnh
in Bin, chy qua a phn tnh Sn La,
qua lnh th Lo ri v Thanh Ha v ra
bin ng.
800
Do c im t nhin ca sng M, ma
kh nc trong, trong khi ma ma nc
sng nhiu ph sa, hm lng TSS v Fe c
gi tr cao, in hnh l on thng ngun
tnh in Bin v Sn La (Biu 4.13). Sau
khi chy qua Lo, nc sng M trn a bn
tnh Thanh Ha c tnh n nh hn.
mg/l
t 2 - u ma ma
700
t 3 - u ma kh
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Mng Chng
Lun
S
in Bin
Na Su
Cu Bn ph Ching Cu Na Cu La Cu treo
Cu Cu treo Ng ba
Si
Hn
Cm
phao Ching Cang
sng M Ching sng
Lng
Khng Ching Ching Cang
Khng Khoong
Sn La
Cu
Cm
Thy
Trm
bm
Cm
Ngc
Ng ba
Ph
Hng
Cu
Kiu
Ph
Honh
Ng ba Ca Hi
Bng
Thanh Ha
Biu 4.13. Hm lng TSS trn sng M ma ma v ma kh nm 2014

80
MI TRNG NC
Nhn chung, sng M c

cht lng nc kh tt, hu ht
cc thng s u t QCVN. Tuy
nhin, giai on 2011 - 2015, kt
qu quan trc ghi nhn hm lng
cc cht hu c trong nc sng
M ti mt s v tr tng cao trong
nm 2012 v 2015 (Biu 4.14).
Ring on sng M chy qua a
bn tnh Thanh Ha, mc
nhim c xu hng tng theo thi
gian, in hnh l khu vc cu Na
Si v cng L Mn do nh hng
ca nc thi sn xut v nc
thi sinh hot (Biu 4.15).
mg/l
25
2011
2012
2013
2014
20
15
10
Cu Bn
Lt
Cu Na
Si
Ph La
Hn
Ca H
Cu Kiu
Ng ba
Bng
Ng ba
Ging
Cng L
Mn
Ca Hi
Biu 4.15. Din bin hm lng BOD5 trong nc sng M

trn a bn tnh Thanh Ha giai on 2011 - 2014
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Thanh Ha, 2015
Biu 4.14. Din bin hm lng COD trn sng M giai on 2011 - 2015
81
CHNG 4
4.1.2.6. Sng Hng
c cht lng nc gim ng k so vi cc
H thng sng Hng c lu vc dng

nan qut vi din tch lu vc trn 2.500
km2, chim hn 60% din tch t nhin ca
tnh Tha Thin Hu. Sng Hng chy trong
a phn tnh Tha Thin Hu, c chiu di
30 km, bt ngun t cc dy ni cao ca dy
ni ng A Li thuc Trng Sn Bc v
v tr u ngun, trong nhnh sng ng

Ba c cht lng nc km nht. Nguyn
nhn l do on i qua Tp. Hu, nc sng
Hng tip nhn cc cht thi, nc thi
t sinh hot ca dn c v cc c s kinh
doanh, sn xut, thng mi.
4.1.2.7. Lu vc sng Vu Gia - Thu Bn
im cui vo ph Tam Giang trc khi

chy ra bin ng ca bin Thun An.
Cht lng nc sng Hng rt tt vi
hu ht gi tr WQI nm trong khong 76 -
LVS Vu Gia - Thu Bn c din tch lu

vc hn 10.000km2, chy qua a phn cc
tnh Kon Tum, Tha Thin Hu, Nng,
Qung Nam.
100, c th dng cp nc sinh hot vi

mt s iu kin x l ph hp.
i vi sng Vu Gia v sng Thu Bn,

cht lng nc c nh gi cn kh tt.
Tuy nhin, ti khu vc thng ngun
Tuy nhin, do nh hng ca hot ng
(on pha di h T Trch n im
khai thc khong sn tri php trn sng,
hp lu nhnh sng T Trch v sng Hu
hm lng TSS trong nc vt QCVN,
Trch), vo ma ma l, nc sng c hm
thm ch vt nhiu ln (Biu 4.16). Cn
lng TSS tng cao (thng 10 v thng 11).
li hu ht cc thng s khc u c gi tr
on sng bt u vo Tp. Hu cho n khi
t QCVN.
vo ph Tam Giang ca p Tho Long
mg/l
2012
2013
2014
2015
200
150

lng TSS trn LVS Vu Gia Thu Bn giai on 2012 - 2015
100
Ngun: Trung tm QTMT,

TCMT, 2015
50
k Man
Kon Tum (k Mi)
Sng Bung 4
A Vng
Qung Nam
Cu Vnh in
in Thng
Qung Nam
S. Vnh in
82
in Nam
MI TRNG NC
4.1.2.8. Lu vc h thng sng ng Nai

Lu vc h thng sng ng Nai c din
tch lu vc 36.530km2 gm mt s sng ln
nh sng ng Nai, sng La Ng, sng B,
sng Si Gn, sng Vm C chy qua a
phn 11 tnh, bao gm: ng Nai, Bnh
Dng, Tp. H Ch Minh, Lm ng, Bnh
Phc, k Nng, Bnh Thun, Ninh Thun,
Long An, Ty Ninh v B Ra - Vng Tu...
So vi giai on 2006 - 2010, cht lng
nc mt LVHT sng ng Nai c xu hng
c ci thin. Nhiu khu vc b nhim
nng trong thi gian trc c phc hi,
in hnh l sng Th Vi. Tuy nhin, vn
cn tn ti mt s im nc b nhim hu
c v cht dinh dng. Bn cnh , hin
tng xm nhp mn c xu hng gia tng
trong nhng nm gn y.
Sng ng Nai
Sng ng Nai c chiu di khong 610
km bt ngun t pha Bc cao nguyn Lm
Vin (Lang Biang), pha Nam dy Trng
Sn ra ca bin Soi Rp.
Nc sng ng Nai on thng
ngun c cht lng cn tng i tt. H
Tr An3 c nh gi c cht lng n nh
trong giai on 2011 - 2015 v t yu cu
cho cp nc sinh hot. Tuy nhin, ti cc
im cc b nh cng x nh my ng,
khu vc nui c b, cht lng nc b nh
hng bi cc cht hu c.
c cht lng tt, t yu cu cho cp nc

sinh hot. Tuy nhin, vo cc nm 2012 v
2013, cht lng nc b suy gim. n
nm 2014 - 2015, cht lng nc c
ci thin hn.
Sng ng Nai on trung lu v h
lu l khu vc tip nhn nc thi t cc
hot ng cng nghip, nng nghip, sinh
hot v nui trng thy sn (nui c b), do
, cht lng nc b suy gim so vi khu
vc thng ngun. in hnh l on chy
qua Tp. Bin Ha (tip nhn nc sui Sn
Mu, sui Linh, sui Cha, sui B La) v
tnh Bnh Dng (tip nhn nc thi th x
Th Du Mt, huyn Tn Uyn). Vn
nhim ch yu l do TSS, cc cht dinh
dng, cht hu c v vi sinh tng cao vt
Khu vc t im hp lu sng ng
ngng QCVN. Tuy nhin, mc nhim
Nai - sng B n trc khi chy qua Tp.
trong nm 2014 - 2015 c gim so vi cc
Bin Ha, hu ht cc thi im nc sng
nm t 2011 - 2013 (Biu 4.17 v Biu
3. H Tr An c hnh thnh do vic p p, ngn sng
4.18).
ng Nai nn c th coi l mt on ca sng ng Nai.
83
CHNG 4
35
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
30
25
20
15
10
Bn ph Cu T Li Hp lu S. H Tr An
ng Nai (h chnh)
Nam Ct
H Tr An
Tin
H Thc
M
H Phc
Ha
Cu Nha
Bch
(QL14)
Ca sng H lu p
B
Tr An
Thng Bn Li Bn ph
Ha
TT. Uyn
lu TB
Hng
NMN Thin
Tn (500m)
Cu Rch
Bn Bn An
Ct
Long Kin
Ho
Bn
Hng Da
Bn ph Mi n
Ct Li (Hp lu S.
Si Gn-S.
ng Nai)
Biu 4.17. Din bin gi tr COD trn sng ng Nai giai on 2011 - 2015
%
100
80
Biu 4.18. Din bin t l vt

QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 ca
thng s COD v BOD5 trn sng
ng Nai giai on 2011 - 2015
60
40
20

0
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2011
COD
2012
2013
2014
2015
BOD5
Sng Si Gn
Sng Si Gn c chiu di 280km, bt
ngun t vng i ni Lc Ninh, ven bin
gii Vit - Campuchia v ra bin.
Minh v tnh Bnh Dng, cht lng nc

suy gim do tip nhn cht thi v nc
thi ca th x Th Du Mt, cc c s cng
nghip v khu dn c, th ven sng Si
Gn. nhim hu c v vi sinh din ra
Sng Si Gn l mt trong nhng sng
thng xuyn (Biu 4.19). Hm lng
ln ca LVHT sng ng Nai. Cht lng
DO lun mc thp v khng t QCVN
nc on thng lu cn kh tt. Tuy
08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 (Biu 4.20).
nhin, ti on sng chy qua Tp. H Ch
84
MI TRNG NC
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
Cu Tha Cu Tng H Du
La
L Chn
Ting
Cu Du Cu Bn Ca sng Trm bm Cu Ph TX Th
Ting
Sc
Th Tnh Ha Ph Cng Du Mt
Cu Ph Cu Bnh Hp lu NM ng Cng Tn
Thun
Long
Triu rch Chic tu Ba
Son
v S. Si
Gn
Thng lu
H lu
Biu 4.19. Din bin hm lng Amoni sng Si Gn giai on 2011 - 2015
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Cu Tha Cu Tng
La
L Chn
H Du
Ting
Cu Du
Ting
Cu Bn Ca sng Trm bm Cu Ph
Sc
Th Tnh Ha Ph
Cng
Thng lu
TX Th
Du Mt
Cu Ph
Long
Cu Bnh Hp lu NM ng Cng Tn
Triu
rch Chic tu Ba Son Thun
v S. Si
Gn
H lu
Biu 4.20. Din bin hm lng DO trn sng Si Gn giai on 2011 - 2015
85
CHNG 4
Sng Vm C v cc ph lu
Thanh v mt s on sng trong a phn

tnh Ty Ninh (Biu 4.21). Cht lng
Sng Vm C gm 2 nhnh l Vm
C ng c chiu di 283km v sng Vm
C Ty c chiu di 235km. Sau khi hp lu
on chung c chiu di 36km v vo
dng chnh ng Nai gn ca Xoi Rp.
nc sng Vm C ng b suy gim t a

bn Ty Ninh cng c nh hng khi chy
sang a bn Long An (Biu 4.22).
4.1.2.9. Lu vc sng M Cng (thuc

lnh th Vit Nam)
Sng Vm C v cc ph lu c hin
tng nhim hu c ti mt s khu vc,
nh cu Bnh in gn v tr nh my phn
bn Bnh in (Long An), cng Ph nh
Sng M Cng chy trn lnh th nc ta

chia lm 2 nhnh l sng Tin v sng Hu
bt ngun t Tn Chu v Chu c v ra
bin, chy qua a phn cc tnh Long An,
ni tu ph qua li ng c, bn Tn
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
30
Biu 4.21. Din bin

hm lng BOD5 nc sng
Vm C v cc ph lu
giai on 2011 - 2015
25
20
15
10

TCMT, 2015
5
0
Cu Bnh in
Cng Ph nh
S. Ch m
2011
2012
Bn Tn Thanh, TT
Cn Giuc
Hp lu knh An HVm C ng
S. Cn Giuc
2013
2014
S. Vm C ng
Hp lu S. Vm C ng
v Vm C Ty
S. Vn C ng
mg/l
Biu 4.22. Din bin

hm lng COD trong
nc mt thuc LV HTS
ng Nai giai on 2011
- 2014
40
30
20
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh

Ty Ninh v Long An, 2015
10
86
Cu Bn Si
Bn Lc Giang
Vm B Mng
KDC ven sng

VC
Cu c Hu
Ch cu tu Hu Hp lu knh An
Thnh
H
Sng Vm C ng
Sng Vm C ng
Ty Ninh
Long An
Cu Bn Lc
MI TRNG NC
Tin Giang, ng Thp, An Giang, Bn Tre,

Vnh Long, Tr Vinh, Cn Th, Hu Giang,
Sc Trng, Bc Liu, Kin Giang, C Mau.
08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1. Hm lng mt s

cht dinh dng trong nc nh Amoni v
Photphat cng nh hn nhiu so vi QCVN
08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 (Biu 4.23).
Vi din tch lu vc 75.257 km2,

chim 57% tng lng nc ca c nc,
cht lng nc ti LVS M Cng kh tt,
c bit l khu vc sng bt u chy vo
lnh th Vit Nam. Sng Hu v sng Tin
l hai con sng ln nht thuc LVS M
Cng, ngun nc di do, lng sng su v
rng nn kh nng t lm sch ca hai con
sng ny tng i ln, gp phn lm gim
mc nhim, c bit l nhim hu c
v dinh dng. Gi tr COD, BOD5 ti hu
ht cc im u nh hn gii hn QCVN
mg/l
2012
2013
2014
Tuy nhin, mt s on sng ca sng

Tin v sng Hu ghi nhn hin tng
nhim cc b cht hu c vi mc khc
nhau do nc thi t cc KCN v hot ng
khai thc ct, nui trng thu sn khng qua
x l, x thng ra mi trng. in hnh nh
on sng Tin qua khu vc cng c M
Tho, KCN M Tho c du hiu nhim
hu c v vi sinh (Biu 4.24).
2015
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
An Giang
Sc Trng
Tp. Cn Th
Sng Hu
An Giang
ng Thp
Sng Tin
Tin Giang
Ng ba sng C Chin vi sng Mang Tht
Vnh Long
Bn Tre
Sng Ca Tiu
Khu vc ph nh Khao
X An c, Bn Tre
X Tin Thy, Bn Tre
X i Ha Lc, Bn Tre
X Long Ha, Bn Tre
X Bnh Thi, Bn Tre
Ng ba sng, x Tam Hip
X Ph ng, Tin Giang
Ng ba knh o Nguyn Tt Thnh
Ng ba sng Tin v sng C Chin
Cui c lao Ging
Ng ba sng gia th trn ch Vm
Thng ngun, huyn Tn Chu
Ca khu Vnh Xng, x Vnh Xng
Gn ca nh An, x An Thnh 3
Ca Trn , x i n 1
X i Ngi, huyn Long Ph
Ng ba sng Hu v kinh xng Phng Hip
im tip gip gia Cn Th v Hu Giang
Ng ba sng Cn Th Sng Hu
on cui cn Tn Lc, x Trung Kin
0,0
Ca khu Khnh Bnh, TT. Long Bnh
0,1
Sng
Ca i
Sng Ba Lai
Sng Hm Lung
Sng C Chin
Biu 4.23. Din bin hm lng Amoni trong nc mt thuc LVS M Cng
giai on 2012 - 2015
87
CHNG 4
mg/l
70
2011
2012
2013
2014
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
S. Ci Ln, H. S. Ci B, H. Cng c Tc
Chu Thnh
G Quao
Cu
H. Ci Cn
H. Nhn M
Sng Hu
Sng Hu
Kin Giang
Sc Trng
Sng Hu
Sng Tin, C
Chin
Vnh Long
Biu 4.24. Din bin hm lng COD trong nc mt thuc LVS M Cng
giai on 2011 - 2014
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Kin Giang, Sc Trng v Vnh Long, 2015
Xm nhp mn l vn ni cm ti LVS
ny do chu nh hng mnh bi ch thy
triu ti bin ng v vnh Thi Lan. Trong
nhng nm gn y, vi nh hng ca BKH,
ranh gii mn ti nhiu khu vc c xu th ln
su vo ni a, nhng khng ng u theo cc
on b khc nhau. mn trn sng Hu c
xu th gia tng trong khi sng Tin c xu hng
gim, nhng vn mc cao hn QCVN (Biu
4.25). Ngoi ra, c cng mc kh cao do
cc sng khu vc ny c hm lng ph sa ln.
Tuy nhin, LVS M Cng vn c nh gi l
mt LVS c cht lng nc c duy tr mc
tt.
88
Khung 4.4. Cht lng nc

vng Ty sng Hu
Nc mt vng Ty sng Hu ch yu
b nhim hu c, cht dinh dng, vi
sinh vt v c xu hng b nhim phn.
Ngoi ra, hm lng TSS trong nc
cng cao do mt lng ln hm lng
ph sa t cc t l trong nm mang
li. Mc nhim hu c, cht dinh
dng v vi sinh vt ngy cng tng qua
cc nm.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Kin Giang, 2015
MI TRNG NC
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
mg/l
10.000
10000
Biu 4.25. Din

bin hm lng Clca mt s on sng
trn LVS M Cng
giai on 2011 - 2015
8000
8.000
6.000
6000
4.000
4000
2.000
2000
Ng ba sng H ngun gia S. X Long Ha,

Ca Trn , x Ca nh An, An Ca Tiu, Ph
Bnh i
i n 1, Long Thch 3, C Lao ng, G Cng Tin, Tam Hip, Ca i v S.
Ca Trung, Bnh
Bnh i
ng
Dung
Ph
Thi, Bnh i
Sc Trng
Tin Giang
S. Hu
Bn Tre
Bn Tre
Bn Tre
Tr Vinh
S. Ba Lai
S. Hm Lung
S. C Chin
Ti trm quan trc Long Bnh4, s thay

i mc nhim r rt gia 2 ma trong
nm. Vo ma ma (thng 5 n thng 10),
gi tr DO t QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT
A1, nhng vo ma kh (thng 11 n thng
4), gi tr DO mc rt thp v c nhiu
bin ng, c thi im khng t QCVN
08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1 (Biu 4.26).
thnh, ni th ti mt s thnh ph ln nh
Tp. H Ch Minh, Nng, H Ni, cht
lng nc c s ci thin.
Tuy nhin, nhim nc mt ti cc
khu vc h, knh, rch trong ni thnh,
ni th vn ang l vn ni cm ti mt
s tnh, thnh ph. Phn ln thng s c
trng cho nhim hu c (BOD5, COD),
cht dinh dng (Amoni) u vt QCVN
08-MT:2015/BTNMT B1. Nguyn nhn ch
yu l do cc khu vc ny phi tip nhn
mt lng ln nc thi sinh hot th
cha c x l hoc x l cha t yu cu
(Biu 4.27 v Biu 4.28).
4.1.2.10. Mi trng nc mt khu vc ni

thnh, ni th
Vi nhng n lc c gng ci thin cht
lng cc tuyn knh, rch, h trong ni
4. Gim st cht lng nc u ngun sng Tin (khu
vc tip nhn nc t Campuchia).
mg/l
X Long c,
TP. Tr Vinh
S. Ca i
Bn Tre
S. Tin
X An c, Ba
Tri

TCMT, 2015
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT (A1)

DO ti trm quan trc nc t ng
Long Bnh - An Giang qua cc thng
nm 2012-2015
8
7
6
5
4
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh An Giang,

thng 9/2015
3
2
1
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
89
CHNG 4
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
100
Biu 4.27. Din

bin hm lng COD
ti mt s h giai on
t 2011 - 2015
80
60
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh

Nam nh, Ninh Bnh;
Trung tm QTMT, TCMT,
2015
40
20
mg/l
H Thnh
H Trung Tm
Bc Ninh
Hi Dng
H V Xuyn
H Truyn Thng H Thng Nht
H Sinh Thi
H Xng Du
H ng Chng
Ninh Bnh
Nam nh
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
140
Biu 4.28. Din bin

hm lng COD trn
mt s sng ni thnh
H Ni giai on t
2011 - 2015
120
100
80
60
40

TCMT, 2015
20
0
Ngha
Cu Mi
Phng Lit
Sng T Lch
Tu Lit
nh Cng
Cu St
Sng L
Sng St
Khung 4.5. Mt s d n ci to, phc

Khung 4.6. Kt qu chng trnh th nghim x l

nhim nc h ni thnh H Ni
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015,

nhiu cng trnh, d n ci to, phc
c tch cc trin khai. Cc d n
tiu biu c th k n nh: d n ci
to knh Nhiu Lc - Th Ngh (Tp.
H Ch Minh); d n ci to sui Bng
C (tnh Bnh Dng); d n khi phc
lm sch h thng Ao cha Ph Linh
v Ao Cho phng Qung An (Tp.
H Ni).
Mt s h nhim trong giai on 2006 - 2010 c

ci thin cht lng nc sau qu trnh th nghim x l
thnh cng v bn giao 11 h cho Cng ty TNHH MTV
thot nc H Ni qun l bao gm: Ngc Khnh, X n,
Qunh, Hai B Trng, Kim Lin, Vn Qun, V, n L,
Thanh Nhn 1, Thanh Nhn 2B v Trc Bch. Cc h Linh
m v Yn S trong giai on 2011-2015 hon thnh ci
to, cht lng nc c ci thin ng k. Mt s h cn
li nh Ba Mu, By Mu, Th L, Ging V, Thnh Cng,
cht lng nc ci thin hn so vi giai on trc
song hm lng cht hu c vn vt QCVN.
Ngun: B TN&MT, thng 9/2015
Ngun: S TN&MT Tp. H Ni, 2015
90
MI TRNG NC
4.2. MI TRNG NC DI T
Bng 4.1. Tnh hnh khai thc ti nguyn nc di t
TT
Thnh ph, vng
Lng nc ang khai

thc, m3/ngy
Ti nguyn d
bo, m3/ngy
% khai thc so
vi ti nguyn
ng bng Bc B
2.264.898
17.191.102
13,2
H Ni
1.779.398
8.362.000
21,3
ng bng Nam B
3.602.447
23.843.731
15,1
T.P H Ch Minh
850.000
2.501.059
33,9
Ty Nguyn
985.000
18.489.000
5,3
Ty Bc B
5.000
15.521.338
0,3
ng Bc B
20.000
27.995.378
0,07
Bc Trung B
1.000.000
17.101.539
5,8
Nam Trung B
24.500
8.941.093
0,3
Tng
10.531.243
172.599.897
6,1
1
2
Ngun: Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT, 2013
c tnh tr lng nc di t trong

cc thnh to cha nc chnh Vit Nam
khong 172,6 triu m3/ngy. Tng lng
khai thc nc di t khong 10,53 triu
m3/ngy, trong ng bng Bc B v ng
bng Nam B l hai khu vc khai thc nhiu
nht vi tng lng khai thc ca 2 vng
khong 5,87 triu m3/ngy, chim 55,7%
tng lng khai thc ton quc. Lng nc
khai thc tp trung 2 thnh ph ln l H
Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh vi tng lng nc
khai thc khong 2,63 triu m3/ngy chim
gn 25% tng lu lng khai thc ton quc
(Bng 4.1).
v vng Nam B, mc nc tng cha nc

Pleistocene c xu hng gim dn ti mt
s vng c hot ng khai thc nc mnh.
Trong my thp k qua, di tc ng

ca cc yu t t nhin v con ngi, nc
di t c s bin ng kh mnh m. Do
khai thc s dng mt cch cha hp l, ti
nguyn nc di t ang c chiu hng
suy gim v tr lng vi mc nc xung
thp. in hnh l vng ng bng Bc B
Hin nay, nc di t c khai thc

s dng ch yu cho cp nc sinh hot v
cng nghip. Khong 40% lng nc cp
cho th v gn 80% lng nc s dng
cho sinh hot nng thn c khai thc
t ngun nc di t (Cc Qun l ti
nguyn nc, B TN&MT, 2015).
Ti ng bng Bc B, nguy c suy

gim mc nc c cnh bo cc
tnh Vnh Phc (Vnh Yn), Tp. H Ni (Mai
Dch, Trung T - ng a), Hi Dng (TT
Thanh Min), Thi Bnh (An Bi - Qunh
Ph) v Nam nh (Trc Ph - Trc Ninh)
(Hnh 4.3).
Ti vng Nam B, nguy c suy gim mc
nc c cnh bo ti Tp. H Ch Minh
(Qun 12), tnh Sc Trng (Tp. Sc Trng) v
C Mau (huyn Nm Cn) (Hnh 4.4).
91
CHNG 4
Khung 4.7. St gim mc
nc ngm ti H Ni
Theo kt qu quan trc mc nc
di t t nm 1992 n nay cho
thy ti khu vc Tp. H Ni hnh
thnh phu h thp mc nc ln c
tm trng vi khu vc trung tm ca
Tp. H Ni. Tc h thp mc nc
trung bnh nm trong tng cha nc
khai thc chnh trong khong t 0,08
- 0,91m/nm, trung bnh 0,3 m/nm.
y l nguyn nhn gy suy thoi
ngun nc dn n gim hiu sut
v lng khai thc, tng kh nng
nhim v ln nn t.
Ngun: Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc,
Lin on Quy hoch v iu tra ti
nguyn nc min Bc, min Nam, 2013
Khung 4.8. Hin trng s dng

nc di t trn a bn
tnh Qung Ninh
Hnh 4.3. V tr mt s im cnh bo v suy gim mc nc

ti ng bng Bc B 6 thng u nm 2013
Ngun: Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc gia,
B TN&MT, 2013
Hin nay, trn a bn tnh Qung

Ninh, nc di t c khai thc
ch yu phc v cp nc cho cng
nghip, sinh hot, du lch v mt phn
nh cho nng nghip vi tng lng
nc khai thc l 78,59 triu m3/nm.
Trong nc ging khoan v ging
o c dng ch yu cp nc
sinh hot cho vng nng thn vi t l
s dng khong 70% dn s.
Cng nghip
Sinh hot, du lch
Nng nghip
4%
19%
77%
Biu 4.29. C cu s dng nc

di t nm 2014
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Qung Ninh, 2015
92
Hnh 4.4. V tr mt s im cnh bo v suy gim mc nc

vng Nam B
Ngun: Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc QG,
B TN&MT, 2012
MI TRNG NC
4.2.2. Din bin cht lng nc di t

Ty theo vng a l m cht lng nc
di t cng c s khc bit. Phn ln ngun
nc di t nc ta c cht lng cn
tng i tt. Nc c pH dao ng t 6,0 8,0, nc mm ( cng <1,5 mgl/L), hm
lng cc hp cht hu c v vi sinh vt,

hu ht cc kim loi nng u c hm lng
nh hn QCVN. a s cc thnh phn ha
hc trong nc di t vo ma ma c
hm lng thp hn ma kh.
Bng 4.2. c trng tng hp gi tr trung bnh nhiu nm ca mt s thng s ch yu trong nc di t

ti mt s vng trn c nc
Yu t
c trng
Na+
(mg/L)
Ca+2
(mg/L)
Mg+2
(mg/L)
Fe+2
(mg/L)
Fe+3
(mg/L)
Cl- (mg/L)
SO4-2
(mg/L)
HCO3(mg/L)
TDS105o
(mg/L)
ng bng Bc B
Tng qh
Ma kh
816,05
96,68 113,48
0,36
0,39
1.413,47 132,64 527,02
3071
Ma ma
782,07
90,73 103,80
0,17
0,34
1.313,58 126,03 479,16
2922
Ma kh
200,98
56,23
36,98
5,32
17,65
368,91
36,88 257,99 916,39
Ma ma
177,45
57,62
34,71
5,88
14,67
329,06
37,40 249,99 856,50
Tng qp
Bc Trung B
Tng qh
Ma kh
80,00
46,41
27,19
1,41
11,68
116,75
59,52 258,71
487
Ma ma
81,35
44,32
26,63
2,68
14,57
115,06
34,69 275,01
463
Ma kh
544,23
83,45
70,40
9,33
12,55
1.110,20
19,17 204,55
1954
Ma ma
579,65 105,57 108,52
5,11
13,05
1.302,98
22,03 199,34
2246
Tng qp
Ty Nguyn
Tng cha nc Q
Ma kh
24,84
24,02
7,05
0,68
0,94
28,89
6,74 119,24
198
Ma ma
20,74
21,77
6,40
0,55
0,69
27,69
7,47
98,89
179
ng bng Nam B
Tng qh
Ma kh
1.799,22
75,89 221,87
19,18
16,14
3.073,51 393,44 457,97
6302
Ma ma
1.744,17
85,77 215,17
17,66
20,53
2.989,63 413,93 448,00
6014
Ngun: Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc gia, 2013
93
CHNG 4
Tuy nhin, hin tng nhim cc b
nc di t v ang din ra mt s
khu vc trn c nc. mi vng, mc
nhim l khc nhau, trong vng ng
bng Bc B c mc nhim nc di
t cao hn cc vng khc. Ty Nguyn v
duyn hi Nam Trung b l nhng khu vc
c cht lng nc di t cn kh tt.
nhim nc di t ch yu l do cc thng
s TDS, Amoni, kim loi nng (Mn, As, Cd,
Pb) v xm nhp mn.
mg/l
Hm lng TDS cao hn mc gii hn

QCVN hu ht cc vng, tr khu vc Ty
Nguyn v Nam Trung B (Biu 4.30).
Hm lng Amoni trong nc di t
ghi nhn gi tr cao nht vt nhiu ln
gii hn cho php ca QCVN ti mt s
im thuc mt s vng trn c nc, trong
cao nht l ti ng bng Bc B (Biu
4.31 v Biu 4.32). Ring khu vc Ty
Nguyn cha ghi nhn hin tng nhim
Amoni trong nc di t.
QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
Thch Tn An, An Ph Thin, Ninh Gia, Ha Ph, Cm Chu,

Hi L, Hi Thy H, Nga Hng, Trng Sn Lc,
Kh, Gia AyunPa, c Trng, C Jut,
Hi An,
Knh,
Hu, Nam Thi Thy, Nga Sn, Sn, Sm Can Lc,
Lai
Gia Lai Lm ng k Nng Qung
H Tnh Thch H,
Sn,
Thi Bnh Thanh Ha
nh
Nam
H Tnh
Thanh Ha
ng bng Bc B
Ty Nguyn
Bc Trung B
Phng 9, Long Ha, Phng 3,

Cn Gi, Tp. Sc
Tp. C
Tp. H Ch Trng
Mau
Minh
Nam Trung B
Nam B
Biu 4.30. Hm lng TDS cao nht ghi nhn ti mt s vng nm 2013
Ngun: Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc gia, 2013
QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT (Gi tr gii hn 0,1mg/l)
mg/l
Biu 4.31. Hm lng

Amoni cao nht ghi
nhn ti mt s vng
nm 2013
60
50
40
30
Ngun: Trung tm Quy

hoch v iu tra ti
nguyn nc quc gia,
2013
20
10
0
Thi Ha, Thch Lc, Bnh Sn,

TT. Trng
Th Nguyn, Thch Knh, Sn Lc,
Hong
Sn ng, Ph Lm, H
Th Xun, Thch H, Can Lc, H Bng, Trng Bn Ct, Q.12, Tp. H Long Thnh,
Trung,
ng, H
Hoi c,
ng Nai
Bng, Ty Bnh Dng Ch Minh
Tnh
H Tnh
Hong Ha, Thanh Ha
Ni
H Ni
Ninh
Thanh Ha
ng bng Bc B
94
Bc Trung B
Nam B
MI TRNG NC
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
Tp. H Tp. Cm X ng X Yn x Trc P. Ninh X Ninh X Ninh X Gia

Ha, Tp. Lng, Ph. H. Phong, Phc, Tp. Giang,
Xun,
Long
Ph
Thi Bnh H. Yn Trc Tp. Ninh Ninh Bnh Hoa L Gia Vin
Bnh
Ninh
Qung Ninh
Thi Bnh
Nam nh
Ninh Bnh
H. L
Thy
Tp. ng X Bnh X Sui

Hi
Lc, TX. Nho, H.
nh
Long
Qun
Khnh
Qung Bnh
ng Nai
Biu 4.32. Hm lng Amoni trong nc di t ti mt s a phng giai on 2011 - 2015

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Qung Ninh, Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Qung Bnh v ng Nai, 2015
Khung 4.9. nhim Asen trong nc di t

Theo kt qu iu tra t gn 323 nghn mu phn tch ti 6938 x trn a bn 660 huyn thuc 63 tnh,
thnh ph trn c nc, c 12,5% s mu c hm lng Asen t 0,05 mg/L tr ln, vng ng bng sng
Hng c t l cao nht (18,7%), vng Ty Bc c t l thp nht (0,1%). C 1.385 x, trn a bn 54 tnh
(chim 12,5%) pht hin t nht mt mu c hm lng Asen t 0,05 mg/L tr ln. Tuy nhin, cc khu
vc pht hin nhim, hu ht ngi dn u khng s dng trc tip ngun nc nn t l s dng ngun
nc b nhim cho cc mc ch sinh hot l thp.
Ngun: Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT, thng 11/2014
Khung 4.10. Hin trng xm nhp mn nc di t ti mt s tnh

Ti tnh Tr Vinh, kt qu Cl- c ghi nhn u cao hn gii hn QCVN v c xu hng tng ln qua cc
nm t mc 251mg/L n 287mg/L. Ngun nc di t c du hiu nhim mn.
Ti tnh Kin Giang, hm lng Cl- o c dao ng t 58,49 - 5956mg/L, trong c 8/10 im vt
ngng QCVN. Gi tr ln nht o c ti huyn Chu Thnh vt QCVN 3,66 ln.
Ti tnh Vnh Long, hm lng Cl- trung bnh qua cc nm dao ng t 65,41 - 693,92mg/L. Phn ln cc
mu quan trc nc di t c hm lng Cl- vt ngng QCVN tp trung hu ht cc huyn, th x, thnh
ph trong tnh. Ring huyn Long H cha c du hiu nhim mn.
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Tr Vinh, Kin Giang v Vnh Long, 2015
95
CHNG 4
Hu ht cc thng s kim loi nng
trong nc di t ti cc vng u c hm
lng nh hn gii hn QCVN. Tuy nhin,
mt s thng s Fe, Mn, As c pht
hin mt s im quan trc nc di t
c hm lng cao hn ngng QCVN. ng
bng Bc B l ni thng c hm lng As
trong nc di t cao do cu to a cht
ca vng5.
Hin tng nc di t b nhim mn
c ghi nhn ti mt s vng trn c
nc, trong 3 vng c nguy c xm nhp
mn cao, l: cc tnh duyn hi min
Trung, h lu sng ng Nai v cc tnh ven
bin BSCL.
4.3. MI TRNG NC BIN
4.3.1. Din bin cht lng nc bin ven b
Cht lng nc bin ven b Vit
Nam cn kh tt vi hu ht gi tr cc
thng s c trng cho cht lng nc bin
nm trong gii hn cho php ca QCVN
10-MT:2015/BTNMT. Tuy nhin, do nh
hng t khu vc ca sng v s tip nhn
cht thi ca cc hot ng pht trin kinh
t ven bin, mt s vng bin c hm lng
5.Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc
gia, 2013.
TSS cao. Bn cnh , s gia tng hm lng

cht hu c v du m cng l nhng vn
cn quan tm i vi cht lng nc bin
ven b Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y.
S gia tng hm lng TSS trong nc
bin ven b ch yu b nh hng bi ph sa
ca cc sng, trong cc vng bin ven b
pha Bc thng c gi tr cao vt QCVN.
Di ven bin min Trung c hm lng TSS
thp. Khu vc bin ven b pha Nam c
hm lng TSS gim dn trong nhng nm
gn y (Biu 4.33).
Vn nhim bi cht hu c trong
nc bin ven b v ang din ra kh
ph bin cc tnh thnh ven bin Vit
Nam. Hm lng cc thng s quan trc
nh COD, NH4+ trong giai on 2011 2015 ti hu ht cc khu vc mc cao
vt ngng QCVN (mc ch nui trng
thy sn v bi tm), c bit l khu vc
bin pha Bc v min Nam. u thuyn Th
Quang ( Nng) l mt trong nhng im
nng v nhim mi trng nc bin trong
nhng nm gn y. Mc nhim hu
c khu vc bin ven b pha Bc cao hn
khu vc min Trung v min Nam, tuy
nhin c xu hng gim dn trong giai on
2011 - 2015 (Biu 4.34).
Khung 4.11. Hin tng thy triu din ra vng bin Nam Trung B
Ti cc bi bin dc cc tnh Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, hin tng thy triu xut
hin v gy nhiu hu qu kh nghim trng n ti nguyn sinh vt v mi trng.
Nguyn nhn l do qu trnh pht trin du lch, th ha, nng nghip, cng nghip... em n lng
cht thi hu c v dinh dng qu nhiu trong nc (hin tng ph dng). ng thi, ngh sn xut
ging thy sn v nui lng cc loi tm hm, c m cng thi ra mi trng lng dinh dng ng k,
to iu kin thun li cho to pht trin.
96
MI TRNG NC
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT (vng nui trng thy sn v bi tm)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Cng Cng Lin u thuyn Cng Tin Cng K

Sa
H
Chn My Chiu
Th
Quang
Cng
Dung
Qut
Bin
Bin Bi Vnh Vit Bin Quy Bin Cn
Cng Quy Sao Mai Vnh H
Thanh
Nhn
Gi
Nhn Bn nh Long - Bi Thun An Rng
T Long
Bi Sau Bi Trc
Tha
Thin Hu
Qung
Ngi
Bnh nh B Ra Vng Tu
B Ra - Vng Tu
Nng
Qung
Nam
Qung
Ninh
Tha
Thin Hu
Qung
Nam
Khu vc cng bin
Qung
Ngi
Bnh nh
Tp. H
Ch Minh
Khu vc bi tm
Biu 4.33. Din bin hm lng TSS trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
ti mt s khu vc ven bin giai on 2011 - 2015
mg/l
2011
5,0
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 10:2015 (nui trng thy sn)
QCVN 10:2015 (bi tm)
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
Cng
nh
V
Hi
Phng
Cng
Mi
Cha
Cng Cng Cng

Ca Ci Ln Chn
ng
My
Qung Ninh
Tha
Thin
Hu
Cng
u
Cng Cng Cng
Lin Thuyn Tin Sa K H Dung
Chiu Th
Qut
Quang
Nng
Nng
Khu vc cng bin
Cng Sao
Quy Mai
Nhn Bn
nh
Qung Qung Bnh B Ra

Nam Ngi nh - Vng
Tu
o
Bi
Vnh Bin Bin Vnh Bin
Tun bin Bi T Thun Bi
Vit
Quy
Chu Tr C Long
An
Rng Thanh Nhn
Qung Ninh
Bin Bi Sau Bi
Cn
Trc
Gi
Tha Qung Qung Bnh Tp. H B Ra - Vng

Thin Nam Ngi nh
Ch
Tu
Hu
Minh
Khu vc bi tm
Ghi ch: S dng QCVN 10:2008 do QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT khng quy nh cho COD
Biu 4.34. Din bin hm lng NH4+ trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
97
CHNG 4
Hm lng du m khong trong nc
lm r r nhin liu du m. Ti mt s khu
bin c xu hng gia tng ti cc khu vc
vc nh Vnh H Long (Qung Ninh), bin
cng bin l vn din ra ph bin. Mt
Cn Gi (Tp. H Ch Minh), bi Trc v bi
s khu vc cng bin c hm lng du m
Sau (B Ra - Vng Tu), hm lng du m
khong vt ngng QCVN. Nguyn nhn
khong cng c pht hin nhng cha vt
ch yu l do hot ng ca cc tu thuyn
QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT (Biu 4.35).
mg/l
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT (cc vng)
1,4
1,2
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
Cng Chn Cng Lin u thuyn Cng Tin Cng K H Cng Dung Cng Quy Sao Mai Vnh H Bin Thun Bin Bi
An
Rng
My
Chiu
Th Quang
Sa
Qut
Nhn
Bn nh Long - Bi
T Long
Tha Thin
Hu
Nng
Qung NamQung Ngi Bnh nh

Khu vc cng bin
Vnh Vit
Thanh
Bin Quy
Nhn
Bin Cn
Gi
B Ra - Qung Ninh Tha Thin Qung NamQung Ngi Bnh nh Tp. H Ch

Vng Tu
Hu
Minh
Bi Sau
Bi Trc
B Ra - Vng Tu
Khu vc bi tm
Biu 4.35. Din bin hm lng du m khong trung bnh trong nc bin ven b
Khung 4.12. nhim du m khong ti vng ven b vnh H Long

Khu vc vnh Ca Lc - cu Bi Chy: hm lng du c xu hng tng trong giai on
2011 - 2015, t gi tr t 0,012mg/L n 0,826mg/L, so vi quy chun l 0,2mg/L.
Khu vc ven b bn ch H Long 1 v khu vc ven b ct 5, ct 8 (H Long): hm lng
du m khong tuy c xu hng gim trong nm 2013, 2014, tuy nhin vn vt ngng cho
php trong tt c cc t quan trc.
Khu vc Lng Chi Ca Vn v Lung gia vnh H Long - Hn 1 nm trong khu vc vng
li ca di sn thin nhin th gii vnh H Long, cc kt qu quan trc trong 5 nm qua hu
nh u mc khng pht hin thy du, hoc rt thp. Tuy nhin, theo QCVN 10:2008/
BTNMT, p dng cho khu vc bo tn thy sinh, yu cu i vi du m khong l khng
pht hin thy, do vy, cc s liu du m khong d mc thp cng c xem xt l cnh
bo nhim cho khu vc ny.
Ngun: Trung tm quan trc v Phn tch mi trng tnh Qung Ninh, 2015
98
MI TRNG NC
4.3.2. Din bin cht lng nc bin khi

Nc bin khi Vit Nam c nh
gi c cht lng tt. Hu ht cc thng s
c trng cho cht lng nc bin xa b
u t QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT (Biu
4.36). Tuy nhin, ti mt s vng hm
lng Pht pht trong nc c ghi nhn
mg/l
2010
2011
2012
2013
mc cao hn gii hn QCVN 10-MT:2015/

BTNMT (Biu 4.37).
Hm lng du khu vc bin ngoi
khi c gi tr cao hn tiu chun ASEAN,
song vn t ngng cho php ca QCVN
10-MT:2015/BTNMT v khng c s bin
ng ln qua cc nm (Biu 4.38).
mg/l
TC ASEAN
80
45
70
40
2010
2011
2012
2013
TC ASEAN
35
60
30
50
25
40
20
30
15
20
10
10
Ty Nam B
Cn Sn
Ty Nam B
Cn Sn
Biu 4.36. Din bin hm lng N-NH4+ trung bnh

nm trong nc vng bin khi giai on 2010 - 2013
Biu 4.37. Din bin hm lng P-PO43- trung bnh

nm trong nc vng bin khi giai on 2010 - 2013
Ngun: Trung tm quc gia Quan trc v Cnh bo

mi trng bin - Vin Nghin cu hi sn, 2013

mi trng bin - Vin Nghin cu hi sn, 2013
mg/l
0,6
2010
2011
2012
2013
TC ASEAN
QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT
0,5
Biu 4.38. Din bin hm lng du m

trung bnh nm trong nc vng bin khi
giai on 2010-2013
0,4
0,3
0,2

mi trng bin - Vin nghin cu hi sn, 2013
0,1
Ty Nam B
Cn Sn
99
CHNG 4
Khung 4.13. nhim mi trng bin do nc thi t Cng ty TNHH Gang thp Hng nghip Formosa
H Tnh v s phc hi sau s c
Trong thng 4 nm 2016, ti ven bin 4 tnh min Trung (H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha ThinHu) xy ra s c nhim mi trng nghim trng, lm hi sn cht bt thng, nh hng khng nh
ti cc h sinh thi bin. Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 2016, Chnh ph cng b nguyn nhn s c, xc nh
ngun thi xut pht t Cng ty TNHH Gang thp Hng nghip Formosa H Tnh, cha c t phenol,
xyanua, kt hp vi hydroxit st, to thnh mt dng phc hn hp (mixel), c t trng ln hn nc bin,
di chuyn theo dng hi lu theo hng Bc - Nam t H Tnh n Tha Thin - Hu, l nguyn nhn lm
hi sn v sinh vt bin cht hng lot, nht l tng y.
Dng phc hn hp ni trn cng to thnh mt lp mu vng ph bm trn b mt v cc rn san
h ti khu vc ven bin 4 tnh min Trung. Vo thi im thng 5/2016, kt qu phn tch cho thy, hm
lng phenol trong mng bm ny c gi tr cao, dao ng trong khong 3,80 - 7,79ppm. Tuy nhin, n
thi im kho st thng 6 v 7/2016, mc d vn cn hin tng lp mng mu vng bm trn b mt
, rn san h v cc khe ti cc khu vc ny, tuy nhin lp mng bm ny gim i nhiu so vi thi
im kho st thng 5/2016. Hm lng phenol trong lp mng bm ny gim mnh, dao ng trong
khong 0,32 - 1,75ppm.
Trong trm tch y bin khu vc ny, vo thi im thng 5/2016, hm lng tng Phenol cao ph
bin 6 - 12,5mg/kg (gi tr cao nht l 16,98 mg/kg), n thng 6 ch cn ph bin khong 0,35 - 1,2mg/
kg (gi tr cao nht l 5,05mg/kg).
Ngc li, trong nc bin, thng 5/2016, ti cc v tr quan trc, thng s tng phenol hu nh khng
pht hin c hoc c gi tr thp (2-10g/l). Tuy nhin, n thng 6/2016 hm lng tng phenol trong
nc c tng ln v c 2,7% s mu quan trc vt gii hn cho php, ch yu l mu tng y. iu ny
c th gii thch do c ch nh hp ph phenol t dng phc hn hp v t trm tch y vo nc bin.
n thi im thng 8/2016, hm lng tng phenol trong nc bin gim n gi tr nh hn gii hn
cho php ca QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT.
Trong thng 4 v 5/2016, cc rn san h l i tng b nh hng mnh nht trong cc h sinh thi
bin, 100% cc rn san h trong khu vc kho st u c du hiu b ty trng, nhm san h cnh hu ht
b cht hng lot. in hnh l cc khu vc rn: Hn Sn Dng - H Tnh (t l san h cht khong 90%),
Hn Nm - Qung Bnh v Hi Vn, Sn Ch - Tha Thin Hu (t l san h b suy gim l 66,7%). Sinh
vt trn rn san h cn rt ngho nn, mt c rt thp. n giai on thng 6 v 7/2016, khng cn xy
ra hin tng san h b ty trng. Trn rn san h thy hin tng san h phc hi t nhin t nhng
tp on b cht tng phn v u trng san h bt u nh c v pht trin trn nn y rn (rn san
h khu vc Hn Nm, Hi Vn, Sn Ch). C kch thc nh v cc ng vt y c ln khc trn cc rn
san h c du hiu phc hi tch cc.
Ngun: B TN&MT, thng 8/2016
100
MI TRNG KHNG KH
CHNG 5
MI TRNG KHNG KH
101
MI TRNG KHNG KH
CHNG 5
MI TRNG KHNG KH
5.1. CHT LNG KHNG KH TI CC
TH
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, ti cc
th ln, ni c cc hot ng pht trin
KT - XH din ra mnh m, cht lng khng
kh cha c nhiu ci thin so vi giai on
2006 - 2010. Cc th ln nh H Ni hay
th c hot ng cng nghip mnh nh
Vit Tr (Ph Th), nhim bi c xu hng
duy tr ngng cao, c bit l cc khu vc
gn cc trc giao thng chnh (Biu 5.1).
Kt qu nh gi cht lng khng kh

thng qua ch s cht lng khng kh AQI1
cho thy, ti cc th ln, s ngy c AQI
mc km (AQI = 101 - 200) v xu (AQI
= 201 - 300) chim t l kh ln. in hnh
nh ti ng Nguyn Vn C (Gia Lm, H
Ni), s ngy trong nm 2014 c AQI mc
km chim t l hn 50% tng s ngy quan
trc trong nm, thm ch, c nhng ngy
cht lng khng kh suy gim n ngng
xu v nguy hi (AQI>300) (Biu 5.2).
1. Ch s chung nh gi cht lng khng kh AQI c xc nh l ch s AQI ca thng s nhim ln nht theo Quyt
nh s 878/Q-TCMT ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2011 ca Tng cc Mi trng v vic ban hnh s tay tnh ton ch s cht
lng khng kh, c th hin qua cc thang im:
Khong gi
tr AQI
0 - 50
Cht lng
khng kh
Tt
Khng nh hng n sc khe
Xanh
51 - 100
Trung bnh
Nhm nhy cm nn hn ch thi gian bn ngoi
Vng
101 - 200
Km
Da cam
201 - 300
Xu
Trn 300
Nguy hi
Nhm nhy cm cn hn ch thi gian bn ngoi

Nhm nhy cm trnh ra ngoi. Nhng ngi khc
hn ch bn ngoi
Mi ngi nn trong nh
nh hng sc khe
Mu
Nu
Ghi ch: Nhm nhy cm bao gm: tr em, ngi gi v nhng ngi mc bnh h hp.
g/m3
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB nm)
60
50
Biu 5.1. Din bin

nng bi PM10 trung
bnh nm ti mt s trm
quan trc t ng, lin tc
giai on 2011 - 2015
40
30
20
10
Ngun: TCMT, 2015

Trm Nguyn Vn C Trm L Dun -
- H Ni
Nng
th c bit
th loi 1 thuc
trung ng
Trm Hng Vng - Trm Hng H - H Trm Hng Vng - Trm ng - Nha
Vit Tr
Long
Hu
Trang
th loi 1 thuc tnh
103
CHNG 5
S ngy cht lng khng kh Nguy hi (AQI>300)
178
180
S ngy cht lng khng kh Xu (AQI>200)
160
S ngy cht lng khng kh Km (AQI>100)
140
120
102
100
95
83
80
60
45
40
20
0
1
2011
2012
11
2013
43
2014
2015
Trm Nguyn Vn C
- H Ni
1
2013
0 0
2014
0 0
2013
Trm Hng
Vng - Vit Tr
40
36
27
20
0 0
2014
0 0
2015
0 0
2013
Trm Hng Vng Hu
00
2014
2015
Trm ng - Nha
Trang
Biu 5.2. Din bin ch s cht lng khng kh AQI 5 trm quan trc t ng,
lin tc giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
5.1.1. Bi
Trong giai on ny, nhim bi vn tip tc l vn ni cm. S liu thng k cho thy,
s ngy c gi tr AQI khng m bo ngng khuyn co an ton i vi sc khe cng ng
do nng bi PM10 vt ngng QCVN vn chim t l ln (Biu 5.3 v 5.4).
S ngy
60
S ngy AQI>100 do PM10
50
40
30
50
20
34
25
24
10
10
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
Trm Nguyn Vn C
- H Ni
2015
15
17
2013
2014
Trm Hng
Vng - Vit
Tr
2013
2014
0
2015
Trm Hng Vng Hu
0
2011
1
2012
4
2013
0
2014
Trm L Dun
- Nng
0
2015
2
2013
0
2014
0
2015
Trm ng - Nha
Trang
Biu 5.3. S ngy c AQI>100 do thng s PM10 cao 5 trm quan trc t ng,
lin tc giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
104
MI TRNG KHNG KH
S ngy o khng vt chun

4
15
41
81
66
65
98
17
19
85
3
27
26
115
19
S Ngy o vt chun
24
1
0
186
362
285
274
360
339
300
332
250
365
365
363
361
364
316
345
364
316
347
366
305
365
320
320
362
365
2012
2013
2015
Trm Nguyn Vn C - H Ni
2013
2013
2015
2011
Trm Hng Vng Trm Hng Vng - Hu

- Ph Th
2013
2014
2015
Trm L Dun - Nng
2012
2013
2014
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
2012
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
2014
PM2.5
PM10
PM10
2014
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
2014
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM10
2011
PM2.5
179
PM2.5
PM2.5
287
355
348
340
267
145
PM10
350
324
292
365
362
289
PM2.5
S ngy
213
2015
Trm ng - Khnh Ha
Biu 5.4. Thng k s ngy c nng PM10 v PM2,5 trung bnh 24h khng t QCVN 05:2013 cc trm
chu nh hng ca giao thng th giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: TCMT, 2015.
Nng bi cng thay i qua cc thng trong nm, theo din bin ma, iu ny c
th hin r khu vc min Bc. S liu quan trc ti trm Nguyn Vn C (H Ni) cho thy,
nhim bi (c bit l bi mn) thng tp trung vo cc thng ma ng, t ma (thng 11-3)
(Biu 5.5).
PM.10
PM.2.5
PM.1
Din bin
140
120
100
g/m3
80
60
40
20
10
11
12
Thng (Tnh TB giai on 2011-2015)
Biu 5.5. Din bin nng bi theo cc thng giai on 2011 - 2015 ti trm Nguyn Vn C, H Ni
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
105
CHNG 5
Khc vi khu vc Bc B, khu vc Nam
Trung B nm trong vng kh hu nhit i
gi ma vi nn nhit n nh, t bin ng
quanh nm nn s khc bit v nng bi
PM o gia cc thng khng r rt. S liu o
Tp. Nng v Nha Trang, cho thy s n
nh v nng cc loi bi PM1-PM2,5-PM10
gia ma kh v ma ma (Biu 5.6).
120
PM.10
i vi cc a phng pha Nam,

kh hu trong nm c s phn ha gia ma
kh v ma ma. Nng cc loi bi PM
(PM10, PM2,5) c s khc bit ng k gia
hai ma, ma ma (thng 5 n thng 11)
v ma kh (thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau).
Theo , nng bi trong khng kh ghi
nhn trm ng Khi, Tp. Bin Ha, tnh
ng Nai thng cao trong ma kh v thp
hn ma ma (Biu 5.7).
PM.2.5
PM.1
Din bin
100
80
g/m3
60
40
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
20
2012
2013 Thng (giai on 2012-2015) 2014
2015
Biu 5.6. Xu hng bin i theo ma nng cc loi bi PM1 - PM2,5- PM10
Nha Trang giai on 2012 - 2015
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
g/m3
Trm ng Khi - ng Nai
300
PM-10
PM-2.5
250
Din bin
200
150
100
Ma kh
Thng 11
Thng 10
Thng 9
Thng 8
Thng 7
Thng 6
Thng 5
Thng 4
Thng 3
Thng 2
Thng 1
Thng 12
50
Ma ma
Biu 5.7. Xu hng bin i theo ma nng cc loi bi PM2,5, PM10

ti trm ng Khi, Bin Ha, ng Nai
Ngun: S TN&MT ng Nai, 2013
106
MI TRNG KHNG KH
Din bin nng bi trong khng kh cng thay i

theo quy lut trong ngy, th hin r nht ti cc khu vc
gn trc giao thng. Nng bi tng cao vo cc gi cao
im giao thng, gim xung thp nht vo gia tra v
m (Biu 5.8).
Khung 5.1. N lc gim thiu

nhim v n tc giao thng
ti Ng Ba Hu - Nng
Ng Ba Hu nhiu nm nay
c xem l im en, tn
ti nhng bt n v tai nn giao
thng v nhim khng kh nghim trng v bi v kh thi
ca Tp. Nng. Tuy nhin,
vi quyt tm v n lc ca
chnh quyn v nhn dn Tp.
Nng, d n Nt giao thng
khc mc Ng Ba Hu c
u t xy dng v i vo hot
ng t 29/3/2015. Cng trnh i
vo hot ng gp phn gim
thiu tai nn, n tc giao thng
cng nh nhim khng kh ti
im nt giao thng ny.
Cn ti cc khu cng trng xy dng (xy dng khu

chung c, khu th mi, sa cha ng giao thng, xy
dng ng trn cao,) tnh trng nhim bi cc b vn
tip tc din ra. Nguyn nhn chnh l do vic thc thi
cc quy nh v bo v mi trng khng nghim v hot
ng gim st thc hin cha c quan tm ng mc.
Ti cc khu dn c, nng bi trong khng kh
nhn chung thng thp hn so vi hai bn ng giao
thng v cc cng trng xy dng. Tuy nhin, cc khu
dn c nm trong cc th vn chu nh hng bi hot
ng giao thng, cng nghip nn ti hu ht cc im
quan trc u ghi nhn mc nhim bi TSP vn vt
nhiu ln ngng cho php QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT.
60
PM.10
PM.2.5
45
PM.1
PM.10
40
50
PM.2.5
PM.1
35
30
g/m3
40
g/m3
Ngun: S TN&MT Tp. Nng,

2015
30
25
20
15
20
10
10
22:00
23:00
23:00
21:00
22:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
10:00
8:00
7:00
Trm Hng Vng - Hu
18
25
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
2015-08
2015-08
Trm NVC - H Ni
1:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
10:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
PM.10
PM.2.5
PM.1
PM.10
16
20
PM.2.5
PM.1
14
12
15
g/m3
g/m3
10
10
8
6
4
Trm L Dun- Nng
2014-07
Trm ng -Nha Trang
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
2015-07
Biu 5.8. Din bin nng cc loi bi PM10, PM2,5, PM1 trong ngy ti mt s trm khng kh t ng
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
107
CHNG 5
Din bin theo cc nm cho thy, nm 2011
v 2013, nhim bi kh nng ti nhiu
khu vc, nm 2012 mc nhim c gim
r rt v nhng nm gn y (2014, 2015),
nng bi trong khng kh xung quanh tip
tc c xu hng gim (Biu 5.9).
Ngoi tr cc khu vc nu trn, ti cc

th thuc cc tnh min ni, th c
hot ng pht trin KT - XH mc trung
bnh, mi trng khng kh cn kh trong
lnh. Nng bi trong khng kh hu ht
u di ngng quy chun cho php
(Biu 5.10).
g/m3
2011
1.400
1400
2012
2013
2014
7/2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
1.200
1200
1.000
1000
800
600
400
200
0
KDC Trung KDC Nh 339/34A24 KDC mi

Ha-Nhn my Bia H T Hin
ng L
ng
Chnh
Thnh, Q. 10 T Trng
H Ni
H Ch Minh
KDC P.Trn
KDC
KDC th,
Hng o
P.Quang
Tp. Quy
Trung, Tp.
Nhn
Quy Nhn
Nng
th c bit
Bnh nh
th loi I
Hi Dng
KDC TP.
Vnh Yn
KDC TP.
Bc Ninh
Vnh Phc
Bc Ninh
th loi II
KDC Ph
Ni
KDC gn Ng 3 KDC
Cng K H Dung Qut
Hng Yn Qung Nam Qung Ngi

th loi III
Biu 5.9. Din bin nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s khu dn c trn ton quc
giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Vin TN&MT Tp. HCM; S TN&MT cc tnh Bc Ninh,
Bnh nh, Vnh Phc; Tng cc Mi trng, 2015
350
2011
2012
2013
2014
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
300
g/m3
250
200
150
100
50
0
Khu di tch Cng UBND

Ng t ch
Cng UBND Ng ba Chm Ng t Hng Ca khu
huyn Mai Mt, Tp. Ha Vng, Tp. quc t Hu Vinh, Tp. Vinh Kim Lin, Nam Tp. Lt
n
Bnh
ngh
Lng Sn
Chu
Ha Bnh
Lng Sn
Ngh An
Lm ng
Cng B.vin
a khoa tnh
Ch Phan
Rang
Tp. Vnh Long
Kon Tum
Ninh Thun
Vnh Long
Biu 5.10. Din bin nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s th v vng ven th
giai on 2011 - 2014
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng giai on 2011 - 2015 ca cc a phng, 2015
108
MI TRNG KHNG KH
5.1.2. Cc kh nhim NO2, SO2 v CO

khu vc th, ngun gc pht sinh
cc loi kh NO2, SO2 v CO ch yu t hot
ng giao thng, SO2 pht thi t t than v
du cha lu hunh (xe but, cc nh my
c hot ng t nhin liu khc). Nng
kh NO2 trong khng kh ti mt s th ln
2011
g/m3
2012
2013
2014
2015
cng ghi nhn vt ngng gii hn cho

php, nh ti H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh v
H Long. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng trn
ny l do H Ni, Tp. HCM b nh hng
bi hot ng giao thng, cng nghip khu
vc; Tp. H Long cht lng khng kh b nh
hng ln bi hot ng khai thc than v
nhit in xung quanh (Biu 5.11, 5.12).
QCVN 05:2013
Biu 5.11. Din bin nng NO2

trung bnh nm ti mt s trm quan
trc t ng lin tc
60
50
40
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
30
20
10
0
H Ni
nng
th c bit
th loi I thuc
trung ng
g/m3
120
Vit Tr
2011
H Long
Hu
Nha Trang
th loi I thuc tnh
2012
2013
2014
7/2015
QCVN 05:2013 TB nm
QCVN 05:2013 TB 24h
100
80
60
40
20
0
KDC Trung KDC Nh Khu thng Khu dn c Khu dn c Khu dn c KDC P.Trn
Ha-Nhn my BiaH mi Quch mi ng th, TP
Hng o
phng
ng
Chnh
Quang
Th Trang L T Trng Quy Nhn
Trung - Quy
Nhn
H Ni
H Ch Minh
th c bit
Nng
Bnh nh
th loi I
Hi Dng
th loi II
KDC TP.
Vnh Yn
KDC TP.
Bc Ninh
Vnh Phc
Bc Ninh
KDC Ph Khu dn c Ng 3 KDC

Ni
gn Cng K Dung Qut
H
Hng Yn Qung Nam Qung Ngi

th loi III
Biu 5.12. Din bin nng NO2 trung bnh nm mt s khu dn c giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Vin TN&MT Tp. HCM; S TN&MT Bc Ninh, Bnh nh, Hi Dng, Vnh Phc; TCMT, 2015
109
CHNG 5
Nng NOx2 din bin trong ngy ti
khu vc th cng tng t nh thng s
bi, tng cao vo gi cao im giao thng
(7-9h sng, 18-19h chiu).
i vi cc kh khc nh SO2, CO, hu

ht cc tr s trung bnh ngy vn nm trong
gii hn cho php ca quy chun k thut
mi trng (Biu 5.14).
2. NOx l tng ca NO v NO2.
50
120
45
100
40
35
80
g/m3
g/m3
30
60
25
20
40
15
10
20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Trm Hng H - Qung Ninh
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Trm L Dun - Nng
Biu 5.13. Din bin nng NOx trong ngy

(minh ha s liu ca trm quan trc khng kh t ng lin tc H Long, Nng)
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2015
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng H Ni, 2015.
2011
g/m3
2012
2013
2014
7/2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Phng HngH ng
H Ni
ng
ng L Ng 5 -u Ng t Bn KDC NM bia KT Trung
ng
Ng t An Ng t inh
H ng
Ho-Nhn
xe mi
Sng
Tin Hong - Nguyn Vn Thch Hn Thnh Tng - ng Trn
Chnh
Bnh Trng
H Long
Linh
in Bin
Ph
TP. H Ch Minh
Hi Phng
Tha Thin Qung Ninh

Hu
Giao thng
Nng
Cn Th
H Ni
KDC mi Ch ng Ba
Khu thng KDC ph Cao KDC th,
ng L T
Thng
TP Quy
mi Quch
Trng
Nhn
Th Trang
TP. H Ch
Minh
Qung Ninh
Bnh nh
Nng
Tha Thin
Hu
Dn c
Biu 5.14. Din bin nng SO2 trung bnh nm

mt s tuyn giao thng v khu dn c giai on 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Vin TN&MT Tp. HCM; S TN&MT Qung Ninh, Cn Th; TCMT, 2015
110
MI TRNG KHNG KH
5.1.3. Ting n
cc th, ngun gc gy nhim
ting n ch yu l do hot ng giao thng
nn mc n ln thng ghi nhn trn cc
trc giao thng chnh. Ngng n o c
cc tuyn ph chnh ti cc th ln Vit
Nam hu ht u xp x hoc vt ngng
cho php theo QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT quy
nh i vi khung gi t 6 n 21 gi (70
dBA). i vi cc th va v nh, mc
n o ti cc tuyn ng giao thng ti hu
ht th cng c din bin tng t khi
m cc kt qu ghi nhn u khng m
bo gii hn cho php. i vi khu dn c,
ghi nhn mc n vt ngng quy chun cho
php ti mt s khu vc c mt dn c ln,
gn ng giao thng. Ti cc khu vc dn c
khc, xa ng giao thng nhn chung mc n
vn nm trong ngng quy chun cho php
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT.
5.2. CHT LNG KHNG KH XUNG
QUANH CC KHU SN XUT CNG
NGHIP
cc KCN vn l nhim bi. Nng bi

TSP ti nhiu KCN vt QCVN 05:2013/
BTNMT. S liu so snh cho thy, nng
TSP xung quanh cc KCN min Bc cao hn
hn so vi KCN min Nam, trong khi nng
TSP xung quanh cc KCN min Trung v
min Nam c s chnh lch khng nhiu
(Biu 5.15). Nguyn nhn c th l do
c im c cu loi hnh sn xut, cng
ngh, nhin liu, v tr ca cc khu vc khc
nhau. Ti min Bc, gn cc KCN tp trung
cng c nhiu cc nh my nhit in, sn
xut xi mng vi quy m ln tiu th nhiu
nhin liu ha thch nn dn ti pht
thi lng bi ln. Thm vo , so vi cc
khu vc khc, min Bc vn tn ti mt s
KCN c, cng ngh lc hu, pht sinh nhiu
cht nhim hn. Nhiu KCN min Bc
cn nm gn cc khu th, trc giao thng
ln nn nng TSP xung quanh cc KCN
ny cng b nh hng bi hot ng xy
dng h tng th v giao thng vn ti.
5.2.1. Bi
Theo phn tch phn trn, nm 2012,

cc hot ng sn xut gp kh khn, b
ngng tr do suy thoi kinh t nn cht
lng mi trng khng kh nhiu khu vc
xung quanh cc KCN c ci thin hn.
Tuy nhin, ti mt s a phng, v mt s
nguyn nhn khc nhau m nng TSP
nm 2012 c xu hng tng ln. V d, ti
ng Nai, do nm bt c cc ch trng
ng ca mt s m khai thc n nm
2015, hot ng khai thc v vn chuyn
vt liu nm 2012 din ra mnh m hn.
V vy, nng bi o c ti hu ht cc
im quan trc cng th hin s gia tng
trong nm 2012 (Biu 5.16).
Tng t khu vc th, vn ni cm

i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip, cc

hot ng khai thc khong sn, sn xut
Hot ng sn xut cng nghip vn l

mt trong nhng ngun chnh gy nhim
mi trng khng kh nc ta. Trong giai
on t nm 2011 - 2015, nn kinh t tng
trng chm li, cc hot ng sn xut
cng nghip, tiu th nhin liu gp nhiu
kh khn. iu th hin kh r din bin
cht lng khng kh ti cc khu sn xut,
KCN. Mc nhim khng kh ln nht
l vo nm 2011, sau c ci thin
ng k vo nm 2012, nhng li tip tc
gia tng trong cc nm tr li y.
111
CHNG 5
2011
2012
2013
2014
7/2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
1.400
1.200
g/m3
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
KCN Ni
Bi
KCN
Thng
Long
H Ni
KCN
KCN Cng
Vt Cch Nomura
Hi Phng
KCN Ci ng Nam ng Bc ng KCN KCN in ng Bc KCN Hip KCN Tr

KCN
Nc
Ln
KCN Ph KCN Lin Ho Khnh Nam Phc
Thun o
KCN
Bi
- Long An
Chiu
in Ngc Qung
Ph
Qung
Ninh
Tha
Thin Hu
Nng
Qung
Nam
Qung
Ngi
Tp.HCM
Cn Th
Long An
Biu 5.15. Din bin nng TSP xung quanh mt s KCN thuc 3 vng kinh t
trng im Bc, Trung, Nam giai on t nm 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng,S TN&MT Cn Th; Long An. 2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
g/m3
in, xi mng lm pht sinh lng bi

thi ln hn hn cc ngnh khc. y l
nhm ngnh tiu th nhiu nng lng,
nhin liu. Cc nh my nhit in, xi
mng thng c ng khi ln, pht tn i
xa. Theo nghin cu, cc khu vc chu
nhim nng nht thng cch ng khi
ca cc nh my ny khong 1,5 - 3km.
Ti cc khu vc khai thc vt liu xy
dng, nng bi thng vt QCVN
t 8 - 12 ln. Nguyn nhn t cc cng
on khai thc, nghin, vn chuyn
pht tn mt lng ln bi v kh thi
vo mi trng.
800
600
400
200
0
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Biu 5.16. Nng TSP xung quanh cc KCN

ca ng Nai giai on t nm 2011 - 2014
Ngun: Bo co HTMT tnh ng Nai
giai on 2011- 2015
5.2.2. Cc kh nhim: SO2, NO2

Cc loi hnh cng nghip s dng nhiu nhin liu t nh nhit in, lc du, l t
cng nghip c cng sut ln s pht thi lng SO2 nhiu hn cc ngnh khc. Theo , nng
kh SO2 o c xung quanh cc KCN min Bc cao hn hn so vi cc KCN cc tnh
pha Nam, do cc loi hnh cng nghip nu trn tp trung nhiu hn cc tnh min Bc
(Biu 5.17).
112
MI TRNG KHNG KH
300
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
g/m3
250
200
150
100
50
0
NM xi mng H
Giang
TB khu vc
SXCN
TB KCN, CCN
CCN Nghi Ph
TB cc KCN
KCN Tr Nc 1
H Giang
H Ni
Nam nh
Ngh An
ng Nai
Cn Th
Min Bc
Min Trung
Min Nam
Biu 5.17. Nng SO2 xung quanh cc khu vc sn xut ca mt s a phng giai on t nm 2011 - 2015
Ngun: Bo co HTMT cc tnh giai on 2011- 2015
Ngc li vi thng s SO2, nng kh

NO2 xung quanh cc KCN min Nam li
cao hn cc KCN min Bc. Nguyn nhn
c th do ti khu vc min Nam tp trung
cc loi hnh sn xut nh ha cht, cc sn
phm kim loi, in t... Tuy nhin, hu ht
cc khu vc, nng ca c hai loi kh SO2
v NO2 hu ht vn nm trong ngng cho
php ca QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT.
5.3. CHT LNG KHNG KH LNG

NGH V NNG THN
Mc n ti mt s khu vc gn KCN
mc cao, c ni vt ngng QCVN.
Nguyn nhn l do cc im quan trc ting
n xung quanh cc KCN u nm gn cc
trc ng giao thng c mt xe c qua
li ln, do mc n o c b cng hng
t hot ng ca cng nghip v phng
tin xe qua li trn ng.
rt ng lo ngi. Tnh trng nhim khng
Hin tng nhim mi do kh thi

pht sinh t khu vc nh bi chn lp rc
thi, nh my ch bin tinh bt sn, nh
my cao su, nh my giy cng xy ra
cc b ti mt s a phng.
5.3.1. Mi trng khng kh lng ngh

Vic pht trin cc lng ngh c vai
tr quan trng i vi s pht trin KT - XH
v gii quyt vic lm cc a phng.
Tuy nhin, hu qu v mi trng do cc
hot ng sn xut lng ngh a li cng
kh ti cc lng ngh so vi giai on trc
khng nhng khng gim m cn c xu
hng gia tng. Nguyn nhn chnh l do
nhin liu s dng trong cc lng ngh ph
bin l than cht lng thp, dy chuyn
cng ngh sn xut lc hu, li cha u t
cho hot ng x l cht thi. nhim mi
trng khng kh ti cc lng ngh ch yu
l nhim bi, kh c, hi kim loi, mi v
ting n, ty thuc vo tnh cht, quy m v
sn phm ca tng loi ngnh ngh.
113
CHNG 5
g/m3
1000
2011
2012
2013
2014
QCVN 05:2013 TB 24h
QCVN 05:2013 TB nm
900
Biu 5.18. Nng TSP

trong khng kh xung quanh
mt s lng ngh
khu vc pha Bc
800
700
600
500
400
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh

Ninh Bnh, Bc Ninh, Hng Yn,
Tp. H Ni, 2014, 2015
300
200
100
0
Giy da Gi
Thng
Rn a S
2011
2012
c nhm Vn
Mn
Ninh Bnh
H Ni
g/m3
m ngh
Ninh Vn
2013
2014
G ng K
Ti ch nha
Minh Khai
Bc Ninh
QCVN 06:2009
Hng Yn
g/m3
60
2011
2012
2013
2014
QCVN 06:2009
0,16
0.16
50
0,14
0.14
0,12
0.12
40
0,10
0.1
30
0,08
0.08
20
0,06
0.06
0,04
0.04
10
0,02
0.02
0
0
C kh Phng X
Kim g hn Ph Th
Rn a S
Biu 5.19. Nng As ti mt s lng ngh c

kh trn a bn H Ni
iu khc D Mc Vn im My tre giang g Lin H

D
Ph Hu
G Thy H
Biu 5.20. Nng benzen ti mt s

lng ngh my tre an, ch bin g trn a bn H Ni
Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng H Ni, 2015
Ti mt s lng ngh, nhim mi vn

ang l vn bc xc. nhim mi xy ra
ti cc lng ngh rt khc nhau v chng loi
v mc , ph thuc vo c im sn xut
ca lng ngh. Ti cc lng ngh ch bin
nng sn, thc phm nh lng git m Phc
Lm (Bc Giang), lng ch bin nng sn
Dng Liu (H Ni), nhim mi do qu
trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong b thi
sn xut lm pht sinh mi thi, kh chu v
gy nhim mi trn mt khu vc rng.
Ti mt s lng ngh nh lng mc
Chng Sn, Bng Hu (Thch Tht, H Ni),
114
lng ngh my tre an Ph Ngha, Trng

Yn (Chng M, H Ni), lng ngh da
giy Ph Yn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni) nhim
mi pht sinh ch yu do s dng cc loi
dung mi hu c trong cng on sn, nh
bng sn phm. Tuy nhin, vn nhim
xy ra theo thi im, khng lin tc.
5.3.2. Mi trng khng kh nng thn
Cht lng mi trng khng kh khu
vc nng thn hin nay cn kh tt, rt
nhiu vng cha c du hiu nhim. Tp
trung cc khu vc min ni, vng thun
MI TRNG KHNG KH
nng. Nng cc cht nhim hu ht

nm trong ngng cho php theo QCVN
05:2013/BTNMT.
2011
2012
2013
2014
QCVN 05:2013 (TB 24h)
350
300
Mt s khu vc nng thn b nh hng

bi mt s hot ng lng ngh, im cng
nghip xen k trong khu dn c, cc c s
sn xut, cc trang tri chn nui tp trung,
hot ng trng trt, khai thc khong sn
cc vng ln cn, chn lp v t cht
thi sinh hot cng nh pht trin c s h
tng... c du hiu nhim mi trng
khng kh cc b.
Cht lng mi trng khng kh khu
vc nng thn cng b nh hng bi vic s
dng phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt trn
lan, khng ng liu lng gy pht tn mt
lng ha cht c hi vo khng kh. Mt
s tuyn ng ni th, th trn, a im
dn c ang c nng cp cng vi mt
giao thng cao lm gia tng nng mt
s cht nh bi, NO2, SO2 v ting n trong
khng kh.
Ti mt s a phng cht lng khng
kh ti cc khu vc nng thn ven th, khu
vc nng thn mc d cn kh tt nhng
cng ang c xu hng gia tng nng
cc cht c hi trong khng kh. c bit,
ti mt s khu vc gn cc khu khai thc
khong sn, c s sn xut gch ngi, hm
lng bi cng bt u vt QCVN.
5.4. MT S VN NHIM KHNG
KH LIN QUC GIA VIT NAM
Hin nay, cc nghin cu, nh gi v
cc vn nhim khng kh lin quc gia
v nh hng ca chng n cht lng mi
trng khng kh Vit Nam cn hn ch.
g/m3
250
200
150
100
50
0
TT Sn H
Bn xe X Hng K X Quang
Tin
khch TT
Mng T
Lai Chu
H Ni
TT Kin
Giang
TT ng L
Qung Bnh
TT Vnh
Thnh
TT Phong
in
Cn Th
Biu 5.21. Din bin nng TSP ti mt s

vng nng thn giai on 2011 - 2014
Ngun: Bo co HTMT giai on 2011 - 2015 cc tnh
Lai Chu, H Ni, Qung Bnh, Cn Th, 2015.
Mt s vn nh lng ng axit, sng m

quang ha hay nhim xuyn bin gii tuy
cha c biu hin r rng nhng xut hin
nhng du hiu nh hng nht nh. Mt
s nghin cu trn th gii, in hnh nh
cc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc ca
Chu u v M cho thy mi trng khng
kh Vit Nam ang chu nh hng t cc
ngun nhim xuyn bin gii Vit - Trung vi
quy lut mc nhim tng ng k vo cc
thng ma ng.
5.4.1. Xu hng lan truyn nhim xuyn
bin gii
Ton b min Bc v min Trung Vit
Nam c nh gi l chu tc ng ng
k t cc ngun pht thi t cc khu vc
pha ng, ng Bc, ng Nam ca Trung
Quc, i Loan. Mt s kt qu nghin cu
Vit Nam cho thy c s vn chuyn cc
cht nhim theo gi ma ng Bc trong
ma ng (in hnh l thng 1), ng gp
mt lng kh nhim v bi mn vo khng
kh min Bc Vit Nam.
115
CHNG 5
nhim xuyn bin gii c cho l
cng gp phn lm tng nng mt s
kim loi nng v cc kh c hi trong mi
trng khng kh. nc ta, vn nhim
khng kh xuyn bin gii bt u c
quan tm, theo di v gim st.
5.4.2. Lng ng axit
Trn c s b s liu quan trc ca
Mng li gim st lng ng axit ng
(EANET), cc phn tch ch ra rng mt
s ni Vit Nam c biu hin nhim.
Lng ng axit (bao gm c lng ng kh
v lng ng t) c to thnh trong iu
kin kh quyn b nhim do s pht thi
qu mc cc kh SO2, NOx t cc ngun
cng nghip v cc ngun nhim khc.
Hin ti, cha c s liu nghin cu
nh gi v mc lng ng axit Vit
Nam c ngun gc lin quc gia.
5.4.3. Sng m quang ha
Cng vi xu hng gia tng cc kh
nhim trong mi trng l s xut hin mt
hin tng nhim khng kh c bit, gi
l sng m quang ha3. Ngun gc ch
3. Sng m quang ha (Photochemical smog) l mt dng
nhim khng kh gy ra bi s tng tc gia bc x cc
tm ca mt tri v bu kh quyn b nhim bi cc kh
thi t ng c xe my, kh thi cng nghip xy ra
tng i lu ca kh quyn.
yu ca sng m quang ha do t cc kh
nh gas v xng du. Hin tng ny khc
vi hin tng sng m cng nghip c
ngun gc ch yu do t than , c s
dng nhiu trong sn xut v cng nghip
thp k 60 v nng cao c th gy hu
qu nghim trng.
khu vc ng Nam , biu hin
sng m quang ha c xu hng gia tng
trong thi gian gn y do chy rng v
hot ng t nng ry theo ma v t mt
s nc trong khu vc nh Indonesia (c
bit vng Sumatra v Kalimantra). nhim
theo hng gi Ty Nam t Indonesia c sc
lan rt nhanh v gy nh hng n nhiu
quc gia lng ging ng k, nh Malaysia,
Phillipine, Singapore, Thi Lan v c mt
phn pha Nam ca Vit Nam.
Vit Nam, hin tng sng m
quang ha xut hin trong nhng nm
gn y, biu hin r vo cc thng ma
h khi thi tit kh nng. Ngoi ra, cc
giai on xy ra nghch nhit cng to iu
kin hin tng sng m quang ha
xut hin. Hin tng ny c bit r nt
cc th ln nh H Ni, Tp. H Ch
Minh do s cng hng ca nhiu ngun
nhim khng kh.
Khung 5.2. H thng cc trm o gim st lng ng axit Vit Nam

Mng li gim st lng ng axit ng (EANET) c thnh lp nm 1998 nhm nng cao n lc bo
v mi trng v sc khe con ngi trong khu vc ng v cung cp c s cho nhng nh ra quyt nh
thuc cc cp khu vc, cp quc gia v cp a phng nhm ngn chn v gim thiu nhng tc ng bt
li ca lng ng axit ti mi trng. Vit Nam, 2 trm gim st lng ng axit u tin c lp t ti
trm kh tng Lng (TP. H Ni) v trm mi trng Ha Bnh (tnh Ha Bnh) vo nm 1999. n nm
2008, 2 trm gim st mi trng khng kh l trm Cc Phng (tnh Ninh Bnh) v trm Nng c b
sung vo mng li EANET. Trong nm 2013, 03 trm Sa Pa, Cn Th v trm Tp. H Ch Minh ang c
lp t v tham gia vo hot ng trong mng EANET.
Ngun: Vin KHKTTV&MT, 2013
116
MI TRNG T
CHNG 6
MI TRNG T
117
MI TRNG T
CHNG 6
MI TRNG T
6.1. S DNG T
6.1.1. Hin trng s dng t
Bng 6.1. Din bin s dng t c nc
giai on 2011 - 2013
n v: triu ha
Nhm t
Din tch
Nm
2011
2012
2013
26,3
26,4
26,8
t phi nng nghip
3,7
3,8
3,8
t cha s dng
3,1
2,9
2,5
t nng nghip
Ngun: B TN&MT, 2014
Bng 6.2. Din bin t nng nghip c nc

giai on 2011 - 2013
n v: triu ha
Ch tiu
Tng din
tch t nng
nghip
Nm
2011
Nm
2012
Nm
2013
26,3
26,4
26,8
S liu thng k nm 2014, tng din

tch t t nhin c nc khong 33,1 triu
ha. Theo mc ch s dng, t c phn
thnh 3 nhm chnh: t nng nghip, t
phi nng nghip v t cha s dng. Trong
, din tch nhm t nng nghip (nng,
lm, thy sn) c khong 26,8 triu ha,
chim khong 81% din tch t t nhin
c nc.
Din tch t nng nghip c nc c
s gia tng nh, giai on 2011 - 2014 tng
bnh qun khong 250.000 ha/nm, trong
tng ch yu t lm nghip.
Trong c cu t sn xut nng
nghip, din tch t trng la trung bnh
mi nm gim trn 34.000ha. C 52/63
tnh/thnh ph trc thuc gim din tch
t trng la. Nguyn nhn gim ch yu
8%
11%
t sn xut
nng nghip
10,1
10
10
t lm nghip
15,4
15,4
15,9
t nui trng
thu sn
0,7
0,7
0,7
t lm mui
0,018
0,018
0,018
t nng
nghip khc
0,027
0,027
0,020
t nng nghip
t phi nng nghip
81%
Ngun: B TN&MT, 2014
t cha s dng
Biu 6.1. C cu s dng t c nc

nm 2013
Ngun: Quyt nh s 1467/Q-BTNMT
ngy 21/7/2014
119
CHNG 6
do chuyn t t trng la km hiu qu
sang cc loi t nng nghip khc, nh:
t trng rau, mu hoc trng cy cng
nghip (cao su, c ph), trng cy cnh,
cy n qu, nui trng thy sn v cc loi
t phi nng nghip (cng trnh cng cng,
pht trin th v cc khu dn c nng
thn, t sn xut, kinh doanh).
Hin nay, vi xu hng gia tng dn s
trung bnh khong 1 triu ngi/nm, trong
khi din tch t t nhin khng i th
p lc i vi nhu cu khai thc, s dng
t s l vn ng lo ngi. Bn cnh
, nhu cu s dng t do qu trnh cng
nghip ho - hin i ho t nc cng
gy ra nhiu sc p i vi t ai.
Trc tnh hnh t sn xut nng
nghip ngy cng suy gim, Chnh ph
ch o khng pht trin KCN trn t
nng nghip c nng sut n nh. Ngh
quyt s 63/2009/NQ-CP ngy 23/12/2009
ca Chnh ph ban hnh v bo m an
ninh lng thc quc gia n nm 2020,
tm nhn n nm 2030 cng ch r, din
tch t la cn phi gi l 3,8 triu ha. Tuy
nhin, theo d bo, t nay n nm 2030,
Khung 6.1. Chuyn i mc ch s dng t

Trong thi gian qua, B TN&MT tip
nhn trn 100 vn bn ca cc a phng
ngh chuyn mc ch s dng t trng la, t
rng phng h, t rng c dng thc hin
cc cng trnh, d n. Trong hai nm 2014 v
2015, din tch t nng nghip ni chung trn
c nc c php chuyn mc ch s dng l
trn 34.000 ha.
Ngun: B TN&MT tng hp, 2015
120
nhu cu chuyn t la sang cc mc ch

khc cn tip tc tng khong 500 nghn
ha. y l mt sc p rt ln i vi ti
nguyn v mi trng t, c bit l t
sn xut nng nghip.
Giai on 2011 - 2015, din tch t
lm nghip tng nhanh, t 15,373 triu ha
ln n 15,845 triu ha do cc a phng
y mnh vic giao t cha s dng
(t trng i ni trc, t ct, t ngp
nc... trng rng), din tch t cha s
dng gim mnh, nm 2013 gim 600.000
ha so vi nm 2011.
6.1.2. Chuyn i mc ch s dng t
Theo s liu thng k, tnh trng chuyn
i mc ch s dng t ang din ra tt
c cc a phng, ph bin hin nay l
vic chuyn i t lm nghip sang t
sn xut nng nghip; chuyn i t nng
nghip sang pht trin cc th, KCN;
chuyn i rng ngp mn sang nui trng
thy sn v chuyn i t trng, i ni
trc sang trng rng.
Tnh trng chuyn i t lm nghip
sang t sn xut nng nghip din ra tp
trung cc a phng khu vc min ni
pha Bc v khu vc Ty Nguyn, ni c
din tch t lm nghip ln. Theo Tng
cc Lm nghip, n ht nm 2013 c 37
tnh chuyn 9.528,48 ha rng sang mc
ch khc, khng phi lm nghip, trong
chuyn sang t nng nghip 2.868,57
ha, ch yu sang t nng ry v t trng
cy cng nghip lu nm nh cao su, bch
n, keo,... ng ch l din tch t lm
nghip chuyn i bao gm c din tch t
MI TRNG T
rng phng h v rng c dng. Bn cnh

hiu qu v kinh t do vic chuyn i mc
ch s dng t rng em li th h ly v
mi trng trn cc vng t sau khai thc
cy cng nghip cha c quan tm v c
gii php thch ng, dn n t b xi
mn, ra tri, rt kh ci to, phc hi.
Khung 6.2. Cn i mc ch s dng t

ti Tuyn Quang
Ti tnh Tuyn Quang, thc hin chuyn
mc ch s dng t vi tng din tch 7,87 ha,
trong : t trng la nc 2,34 ha; t trng
cy hng nm 4,61 ha; t trng cy lu nm
0,57 ha v t rng sn xut 0,35 ha; thc hin
thu hi 9,91 ha t thc hin 06 cng trnh
d n, trong : Nhm t nng nghip 3,24
ha; nhm t phi nng nghip 6,67 ha.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Tuyn Quang, 2015
Bng 6.3. Din tch cc loi t nng nghip

chuyn i sang t th ti Tp. ng Hi,
tnh Qung Bnh nm 2013
n v tnh: ha
TT
Ch tiu
Tng s
t trng la
9,97
t trng cy
hng nm khc
1,85
t trng cy lu nm
3,28
t rng sn xut
0,61
t nui trng thy sn
9,23
t lm mui
1,35
Tng cng
27,29
Ngun: Phng TN&MT thnh ph ng Hi,

tnh Qung Bnh, 2013
Chuyn i t nng nghip u

t cc d n v khu th, KCN, KKT ang
din ra mnh cc th ln nh H
Ni, Hi Phng, Tp. H Ch Minh, Bnh
Dng... Hot ng chuyn i mc ch
ny c nhng ng gp tch cc vo
cng cuc pht trin KT - XH. S pht trin
cc KCN, KKT... thu ht u t trong v
ngoi nc, trong c cc tp on ln,
hng u trn th gii, gp phn ng b
v hin i ha h thng kt cu h tng
th, nng thn. Tuy nhin, bn cnh ,
rt nhiu cc d n KCN, KKT v ang
tc ng n mi trng, lm t sn xut
nng nghip b chia ct hay tnh trng t
b b hoang, lm suy gim ti nguyn t
do nhiu d n quy hoch treo...
Ti cc a phng ven bin, ngh nui
tm nc l vng ca sng ven bin pht
trin rt mnh, mt s ni vt ra ngoi tm
kim sot v qun l ca ngnh thu sn
v chnh quyn mt s a phng. Khng
nhng ngi dn a phng m rt nhiu
ngi di c bt hp php t ko nhau n
cc khu RNM C Mau, Bn Tre v mt s
ni khc ph rng lm m nui tm.
RNM ven bin b suy gim lm suy yu
b bin, bin, gia tng xi l b bin v
tng cng tc hi ca bo, l... v lm tng
nguy c nhim mn su vo trong t lin.
Bn cnh cc loi hnh chuyn i
mc ch s dng t lm suy thoi mi
trng, mt s khc em li nhiu li
nhun v kinh t, gp phn BVMT, in
hnh nh chuyn i din tch t trng,
i ni trc sang trng rng khu vc Ty
Bc, Ty Nguyn... lm tng che ph
rng, gim xi mn, ra tri t.
121
CHNG 6
Khung 6.3. Ph xanh t trng, i ni trc Qung Tr, k Nng
Ti Qung Tr: phong tro trng rng to ra sc sng mi cho nhiu vng t trng, i ni trc, gp
phn xa i, gim ngho, to vic lm, tng thu nhp cho ngi dn vng ni, vng su, vng xa. n
nay, ton tnh c hn 15.500ha rng trng c cp chng ch FSC (quc t), theo cc tiu ch hin i,
rng c qun l bn vng, t ai c bo v, hn ch xi mn, mi trng sinh thi c ci thin...
Theo , gi g rng trng c cp chng ch FSC cao hn so vi gi g bnh thng t 30 n 50%. D
kin n nm 2020, ton tnh c hn 42 nghn ha rng trng theo tiu ch FSC.
Ti k Nng: toan tinh a trng c trn 16.745ha rng; trong o, trng rng san xut (Chng trinh
147) c 5.433ha, cac cng ty lm nghip quc doanh va ngoai quc doanh trng 10.164ha; Chng
trinh 661 la 454ha, D n Flitch va trng cy phn tan 746ha. Hu ht cac chng trinh trng rng c
dung, trng rng san xut tai ia phng mang lai kt qua kha quan, ty l thanh rng cao, gop phn vao
vic phu xanh t trng, i troc va tng bc thc hin cng tac xoa oi, giam ngheo cho ngi dn sinh
sng gn rng.
Ngun: Chi Cc Lm nghip tnh Qung Tr, Chi Cc Lm nghip tnh k Nng, 2013
6.2. MI TRNG T
6.2.1. Thoi ha t
Giai on 2011 - 2015, thoi ha t

nc ta c xu hng tng do cc tc ng
tiu cc ca BKH v hot ng pht trin
KT - XH. nhim t gia tng ch yu do
hot ng pht trin cng nghip, sn xut
nng nghip, sinh hot, dch v..., do cht
thi, nc thi cha c x l v phn bn
ha hc, ha cht BVTV cha c qun l,
kim sot, x thi vo mi trng t.
t b thoi ha l t c ph km,
mt cn bng dinh dng do b ra tri, xi
mn, hoang ha, ngp ng, trt l,... Kt
qu nghin cu v thoi ha t cho thy,
nc ta hin nay c 04 dng thoi ha t
nhin (Khung 6.4).
Tc thoi ha t t nhin khu vc
c a hnh i ni, sn dc hoc cc khu
vc ven bin din bin mnh hn so vi t
Khung 6.4. Cc dng thoi ha t t nhin nc ta

Hoang mc - Hoang mc t kh cn: gm cc ni v t trng i ni trc, th hin r nht
cc vng c lng ma thp, t pht trin trn cc loi m kh phong ho, ngho dinh dng (khu vc
min Trung v Ty Nguyn).
Hoang mc ct (ct bay, ct chy, ct trt l): gm cc di ct hp tri di dc theo b bin, tp trung
nhiu nht di ven bin min Trung, BSCL v mt phn din tch nh dc theo ven bin cc tnh pha
Bc nh Nam nh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha... t c ph nhiu t nhin thp, phn ln l cp ht ct nn
kh nng gi nc, gi phn km,...
Hoang mc t nhim mn: tp trung chu yu BSCL, cc tnh duyn hi min Trung nh Quang
Binh, Ha Tinh, Ninh Thun t thng c hm lng tng s mui tan v dn in (EC) cao.
Hoang mc t nhim phn: phn b ti cc khu vc T gic Long Xuyn, ng Thp Mi (t phn),
bn o C Mau (t phn mn). min Bc, t phn ch yu tp trung vng Kin An - Hi Phng, Thi
Bnh, Hi Dng v Qung Ninh. t nhim phn c c trng bi chua cao, nng c t nhm
tim tng cao v thiu ln.
122
MI TRNG T
ng bng sng Cu Long (2011)
ng bng sng Hng (2011)

t khng thoi
ha
17%
t thoi ha
nng
4%
ng bng
sng Cu Long
(2011)
0%
t thoi ha
nng
14%
t thoi ha
trung bnh
11%
t thoi ha
nh
35%
t thoi ha
trung bnh
44%
t khng thoi
ha
63%
t thoi ha
nh
12%
Duyn hi Nam Trung B (2009)

Duyn hi Nam
Trung B
(2009)
0%
t thoi ha
nh
48%
t thoi ha
nng
10%
t thoi ha
nng
21%
t thoi ha
trung bnh
31%
t thoi ha
nh
10%
Ty Nguyn (2014)
t khng
thoi ha
34%
t thoi ha
trung bnh
46%
Biu 6.2. Din tch t b thoi ha mt s vng trong ton quc

Ngun: Tng cc Qun l t ai, B TN&MT, 2009 - 2011.
Khung 6.5. Thoi ha t ti Qung Ninh

Tnh trng t b thoi ha (mn ha, phn ha, kh hn, xi mn) trn a bn tnh Qung Ninh mc
cao so vi cc tnh/thnh khc trong vng kinh t trng im Bc B: t l thoi ha mnh chim 13,59%
tng din tch iu tra, thoi ha trung bnh chim 46,77 tng din tch iu tra. Thoi ha t xy ra ch
yu ti cc khu vc i ni vi thm thc vt ngho, ngho kit dinh dng v chu nh hng ca xi mn.
Ngun: Bo co tng hp kt qu d n iu tra thc trng mi trng t vng kinh t
trng im ng bng Bc B - Tng cc Qun l t ai, 2012
ph sa khu vc ng bng. Ty Nguyn,

kt qu nghin cu cho thy, t b thoi
ha nng c khong 547.800ha (chim
10%) tp trung nhm a hnh g i v
ni cao trn cc lp t vng, t xm
bc mu; nhiu din tch t trong tnh trng
b bc mn, tr si . Khu vc BSCL, t
l nhm t thot ha nng chim t l kh
cao (14%), ch yu do nhim mn v nhim
phn. T l t b thoi ha nng cao nht
khu vc duyn hi Nam Trung B (21%).

vng BSH, nhm t thoi ha nng ch
chim 4%, thp hn nhiu so vi cc khu
vc khc.
Cc tc ng ca con ngi nh thm
canh, tng v hoc c gii ha ng rung
trong hot ng sn xut nng nghip, ph
rng, t rng hay xy dng cc h cha,
cc cng trnh thy in, cng lm gia tng
mc thoi ha t t nhin nc ta.
123
CHNG 6
Thm canh, tng v hoc c gii ha
ng rung trong hot ng sn xut nng
nghip ang din ra khp c nc, c bit
trong sn xut la, h qu lm cho t b
gly ha do thi gian ngp nc ko di lin
tc nhiu nm. Vic tn dng trit cc
ph phm sau thu hoch cng lm mt dn
cht hu c trong t, t tr nn chai cng,
ph ca t b suy gim,...
Hot ng ph rng, t rng ang c
xu hng din bin phc tp v kh kim
sot. Theo Tng cc Thng k nm 2014,
hng nm din tch rng b ph, b chy ln
n 2.000 ha - 4.000 ha. Trong tp trung
ch yu khu vc Ty Nguyn (chim trn
40% tng din tch rng b ph, b chy),
k tip l Bc Trung b v Duyn hi min
Trung (21%). H qu lm mt mt din tch
ln lp ph thc vt dn n t b ra tri
v xi mn t. S suy gim din tch rng
gy sc p khng nh i vi mi trng,
lm mt cc cht dinh dng trong t, lm
suy thoi v mt tnh nng sn xut ca t.
Khung 6.6. Thoi ha t ti Vnh Long

Ti Vnh Long, t c c cu 3 v la/nm
chim hu ht trong din tch t trng la ca
tnh, chim trn 98% (63.000ha). Theo hnh
thc thm canh la nc 3 v/nm lin tc nhiu
nm trong tnh trng bao khp kn din ra
trn din rng hu ht cc huyn, th x, thnh
ph trong tnh, gy suy gim ph t, cn
kit dn ngun dinh dng a lng v vi lng
trong t. m tng s suy gim do gim kh
nng khong ha, t mt dn cu trc, ngoi
ra t b gly ha, nn cy trng d b ng c
Fe, Mn.
Ngun: Kt qu iu tra d nThoi ha t k u
tnh Vnh Long, S NN & PTNT tnh Vnh Long
124
Hot ng xy dng cc h tr nc,

cng trnh thy li v khai thc nc ngm
phc v ti tiu v sn xut nng nghip,...
cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy suy
thoi ti nguyn t, nh hng n mi
trng v cnh quan sinh thi.
Di tc ng ca BKH v hot ng
pht trin KT - XH, thoi ha t nc ta
c xu hng gia tng c v quy m v mc
thoi ha do gia tng qu trnh xi mn,
ra tri, trt l t, hoang ha, ngp ng,...
Qu trnh xi mn, ra tri t hay tnh trng
st l t din ra mnh khi c ma bo, l
trn v. Ti vng Ty Bc, hng nm, ch
trong 6 thng ma ma, lng t b ra tri
chim ti 75 - 100% tng lng xi mn
c nm, cn li di 25% lng t b xi
Khung 6.7. Tc ng ca h tr nc
v cng trnh thy li i vi mi trng
Theo kt qu nghin cu ti cc h cha H
Khui Lung tnh Tuyn Quang; H thy in
Ho Bnh, tnh Ha Bnh; H Thc B, tnh Yn
Bi, sau khi t b nh chm khong 3-6 thng,
khng ch cy c, xc cc sinh vt sng trong t
(giun, d,...) b phn hy m c t vng y h
cng b ph v kt cu, mt sc lin kt, nho
ha,... to thnh trm tch bn y h. Vi vic
hnh thnh h cha ti nguyn t trong khu vc
lng h s b ngp chm hon ton. Tng din
tch ngp lt quy v t nng nghip ca cc
h cha trn sng , sng L tham gia chng
l cho BSH l 47.534ha. Tng s dn phi di
chuyn 174.607 ngi, vi tng chi ph n b
khong 622 triu la M.
Ngoi ra, cc h cha cn lm gim ph
nhiu i vi vng ng bng do lng ph sa
b gi li trong lng h, c tnh hng nm cc
h cha Vit Nam gi li trong lng h khong
60-70 triu m3 ph sa, trong c 1.610 tn
mn, 1.260 tn sun pht m, 292 tn ln, 780
tn kali.
Ngun: Trng i hc Nng Lm
Thi Nguyn; Tuyn tp Hi ngh Khoa hc
thng nin nm 2013.
MI TRNG T
Khung 6.8. Lng t b ra tri do xi mn ti LVS Cu

Theo thng k ca Trung tm Phng chng lt bo v gim nh thin tai ti Tp. Nng trong giai
on 2009 - 2013, cc a phng thuc LVS Cu mt khong 1,67 cm b dy tng t v khong 479
tn t/ha.
dy tng t
b xi mn (cm)
Lng t b mt
(tn/ha)
Bo s 9 gy l ln nm 2009
0,36
115,3
L nm 2010
0,24
108,7
L nm 2011
0,78
149,8
Bo s 11 gy l nm 2013
0,29
104,5
Hin trng
Ngun: Trung tm Phng chng lt bo v gim nh thin tai Tp. Nng, 2014
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
H1
H3
H4
H5
oan Hng Ph Th
H6
HB1
HB2
HB3
HB4
HB5
Thch Tht H Ni
HB6
HB7
RT1
RT2
RT3
RT4
RT5
Ha Thng - kLk
Biu 6.3. Gi tr pHKCl tng t canh tc (0-30 cm) ti vng t b nh hng

ca qu trnh xi mn ra tri giai on 2012 - 2014
Ngun: Trm QT&PTMT t min Bc; Trm QT&PT nng nghip min Trung - Ty Nguyn,
Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2014
mn xy ra trong cc trn ma ging thi

k chuyn tip t ma kh sang ma ma
(thng 3 - 4) hoc t ma ma sang ma
kh (thng 11). t vng nguy c ra tri
thng b chua v t c s bin i trong
nhiu nm (Biu 6.3)
Ti cc vng ven bin, c bit ti cc
ca sng di tc ng ca sng - sng, qua
nhiu nm hnh thnh cc b mt tch t
to ln cc bi bi, cn ngm nh C lao

Dung (tnh Sc Trng), Cn Lu, Cn Ngn
(tnh Nam nh),... Bn cnh vi qu trnh
tch t, hin tng xi l b bin, ca sng
do tc ng xm thc b bin cng tng ln
t bin mt s khu vc nh G Cng,
Gnh Ho, Cn Gi, b bin B Ra - Vng
Tu... Kt qu mt s nghin cu cho rng
khi mc nc bin dng ln 30cm th b
125
CHNG 6
Khung 6.9. Tnh hnh xi l b bin BSCL

Theo thng k ca B NN&PTNT, ring
vng BSCL mi nm mt khong 500 ha t
v tc xi l ln n 30 - 40m/nm xy ra
nhiu vng dc theo b bin. St l khng ch
xy ra b bin m cn vng ven b sng, ca
sng... BSCL hin c 265 im st l b sng,
b bin vi tng chiu di 450km. Trong c
20 im nng st l b bin vi tng chiu di
hn 200 km, chim khong tng chiu di b
bin ca vng...
Ti G Cng ng (Tin Giang) c nhng
on st 30 m/nm, ca Gnh Ho (Bc Liu)
c ot st n 100m/nm, mt s on ra mi
C Mau l khong 30 - 40m/nm. Bn cnh ,
hng nm vng ven sng Tin, sng Hu thng
xuyn xy ra nhiu im nng st l vo u
v cui ma l An Giang, ng Thp, Vnh
Long...
Ngun: Bo Nng nghip Vit Nam, 2015
Khung 6.10. Tnh hnh st l t ti An Giang

Trn a bn An Giang c 48 on sng c
a vo danh mc cnh bo st l, vi tng
chiu di 156.960m. Trong , 10 on c
cnh bo mc rt nguy him, 31 on
mc nguy him, 6 on mc trung bnh
v 1 on mc nh. Hng nm, s v st
l xy ra trn a bn tnh t 5 n 10 v, lm
mt t 15 n 20 hc-ta t/nm, c thit hi
khong 10 t ng/nm.
T nm 2014 n u nm 2015, tnh hnh
st l mc nh, vi 10 v, mt 13 hc-ta.
Ch tnh ring 6 thng u nm 2015, trn a
bn tnh xy 6 v st l ti: Ha Lc (Ph
Tn), Vnh Trng (An Ph), phng M Thnh
(TP. Long Xuyn), Kin An (2 v) v th trn M
Lung (Ch Mi), vi tng din tch st l t b
sng 60.000m2.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh An Giang, 2015
126
bin c nguy c xi l mt i khong

45m. Xi l b bin khng ch lm t
b xi l, ra tri hoc khng cn
lng dinh dng m cn lm suy thoi
HST ven bin.
Trong nhng nm gn y, hot
ng khai thc khong sn gy suy
thoi mi trng t nghim trng.
Khai thc khong sn lm thu hp
ng k din tch t nng, lm nghip
thng qua hot ng chim dng t
nng, lm nghip lm khai trng.
Theo Bo co ca B NN&PTNT, nm
2014 ton quc chuyn mc ch s
dng 11.312ha rng, t lm nghip
sang khai thc khong sn, song vic
hon nguyn v phc hi mi trng,
trng li rng ti cc khu vc kt thc
khai thc hu nh cha c quan tm
thc hin.
Trong khai thc m kim loi hay
khai thc vt liu xy dng nh vi,
tc ng r nt nht l tn ph mt t,
nh hng ln n rng v thm thc
vt. Khai thc ct, si trn sng vi hu
qu nhim nc sng, cn tr thuyn
b qua li v nguy c gia tng tai nn
giao thng ng thy, c bit, gy st
l nghim trng cc b sng, nht l
sng ng Nai v sng Si Gn.
MI TRNG T
Hoang ha t cng c xu hng gia
t ti khu vc kh hn trong nhng
tng do s bin i bt thng ca kh hu,
nm gn y c ci to nhm nng
thi tit. Theo thng k ca Tng cc Thy
cao ph ca t phc v hot ng sn
li (B NN&PTNT), nm 2014, khu vc
xut nng nghip, tuy nhin t ti khu
Nam Trung b, c bit l tnh Ninh Thun
vc kh hn c c im chung l chua
v Khnh Ha c cho l hn hn khc
mc cao v va, cc thng s nh cht
lit nht trong vng 40 nm. Trong t hn
hu c, ln d tiu, kali d tiu, CEC
hn nm 2014, cc h cha Ninh Thun
mc thp.
c bn ht nc, dung tch u di 10%;

Khnh Ha dung tch cc h cha cn
khong 17%. V h thu, c tnh Ninh
Thun dng sn xut khong 10.229ha,
chim 34%, cn Khnh Ha c khong
10.400 ha, chim 24%. Hn hn cng nh
hng n cc tnh Bc B v Trung B,
mc nc trn cc sng, h u cn kit,
lm gia tng din tch t hoang mc cc
vng kh hn, bn kh hn.
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Cng vi hn hn, tnh trng nc

bin dng dn n gia tng xm nhp
mn, lm tng din tch t nhim mn v
t nhim phn. Din tch t b nhim
mn, nhim phn phn b dc b bin t
Bc vo Nam, trong ln nht l vng
BSCL v mt s a phng khu vc
pha Bc nh Thi Bnh, Hi Dng v
Qung Ninh.
Nm 2013
Nm 2012
1,6
1.6
1,6
1.6
1,2
1.2
1,4
1.4
OC (%)
1,0
1
OC (%)
Nm 2014
1,8
1.8
1,4
1.4
0,8
0.8
0,6
0.6
1,2
1.2
1,0
1
0,8
0.8
0,6
0.6
0,4
0.4
0,4
0.4
0,2
0.2
0,2
0.2
Nm 2013
2,0
2
NL1
t trng phi lao
NL2
NL3
t trng cy hng nm
NL4
NL5
t nui trng
thy sn
Biu 6.4. Hm lng hu c (OC%) trn

t ct Nghi Lc - Ngh An
giai on 2011 - 2013
Ngun: Trm QT&PT MT t min Bc,
KH9
KH10
t trng la
t trng cy lu
nm
Ninh Thun
KH11
KH12
t trng cy hng nm
Bnh Thun
Biu 6.5. Hm lng hu c (OC%) trn t ct

tnh Ninh Thun v tnh Bnh Thun
giai on 2012 - 2014
Ngun: Trm QT&PT nng nghip min Trung
- Ty Nguyn, Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2014
127
CHNG 6
Bng 6.4. Hin trng xm nhp mn ti ng bng sng Cu Long (thng 3/2015)
Trm
Sng, rch
Khong
cch t
bin (km)
mn ln nht (g/L)
2015
2014
Mc tng (+)/gim (-)

mn ln nht so vi
cng k nm 2014
Cu Ni
Sng Vm C
33
14,8
10,5
+ 4,3
Bn Lc
Sng Vm C ng
69
2,5
2,2
+ 0,3
Tn An
Sng Vm C Ty
85
0,9
0,4
+ 0,5
Vm Knh
Sng Ca Tiu
22,6
22
+ 0,6
Ha Bnh
Sng Ca Tiu
18
12,6
8,1
+ 4,5
Bnh i
Sng Ca i
25,2
20,4
+ 4,8
Giao Ha
Sng Ca i
33
4,1
0,4
+ 3,7
An Thun
Sng Hm Lung
10
25,1
18
+ 7,1
Sn c
Sng Hm Lung
20
11,1
4,6
+ 6,5
Bn Tri
Sng C Chin
10
22,5
17,1
+ 5,4
Hng M
Sng C Chin
25
5,3
+ 4,3
Hng M
Sng C Chin
17
10,1
8,2
+ 1,9
Tr Vinh
Sng C Chin
28
4,3
1,8
+ 2,5
Tr Kha
Sng Hu
8,9
+ 1,9
Cu Quan
Sng Hu
32
3,4
1,9
+ 1,5
Trn
Sng Hu
18
13,1
+ 4,9
i Ngi
Sng Hu
30
4,3
+ 3,3
Xo R
Sng Ci Ln
10,8
17
-6,2
G Quao
Sng Ci Ln
34
8,2
4,8
+ 3 ,4
Ngun: Vin Khoa hc Thy li min Nam, thng 3/2015
128
MI TRNG T
10
Cl-(%)
La
La Tm
Tm
La Tm
La
3
2
Tm
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
-1
2009
2010
2011
2012
b)
a)
Biu 6.6. Din bin Cl- theo loi hnh s dng t ti ng bng sng Cu Long giai on 2009 - 2012
(a: t tng mt 0 - 30 cm; b: t tng 2 30 - 60 cm)
Ngun: Trm QT&PTMT t min Nam, Vin Mi trng nng nghip 2012
t ti cc vng nhim mn c nng

Cl- kh cao, trong gii hn t mn n rt
mn (Biu 6.6).
Bn canh , cc hot ng sn xut
nh nui trng thy sn hoc dim nghip
cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm
gia tng tnh trng xm nhp mn. in
hnh ni nhim mn nng nht cua tinh Ca
Mau l khu vc gip ranh gia vng trng la
v nui tm do ngi dn pha , a nc
mn vo vng nc ngt nui trng thy
sn; hoc nh Ninh Thun, hot ng sn
xut mui quy m ln ti ng mui Qun
Th a lam cho t va nc trong khu vc bi
nhim mn nghim trng.
6.2.2. nhim t
6.2.2.1. Do s dng khng hp l phn bn

ha hc v thuc BVTV trong nng nghip
Phn bn ha hc c s dng ph
bin trong sn xut nng nghip do u th
v chi ph v hiu qu nhanh i vi cy
trng. Theo kt qu nghin cu, cy trng
hp th trung bnh khong 40 - 50% lng
phn bn (hp th phn m khong 3045%, phn ln 40 - 45%, phn kali 5060%). Lng phn bn cn li c thi
ra mi trng.
Ti mt s vng chuyn canh nng
nghip, mc s dng phn bn kh cao,
vt so vi mc khuyn co nhiu ln, iu
dn n d lng phn bn tn ng
trong t l kh ln, lm nhim mi trng
t (Bng 6.5 v Bng 6.6).
129
CHNG 6
Bng 6.5. Mc s dng phn ln v kali trn mt s cy trng chnh
ti x Thanh Long, huyn Thanh Chng, Ngh An
n v: kg/ha
Cy trng
Super ln
Clorua kali
Trung bnh
Khuyn co
Trung bnh
Khuyn co
La
453,8
70
150,2
70
Ng
448,9
90
136,2
130
Sn
219,2
40
112,8
70
Lc
412,8
90
134,4
90
Ngun: Tp ch KH - CN Ngh An, s 10/2014
Bng 6.6. Mc s dng m, ln, kali trn mt s vng chuyn canh nng nghip
n v: kg/ha/nm
a phng
Ln
Kali
Hip Ha - Bc Giang
Chuyn canh la
194
127
133
Yn nh - Thanh Ho
Chuyn canh la
47 - 252
68 - 136
25 - 196
c Trng,
huyn n Dng
v Lt - Lm ng
Chuyn canh
hoa mu
300 - 1.000
200 - 600
200 - 500
Ngun: Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2012
Phn bn ha hc, thuc BVTV trong

nng nghip c s dng ph bin tt c
cc vng nng thn v c xu hng tng qua
cc nm. Cng vi l vic s dng phn
bn ty tin hoc khng tun th quy trnh
k thut vn cha c qun l, kim sot...
Kt qu nh gi cht lng t nhiu
vng canh tc trong c nc cho thy, h
qu ca vic s dng phn bn khng hp
l l t b chua ha. Kt cu t suy gim,
130
c s tch ng hm lng cc cht Nitrat,

Amoni v mt s kim loi nng.
Ti mt s khu vng chuyn canh nng
nghip c khu vc pha Bc v pha Nam
qua quan trc nhiu nm c phn ng chua
n trung tnh, gi tr pHKCl dao ng trong
khong 4,56 - 6,62 (Biu 6.7 v Biu
6.8).
MI TRNG T
Khung 6.11. Cht lng t vng chuyn canh nng nghip

Ti Lm ng: kt qu nghin cu hn 200 mu t trng rau bn phn v c ca tnh Lm ng cho
thy hm lng Ln v Kali d tiu cao hn so vi cc mu t khc. t trng va gim nng sut do ngho
kit cht hu c v mt cn i dinh dng, va gy c cho sn phm nng nghip. B con nng dn gi
hin tng t ch c bn phn v c l t b chai v b chua ha.
Ngun: http://khuyennonglamdong.gov.vn
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
oan Bi
Hong Lng
ng L
Cnh ng Cn
R, nh Tin
Hip Ha Bc Giang
Cnh ng i
Quan, nh Tn
Cnh ng
Chanh, Yn nh
Cnh ng Quan
, nh Hng
Yn nh Thanh Ha
Biu 6.7. Hm lng pHKCl trong t tai mt s vng

chuyn canh nng nghip pha Bc giai on 2011 - 2014
Ngun: Trm QT&PTMT t min Bc; Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2014
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hip An, Hip Thnh

Xun
Phng 8 - Vn Thnh- Phng 12 Rn - Lc Xun c Trng - c Trng Trng Lt
Lt
- Lt n Dng n Dng
Lt
Lm ng
Biu 6.8. Hm lng pHKCl trong t tai vng

chuyn canh nng nghip tnh Lm ng giai on 2012 - 2014
Ngun: Trm QT&PTMT t min Trung v
Ty Nguyn, Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2014
131
CHNG 6
Nhn chung, ti cc vng thm canh
nng nghip hm lng cc cht dinh dng
N, P2O5, K2O tng s tng 0 - 30cm cao hn
rt nhiu so vi tng 30 - 60cm do c u
t phn bn thng xuyn (Biu 6.9).
N%
nhim t bi phn bn ha hc trong

nhng nm gn y c xu hng tng do vic
gia tng liu lng, tn sut s dng. t
nhiu vng nng nghip c hm lng kim
loi nng vt mc cho php i vi t nng
nghip (Biu 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13).
P2O5 %
K2O %
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0-30 cm
30-60 cm
0-30 cm
HH7
30-60 cm
HH9
0-30 cm
30-60 cm
0-30 cm
HH11
30-60 cm
Y1
0-30 cm
30-60 cm
0-30 cm
Y3
Hip Ha Bc Giang 1
30-60 cm
Y4
0-30 cm
30-60 cm
Y6
Yn nh Thanh Ha
Biu 6.9. Hm lng N, P, K tng s ti vng chuyn canh nng nghip

ti Hip Ha - Bc Giang v Yn nh - Thanh Ha
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Hm lng As
QCVN 03:2008 (t nng nghip)
20
45
18
40
16
As (mg/kg t kh)
As (mg/kg t kh)
35
30
25
20
14
12
10
8
15
6
10
5
0
2
Thnh ph Lng Sn
thn i Sn- huyn Cao TT.Chi Lng- huyn Chi

Lc
Lng
X Quang Lang - huyn

Chi Lng
Biu 6.10. Hm lng As trong t nng nghip

tnh Lng Sn giai on 2011 - 2013
tnh Lng Sn giai on 2011 - 2015
132
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Biu 6.11: Din bin hm lng As

trong t trng hoa M Linh - H Ni
giai on 2011 - 2014
Thnh ph H Ni giai on 5 nm (2011 - 2015)
MI TRNG T
Pb
Cu
QCVN 03: 2008 -Pb (t nng nghip)
QCVN 03: 2008 -Cu (t nng nghip)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
t trng la - Hm
Thun Bc
t trng Thanh
Long- Hm Thun
Nam
t trng la - Tnh
Linh
t trng cao su Tnh Linh
t trng u tng - t c ph h Nhn

c Linh
C
Bnh Thun
k Nng
Biu 6.12. Hm lng Pb, Cu trong t sn xut nng nghip mt s

khu vc nng thn tnh Bnh Thun v tnh k Nng nm 2014

Ngun: S TN & MT cc tnh Bnh Thun v k Nng, 2014
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
QCVN 03: 2008 -Cu (t nng nghip)
80
70
Cu (mg/kg)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PB1
PB2
PB3
PB4
PB5
PB6
PB7
PB8
im Quan trc
Biu 6.13. Din bin hm lng Cu trong t chuyn canh nng nghip
Lm ng giai on 2012 - 2014
Ngun: Trm QT&PT nng nghip min Trung - Ty Nguyn,
133
CHNG 6
Bn cnh phn bn ha hc, tnh trng
lm dng thuc BVTV phng tr su bnh dch
hi i vi cy trng din ra hu ht cc a
phng, vic khng tun th cc quy trnh k
thut, khng m bo thi gian cch ly ca tng
loi thuc, s dng cc loi thuc tri ni trn
th trng khng c ng k, hng gi, ng
gi khng ng khi lng... dn n hu
qu mt an ton v sinh thc phm v lm
nhim mi trng t.
Ha cht BVTV tc ng n mi trng t
thng qua nhiu con ng khc nhau nh nc
thi t kho cha thuc khi c s c xy ra, nc
ma chy trn qua cc kho cha b xung cp,
lng thuc cn d ng li trong chai b qung
xung ao, h, sng hay lng thuc d tha trong
qu trnh s dng qu liu lng ngm vo t
cng nh mch nc ngm... D lng ha cht
BVTV mt s vng nng thn c nhng du
hiu gia tng.
Bng 6.7. Lng thuc BVTV s dng trong nng nghip tnh Nam nh
Lng thuc s dng (kg)
Huyn
V xun 2013
V ma 2013
V xun 2014
V ma 2014
Giao Thy
16.600
23.600
21.900
32.400
Hi Hu
22.800
29.200
28.900
42.400
Xun Trng
10.100
13.900
13.800
21.700
Nam Trc
10.300
18.200
17.600
28.200
Trc Ninh
14.100
20.400
17.900
26.700
Ngha Hng
23.500
33.100
33.100
45.900
Yn
17.500
29.000
25.400
35.700
V Bn
11.600
18.000
17.400
21.400
M Lc
4.500
7.300
7.000
8.500
Thnh ph
1.000
1.600
1.600
2.200
132.000
194.300
184.600
265.100
Tng
Ngun: S NN & PTNT tnh Nam nh, 2015
134
MI TRNG T
Hm lng Diazinon
Hm lng Cypermethrin
QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT-Diazinon
QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT-Cypermethrin
0,25
mg/kg t kh
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Biu 6.14. Din bin d lng thuc BVTV trong t

trng rau Vn Ni, Huyn ng Anh - H Ni
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Thnh ph H Ni
giai on 5 nm (2011 - 2015), 2015
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
0,02
mg/kg t kh
0,015
0,01
0,005
-HH01
-HH02
Hip Ha
-TY01
-TY02
Tn Yn
-LG01
-LG02
Lng Giang
-TP01
-TP02
Tp. Bc Giang
-LN01
-LN02 -LNg01 -LNg02 -S02
Lc Nam
Lc Ngn
-VY03
-YD03
Sn ng Vit Yn Yn Dng
-YT01
-YT02
Yn Th
Ghi ch: QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT - D lng ha cht BVTV: 0,1 mg/kg t kh
Biu 6.15. Din bin d lng thuc BVTV nhm Pyrethoid

trong mi trng t tnh Bc Giang nm 2013 v 2014
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bc Giang, 2014
135
CHNG 6
6.2.2.2. Do cc cht thi t hot ng cng
nghip, xy dng v sinh hot
nhim t thng do cht thi t hot
ng cng nghip, xy dng v sinh hot
gy ra.
Mi trng t chu tc ng do cc
cht nhim t hot ng cng nghip, xy
dng v sinh hot th hin r nht cc
vng ven cc th ln nh H Ni, Tp. H
Ch Minh hoc cc vng tp trung hot ng
sn xut cng nghip, khai khong nh Thi
Nguyn, ng Nai,...
t ti cc khu vc chu tc ng ca
cc cht thi t hot ng cng nghip,
Khung 6.12. Cc nhm cht thi gy nhim

mi trng t
- Cht thi xy dng nh gch, ngi, thu
tinh, ng nha, dy cp, b tng,... trong t rt
kh b phn hu.
- Cht thi cng nghip bao gm cc ha
cht c hi v cc kim loi nng nh Ch, Km,
ng, Niken, Cadimi... Chng thng c nhiu
cc khu khai thc m, cc khu cng nghip,
cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi v tch lu trong
t trong thi gian di. Cc cht thi kh v
phng x pht ra ch yu t cc nh my nhit
in, cc khu vc khai thc than, cc khu vc
nh my in nguyn t, c kh nng tch lu
cao trong cc loi t giu khong st v cht
mn. Kh thi tim n nhiu nguy c i vi cht
lng mi trng t do chng c kh nng kt
t hoc hnh thnh ma axit ri xung t lm
nhim t. Cc cht thi gy nhim t mc
cao l cc cht ty ra, thuc nhum, mu v,
cng nghip sn xut pin, thuc da, cng nghip
sn xut ho cht.
136
xy dng v sinh hot ang ng trc thc

trng nhim kim loi nng ngy mt tng.
C hai nguyn nhn: (i) Cht thi ca cc
khu cng nghip v dn c; (ii) Cht thi
ca cc lng ngh cha c x l, hoc x
l cha trit thi thng ra mi trng.
Cc khu vc chu tc ng ca nc
thi, cht thi lng ngh, c bit lng ngh
ti ch, cht lng t b suy gim. Cc iu
tra cho thy, cc mu t b tc ng bi
hot ng ti ch st ca lng ngh ti ch
Chu Kh - Bc Ninh c hm lng kim loi
nng trong vng xp x hoc vt ngng
cho php t 1,2 - 1,4 ln so vi QCVN
03:2008/BTNMT i vi t nng nghip.
Khung 6.13. nhim mi trng t

xung quanh mt s khu x l cht thi
tnh ng Nai
Ti nhng vng ph cn khu chn lp cht
thi rn phng Trng Di (thnh ph Bin Ha),
khu x l rc thi x Vnh Tn (huyn Vnh Cu)
v khu x l cht thi x Tc Trng (huyn nh
Qun) c hm lng asen trong t vt quy
chun ln lt l 1,05 ln; 4,12 ln v 1,27 ln
so vi quy nh cho php. Ring ti vng ph
cn khu x l cht thi Quang Trung, hm lng
ng vt 1,5 ln; crom v ni t trong t cao t
135 - 375mg/kg.
Kt qu quan trc mi trng t ti v tr tip
nhn ngun thi ca KCN H Nai v KCN Bin
Ha 1 cho thy cc ch tiu v kim loi nng
vt tiu chun nhiu ln cho php.
Ngun: Trung tm QTMT tnh ng Nai, 2013
MI TRNG T
mg/kg
Tng (0-30cm)
Tng (30-60cm)
QCVN 03:2008 (t cng nghip)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TH1
TH2
VQ1
VQ2
TL1
TL2
BB1
BB2
Thanh Tr
SS01
TS02
Sn Ty
H Ni
TS03
TS05
CK01
CK02
Thanh Sn
Chu Kh
Ph Th
Bc Ninh
Biu 6.16. Hm lng Cu trong t mt s khu vc ven pha Bc

Ngun: Trm QT&PTMT t min Bc, Vin Mi trng nng nghip, 2014
Nm 2011
Nm 2013
120
Nm 2012
Nm 2014
100
Cu (mg/kg)
80
60
40
20
0
CK01
CK02
CK03
CK04
CK05
CK01
CK02
Tng (0-30cm)
CK03
CK04
CK05
Tng (30-60cm)
(6.17a)
Nm 2011
Nm 2013
350
Nm 2012
Nm 2014
300
Pt (mg/kg)
250
200
150
100
50
0
CK01
CK02
CK03
CK04
CK05
CK01
Tng (0-30cm)
CK02
CK03
CK04
CK05
Tng (30-60cm)
(6.17b)
Biu 6.17. Hm lng kim loi Cu (6.17a) v Pt (6.17b) trong t chu tc ng ca hot ng lng ngh
ti ch Chu Kh - Bc Ninh giai on 2011 - 2014
137
CHNG 6
6.2.2.3. Do cc cht c ha hc tn lu
Cc im nhim cht c ha hc
tn lu c phn lm hai loi chnh l cc
khu vc t b nhim dioxin do nh hng
chin tranh (khu vc b phun ri cht c
ha hc v cc sn bay qun s) v cc
kho thuc BVTV. Theo Danh mc im tn
lu ha cht BVTV gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng v c bit nghim trng1,
hin nay ton quc c 240 im tn lu ha
cht BVTV ti 15 tnh/thnh.
t b nhim cc loi hp cht c hm
lng cc cht c cao, thi gian tn lu
trong mi trng lu, kh phn hy, kh x
l hoc ci to. Ti cc im tn lu ha
cht BVTV thuc loi nhim mi trng
nghim trng cc cht tn lu ch yu gm
Lindan vt t 37,4 n 3458 ln, DDT
vt t 1,3 n 9057,8 ln, Aldrin vt
218,9 ln, DDD vt 98,4 ln... so vi
QCVN 15:20082.
Ngoi ra, cc B, ngnh, a phng

thc y hp tc quc t thng qua
cc Chng trnh Pht trin Lin hp quc
(UNDP) v Qu Mi trng Ton cu (GEF),
thu gom c hn 500 tn ha cht
BVTV v t nhim nng ti cc khu vc:
Ni Cng (Ph Bnh, Thi Nguyn); Vc
Rng (Tn K) v Hn Tr (Din Chu)
tnh Ngh An v khu vc Thch Lu (Thch
H, H Tnh) ng gi vo trong bao
b v a n x l ti nh my xi mng
Holcim (Hn Chng, Kin Giang).
Cc khu vc b nhim dioxin ch yu
tp trung ti min Nam Vit Nam v c
chia thnh hai khu vc b nhim: cc khu
vc b phun ri (chim khong 2,63 triu
ha, phn b trn ton min Nam) v cc
sn bay qun s. c tnh khong 15% tng
din tch t khu vc min Nam cn chu
nh hng mc khc nhau t cc cht
c hi s dng trong chin tranh, trong
din tch b phun ri cc cht c hot tnh
n ht nm 2013, B TN&MT cng
2,4,5 - T chim 9,7% tng din tch. mt
cc a phng v ang x l 40 im,
s sn bay trc kia tng tr, vn chuyn
trong 10 im hon thnh v 30 im
cht c ha hc/dioxin th hm lng
ang trong giai on x l cc im gy
dioxin trong t c ni ln n 365.000 ppt
nhim tn lu ha cht BVTV gy nhim
TEQ (B TN&MT, 2015).
mi trng nghim trng v c bit

nghim trng.
(1 + 2) Quyt nh s 1946/Q-TTg ngy 21 thng 10
nm 2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt K hoch
x l, phng nga nhim mi trng do ha cht bo v
thc vt tn lu trn phm vi c nc.
138
MI TRNG T
Khung 6.14. Kt qu x l cc im
tn lu thuc BVTV tnh in Bin
Ti tnh in Bin, kt qu quan
trc ti cc khu vc kho thuc BVTV
trn a bn tnh nh khu vc kho Chi
cc BVTV tnh, kho thuc BVTV th
trn Tun Gio, kho thuc BVTV th
trn Ta Cha trong giai on 20112012, hm lng DDT (mg/kg) trong
t vt QCVN 15:2008/TBMNT t
1,34 - 3,86 ln. n nm 2012 - 2013
tnh in Bin x l, tiu hy lng
thuc BVTV tn lu trn a bn, do
vy kt qu quan trc nm 2013, 2014
ti cc khu vc ny khng pht hin
c hm lng DDT.
tnh in Bin, 2015
Khung 6.15. Ba im nng v dioxin Vit Nam

Ti sn bay Bin Ha cc khu vc nhim rng v
nm ri rc ti cc v tr pha Bc v pha Ty Nam ca
sn bay. Trong , ng ch nht l 5 khu vc c hm
lng dioxin cao trn 1.000 ppt TEQ (tiu chun t
cn x l ca Vit Nam) vi tng din tch t nhim
ln n 163.000m2.
Ti sn bay Nng, hin pht hin 3 khu vc
c hm lng dioxin trong t vt qu 1.000 ppt TEQ.
Cc khu vc ny nm pha Bc sn bay v c tng
din tch ln n 88.000m2. y l khu vc rt cn
c x l nhim trit v chng nm trong thnh
ph Nng v gn vi cc khu dn c.
Ti sn bay Ph Ct, din tch t b nhim ch
vo khong 4.000m2 v tp trung ti duy nht mt im
trong sn bay.
Ngun: Vn phng BC 33, B TN&MT, 2015
Ngun: http://www.baotainguyenmoitruong.vn/
139
CHNG 6
140
A DNG SINH HC
CHNG 7
A DNG SINH HC
141
A DNG SINH HC
CHNG 7
A DNG SINH HC
Vit Nam c ghi nhn l mt trong
nhng nc c a dng sinh hc (DSH)
cao ca th gii, vi nhiu kiu HST, cc
loi sinh vt v ngun gen phong ph v
c hu. a dng sinh hc Vit Nam c
ngha to ln, cc HST vi ngun ti nguyn
sinh vt phong ph mang li nhng li
ch trc tip cho con ngi v ng gp to
ln cho nn kinh t quc gia, c bit l
trong sn xut nng, lm nghip v thy
sn; l c s m bo an ninh lng thc
quc gia; duy tr ngun gen to ging vt
nui, cy trng; cung cp vt liu cho xy
dng v cc ngun dc liu, thc phm
Gi tr DSH cung cp khong 80% thy
sn khai thc ven b, 40% lng protein
cho ngi dn... Cc HST c tnh DSH
cao ang thu ht nhiu khch du lch, ha
hn em li nhiu gi tr v kinh t. 70%
tng trng du lch l t cc vng duyn hi
giu tnh DSH. Ngoi ra, trong bi cnh
nhim ngy cng gia tng, BKH ang tr
nn khc nghit hn th vai tr ng ph vi
BKH ca cc HST cng quan trng.
Tuy nhin, DSH ti nc ta ang b
suy thoi nghim trng. Cc HST b tc
ng v khai thc qu mc; din tch rng,
nht l rng t nhin b thu hp mt cch
bo ng. Tc tuyt chng ca mt s
loi ngy mt tng. Hu qu tt yu dn n
l s lm gim/mt cc chc nng ca HST
nh iu ho nc, chng xi mn, tiu hy
cht thi, lm sch mi trng, m bo
vng tun hon vt cht v nng lng trong
t nhin, gim thiu thin tai/cc hu qu
cc oan v kh hu. V cui cng l h
thng kinh t s b suy gim do mt i cc

gi tr v ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng.
7.1. A DNG SINH HC H SINH THI
Vit Nam c nh gi l mt trong
nhng nc c tnh DSH cao vi cc
HST quan trng do iu kin a hnh, kh
hu, thu vn phong ph. Tuy nhin, trong
phm vi nh gi v cc HST, bo co ch
tp trung vo mt s HST c trng thuc
3 nhm HST chnh: HST rng (thuc nhm
HST trn cn), HST rng ngp mn (thuc
nhm HST t ngp nc), HST rn san h,
thm c bin (thuc nhm HST bin).
7.1.1. H sinh thi rng
Trong cc kiu HST trn cn th rng
c s a dng v thnh phn loi cao nht,
ng thi y cng l ni c tr ca nhiu
loi ng, thc vt hoang d v vi sinh vt
c gi tr kinh t v khoa hc.
Tnh a dng HST rng do iu kin
sinh thi quyt nh. Lnh th nc ta nm
trong vnh ai nhit i Bc bn cu tip
cn gn vi xch o. Chnh nhng iu
kin a hnh, kh hu, th nhng a dng
to ra cc loi HST rng tri dc cc vng
lnh th. Cc HST rng t nhin ch yu
nh sau: HST rng kn thng xanh ma m
nhit i, HST rng kn na rng l m nhit
i, HST rng l rng thng xanh trn ni
vi, HST rng l kim t nhin, HST rng
tha cy h du, HST rng trm, HST rng
tre na.
Rng c ngha c bit quan trng
trong bo tn DSH v l nhng b hp th
143
CHNG 7
kh CO2 khng l gim hiu ng kh nh
knh. Rng cung cp v iu tit ngun ti
nguyn nc, gim l lt, xi mn, ra tri
t, bo v sn xut v cc cng trnh h
tng k thut. Ngoi ra, rng cn c vai tr
hn ch hin tng sa mc ho cc b hay
trn din rng, gp phn iu ho kh hu
trong khu vc, kt hp phng h, bo v mi
DSH khng cao. Rng t nhin thng l

rng nhiu tng, c tr lng cc bon cao,
l ni sinh c truyn thng lu i ca cc
loi ng vt, thc vt hoang d qu him,
c gi tr DSH cao, c tc dng iu ha
kh hu ln v c gi tr hp th kh CO2 gp
nhiu ln rng trng, rng cy cng nghip.

Hin nay, iu ng lo ngi l cht
trng v duy tr s pht trin bn vng.
lng rng t nhin tip tc gim. Tuy
che ph rng c xu hng tng ln
che ph rng c xu hng tng nhng ch
cng vi tng din tch rng trong giai on
yu l rng trng vi mc DSH thp,
23 nm t 1990 - 2013. Theo thng k ca
trong khi rng t nhin vi mc DSH cao
Cc Kim lm (B NN&PTNT) th che
nhng t l bo tn cn rt thp. Trong giai
ph ca rng nm 2015 t 40,43% (nm
on 1990 - 2013, din tch rng t nhin
2010 l 39,5% v nm 1990 l 27,8%). Vic
v rng trng u tng ln, tuy nhin tc
tng nhanh che ph ca rng l mt tn

hiu tt nhng mt na din tch rng tng
ln l rng trng v rng phc hi c gi tr
tng hng nm ca din tch rng trng

cao hn khong 6 ln tc phc hi ca
rng t nhin.
che ph (%)
Din tch rng

(nghn ha)
Rng t nhin
Rng trng
che ph
16.000
45
14.000
40
35
12.000
30
10.000
25
8.000
20
6.000
15
4.000
10
2.000
0
5
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
Biu 7.1. Bin ng din tch v che ph ca rng Vit Nam

giai on 1990 - 2014
Ngun: Cc Kim lm, B NN&PTNT, 1990 - 2015
144
A DNG SINH HC
Hot ng trng, chm sc v thu hoch
nhng c xu hng gim dn. Nm 2011,
rng trong giai on 2011 - 2015 c nhiu
din tch rng b cht ph trong c nc ln
thun li. Cng tc trng rng tip tc c
ti 6.710,3ha th n nm 2014, din tch
cc a phng tch cc trin khai, bnh
rng b cht ph ch cn l 870ha1, y l
qun hng nm c nc trng c trn
n lc rt ln ca ngnh lm nghip. Tuy
200.000ha rng tp trung, trong 90%
nhin, trong s din tch rng b chy v b
l rng sn xut. Mt s chnh sch pht
ph, rng nguyn sinh vn chim t l ln,
trin lm nghip c ban hnh kp thi
gy nh hng nghim trng ti mi trng
khuyn khch ngi dn v cc ch d n
v tng cc nguy c l lt, s c mi trng.
m rng u t sn xut.
Din tch rng trng tng vi tc nh hn
Do thi tit kh hn din ra thng

xuyn trong giai on 2011 - 2015 nn hin
tng chy rng vn xy ra ti mt s a
phng (Khung 7.1). Tnh ring nm 2014,
tng din tch rng b chy l 3.157ha, tng
157,2% so vi nm trc. Vn nn cht ph
rng vn din ra nghim trng nhiu tnh
tc khai thc. Din tch rng b chy v

b cht ph gy sc p khng nh i vi
pht trin lm nghip cng nh i vi mi
trng t nhin ca nc ta khi HST rng
ng vai tr quan trng trong hp th v lu
gi CO2 trong t nhin.
1. Nin gim Thng k, TCTK, 2015
Bng 7.1. Din bin din tch rng v kt qu sn xut lm nghip nm 2011 - 2014
Ton quc
n v tnh
Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Tng din tch rng
Nghn ha
13.515,1
13.862,0
13.148,4
13.954,4
Din tch rng trng tp trung
Nghn ha
212
187
227,1
226,2
Din tch rng c chm sc
Nghn ha
593,1
568,1
595,1
Din tch rng c chm nui

ti sinh
Nghn ha
816,9
549,6
608,6
1.177,1
1.385,5
495
3.157
Din tch rng b chy
Ha
Sn lng g khai thc
Nghn m3
4.692
5.251
5.948,50
6.456
Sn lng ci khai thc
Nghn m3
28.391,8
27.968,8
27.690,70
* Ghi ch: (-) cha c s liu thng k

145
CHNG 7
Khung 7.1. Tnh hnh chy v
cht ph rng nm 2014
Chy rng: Mc d cc a
phng tch cc trong cng tc
phng chy cha chy, tuy nhin
do thi tit c din bin bt thng,
nng hn ko di nn mt s tnh
ti khu vc min ni pha Bc v
duyn hi min Trung xy ra chy
rng kh nghim trng. Mt s tnh
c din tch rng b chy nhiu
nm 2014 nh: Yn Bi 692ha;
Bnh nh 414ha; Ph Yn 317ha;
Qung Tr 236ha; Lai Chu 211ha;
Ngh An 176ha; Nng 146ha;
Sn La 119ha; Bnh Thun 106ha.
C nm 2014, tng din tch rng
b chy l 3.157ha, tng 157,2%
so vi nm trc 2013.
Ph rng: Trong nm, mt s
tnh vn xy ra hin tng cht
ph rng, in hnh l c Nng
133ha; Sn La 109ha; Lm ng
91ha; Bc Giang 89ha; k Lk
83ha
Nhm tng cng cng tc bo tn DSH, h

thng rng c dng c thit lp v pht huy vai
tr tch cc. H thng khu bo tn trn cn c 166 khu
rng c dng vi din tch xp x 2,2 triu ha (chim
7% din tch t nhin c nc), gm 31 vn quc
gia vi tng din tch khong 10.500,8km2 (trong
c 620,10km2 l mt bin, chim khong 2,98% din
tch lnh th t lin), 64 khu d tr thin nhin, 16
khu bo tn loi, 55 khu bo v cnh quan2. Trong h
thng khu bo tn, nhiu ngun gen cy trng rng
c lu gi, nh gi ti ch chn cc cy tri,
nhn ging phc v cng tc trng rng.
Trong vi thp k qua, cc khu bo tn thin nhin
trn th gii ang c xu hng tng c v s lng v
din tch, Vit Nam cng nm trong xu hng . Nm
2005, nc ta c s lng cc khu bo tn (rng c
dng) l 126 khu th n nm 2015, s lng ny tng
ln l 166 khu, trong vn quc gia tng 1 khu,
nng tng s vn quc gia ln 31 khu (Bng 7.2).
Ngun: B NN&PTNT, 2014

2. Quyt nh s 1107/Q-BTNMT ngy 12/5/2015 ca B trng
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic cng b Danh mc cc Khu

bo tn
146
A DNG SINH HC
Bng 7.2. H thng vn quc gia ca nc ta thnh lp tnh n thng 9/2015
TT
Tn VQG
Thuc a bn tnh
Mc ch
Ba B
Bc Kn
Bo v HST rng ni vi, cc loi ng, thc vt

c hu, qu him
Ba V
H Ni, Ha Bnh
Bo tn ti nguyn rng, di tch lch s, cnh quan,

mi trng
Bch M
Tha Thin Hu,

Qung Nam
Bo tn ti nguyn rng, a dng sinh hc, di tch lch

s, cnh quan, mi trng
Bi T Long
Qung Ninh
Bo tn ti nguyn rng trn o, a dng sinh hc,

cnh quan, mi trng
Bn En
Thanh Ha

Bidoup - Ni B
Lm ng

B Gia Mp
Bnh Phc
Bo tn HST rng, cc loi nguy cp, qu him (Voi,

B tt) v phng h u ngun
Ct B
Hi Phng, Qung
Ninh
Bo v sinh thi rng trn o, Voc Ct B v cc

ng vt, thc vt rng qu him
Ct Tin
ng Nai, Lm
ng, Bnh Phc
Bo v cc HST t nhin, cc loi ng thc vt qu

him nh voi, b tt, gu, linh trng v phng h
u ngun
10
Ch Mom Ry
Kon Tum
Bo tn a dng sinh hc, HST rng v cc loi ng

thc vt qu him
11
Ch Yang Sin
k Lk
Bo v rng t nhin, cc loi Ch V chn en, Vn

m hung, P mu, thng hai l dt
12
Cn o
B Ra Vng Tu
Bo tn cc HST t nhin trn o, cc loi sinh vt

qu him c hu
13
Cc Phng
Ninh Bnh, Ha Bnh,

Thanh Ha
Bo tn HST rng vi, sinh cnh loi Voc qun i

trng, cc loi ng thc vt rng qu him
14
Du Gi - Cao
nguyn
ng Vn
H Giang
Bo tn HST rng vi, cc loi ng vt, thc vt

c hu qu him, di sn thin nhin, cc loi Vn,
Voc mi hch
15
Hong Lin
Lo Cai, Lai Chu
Bo v HST rng ni cao, p mu, vn sam, cc loi

sinh vt rng qu him c hu
16
Kon Ka Kinh
Gia Lai
Bo v HST rng t nhin, cc loi ng, thc vt

qu him
147
CHNG 7
TT
Tn VQG
Thuc a bn tnh
Mc ch
17
L G Xa Mt
Ty Ninh
Bo tn Cu li nh, Voc bc, Ch V chn en v mt

s loi chim qu
18
Mi C Mau
C Mau
Bo tn HST rng Trm ven bin v khu d tr sinh

quyn
19
Ni Cha
Ninh Thun
Bo tn HST rng c trng gn vi HST bin
20
Phong Nha K
Bng
Qung Bnh
Bo v HST rng ni vi, cc loi ng, thc vt

qu him, danh lam thng cnh, di sn thin nhin
21
Ph Quc
Kin Giang
Bo tn HST rng trn o, cc loi sinh vt qu him

c hu
22
Phc Bnh
Ninh Thun
Bo tn cc HST rng ni cao vng Ty nguyn, phng

h u ngun sng Ci
23
P Mt
Ngh An
Bo tn ti nguyn rng v sinh cnh sng cho Voi,

H, Sao La v cc loi nguy cp qu him
24
Tam o
Vnh Phc, Tuyn

Quang, Thi Nguyn
Bo v TNTN, cnh quan mi trng, pht trin du lch
25
Trm Chim
ng Thp
Bo tn HST rng Trm v sinh cnh cc loi di c
26
U Minh H
C Mau
Bo tn HST rng Trm, t ngp nc v khu d tr

sinh quyn
27
U Minh Thng
Kin Giang
Bo v HST rng Trm v khu d tr sinh quyn
28
V Quang
H Tnh
Bo tn a dng sinh hc, Voi, H, Sao La v cc loi

nguy cp qu him
29
Xun Sn
Ph Th
Bo v HST rng t nhin, ni trung bnh vng ng bc
30
Xun Thy
Nam nh
Bo v HST rng ngp nc, sinh cnh di c mt s

loi chim
31
Yok Don
k Lk, k Nng
Bo tn HST rng khp, cc loi nguy cp, qu him

(Voi, B tt, H)
148
A DNG SINH HC
Bn cnh h thng cc khu bo tn theo tiu chun quc gia, thi gian qua, s lng mt
s hnh thc khu bo tn khc c quc t cng nhn cng tng ln (Bng 7.3).
Bng 7.3. Cc loi hnh bo tn thin nhin khc
STT
Mt s hnh thc
khu bo tn khc
Nm 2005
S
lng
Tn
Khu D tr sinh
quyn th gii
(1) RNM Cn Gi - Tp.

H Ch Minh (2000);
(2) VQG Ct Tin
-ng Nai, Lm ng
v Bnh Phc (2001);
(3) Qun o Ct B
(2004); (4) t ngp
nc ven bin Chu th
sng Hng Nam nh
v Thi Bnh (2004)
Khu Di sn thin
nhin th gii
(1) Vnh H Long

(1994); (2) Phong Nha
K Bng (2003)
(1) Vn quc gia Ba B

(2003); VQG Kon Ka
Kinh (2003); (2) VQG
Ch Mom Ray (2003);
(3) VQG Hong Lin
(2003)
Khu Di sn ASEAN
Khu Ramsar (vng

t ngp nc)
(1) VQG Xun Thy Nam nh (1989); (2)

Bu Su thuc VQG Ct
Tin - ng Nai (2005)
Nm 2015
S
lng
Tn
(1) RNM Cn Gi - Tp. H Ch

Minh (2000); (2) VQG Ct Tin
- ng Nai, Lm ng v Bnh
Phc (2001); (3) Qun o Ct
B (2004); (4) t ngp nc
ven bin Chu th sng Hng Nam nh v Thi Bnh (2004);
(5) Kin Giang (2006); (6) Min
ty Ngh An (2007), (7) Mi C
Mau (2009); (8) C Lao Chm
(2009); v (9) Langbiang - tnh
Lm ng (6/2014)
(1) Vnh H Long (1994); (2)

Phong Nha K Bng (2003)
(1) Vn quc gia Ba B (2003);

VQG Kon Ka Kinh (2003); (2)
VQG Ch Mom Ray (2003); (3)
VQG Hong Lin (2003), (4)
VQG U Minh Thng (2013).
(1) VQG Xun Thy - Nam nh

(1989); (2) Bu Su thuc VQG
Ct Tin - ng Nai (2005); (3)
H Ba B - Bc Kn (2011); (4)
Trm Chim - ng Thp (2012);
(5) VQG Mi C Mau (2013); (6)
VQG Cn o (2014); (7) VQG U
Minh Thng - Kin Giang (2015)
v (8) Khu bo tn t ngp nc
Lng Sen - Long An (2015)
149
CHNG 7
7.1.2. H sinh thi rng ngp mn
vi nm 19433. Giai on 1943 - 1990, t

l mt RNM trung bnh l 3.266 ha/nm,
n giai on 1990 - 2012 l 5.613 ha/nm
Trong 22 nm qua (1990 - 2012) t l mt
RNM gp 1,7 ln giai on 47 nm trc
(1943 - 1990).
Rng ngp mn (RNM) l loi rng

phn b vng ca sng, ven bin nhit
i v cn nhit i, ni c thy triu ln
xung hng ngy. Vit Nam c thm thc
vt RNM ven bin tri di t Qung Ninh
n H Tin.
Theo thng k, tnh n nm 2012,

56% tng din tch RNM trn ton quc l
rng mi trng, thun loi, cht lng rng
Trong thi gian qua, cng vi s pht

trin KT - XH vng ven b, din tch rng
ngp mn trong c nc b gim st
nghim trng. Trong hn nm thp k qua,
Vit Nam mt i 67% din tch RNM so
3. Hi tho tp hun bo ch v u t cho cc h sinh thi

vng b t chc do Trung tm o to Truyn thng mi
trng thuc Tng Cc Mi trng cng phi hp vi cc
n v quc t nh T chc Nghin Cu Lm nghip Quc
t, T chc Minh bch Quc t thng 4/2012
Khung 7.2. Vai tr ca HST rng ngp mn nc ta

Rng ngp mn nc ta c vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v b bin, ngn chn gi bo, hn ch xi
l, m rng din tch t lin v iu ha kh hu. RNM khng nhng cung cp cc lm sn c gi tr nh
g, ci, than, tanin, m cn l ngun cung cp thc n cho cc loi thy sn, l ni c tr v lm t ca
nhiu loi chim, ng vt nc, th qu him. H sinh thi RNM c coi l h sinh thi c nng sut
sinh hc rt cao, c bit l ngun li thy sn. RNM iu ha kh hu trong vng, gi n nh mn lp
t mt, hn ch s xm nhp mn vo t lin. RNM cn c xem l bc tng xanh vng chc, hn ch
xi l v qu trnh xm thc b bin. R cy ngp mn c tc dng lm cho trm tch bi t nhanh hn, va
ngn chn tc ng ca sng bin, gim tc gi, ng thi ngn cn trm tch lng ng.
Ngun: B NN&PTNT, 2014
Din tch (nghn

(ha) ha)
408,5
255
209,741
1943
1990
2006
140
131,52
2010
2012
Biu 7.2. Din bin rng ngp mn qua tng thi k

Ngun: Vin Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2013
150
A DNG SINH HC
km c v kch c, chiu cao cy v a dng

thnh phn loi. Nhng cnh RNM nguyn
sinh cn rt t. S suy gim trm trng ca
din tch RNM ng ngha vi tnh DSH
ca HST suy gim, c bit cc loi thy sinh
khng cn bi v ni c ng. Mc d trong
nhng nm gn y RNM c trng khi
phc li, tuy nhin din tch t c rt t.
7.1.3. H sinh thi thm c bin
Khung 7.3. Gi tr ca thm c bin

Thm c bin l h sinh thi ht sc
a dng v c nng sut sinh hc cao. Ti
c th c n hng trm loi sinh vt
sinh sng nhc,thc vt biu sinh,rong
bin, vi to, ng vt thn mm, giun
nhiu t v giun trn. Cc thm c bin
gp phn quan trng trong vic cung cp
thc n v ngun ging hi sn cho vng
bin xung quanh.
Thm c bin chim 15% tng lng
d tr cacbon ca i dng. Mi hecta c
bin c th gi mt lng CO2 gp i so
vi mi hectarng nhit i. Hng nm c
bin c lp c 27,4 triu tn CO2.
Thm c bin c kh nng lm chm
dng chy gip y mnh qu trnh lng
ng trm tch, ng thi r v thn r
ca c cn gip n nh y bin. C
bincnng sut s cprt caonn mang
n nhiu li ch cho vng b bin nh
cung cp bi nh bt c, ni sinh sn,
m nui cc ging hi sn ven b vgip
chn sng, gip chng xi mn ven
bin.Tng s loi c tr trong thm c bin
thng cao hn vng bin bn ngoi 2 - 8
ln. C bin cn l nguyn liu s dng
trong i sng hng ngy nh vt liu bao
gi, thm m, lm phn bn...
H sinh thi thm c bin l mt trong

nhng HST bin quan trng, nhng hin nay
ang ng trc nguy c b tn thng v suy
thoi. S suy thoi HST thm c bin th hin
trn cc kha cnh nh mt loi, thu hp din
tch phn b, nhim, thoi ha mi trng
sng, gim DSH v ngun li kinh t ca
cc loi qu him km theo. Thm c bin
phn b t Bc vo Nam v ven cc o,
su t 0 - 20m, tng din tch khong trn
5.583ha; khong 100.000ha m ph v vnh
kn, v 290.000ha bi triu ly4.
H sinh thi c bin ang ng trc e
da t nhiu pha, nhng ch yu do tc ng
trc tip ca con ngi. Tc ng trc tip
thng l cc yu t c hc nh hot ng ca
tu thuyn, phng thc nh bt, hot ng
du lch, nui trng thy sn, ci to t... Hot
ng cng cng gy ra p lc ln cho cc
thm c bin do hot ng tu thuyn, giao
thng hng hi lm gia tng c v cht
dinh dng gy nhim mi trng nc.
th ha ven b bin cng lin quan n ct,
t khi xy dng, tng xi l b bin l vn
chnh nhng vng bin du lch v nh
hng n thm c bin v cc HST khc.
4. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn - GIZ, 2013. D
tho bo co nhm A v cc khu bo tn thin nhin Vit
Nam. Lu tr ti V Bo tn thin nhin, H Ni.
151
CHNG 7
7.1.4. H sinh thi rn san h
Rn san h l mt trong nhng HST
c trng ca bin Vit Nam, ni c DSH
rt cao, nng sut s cp ln, cnh quan k
th. Rn san h c vai tr to ln i vi vic
hnh thnh, bo v cu trc nn y, duy tr
cc dng chy t nhin. Cc rn san h ca
nc ta phn b rng khp t Bc vo Nam
trn din tch khong 1.222km2, tp trung
nhiu vng bin Nam Trung b, Qun o
Hong Sa v Trng Sa5. Nhn chung, HST
rn san h c cu trc phc tp, rt nhy
cm vi s e da ca mi trng, c bit
l nhng e da t con ngi nh nh bt
c bng thuc n, ha cht c, khai thc
san h ba bi, hot ng du lch v cc
hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi khc.
Trong 15 nm tr li y, khong 15 20% din tch cc rn san h b mt, tp
trung ch yu cc vng c dn c sinh sng
nh vnh H Long, cc tnh ven bin min
Trung v mt s o c ngi sinh sng thuc
qun o Trng Sa. ph trn rn san
h ang b gim dn theo thi gian, nhiu
ni ph gim trn 30%6. iu ny cho
thy rn san h ang b ph hy v c chiu
hng suy thoi mnh. S suy gim din tch
v nhng tn thng ca nhiu rn san h
lm suy gim DSH, sinh thi v cht lng
mi trng bin; mt k sinh nhai ca cng
ng vng ven bin v thit hi cho ngnh
du lch v thy sn.
5. PGS.TS. Nguyn Chu Hi, Quy hoch tng th bo
tn a dng sinh hc bin Vit Nam, i hc Quc gia
H Ni, Bo co ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln
th IV, 2015
6. i hc Nng lm Tp. HCM, 2014
152
Hin nay mc d nghin cu trng v

phc hi, ti to thnh cng san h ngoi t
nhin nhng din tch c phc hi cn rt
thp. V d in hnh nh ti Vnh Nha Trang,
cc rn san h ti Phn khu bo v nghim
ngt Hn Mun c bo tn nguyn vn
v duy tr trng thi n nh7. Tuy nhin,
hin nay nhu cu pht trin du lch ngy cng
cao, mi e da t cc hot ng ny i vi
cc rn san h ngy cng ln.
7.2. A DNG SINH HC LOI
Vit Nam l ni sng ca gn 16.500
loi thc vt bc cao, nm ln v ru trn
cn, trong , s lng cc loi thc vt c
hu chim mt t l ln (khong 30%).
Trn cn c khong 10.500 loi ng
vt, gm xp x 8.000 loi cn trng v ng
vt khng xng sng t, gn 500 loi b
st - ch nhi, 850 loi chim v 312 loi
th. nc ngt, c khong 1.500 loi vi
to v rong, trn 1.000 loi ng vt khng
xng sng v khong 600 loi c; di
bin c trn 1.200 loi rong, c v vi to,
trn 7.000 loi ng vt khng xng sng,
khong 2.500 loi c v xp x 50 loi rn
bin, ra bin v th bin.
Ngoi ra, s loi sinh vt bit thp
hn nhiu so vi s loi ang sng trong
thin nhin, chc chn cn nhiu loi sinh
vt hoang d khc cha c bit ti8.
7. Tp ch mi trng, s 6/2014
8. Chuyn kho Sinh vt v sinh thi bin, tp IV trong B
chuyn kho Bin ng (Nh xut bn Khoa hc v Cng
ngh, 2009); Bo co quc gia v DSH (2011), Chin
lc quc gia v a dng sinh hc n nm 2020, tm
nhn 2030 (BTN&MT, 2015)
A DNG SINH HC
Khung 7.4. ng vt qu him, c hu

ti VQG P Mt
Vn quc gia P Mt l mt trong nhng
vng quan trng nht i vi cng tc bo tn
th Vit Nam. Cc t iu tra khng nh
s tn ti ca 5 loi th c hu ng Dng l
Sao La, Th vn, Vn en m trng/hung, Ch
v chn nu v Mang trng sn. Ngoi ra, cn
c nhng ghi nhn cha chc chn v mt s
loi c hu ng Dng khc l Mang ln, Ln
rng ng Dng. Cc t iu tra cng khng
nh s phn b ca hng lot cc loi b e do
tuyt chng trn ton cu c xut hin P Mt
nh Kh mc, Si , H, Cy vn v Voi. n
nay, t nht c 295 loi chim c ghi
nhn ti P Mt, trong 3 loi ang hoc sp
b e da tuyt chng trn ton cu l Tr sao,
Nic c hung v Tro cy lng en.
Ngun: Bo co Hin trng mi trng tnh Ngh An
giai on 2011 - 2015,
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Ngh An, 2015
V tnh c hu, theo t liu ca IUCN/

CNPPA, khu h ng vt Vit Nam kh giu
v thnh phn loi v c mc cao v tnh
c hu so vi cc nc trong vng ng
Dng. Trong s 21 loi kh c trong vng
ny th Vit Nam c 15 loi, trong c 7
loi v phn loi c hu. Trong vng ny
c 49 loi chim c hu th Vit Nam c
33 loi, trong c 10 loi c hu ca Vit
Nam. Vi hn 100 loi v phn loi chim,
78 loi v phn loi th, nhiu loi c gi tr
ln trong vic bo tn nh Voi Chu , B
rng, B xm, Tru rng, H, Bo, Hu sao,
vch, i mi, ra bin...
Trong vng 17 nm tr li y, t
1997 - 2014, da trn kt qu iu tra c
bn cc vng lnh th khc nhau Vit
Nam, mt s loi mi c pht hin v m
t, trong c nhiu chi, loi mi c gi tr
khoa hc. Con s thng k cho thy s loi
mi c tm thy Vit Nam chim hn

na trong s cc loi mi thuc Tiu vng
sng M Cng (bao gm Campuchia, Lo,
Myanmar, Thi Lan v Vit Nam)9, in
hnh nh, c rt nhiu loi ng ch , trong
loi cn trng ln th hai th gii l mt
loi B que di 54cm, c tm thy min
Bc Vit Nam. Trong tng s 139 loi ng
thc vt c tm thy c 90 loi thc vt,
23 loi b st, 16 loi lng c, 9 loi c v
1 loi ng vt c v. Con s ny nng tng
s loi mi c pht hin t nm 1997 2014 ln 2.216 loi, y l du hiu ng
mng cho HSH Vit Nam cng nh khu
vc. Tuy nhin, y mi ch l b ni ca
nhng pht hin mi ti Tiu vng sng M
Kng m rng, ngay khi va c pht hin,
cc loi phi i mt vi nhng nguy c
rt ln. Do vy, cam kt bo v sinh cnh
quan trng cho cc loi hoang d qu him
l rt cn thit.
S suy gim a dng loi nc ta,
cng ging nh trn th gii, ngy cng mt
gia tng. Theo Sch ca T chc Bo tn
thin nhin quc t (IUCN), nu nh nm
1996 mi ch c 25 loi ng vt ca Vit
Nam mc nguy cp th n nm 2014,
con s ny ln ti 188. Thng 7 nm
2014, IUCN a thm t t Java (Manis
javanica) v t t vng (Manis pentadactyla)
vo sch . Theo Ngh nh s 160/2013/
N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 12 thng 11
nm 2013, hin nay nc ta c 83 loi ng
vt, 17 loi thc vt, 15 ging cy trng v
6 ging vt nui nguy cp, qu, him c
u tin bo v.
9. Bo co thng nin Mekong k diu do Qu Quc t
bo tn thin nhin (WWF) - Vit Nam cng b 2015
153
CHNG 7
Khung 7.5. Danh mc cc loi c

nh gi theo cc tiu ch phn
hng theo mc cn bo tn ca
IUCN 2014
V thc vt, xy dng 1.217 h
s nh gi loi trong c 4 loi bc
EW ( tuyt chng ngoi t nhin),
201 loi bc CR (cc k nguy cp),
368 loi bc EN (nguy cp), 507 loi
bc VU (s nguy cp), 123 loi bc
NT (gn b e da), 8 loi bc LC (t
quan ngi) v 6 loi bc DD (thiu
dn liu). S lng loi c phn
hng cc cp e da (t NT n
EW l 1.203 loi) tng ln 759 loi so
vi Sch Vit Nam (2007).
V ng vt, xy dng 899 h s
nh gi loi trong c 4 loi bc
EW ( tuyt chng ngoi t nhin),
4 loi bc EX ( tuyt chng hon
ton), 71 loi bc CR (cc k nguy
cp), 188 loi bc EN (nguy cp),
348 loi bc VU (s nguy cp), 182
loi bc NT (gn b e da), v 93
loi bc DD (thiu dn liu). S lng
loi c nh gi v bc phn hng
l nhiu hn (tng ln) so vi loi c
phn hng cc cp e da (t NT
n EX) tng ln 435 loi so vi Sch
Vit Nam (2007).
Ngun: L Hng Anh, Trn Th Bch,

L Xun Cnh, ng Huy Phng, T
Huy Thnh, Nguyn Qung Trng, Tu
chnh v nh gi b sung cc loi ng
vt, thc vt c nguy c b e da tuyt
chng Vit Nam, Vin Sinh thi v Ti
nguyn sinh vt, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc
v Cng ngh Vit Nam, Bo co ti Hi
ngh mi trng ln th IV, 2015.
Theo thng k v hin trng cc loi ng

vt nguy cp, qu him cho thy nhiu loi
ang mc bo ng, ng trc nguy c b
tuyt chng cao do nguyn nhn chnh l vic
khai thc qu mc v mt mi trng sng, c
bit trong c nhiu loi c hu nh l Voc
mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) c tnh ch
cn khong 190 c th. u th k 20, loi ny
phn b rng ni ca 4 tnh: H Giang, Tuyn
Quang, Bc Cn v Thi Nguyn. Hay loi voc
mng trng (Trachypithecus delacouri) ch phn
b Vn quc gia Cc Phng, khu Bo tn
thin nhin Vn Long (Ninh Bnh) v hin ch
cn khong 100 c th. T gic Java Vit Nam
(Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus) l mt trong
hai qun th t gic duy nht cn st li trn Tri
t a c xac nhn bi tuyt chung tai Vit Nam
vao nm 2010. H Vit Nam vn c s lng n
hng ngn con nhng nay ch cn khong 30 con,
phn b trong cckhu bo tn.
a dng loi trong HST rng
Khu h thc vt trong cc HST rng Vit
Nam, ghi nhn c 15.986 loi thc vt Vit
Nam, bao gm 4.528 loi thc vt bc thp,
11.458 loi thc vt bc cao, 10% trong s l
thc vt c hu.
Khu h ng vt cho n nay thng k
c 307 loi giun trn, 161 loi giun sn k sinh
gia sc, 200 loi giun t, 145 loi ve gip, 113
loi b nhy, 7.750 loi cn trng, 260 loi b
st, 120 loi ch nhi, 840 loi chim, 310 loi v
phn loi th.
Trong h thng cc khu bo v vng ng
Dng - M Lai ca IUCN, Vit Nam c xem
l ni giu v thnh phn loi v c mc c
hu cao so vi cc nc trong vng ng Dng.
H ng vt Vit Nam c nhiu dng c hu:
hn 100 loi v phn loi chim, 78 loi v phn
154
A DNG SINH HC
loi th c hu. Ring trong s 25 loi th

linh trng c ghi nhn Vit Nam c
ti 16 loi, trong c 4 loi v phn loi
c hu ca Vit Nam, 3 phn loi ch phn
b Vit Nam v Lo, 2 phn loi ch c
vng rng hai nc Vit Nam - Campuchia.
a dng sinh hc loi cc HST RNM
Cc loi phn b trong RNM khc nhau
ty thuc vo a hnh, cht t, bin
triu v mn. Ngoi thnh phn ch o
l cy ngp mn, t hp ng, thc vt trong
h rt a dng. RNM l ni c tr v lm t
ca nhiu loi chim, ng vt nc, th
qu him, nh C su nc l, cc loi chim
nc, Kh ui di. RNM cn l ni dng
chn ca nhiu loi chim di c t phng
Bc, to nn nhng sn chim c nhiu loi

qu him nh: C m tha, B nng, Giang
sen... RNM nui dng cc cc loi thy
sn, c bit l cc loi tm s, tm bin
xut khu. Bn cnh , cc ging tm, cua,
c trong RNM rt phong ph, th hin qua
vic nh bt thy sn cho nng sut cao
cc vng nc sng, ven b, ca sng c
RNM. So snh thnh phn cc loi c v
tm trong mt vng c RNM vo cc ma
v trong nm, u thy lng u trng ca
chng cao hn hn vng t, ct ngoi
bin v vng c c bin.
Vic cht ph RNM nui trng thy
sn lm bin i cnh quan t nhin khu
vc, nh hng nghim trng ti HST t
nhin, chui thc n v mng thc n trong
Khung 7.6. a dng sinh hc ti VQG Xun Thy, mt HST rng ngp mn in hnh
H thc vt ca rng ngp mn c s phn b ca 115 loi thc vt bc cao c mch, bao gm cc loi
cy ngp mn ch yu v cc loi tham gia vo rng ngp mn, cc loi t ni a di c n v thch nghi
c vi iu kin ti VQG Xun Thy thuc 101 chi, 41 h. VQG Xun thy c 14 loi cy g, trong
ch c 7 loi tham gia vo rng ngp mn tp trung. Cc loi ny to ra cc din tch rng ln rng ngp
mn, gn nh thun loi, cc loi cy g cn li hu ht l cc loi cy c trng ri rc vi s lng rt t.
ng vt khng xng sng: thng k c khong 461 loi ng vt khng xng sng ti khu vc
VQG Xun Thy. Trong , c 67 loi ng vt ni, 350 loi ng vt y. VQG Xun Thy c h cn trng
tng i a dng vi tng s 245 loi. C vi tng s 122 loi thuc 13 b, 46 h, trong , c 5 loi c
c ghi trong Sch Vit Nam v Danh lc Vit Nam (2007) v IUCN (2012). ghi nhn c 37
loi B st - ch nhi. Trong , b st c 24 loi vi 8 loi qu him v c gi tr bo tn ghi trong Sch
Vit Nam (2007), Danh mc IUCN (2012), Ngh nh 32/2006/N-CP (2006), N 160/2013/NCP. ch nhi c 13 loi, c 6 loi qu, him v c gi tr bo tn cao; c 4 loi c ghi trong sch Vit
Nam (2007) v ngh nh s 32/2006/N-CP (2006), 1 loi c ghi trong sch th gii (IUCN 2012)
bc nguy cp (EN) l loi Vch.
Th: Theo cc dn liu iu tra, c 3 loi th qu, him sng di nc l: Ri c (Lutra lutra), c Heo
(Lipotes vexilifer) v C u ng s (Neophocaera phocaenoides).
Chim: c 14 loi qu, him c u tin bo tn c ghi trong Sch Vit Nam (2007), Danh mc
IUCN (2012) v Ngh nh 32/2006/N-CP, N 160/2013/N-CP. Trong , hai loi chim nc di c
rt him gp ti cc vng ven bin khc l C tha v R m tha.
VQG Xun Thy l ni dng v tr ng quan trng ca cc loi chim nc di c. thng k c 220
loi chim thuc 41 h ca 11 b, trong , c 14 loi u tin bo tn v 2 loi him gp. Th: lit k
c 17 loi th, mt s th n tht c nh tn ti nhng khng pht trin.
Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Nam nh giai on 2011 - 2015, S TN&MT Nam nh, 2015; Bo co
Cng tc bo tn a dng sinh hc v pht trin bn vng cc HST trn a bn tnh Nam nh, Phan Vn Phong,
Bo co ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV, 2015.
155
CHNG 7
t nhin. RNM b ph i lm cho cc
HST ln cn nh rong l h, c bin b tiu
dit theo.
ca 5 loi ra bin, 15 loi rn bin, 25 loi
a dng loi trong HST bin v rn

san h
vt bin ca Vit Nam vn cn ang tng
Trong vng bin nc ta pht hin

c khong 11.000 loi sinh vt c tr
trong cc vng DSH bin khc nhau, bao
gm hn 2.000 loi c bin (gm 130 loi
c c gi tr kinh t cao), 225 loi tm, hn
100 loi thc vt RNM; 15 loi c bin; 151
loi rong bin v hn 6000 loi ng vt y
khng xng sng. Thm vo , cc HST
bin ny cn l mi trng sng quan trng
th bin v 43 loi chim bin. Vi cc kho

st ang c tin hnh, tng s loi sinh
ln. Cng tc iu tra - nghin cu v DSH
bin v ven bin cha c tin hnh nh
k, c bit i vi cc o nh10.
Rn san h l ni tr n, sinh sn v
pht trin ca nhiu loi sinh vt bin. San
h Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph, cp
nht gn y ca V S Tun (2014) cho
thy vng bin Vit Nam c tnh a dng
loi san h to rn cao hn so vi nhng ghi
nhn trc y: 454 loi so vi 350 v 397
loi do 2 hc gi nc ngoi cng b. Trong
, s loi san h to rn ca tng vng
bin l: Ty vnh Bc B (176 loi), min
Khung 7.7. Suy gim DSH ti khu vc RNM

m Ni, Ninh Thun
Theo s liu ca Trung tm Khuyn ng tnh
Ninh Thun, trc y m Ni c rt nhiu
Rong cu chn vt (Gracilaria euchimoides), C
bin (Sea grass), c nhy (Strompus isabella); v
Hi sm en (Holothusia). Sau nhiu nm nui
trng thy sn, rng ngp mn ch cn khong
2-3ha dc theo cc knh khu vc G n,
Rong cu chn vt v C bin bin mt; c nhy
v Hi sm en ch cn li rt t. Tip theo s
hy dit ca rong v c bin l s mt a dng
sinh hc v mt ngun ti nguyn qu him nh
tm hm, hi sm en, ri c... mt i s iu
ha kh hu cho vng v chc nng sng lc cc
cht nhim t khu vc xung quanh ra m
Ni cng nh kh nng pha long v t lm sch
ca m.
Ngun: Bo co Hin trng mi trng
tnh Ninh Thun giai on 2011 - 2015,
S TN&MT Ninh Thun, 2015
156
Trung (252 loi), Hong Sa (201 loi), min

Nam (406 loi), Trng Sa (333 loi) v
Ty Nam B (251 loi)11. Km theo khong
3.000 loi sinh vt khc c i sng lin
quan v gn b vi vng rn san h. Trong
, c khong 2.000 loi sinh vt y, 500
loi c v nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao
nh tm hm (Panulirus), bo ng (Haliotis
diversicolor), trai ngc (Pteria martensi), hi
sm (Holothuria)... sng gn b trc tip vi
san h.
n nay cng ghi nhn khong 100
loi sinh vt bin nc ta c nguy c e da
v qu him c a vo Sch Vit
10. Nguyn Chu Hi v Nnk, 2013. Gio dc Ti nguyn
v Mi trng bin v hi o Vit Nam. D tho sch
chuyn kho, lu tr ti B Gio dc v o to, H Ni
11. V S Tun, 2014. Khu h san h to rn bin Vit
Nam. Tuyn tp Hi ngh Khoa hc ton quc v Sinh hc
bin v Pht trin bn vng ln th II, trang 315-322. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh, H Ni.
A DNG SINH HC
Nam v Danh mc IUCN yu cu

phi c bin php bo v. Trong cc loi
c a vo Sch c 37 loi c bin, 6
loi san h, 5 loi da gai, 4 loi tm rng, 1
loi sam, 21 loi c, 6 loi hai mnh v, 3
loi mc12.
7.3. A DNG SINH HC NGUN GEN
a dng sinh hc khng ch l cc loi
sinh vt hoang d v sinh cnh ca chng
trong cc khu bo tn thin nhin, DSH
bao gm cc ng vt, thc vt, cc vi sinh
vt c s dng trc tip hay gin tip
lm thc n v pht trin nng nghip (bao
gm cy lng thc v hoa mu, vt nui,
lm nghip v ng nghip). l s a dng
v cc ngun gen di truyn (v d nh cc

phn loi, cc ging, ni khc nhau) trong
tng th HST.
Vit Nam c ghi nhn vi h
ng,thc vt phong ph, trong rt
nhiu loi c s dng cung cp vt
liu di truyn. Vit Nam c nh gi l
mt trong 12 trung tm ngun gc ging
cy trng ca th gii, vi 16 nhm cy
trng khc nhau bao gm trn 802 loi, v
17 loi gia sc, gia cm chnh. Vit Nam
cn c ngun gen thy sn v vi sinh vt
phong ph13. ng thi, Vit Nam xc
nh c khong 49.200 loi sinh vt bao
gm: khong 7.500 loi (chng) vi sinh vt;
Bng 7.4. Kt qu iu tra ngun gen
20.000 loi thc vt trn cn v di nc;

10.500 loi ng vt trn cn; 2.000 loi
ng vt khng xng sng v c nc
TT
Ngun gen
S lng
Ngun gen
cy trng nng nghip
30.000 ngun gen
Ngun gen cy
lm nghip
Ngun gen
cy dc liu
Vt nui
55 ging
gen bn a vi nhiu c tnh qu ch c
Thy sn
75 ging (thuc 63
loi)
ti nc ta. c bit l cc ngun la v
VSV Nm n
v nm dc liu
60 loi
500 loi
2.800 chng
128 ngun gen
Ngun: Bo co Hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh

trong cng tc qun l bo tn v khai thc - Pht trin
ngun gen, V KH&CN cc ngnh kinh t k thut,
B KH&CN, Bo co ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc
ln th IV, 2015.
12. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn - GIZ, 2013.

D tho bo co nhm A v cc khu bo tn thin nhin
Vit Nam. L tr ti V Bo tn thin nhin, H Ni.
ngt; khong trn 11.000 loi sinh vt bin.

y chnh l nhng ngun gen bn a qu
ca t nc cn phi bo v, gi gn v
pht trin14. Mt b phn quan trng ca
cc ging cy trng, vt nui ny l ngun
khoai - l nhng loi c coi c gc t Vit

Nam. Ngun gen duy nht ny l c s cho
s tip tc pht trin v ci tin cc ging
la v cy lng thc trn th gii15.
13. Hiu qu ca Chng trnh bo tn ngun gen cy
trng, vt nui, Bn tin sn xut th trng, Tin khuyn
nng trong nc, S 46/2012
14. nh gi kt qu hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh
v qu gen giai oan 2001 - 2013, B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh, thng 12/2013
15. a dng sinh hc, Bin i kh hu v Bo tn a
dng sinh hc trong bi cnh bin i kh hu ti Vit
Nam, 2014
157
CHNG 7
Theo nh gi ca B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh, qua trin khai thc hin Chng trnh
bo tn ngun gen, tnh n nm 2010
bo tn v lu gi c hn 14.000 ngun
gen ca trn 200 loi cy lng thc, thc
phm, cy n qu, cy lm nghip, cy
nguyn liu, cy dc liu v mt s loi cy
trng khc. ng thi cng bo tn v lu
gi c 25 ging ln (trong c 15 ging
ni), 24 ging b (7 ging ni), 40 ging g
(17 ging ni), 3 ging tru (2 ging ni)...
Bng nhng phng php bo tn khc
nhau nh bo tn ti ch, bo tn chuyn
ch thu thp c hng nghn loi ng
thc vt, trong c 26 loi qu him c
nguy c tuyt chng. Bo tn v lu gi
c 70 ging vt nui v gia cm c nguy
c tuyt chng... Cho ti nay Vit Nam,
cng tc bo tn ti ch (in-situ) ch yu
c p dng cho ngun gen lm nghip
v cy thuc di dng cc Khu bo tn.
Mt s t ngun gen cy trng nng nghip,
cy thuc v vt nui bc u c
bo tn trn t canh tc. Cng tc bo tn

chuyn ch cng thu c nhiu thnh tu.
Tnh n tnh n thng 11/2013 tng s
28.028 ngun gen cy trng nng nghip
ang c lu gi bo qun chuyn ch ti
23 n v thuc h thng bo tn. Cc hnh
thc lu gi bo qun chnh l ngn hng
gen ng rung, ngn hng gen ht v ngn
hng gen in vitro. Mt s ngun gen c
bit qu, kh c kh nng ti sinh t nhin
c nghin cu bo tn in vitro trong
phng th nghim. i vi ngun gen ng
vt, bo tn tinh phi ca ngun vt liu
di truyn c nguy c b mt v him cng
c p dng.
Hin ti trn 30% ngun gen ang bo
tn c nh gi ban u v cc ch tiu
sinh hc v nng hc, khong 5-10% ngun
gen c nh gi chi tit v nh gi di
truyn. Kt qu tuyn chn c 30
ngun gen la c sn, 5 ngun gen rau, 3
ngun gen khoai mn, 2 ngun gen hoa bn
a. n nay, 80% ngun gen vt nui c
Bng 7.5. Kt qu bo tn ngun gen sinh vt

STT
Ngun gen
Bo tn ti ch
Bo tn chuyn ch
30 nhim v
28.028 ngun gen
Ngun gen cy trng nng nghip
Ngun gen cy lm nghip
164 vn
2.000 ging
Ngun gen cy thuc
100 loi
2.998 loi
Ngun gen vt nui
30 ging
18 ging
Ngun gen thy sn
3 khu bo tn
2.999
Ngun gen vi sinh vt
21.270 chng
Ngun: Bo co Hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh trong cng tc qun l bo tn v khai thc
- Pht trin ngun gen, V Khoa hc v Cng ngh cc ngnh kinh t k thut,
B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Bo co ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV, 2015
158
A DNG SINH HC
Bng 7.6. Kt qu cng tc nh gi ngun gen
TT
Ngun gen
nh gi
ban u
nh gi di truyn, tnh chng chu

v cht lng ngun gen
Ngun gen cy nng nghip
22.331
ngun gen
300 ngun gen
Ngun gen cy lm nghip
10 loi
451 ngun gen
Ngun gen cy dc liu
630 loi
200 loi (nh gi a dng di truyn)
Ngun gen vt nui
16 ging
6 ging (nh gi a dng di truyn)
Thy sn
26 loi
17 loi
Vi sinh vt
4292
Rt t
Ngun: Bo co Hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh trong cng tc qun l bo tn v khai thc - Pht trin ngun gen,
V Khoa hc v Cng ngh cc ngnh kinh t k thut, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Bo co ti Hi ngh mi trng
ton quc ln th IV, 2015
bo tn c nh gi. i vi nh gi
ngun gen thy sn, nghin cu a dng di
truyn qun th cc i tng kinh t bc
u cng c thc hin Vit Nam trn
c Tra, c R phi v Tm s.
Trung bnh hng nm Trung tm Ti
nguyn di truyn thc vt (B NN & PTNT)
cung cp khong 1.000 lt vt liu di
truyn v mu ging, phc v chng trnh
ging, cc ti nghin cu khoa hc v
phc v o to.
Qu gen vt nui v thy sn chn
lc c mt s tnh c hu ca cc ging
tru, b, d, cu, ln v gia cm phc v
chng trnh chn to ging vt nui. Qua
s dng ngun gen ca 26 loi c
kinh t pht trin nui trng thy sn
nc ngt. Qu gen vi sinh vt s dng
khong 25% ngun gen vi sinh vt phc v
Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc,

ngun gen cy trng, vt nui bn a ang
b mai mt nghim trng vi 80% ging cy
trng mt, ging vt nui suy gim gn
10% mi nm17. S hao ht ngun gen
nc ta hin nay mt phn do s thay th
cc ging nng sut thp (bn a) bng cc
ging/dng cao sn t cc nc pht trin.
C th, cc loi c hu Vit Nam thng
c nng sut thp v cht lng khng ng
u. Trong khi , nhng ging nui trng
cng nghip thng cho nng sut cao hn.
Vit Nam c khong 20 loi vt nui, trong
3 loi do ngi Vit Nam thun ha l
tru, ln, g v 17 loi nhp ngoi. Bn cnh
, cng tc bo tn ngun gen, ging hon
ton ph thuc vo cc Trung tm nghin
cu, Vin khoa hc, m cha c quan tm
ch trng cp a phng.
sn xut ru bia v nc gii kht cng vi

cc ngnh cng nghip khc16.
16. Hiu qu ca Chng trnh bo tn ngun gen cy
trng, vt nui, Bn tin sn xut th trng, Tin khuyn
nng trong nc, S 46/2012
17. Hong Th Thanh Nhn, Bo co hi tho Bo h sng

ch lin quan n a dng sinh hc v ngun gen, 2015
159
CHNG 7
Khung 7.8. S mai mt ngun ging cy trng
a phng
Ti H Ni cng c rt nhiu ging cy n qu
qu him ng trc nguy c b mai mt. Theo kho
st ca Trung tm Ti nguyn thc vt, vng thng
ngun sng y l ni c ngun gen cy n qu rt
phong ph, cc nh khoa hc pht hin c 6
ngun gen qu cn c bo tn nh: Bi Din, hng
Thch Tht, qut Tch Giang, cam Canh, nhn mun
i Thnh... Nhng cng tc bo tn cc ging cy
ny cha c quan tm ng mc, nh ging qut
Tch Giang (x Tch Giang, huyn Phc Th) c cht
lng thm ngon v nng sut cao, qu to, t ht, c
th t 100 kg qu/cy. Tuy nhin, hin nay ging cy
n qu ny ang ng trc nguy c mai mt v cha
c pht trin ng mc.
Ngun: Vin khoa hc Nng nghip Vit Nam, 2013
7.4. NGUYN NHN GY SUY GIM

A DNG SINH HC
7.4.1. Chuyn i s dng t, mt
nc thiu c s khoa hc
Vic chuyn i t rng v cc
vng t ngp nc (NN) thnh t
canh tc nng nghip, trng cy cng
nghip hoc nui trng thu sn, qu
trnh th ho v pht trin c s h
tng, cng dn n vic mt hay ph v
cc HST v cc sinh cnh t nhin, lm
suy gim DSH. Chuyn i rng sang
trng cao su lm gim ng k din tch
rng khp (kiu HST rng tha cy h
du na rng l) Ty Nguyn v rng
t nhin nhiu vng trong c nc.
Khung 7.9. Suy gim din tch RNM do chuyn i

mc ch s dng t
Ti C Mau, din tch nui tm ca tnh tng gp
3 ln t nm 2003 n 2012, nm 2012 din tch ny
t 250.000ha. c tnh din tch rng c y
gim t hn 200.000ha trc nm 1975 xung ch
cn 60 - 70.000ha, v hu ht din tch mt i l ly
ch nui tm.
Ti cc tnh vng ca sng Cu Long nh Bn Tre,
Tr Vinh v Sc Trng, din tch rng ngp mn ven
bin b ph b lm m nui tm nn din tch
rng ngp mn v t l che ph cn li l rt thp.
Rt nhiu rng ngp mn bn o Cam Ranh,
cc huyn Ninh Ha, Vn Ninh (Khnh Ha) nay hu
nh khng cn do lm ao nui tm.
m Ni (Ninh Thun) hn 200ha rng ngp mn
to vnh ai rng hng trm mt bo v cho m khi b
xi l, nay b thay th bng m nui tm bn thm
canh, ch cn li 2ha rng.
Cn Chim nm gia m Th Ni (Quy Nhn,
Bnh nh) trc y c gn 200ha rng ngp mn
l ni c ng ca nhiu loi hi sn v ca nhiu loi
chim th nay b trit ph nui tm.
Ngun: i hc Nng lm Tp.HCM, 2014
160
Hot ng chuyn i RNM sang

sn xut nng nghip v ph rng
chuyn sang nui trng thy sn
din ra hu ht cc tnh ven bin
lm suy gim din tch cng nh tnh
DSH ca cc HST ny.
7.4.2. Tiu th ti nguyn ngy cng
nhiu v khai thc qu mc ti
nguyn sinh vt
Khai thc tri php g v lm sn
ngoi g
Cc hot ng khai thc g lu,
sn bt ng vt v khai thc lm sn
ngoi g vn din ra ti mt s a
phng. Vic ny gy p lc ln i vi
cc qun th ng, thc vt hoang d
vn b nh hng nng n bi s suy
thoi v chia ct sinh cnh.
A DNG SINH HC
Sn bn v bun bn tri php

ng vt hoang d
ha
14.000
12.157,08
12.000
10.000
8.000
7.115,08
5.830,76
6.000
4.000
2.000
580,32
164,19
2007
2008
89,34
2009
2010
2011
2012
Biu 7.3. Din tich rng chuyn i muc ich s dung

cho phat trin c s ha tng va cac muc ich ngoai nng
nghip, thy li qua cac nm trn toan quc
Ngun: Tng hp t s liu din bin rng qua cac nm cua
Cuc Kim lm, 2007 - 2013
G thng
G qu
25.626,91
22.950,44
22.052,19
17.759,44
16.806,13
2007
2008
2009
2010
17.870,45
2011
2012
Biu 7.4. Lng g b tch thu qua cc nm (m )

3
Ngun: Tng hp t s liu bo co Lm sn b tch thu qua

cc nm ca Cc Kim lm, 2007 - 2013
S ng vt b bun bn
S con qu him
19.132
18.088
12.936
12.930
7.848
587
2008
724
2009
508
2010
895
2011
Mc d Vit Nam xy dng

K hoch hnh ng quc gia tng
cng kim sot bun bn ng, thc
vt hoang d, nhng do th trng
bun bn ng vt hoang d bt hp
php mang li li nhun cao cng
vi nng lc ca cc c quan thc thi
php lut bo v ng vt hoang d
cn hn ch nn vic kim sot v
ngn chn nn bun bn ng thc
vt hoang d tri php ti nay cha
t kt qu mong mun. Cc loi
ng vt hoang d b bun bn ph
bin l nhng loi c dng trong
thnh phn bo ch cc loi thuc
ng y c truyn nh gu, kh, cy
co, ra, k v trn, rn; nhiu loi
chim cng b bt bn lm chim
cnh.
1.081
2012
Biu 7.5. S lng ng vt rng bi bun ban

qua cac nm (n v tnh: con)
Ngun: Tng hp t bao cao hoat ng qua cc nm
cua Cuc Kim lm - Tng cuc Lm nghip, 2013
Khai thc qu mc bng vic s dng cc phng tin
nh bt khng bn vng
nh bt thy sn ng gp mt
phn rt ln cho nhu cu thc phm
ca nhn dn v xut khu. Tuy
nhin, vic gia tng mc tiu th,
cng vi vic qun l nh bt cha
hiu qu dn ti vic khai thc
thy sn qu mc nhiu vng lm
suy gim ngun li thu sn v ph
v nhng rn san h ven b. Nhiu
loi hi sn c gi tr cao b suy gim
nghim trng nh tm hm (Panulirus
spp.), bo ng (Haliotis spp.), ip
(Chlamys spp.)... nh bt mang
tnh hy dit nh dng cht n, cht
c v sc in nh bt c vn
cn din ra c trong ni a v vng
duyn hi, e da hn 80% rn san
h ca Vit Nam.
161
CHNG 7
7.4.3. Bin i kh hu v chy rng
Bin i kh hu
Vit Nam la mt trong nhng quc gia
chu nh hng nng nht ca BKH ton
cu. Trong iu kin BKH, cc HST b
chia ct chc chn s phn ng chm hn
trc nhng s thay i ny v c th s
khng trnh khi s bin mt cc loi sinh
vt vi tc rt cao.
i vi nc ta, mc nc bin dng
s lm mt i mt vng t thp rng ln cc HST t ngp nc ca cc ng bng
ln nht c nc - ni sinh sng ca cc
cng ng dn c lu i (hin c t l
i ngho cao), vng c tim nng sn
xut nng nghip ln nht v cc sinh
cnh t nhin ca nhiu loi bn a bao
gm c cc khu bo tn thin nhin, khu
d tr sinh quyn.
Khung 7.10. D bo tc ng ca BKH

n a dng sinh hc ti VN
i vi Vit Nam, nu nc bin dng 1m
s c 250.000ha rng ngp mn hin ti s b
mt (Parry et al., 2007). Nu nc bin dng
1 m, 46 khu d tr sinh quyn quan trng v 9
khu rng c dng c gi tr a dng sinh hc
cao s b nh hng nng n. Cc loi nhit
i cc h sinh thi ven bin s gim v c
xu hng di c ln pha trn cao hn trong t
lin; cc loi n i cng s gim. CO2 tng
ln s nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng
v pht trin ca ng thc vt trong h sinh
thi rng ngp mn. Nc bin dng cng vi
gi ma, bo, triu cng , ang v s lm
xi l b bin.
Theo d bo, nm 2070, cc loi cy nhit
i vng ni cao s c th sng c cao
100 - 550m v dch ln pha bc 100 - 200km
(B TNMT, 2003). Tuy nhin, iu ny phi
c quan tm nghin cu k, v theo t nhin,
mt loi thc vt phi mt t nht 100 nm
mi c th sng v pht trin thnh qun th
mt ni cch qu hng ca n ch c 1km.
Ngun: a dng sinh hc; Bin i kh hu v
Bo tn a dng sinh hc trong bi cnh
bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam, Cc Bo tn a
dng sinh hc phi hp WWF Vietnam, 2014
Nhit tng s lm thay i vng

phn b v cu trc qun x sinh vt ca
nhiu HST: cc loi nhit i s gim i
trong cc HST ven bin v c xu hng
chuyn dch ln cc i v v cao hn
trong cc HST trn cn; cc loi n i s
gim i; cu trc chui v li thc n cng
thay i. V d i vi vng v trung
bnh (240 - 600), cc i nhit hin nay
c kh nng dch chuyn 150 - 550km.
BKH cn nh hng n cc thu
vc ni a (sng, h, m ly...) qua s
thay i nhit nc v mc nc lm
thay i ln ti thi tit (ch ma, bo,
162
Khung 7.11. Suy gim a dng sinh hc loi

ti VQG U Minh Thng
Ti VQG U Minh Thng, trc khi b chy
rng thng k c 32 loi th. Sau khi b
chy, t nht c 25 loi th (78,2%) b nh
hng vi cc mc khc nhau, mt s loi
c nguy c khng gp li HST c o ny.
Trc khi b chy, ti VQG U Minh Thng
c 94 loi chim thuc 15 h. Kt qu kim k
s b sau v chy rng, ch cn 76 loi chim,
mt s loi khng gp li.
Ngun: Nguyn nhn gy suy thoi
a dng Sinh hc Vit Nam, www.biodivn.com
A DNG SINH HC
hn hn, chy rng, El-nino), c bit l
25 loi ngoi lai xm hi bit; 15 loi
tn sut v thi gian ca nhng trn l v
ngoi lai c nguy c xm hi xut hin
hn hn ln s lm gim nng sut sinh hc
trn lnh th Vit Nam; 41 loi ngoi lai c
ca cy trng nng, cng v lm nghip v
nguy c xm hi cha xut hin trn lnh
s dit vong ca nhiu loi ng, thc vt
th Vit Nam.
bn a; gy hu qu nghim trng cho nn

kinh t18.
Chy rng
Do iu kin kh hu ca nc ta, kh
nng chy rng vo ma kh hng nm l
rt ln. Trung bnh mi nm c 1000 - 3000
ha rng b chy, nht l vng cao nguyn
Trung B. Chy rng lm mt i sinh cnh
t nhin cc loi sinh vt, ngoi ra, lm suy
gim nhng loi sinh vt c hu ca cc
khu HST qu him.
n 2014, s lng thc vt ngoi lai,

du nhp vo Vit Nam tng i nhiu qua
nhiu con ng khc nhau. C khong 94
loi, thuc 31 h khc nhau, trong c 42
loi xm hi, 12 loi thc vt xm hi in
hnh v ang pht trin t nhiu nm nay
nh cy mai dng, c lng ty, c tranh
m, c lo, cc lin chi, trinh n mc, v.v
Cc loi ng vt ngoi lai xm ln in
hnh nh: c bu vng, C t b (c dn
b), Ra tai ,
7.4.4. S xm hi ca cc loi sinh vt

ngoi lai
Cc loi ngoi lai xm ln c th ph
v ton b HST v nh hng n cc c
trng sinh thi ca qun th sinh vt bn
a. S du nhp cc ging mi cng gy nh
hng n ngun gen bn a.
Theo thng k, n nm 2013, B
TN&MT v B NN&PTNT ban hnh Quy
nh tiu ch xc nh loi ngoi lai xm hi
v danh sch loi ngoi lai xm hi19, vi
18. a dng sinh hc; Bin i kh hu v Bo tn a
dng sinh hc trong bi cnh bin i kh hu ti Vit
Nam, Cc Bo tn a dng sinh hc phi hp WWF
Vietnam, 2014
19. Thng t lin tch gia B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn s 27/2013/TTLTBTNMT - BNNPTNT ngy26 thng 9 nm 2013 Quy nh
tiu nh tiu ch xc inh loi ngoi lai xm hi v ban
hnh danh mc loi ngoi lai xm hi
163
TC NG CA NHIM MI TRNG
CHNG 8
TC NG CA
NHIM MI TRNG
165
CHNG 8
8.1. NH HNG N SC KHE CNG NG
Bo co chung Tng quan ca ngnh
Y t nm 2014 ch ra cc yu t nh
hng n sc khe cng ng, trong c
vic gia tng cc yu t nguy c t nhim
khng kh, nhim ngun nc v thc
phm, nhim do rc thi
Bnh tim mch
42
Ung th
2
6
Tai nn ch
25
Bnh truyn nhim
Bnh tiu ha
11
22
Bnh h hp
Nhim trng ng h hp
17
Tai nn v
D tt bm sinh
Bnh tm thn
Cc bnh khc
Bnh tim mch
Ung th
10
31
Tai nn ch
Bnh truyn nhim
Bnh ng h hp
Nhim trng ng h hp
7
9
22
Bnh i tho ng
Bnh tiu ha
Bnh tm thn
Bnh ph khoa
Cc bnh khc
Biu 8.1. T l cc bnh chnh gy mt i s

nm sng khe mnh do t vong v tn tt (DALY)
nam gii (biu trn) v n gii (biu di) (%)
Ghi ch: S nm sng khe mnh mt i do t
vong sm v tn tt (DALY) = S nm sng b mt do t
vong sm so vi k vng sng chun (YLL) + S nm sng
khe mnh b mt do bnh ca cc trng hp mi mc
(YLD)1
DALY = YLL+ YLD

Ngun: i hc Y t cng cng H Ni, 2015
1. o lng v d bo gnh nng bnh tt ton cu, Tng

cc Dn s, B Y t
Trong s cc bnh tt gy ra bi
nhim mi trng, c 4 nguyn nhn bnh
ch yu gy ra gnh nng bnh tt cho cng
ng gm: (1) Tiu chy: 94% cc bnh lin
quan n tiu ha l do nhim mi trng
nc, iu kin v sinh km; (2) Nhim
trng ng h hp di: nguyn nhn ch
yu do nhim khng kh, ng c kh thi
t t nhin liu dng cho nu nng sinh
hot, khi thuc l; (3) Tai nn, thng tch
bao gm: nguy c tai nn ni lm vic, bc
x, tai nn cng nghip, ng ch c ti
44% s tai nn c ngun gc t cc yu t
mi trng; (4) Bnh st rt: chim n 42%
t cc nguyn nhn nh chuyn i mc
ch s dng t, ph rng, qun l ngun
nc, thit k nh 2. Bn nguyn nhn gy
ra gnh nng bnh tt ch yu ny gp phn
lm gia tng t l cc bnh chnh gy mt
i s nm sng khe mnh do t vong sm
nam gii v n gii. (Biu 8.1)
8.1.1. Tc hi ca nhim khng kh n
sc khe con ngi
nhim khng kh thnh ph c
nhng nh hng rt ln i vi ng h
hp. Kh thi ca cac loai xe trong thanh
ph sn sinh cht gy hai cho phi. Bn
cnh , bi mn trong khng khi cng l
tc nhn gy ra bnh ung th phi, va nguy
him nht la loai bui PM2.5 vi vi kich thc
nho se thm nhp su hn vao trong phi.
2. Vin v sinh y t cng cng Tp. H Ch Minh
167
CHNG 8
Khung 8.1. Bnh bi phi
than trong ngnh khai thc than
Bnh bi phi - than (Anthracosis) l do ngi lao ng khai thc
than (khai thc hm l, khai thc
m l thin hay ni sng, tuyn,
ch bin than) ht phi bi than
trong thi gian di c nhng biu
hin triu chng v h hp nh ho;
tc ngc; khc m nhiu, thng
l sau khi lm vic hoc lc na
m, thm ch c khi ngh vic
3 - 4 ngy. m thng c mu
en v lng; kh th, bt u l
kh th khi gng sc tip theo n
giai on mun ca bnh th c
kh th thng xuyn v lin tc;
Ri lon thng kh phi vi hi
chng tc nghn l ch yu v hi
chng hn hp. Ngoi ra ngi b
bnh bi phi - than cn c nguy
c b trn kh mng phi, x ho
phi v vim ph qun mn tnh.
Ngun: Cc Qun l mi trng y t,
B Y t, 2014
nhim khng kh cn gy ra cc triu chng

chng mt, au u, cc vn tim mch, ri lon
hnh vi. Cc nhm cng ng nhy cm nht vi
s nhim khng kh l nhng ngi cao tui, ph
n mang thai, tr em di 15 tui, ngi ang mang
bnh, ngi thng xuyn phi lm vic ngoi tri
Mc nh hng i vi tng ngi ty thuc vo
tnh trng sc kho, nng , loi cht nhim v
thi gian tip xc vi mi trng nhim.
Trong nhng nm gn y, bnh h hp ngy
cng ph bin vi t l mc cao nht trong ton quc.
Mt phn ln nguyn nhn l do tnh trng nhim
mi trng ngy cng gia tng. (Bng 8.1)
Ngi lao ng l i tng b nh hng trc
tip khi mi trng khng kh ca khu vc sn xut b
nhim. Trong , ngi lao ng trong cc c s sn
xut cng nghip thng b mc cc bnh h hp, tim
mch, tiu ha, mt, bnh ngoi da v mt s hin
tng ng c CO, SO2, ch
Ngi lao ng trong ngnh cng nghip khai
khong, xy dng, sn xut vt liu xy dng v c kh
luyn kim thng mc bnh cc bnh bi phi (bi
phi - silic, bi phi bng, bi phi amiang, talc).
T l mc bnh bi phi - silic trong cng nhn khai
thc than t 3 - 14%, trong khai thc hm l l ch
yu (chim 70%) v bnh vim ph qun mn tnh l
khong 19,3%3.
3. Cc Qun l mi trng y t, B Y t, 2014
Bng 8.1. T l cc bnh ngi mc cao nht trong phm vi ton quc (%)
STT
Bnh
2010
2011
2012
2013
Cc bnh vim phi
4,2
4,2
5,1
4,7
Vim hng v vim amidan cp
6,9
3,5
4,3
3,96
Vim ph qun v vim tiu ph qun
3,5
2,7
3,2
2,89
Ngun: Nin gim Thng k y t, 2014
168
Trong s 101.700 trng hp c thm

khm bnh ngh nghip nm 2013 trn
phm vi ton quc4, c ti 7.455 trng hp
nghi mc bnh ngh nghip, tp trung vo
bnh bi phi silic, vim ph qun mn
tnh, nhim c benzen, bnh do quang
tuyn X v cc cht phng x, ic do ting
n, sm da ngh nghip. Nhng bnh ny
u c nguyn nhn t tnh trng khai thc
khong sn khng m bo iu kin mi
trng lm vic v do suy gim cht lng
khng kh.
Bnh do nhim khng kh khng ch
tc ng trc tip n ngi lao ng, i
tng b nh hng gin tip do nhim

mi trng khng kh cn l ngi dn sinh
sng quanh khu vc sn xut (Khung 8.2).
Cc nghin cu cho thy, t l mc hen
ph qun dao ng t 1,1% Lt cho ti
cao nht l 5,5% c dn mt s khu vc
H Ni5. T l ngi b mc bnh ng h
hp H Ni kh cao so vi Tp. H Ch
Minh6, bn cnh do chu tc ng ca
thi tit mnh hn, c bit l vo ma
ng, tr em ti H Ni c xu hng mc
bnh h hp cao hn ngi ln do nhm
tui ca tr em nhy cm hn vi nhim
khng kh (Khung 8.3).
5. Vin V sinh dch t Trung ng, 2011
6. Cc Y t - B Giao thng Vn ti, 2012
4. Vin Y hc Lao ng v V sinh mi trng, 2014
Khung 8.2. nhim khng kh v cc tc ng ca n ti khu vc khai thc khong sn

Nghin cu M t thc trng mt s bnh thng gp ngi trng thnh sng xung quanh cc x
nghip khai thc v ch bin kim loi mu ti tnh Thi Nguyn trn 654 ngi trng thnh sng quanh
khu vc khai thc m ca X nghip Km Ch Lng Hch - x Tn Long (nhm nghin cu) v X nghip
Thic i T - x H Thng (nhm i chng) thuc tnh Thi Nguyn ca Vin nghin cu Khoa hc k
thut bo h lao ng (Tng lin on lao ng Vit Nam) cho thy t l mc mt s bnh thng gp
ngi trng thnh sng xung quanh 2 x nghip kh cao, th hin trong bng minh ha di y:
T l mc mt s bnh thng gp ngi trng thnh sng quanh khu vc khai thc m Thi Nguyn
Loi bnh
Tn Long (416)
S lng
H Thng (238)
T l %
S lng
T l %
Vim hng mn
21,1
57
23,9
Vim mi d ng
36
8,6
28
11,8
Vim mi mn
40
9,6
25
10,5
Vim Amidal mn
24
5,8
11
4,6
Vim tai gia mn
14
3,4
3,4
Bnh tai mi hng
226
54,4
137
57,6
Bnh rng ming
137
32,9
85
35,7
Bnh mt
253
60,8
140
58,8
Bnh ngoi da
158
38,0
93
39,1
Bnh tit niu
75/275
27,2
29/120
24,2
Ngun: Vin nghin cu Khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng,

Tng lin on lao ng Vit Nam, 2013
169
CHNG 8
Khung 8.3. Nhim khun
h hp cp tnh tr em
Theo s liu thng k cc
c s y t cng lp, nhim
khun h hp cp tnh tr
em l nguyn nhn cao nht
n khm bnh v vo iu
tr ti cc bnh vin v l mt
trong cc nguyn nhn gy t
vong cao tr em. Trong cng
ng, hng nm trung bnh
tn sut mc nhim khun h
hp cp tnh ca mi tr t 4
- 5 ln. Vi khun hay gp nht
trong vim phi mc phi
cng ng tr em l ph cu
khun chim ti khong 30 50% trng hp. H. influenzae
tp B l nguyn nhn vi khun
ng hng th 2 chim khong
10 - 30%.
Ngun: Bnh vin Bch Mai,
2014
Hnh 8.1. o nhit th

o nhit th cp n thc t rng nhit cc
b khu vc th cao hn vi so vi khu vc xung quanh.
Ngun: Ban ch o thc hin k hoch hnh ng ng ph vi
bin i kh hu Tp. H Ch Minh.
Ngoi nhng tc hi thng thy ca
kh v pht thi kh nh knh t cc nh
nhim khng kh, sng nhit, ting n
my in. Sng nhit thng i km vi cc
cng gy ra nhng tc hi n sc khe
giai on khng kh b t ng dn n gia
ngi dn.
tng nhim khng kh v gy ra nh hng
Bin i kh hu khin nhit tng
n sc khe do nhim khng kh.
gim bt thng: s ngy nng trong ma h
Ting n ngoi kh nng gy thng
tng ln v cc t rt t ngt trong ma
tch tai, gy bnh ic (sng trong ting
ng cng c chiu hng gia tng. Nhit

tng gim bt thng c th gy ra cc
bnh nh chut rt do nhit, t qu nhit
v thm ch c th t vong.
Khu vc thnh th thng c nhit
cao hn so vi khu vc nng thn (Hnh
n, s khin con ngi b mc nhng bnh

nh au u, lu dn thnh bnh kinh nin,
gy stress, cng thng thn kinh, d b kch
ng), cn khin con ngi mc nhng
bnh v tim mch v huyt p: nghin cu
cho thy tip xc thng xuyn vi ting n
8.1). iu ny s lm tng nhu cu v in
trn 64 dB c th khinnguy c b cao huyt
trong ma h vn hnh cc my iu ha
ptng gn 90%.
nhit , do s lm tng nhim khng

170
Khung 8.4. nh hng ca asen

n sc khe
Asen c mt trong nc t nhin vi nng
thp, ch khong vi g/L hoc nh hn
(T chc y t th gii ngh mc gii hn
ca Asen l 0,01mg/L trong nc ung). Vic
hp th mt lng ln Asen trong thi gian
di (thng trn 10 nm) c th dn ti ng
c Asen mn tnh (hi chng Arsenosis
syndrome) vi mu da xm en, dy sng
bn tay, bn chn, tc rng, vim d dy rut, vim mng mt, dng i long chong,
ngi gy cm, kit sc ri t vong trong
vi nm. i vi ph n mang thai, Asen
c th gy sy thai. Ng c Asen cp tnh
(thng do nhm ln hoc b u c) c
triu chng ging nh bnh t, xut hin rt
nhanh. Bnh nhn nn ma, au bng, tiu
chy lin tc (phn khng tanh), kht nc
d di, mch yu, mt nht nht ri thm
tm, b tiu v cht sau 48 gi. Trn thc t
thng gp hi chng nhim c Asen mn
tnh do ngun nc c hm lng Asen qu
cao (trn 100 ln mc khuyn co gii hn).
Ngun: Cc An ton v sinh thc phm,
B Y t, 2015.
Bng 8.2. S ca mc bnh truyn nhim giai on

2011 - 2014
n v: s ca mc bnh
Tn bnh
2011
2012
2013
Thng hn
873
787
807
L trc trng
41.506
43.133
40.064
L amp
23.305
23.762
21.973
Tiu chy
753.714
720.247
660.450
Tay - chn ming
113.121
157.391
79.495
Ngun: Cc Y t d phng, B Y t, 2015
nhim ting n c hi cho c ngi

ln ln tr em: nhng ngi sng thng
xuyn trong mi trng nhim ting n
nh gn sn bay c sc khe km hn; tr
em phi tip xc vi ting n lin tc s gp
kh khn vi vic hc tp, nht l vic hc
ngn ng b nh hng rt nhiu.
8.1.2. Tc hi ca nhim ngun nc n
sc khe con ngi
Tc hi ca nhim ngun nc i
vi sc khe con ngi ch yu do mi
trng nc b nhim vi sinh vt gy
bnh, nhim cc hp cht hu c, cc
ha cht c hi v nhim kim loi nng.
nh hng ca nhim nc i vi sc
khe cng ng ch yu thng qua hai con
ng: do n ung phi nc b nhim
hay cc loi rau qu, thy hi sn c nui
trng trong nc b nhim v do con ngi
tip xc vi mi trng nc b nhim
trong qu trnh sinh hot v lao ng gy ra.
Theo thng k ca B Y t, gn mt na
trong s 26 bnh truyn nhim c nguyn
nhn lin quan ti ngun nc b nhim.
Trong s cc bnh khc nhau lin quan n
nc th cc bnh thng gp l tiu chy
do vi rt Rota, dch t, thng hn v ph
thng hn, vim gan, vim d dy rut tiu
chy, vim no, giun sn, au mt ht, cc
bnh do mui truyn (st rt, st xut huyt,
vim no Nht Bn) (Bng 8.2).
Bn cnh cc bnh v ng tiu ha nh
tiu chy, l, nhim ngun nc cn gy
bnh thiu mu, bnh v da. Nguyn nhn
ch yu do ngun nc b nhim kim loi
nng nh ch, cadimi, asen, v.v(Khung 8.4).
171
CHNG 8
Theo nh gi ca B Y t v B TN&MT,
Khung 8.5. Tr em lng ng Mai
b phi nhim ch
Thn ng Mai nm trn a bn x Ch
o, huyn Vn Lm, Hng Yn,hng chc
nm nay chuyn ngh ti ch ch. T nhng
nm 70, ngi dn ni y chuyn sang thu
mua c quy c hng v tho d ly ch.
H un nu bng dng c th s, bnh c
quy thi b ngay trong khun vin gia nh.
Khi t nhng l un nu pht tn ra mi
trng, nh hng n khng kh, t, nc
v sc khe con ngi.
Cui nm 2014, Vin Sc khe ngh
nghip v mi trng xt nghim mu
t, nc, khng kh, thc phm nui trng
trn t ti thn ng Mai. Kt qu cho
thy ni y b nhim c ch rt nng.
Nc b mt ti cc con knh, rch quanh
lng c nng ch cao gp hng nghn
ln so vi tiu chun. Rau mung cng
nhim ch cao hn tiu chun 1,3 ln.
Mu xt nghim c ly vo ngy 16 17/5, trong t cc nhn vin y t khm sc
khe min ph cho ton b dn thn ng
Mai. Thi im y thn c 335 tr th 317
em c ly mu xt nghim ch. Kt qu
cho thy 207 chu (65%) b nhim c ch,
cn phi iu tr thi c. Trc y xt nghim 109 chu th c 33 mu cho kt qu
nhim c ch.
Ngun: Vin Sc khe ngh nghip
v mi trng, B Y t, 2015
trung bnh mi nm Vit Nam c khong

9.000 ngi cht v ngun nc v iu kin v
sinh km; hng nm c khong 200.000 trng
hp mc ung th mi pht hin m mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do s dng ngun
nc nhim7. Ti mt s a phng, khi quan
st cc trng hp ung th, vim nhim ph
khoa chim t 40 n 50% l do tng s dng
ngun nc b nhim.
8.1.3. Tc hi ca nhim t v cht thi rn
n sc khe con ngi
Cng vi nhim khng kh, nhim nc
th nhim t cng gy nhiu tc hi n sc
khe con ngi. nhim t khng ch nh
hng n sn xut nng nghip v cht lng
nng sn, m cn thng qua lng thc, rau, c,
qu nh hng ti sc khe con ngi v ng
vt thng qua chui thc n.
t b nhim trc tip nh hng n
sc khe con ngi thng qua tip xc trc tip
vi t hoc qua ng h hp do s bc hi
ca cht gy nhim t; thng qua s xm
nhp ca nhim t votng nc ngm.
nhim kim loi nng trong t nh hng
nghim trng n sc khe cng ng, c bit
l tr em. Asen l cht gy ung th da, ung th
bng quang, ung th phi, ch gy tc hi n
h thn kinh (c bit l tr em), gy chm pht
trin tr tu, chm pht trin th cht. Mt s lng
ngh ti ch kim loi, mc phi nhim ca
cng ng n mc bo ng (Khung 8.5).
Hnh 8.2. Bi x than ca nh my nhit in

Vnh Tn 2 (tnh Bnh Thun)
172
7. Cng b ca B Y t v B Ti nguyn & Mi trng ti hi

tho Chnh sch, php lut v kim sot nhim nc t chc
ti H Ni ngy 8/5/2015
Cc bi tro x th ca cc nh my
nng thn cng l i tng b nh hng
nhit in hay cc bi thi sau khai thc
nng do thi quen i chn trn v v sinh c
ca khu vc khai thc khong sn cha mt
nhn cn hn ch (Khung 8.6).
lot kim loi nng c hi nh asen, ch,

km, nikel, ng, mangan, cadmi, crom v
selen (Hnh 8.2). y l nhng ngun gy
nhim t v l nguyn nhn ca mt
lot cc bnh c lin quan.
Hin nay, tnh trng s dng d tha

cc ha dc nh phn bn ha hc, cht
kch thch sinh trng, thuc tr su, tr c
din ra kh ph bin. Nhng hot cht ny
tn lu lu di trong t, thay i cn bng
Tnh trng nhim vi sinh din ra
sinh hc gia t v cy trng, tch t trong
rt ph bin trn cc vng t canh tc
qu v l, i vo c th ngi v ng vt
nng nghip. Phn chung bn ra ng
qua chu trnh thc n, gy nh hng lu di
rung khng c ng k thut m
n sc khe con ngi, gy cc bnh nh
ti trc tip c cha rt nhiu cc vi sinh
chng gan to, nh hng n h thn kinh
(Coliform, E.coli, Clostridium perfingens,
(hnh vi sai lc, t u chi), tn thng v
Streptococcus, Salmonella, Vibrio cho lera),
di truyn, c bit thuc BVTV lm cho tr
k sinh trng (giun a) gy nhim t
thiu xy trong mu, suy dinh dng, gim
v nng sn, c bit l rau, c, qu, gy
ch s thng minh.
c cho ngi s dng. Bn cnh , tr em
Mt s vng ca nc ta vn chu nh
hng ca cc cht c ha hc do M s
dng trong chin tranh (c bit l dioxin)
Khung 8.6. T l nhim giun sn,

k sinh trng Vit Nam
Theo nhng nghin cu mi y, c khong
33 triu ngi c nguy c nhim, mc giun sn
ti Vit Nam. Trong , c 13 tnh thnh c t
l ngi nhim, mc rt cao (62,7%) v c 24
a phng c t l ngi mc chim trn 30%
dn s.
Vit Nam c t 20 - 50% ngi dn cc
vng khc nhau c th b nhim giun, trong
a phn l tr em. T l tr em nhim giun khu
vc pha Nam l 10 - 50%, trong khi min Bc
c ni n hn 80%. c tnh hng nm, ngi
bnh tn 1,5 triu lt mu v 15 tn lng thc
nui giun.
cn tn lu trong t. Dioxin k c khi ch

c hm lng rt nh (mt phn t) cng lin
quan n vic tn ph sc khe con ngi
mt cch gh gm, c th lm on th
nhng ngi b phi nhim, v c kh nng
lm on th c con ci h v nhng th
h k tip trong tng lai. Cht c mu da
cam chim phn ln trong tng s cht dit
c c phun ri8. Ba im nng nht l
sn bay Bin Ha, Nng v Ph Ct.
Ngun: Vin St rt - K sinh trng - Cn trng

Trung ng, 2014
8. Stellman, Stellman, Christian, Weber, & Tomasallo,
2003 Ngun: USAID 2013
173
CHNG 8
Khung 8.7. Mt s vn c bn v x l
nhim dioxin hin nay Vit Nam
X l dioxin c ngun gc t cht dit c
l vn rt phc tp v nng dioxin qu
cao, t l TCDD (loi c nht v c bn
vng nht) rt cao. Phng php chn lp
ch c gi tr trong mt thi gian nht nh.
Phng php x l bng cng ngh sinh
hc cn c mt s vn cn c lm r.
Theo cc nghin cu ca USEPA (Cc Bo
v mi trng M, 2013), cng ngh sinh
hc x l dioxin ch mi thnh cng trong
phng th nghim, cha th trin khai ngoi
hin trng. Phng php hp gii nhit
ang c thc hin ti Nng cng c
nhng hn ch khi lng dioxin thi qua
khng kh v nc thi cn cao hn nng
cho php, buc phi s dng mt khi
lng ln than hot tnh hp ph dioxin.
Hin nay, trong Chng trnh nghin cu
cp nh nc v dioxin, B Quc phng
ang nghin cu tch hp cc cng ngh
khc nhau x l dioxin.
Ngun: Bo co Mt s vn c bn v
x l nhim dioxin hin nay Vit Nam,
Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th 4
thng 9/2015
Khung 8.8. Cnh bo nhim bin

t tu bin
nhim du v du trn d nng
du trong nc ch 0,1mg/L cng c th
gy cht cc loi sinh vt ph du v nh
hng ln n con non v u trng ca cc
sinh vt y bin. Song vng nc bin
ven b Hi Phng c nng du trong
nc thng xuyn vt gii hn cho php
ti 100 - 300%. Bo co mi y ca S
TN&MT Hi Phng cho thy, khu vc c
hm lng du cao l mt nc khu vc
cng Hi Phng c nhim du t 0,3 0,6mg/L, vt tiu chun cho php. Vng
ven b qun Hi An, huyn Kin Thy, hm
lng du trung bnh khong 0,6mg/L. Ca
sng Bch ng nng du c xu hng
tng cao, c bit l khu vc S Du.
Ngun: S TNMT Tp. Hi Phng, 2015
174
Mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy nng

dioxin, c bit l 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), l cht c nht t trc
n nay do con ngi to ra, trong t, bn, mt
s loi thc phm, v trong mu mu, sa ca
ngi dn sng ln cn sn bay Bin Ha v
Nng hin vn cn rt cao9. Ngi dn sng
cc im nng dioxin c nguy c cao b phi
nhim vi dioxin trong mi trng, c bit l
do tiu th thc phm nguy c cao c nui
trng ti khu vc nhim.
Cc cht c ha hc/dioxin thng qua
chui thc n (tch ly trong ngun nc di
t, thc vt, thy sn) i vo c th con ngi
v gy ra cc bnh v tim mch, thn kinh,
xng khp, h hp, ung th...
cc thnh ph ln, CTR sinh hot c
thu gom, tp trung, sau khi phn loi c th ti
s dng, mt phn nh c x l v ch bin
thnh phn hu c, hoc t, chn. Bin php
chn lp gy nh hng ln ti mi trng
t do rc v phn b thi vo mi trng t
thng l hn hp ca cc cht v c v hu
c, m cao cha nhiu vi trng v vi khun
gy bnh. Cng vi l nc thi sinh hot
theo cng rnh ra knh, mng v chy ra
ng rung ko theo phn, rc lm nhim
mi trng t.
Cc ph thi v cht thi khng c qun
l tt s dn n nhim mi trng, gy nh
hng ti sc khe ngi dn. Ti cc bi rc,
bi chn lp CTR khng hp v sinh, khng c
h thng x l nc rc t tiu chun, ha cht
v vi sinh vt t CTR d dng thm nhp gy
nhim t. Cht hu c bay hi gy nguy c b
vim lot da, hen suyn, chy nc mt, mi,
vim hng. Trng hp ng c nng c th
9. Hatfield Consultants and Office of the National Steering
Committee 33 MONRE, 2009,2011;Schecter et al., 2003
Khung 8.9. Bo v cp bch h sinh thi

rn san h Ph Quc
Chng trnh quan trc ti nguyn v mi
trng Khu Bo tn bin Ph Quc ca Vin
Hi dng hc Nha Trang cho thy, hin nay
din tch san h khu vc ny b ty trng
trung bnh 56,6% (hin tng san h cht).
Nguyn nhn do s gia tng nhit nc
bin bt thng, trong khu vc pha ty
Hn Thm v Gnh Du t l ty trng cao
nht, khong 90%. Vng li bo tn bin
gm Hn Vng, Gm Gh, hn Xng v hn
Mng Tay, san h b ty trng t l 20 - 40%
din tch.
Ngoi ra, hin tng suy gim din tch
cc rn san h cn do hot ng khai thc
mang tnh hy dit ca con ngi nh s
dng ha cht, khai thc san h sng, rc
thi, neo u tu thuyn
Ngun: Hi Bo v thin nhin mi trng,
tnh Kin Giang, 2015
Khung 8.10. Bi trong khng kh

v nhng nh hng ti mi trng
Nhng ni nhim khng kh nng, cy
ci ci cc khng pht trin c, l cy
hai bn ng quc l b ph mt lp t bi
dy c lm cn tr qu trnh quang hp nn
rt cn ci. nh gi ch quan ca ngi dn
sng xung quanh khu vc Nh my xi mng
Bm Sn cho thy: bi ca nh my gy
nh hng n s pht trin ca cy ci, ma
mng, mi trng sinh thi, cnh quan. C
ti 70% s ngi c kho st ti khu vc
chu tc ng ca nhim cho rng, bi ph
dy l cy, gn 25% cho rng bi nh my
lm cy ci chm pht trin.
Cc loi thc vt b nh hng bi
nhim khng kh nhiu hn so vi ng vt:
V bn cht, kh nng thch nghi trong mi
trng b nhim hoc bin i kh hu ca
thc vt km hn so vi cc loi ng vt.
Mt iu tra cho thy cc loi thc vt
trn cn b nh hng gp 3 ln do nhim
khng kh so vi ng vt.
Ngun: Bo co Hin trng mi trng quc gia,
Mi trng Khng kh, B TN&MT, 2015
gy nhc u, nn ma, v lu di c th gy
tn thng gan v cc c quan khc. Ngoi
ra khi tip xc trc tip vi rc thi cn gy
ra bnh xung huyt nim mc ming, vim
hng, li, ri lon tiu ha.
8.2. NH HNG TI H SINH THI
H sinh thi l h thng cc qun th
sinh vt sng chung v pht trin trong mt
mi trng nht nh, quan h tng tc vi
nhau v vi mi trng . Cn bng sinh
thi c duy tr ch yu l nh vo kh nng
t iu tit ca chnh HST, nu vt qua gii
hn cho php th kh nng t iu chnh
s khng cn tc dng na, cn bng sinh
thi do b ph v. nhim mi trng l
nguyn nhn khin mi trng t nhin thay
i, vt qu kh nng iu tit ca HST dn
n cn bng sinh thi b ph v, gy nh
hng nghim trng n i sng ca chnh
bn thn con ngi.
Nhng hot ng khai thc du kh v
vn ti trn bin v ang mang n nguy
c gy nhim du trn bin. Nhng v
nhim do trn du trn bin gy nn nhng
nh hng nghim trng n mi trng sinh
thi (Khung 8.8 v Khung 8.9).
nhim khng kh l mi e da nghim
trng ti a dng sinh hc v cc HST. Tc
ng ca nhim khng kh n cc qun
x rng r rt nht. Khi rng b suy gim, cy
ci b cht, cc loi sinh vt khc trong rng
cng s b tuyt chng cc b. Mc d qun
x c th khng b tiu dit do nhim khng
kh nhng cu trc qun th ca loi cng s
b thay i v cc loi mn cm thng b tn
thng v s b tiu dit (Khung 8.10).
175
CHNG 8
8.3. NH HNG N KINH T - X HI
Ngoi cc mi e da v sc khe
ca ngi dn, nhim mi trng cn
gy nh hng ln ti KT - XH. Nu xem
xt di gc pht trin bn vng, cch
tnh GDP nh hin nay cha quan tm n
mi trng, sinh thi, ti nguyn b khai
thc trong cc hot ng sn xut to ra
sn phm v dch v. Theo nhiu chuyn
gia trong v ngoi nc, vi m hnh kinh
t nh hin nay, nu GDP Vit Nam tng
gp i, th nhim mi trng s tng gp
ba ln; c tng 1% GDP th thit hi do
nhim mi trng s lm mt i 3% GDP10;
ring t l chi tr bo v chm sc sc
khe ca nm 2020 s ln ti 1,2% GDP,
tng 4 ln so vi nm 2010. Do , ch tiu
GDP xanh gn y c nghin cu
tnh mt ch tiu tng hp khc nhm phn
nh c s tng trng kinh t mt cch
bn vng do tnh y cc chi ph v
vn sn xut, vn con ngi v vn mi
trng11.
8.3.1. Thit hi kinh t do gia tng ganh
nng bnh tt
Tnh trng thiu nc sch hng nm
gy nh hng ti t nht 1 triu ngi dn
Vit Nam. Bnh l v t, thng hn vn
cn rt ph bin l do ngun nc b
nhim gy ra, ch yu cc a phng
ngho. c nhng trng hp b t vong
do s dng nc bn v nhim (ch yu
l tr em). Thng k trong 4 nm qua, c
ti 6 triu trng hp mc bnh lin quan
ti thiu nc sch, c tnh chi ph trc
tip cho vic khm cha bnh t, thng
10. Bi pht biu ca Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng ti Hi
ngh mi trng ton quc ln th 4 (thng 9/2015)
11. UNSD: T chc Thng k Lin Hp quc, 2009
176
hn, l v st rt cho y t l khong 20 triu

USD12 tng ng khong 400 t ng.
Thit hi kinh t do nhim khng kh
nh hng n sc kho ngi dn bao gm
cc khon chi ph: chi ph khm v thuc
cha bnh, tn tht mt ngy cng lao ng
do ngh m, chi ph phc hi sc khe sau
nhim bnh, chi ph phng chng bnh tt,
tn tht thi gian ca ngi nh chm sc
ngi m,... Bnh lin quan n nhim
mi trng cn nh hng n ngi thn,
to nn chi ph gin tip do ngh hc, ngh
lm khi ngi thn b m. a s ngi
dn c hi sau khi ngh m iu tr
bnh hoc c ngi thn b m th b gim
khong 20% thu nhp v suy gim v sc
khe khong 20% so vi trc khi b bnh.
Ko theo , l nhng nh hng tm l
bt n khin ngi ta kh c th tp trung
cho cng vic v hc hnh khin hiu qu
nng sut khng cao, thm ch nhiu
ngh nghip, s mt tp trung s gy hu
qu nghim trng v kinh t, tnh mng.
8.3.2. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng n
thy sn v nng nghip
nhim mi trng nc l nguyn
nhn ch yu gy ra thit hi i vi ngnh
thy sn; nhim mi trng khng kh,
nc mt, t gy nh hng n nng sut
nng nghip v cy trng. Nhng vn
ny khng ch gy nh hng ti i sng
ngi nng dn m cn gy ra nhng tn
tht nghim trng ti vn pht trin kinh
t khu vc nng thn.
12. Thng tin ti Hi ngh Tng cng phi hp lin
ngnh v hp tc quc t trong cng tc kim sot cht
lng nc n ung, sinh hot din ra ngy 25/3/2015 ti
H Ni
Khung 8.11. Nh my Bio - Ethanol Dung Qut

nhn trch nhim v c cht hng lot
Nh my Bio - Ethanol Dung Qut (Qung Ngi)
nhn trch nhim v c cht hng lot do nc thi ca
nh my gy ra, ng thi ha s bi thng thit hi
cho ngi dn.
Sau khi v x nc thi ra ng lm c cht hng
lot, chiu 13 - 2, cc c quan chc nng tin hnh kim
tra, bc u cho thy: Nguyn nhn c cht khu vc
Dung Qut do ming cng x thi ca Nh my Bio Ethanol Dung Qut x ra ngoi ng, gy bc mi hi
thi nng nc. Chi cc Bo v mi trng tnh Qung
Ngi cho bit: Nc thi x ra t nh my l nc ca
phn xng ra t ct trong sn, khi lng nc thi
ny ra mi trng lm thiu -xy trong nc, khin c
cht ngt.
Ngun: Chi cc Bo v mi trng tnh Qung Ngi, 2012
Khung 8.12. Lng c b Thi Sn (Tin Giang):

C cht bt thng
Ti khu vc cn Thi Sn, Tp. M Tho tnh Tin
Giang c 15 h b thit hi vi trn 60 b c b hin
tng tut nht, trng mnh cht bt thng. C khng
cht ng lot m cht dn. Nguyn nhn c cht do
cc nh my, c s ch bin thy sn, ch bin bt c
ti KCN M Tho v cc c s gn x nc thi ra mi
trng khin ngun nc khng m bo.
Ngun: TCMT, 2015
Khung 8.13. nhim nc sng gy thit hi kinh t

Ph Yn.
Hn 2 nm qua, ca bin T Dung b bi lp khin
ngun nc ti m Ph Hi (huyn Ph Lc) nhim,
ko theo nhiu din tch nui thy sn cht hng lot,
ngi nui ri vo cnh trng tay.
m Ph Hi c din tch trn 60 ha chy qua x
Lc Bnh v Vinh Hin, y l ngun kim k sinh nhai
ca hng trm ng dn hai x. Do ca bin T Dung b
bi lp khin ngun nc trong m Hi Ph b nhim
nng, ko theo rt nhiu din tch nui thy sn tht bi,
rt nhiu ngi nui mt ma, trng tay. Ngoi ra, nhiu
ngi nui trai ly ngc cng trong tnh cnh khn n
do thit hi hng t ng t vic nui trai khng thnh.
Ngun: Hi Ngh c Vit Nam, 2015
Ngoi nhng ri ro do din bin

thi tit bt thng, bo l, lt th
nhim mi trng cng l mt nguyn
nhn khin cho ngnh nui trng
thy sn phi chu thit hi v kinh
t. Vic x cht thi ca cc ngnh
cng nghip ra cc lc vc sng
lm thit hi rt ln cho ngi nui
thy sn (Khung 8.11).
Theo s liu thng k, sn lng
nui trng thy sn (c bit l nui c
b trn sng) b gim st nhiu do
vn nhim nc mt. Nhng s
c gy nhim ngun nc trong thi
gian ngn do nc thi ca mt s nh
my sn xut cng gy nhng thit hi
kinh t khng nh i vi ngi dn
nui trng thy sn (Khung 8.12).
Cht lng mi trng nc bin
suy gim do nhim dn n ni c
tr t nhin ca cc loi b ph hu
gy tn tht ln v a dng sinh hc
vng b, hiu sut khai thc hi sn
gim, ngun li hi sn c xu hng
gim dn v tr lng, sn lng v
kch thc loi nh bt (Khung 8.13).
Mi trng nc mt (sng h,
knh mng) l ngun ti tiu chnh
trong hot ng nng nghip. Khi
cht lng nc ca h thng ny b
nhim dn ti nhng thit hi khng
nh ti hot ng nng nghip ti cc
khu vc nng thn (Khung 8.14).
nhim mi trng t hot ng
sn xut lng ngh khng ch gy thit
hi kinh t cho bn thn cc h lm
177
CHNG 8
Khung 8.14. Nng dn ku cu v la b cht
Lin tc cc v sn xut la gn y, nng dn
x Long Khnh A v Long Khnh B, huyn Hng Ng,
tnh ng Thp gp kh khn khi xung ging xong, la
khng m chi, cht cy giai on m hoc mt s din
tch khc khi tr chn b rt bng, khng thu hoch c.
Theo Trm Bo v thc vt huyn Hng Ng, tnh
trng la b thit hi xy ra cch y khong 3 nm.
Nguyn nhn do nh hng nc thi hm c lin tc
nhiu v dn n ng c hu c. Qua kho st ca
ngnh chc nng vo ngy 5/6/2015, ti x Long Khnh
B c 6ha la khong 15 ngy tui b thit hi, trong
c 4,9ha la thit hi 100%, 1,1ha b thit hi khong
20%; x Long Khnh A c trn 1ha la b thit hi
khong 15%. C th, v h thu nm ri c khong 20ha
la ca 2 x b thit hi gn 100% din tch xung ging.
Gi tr thit hi kinh t (1.000 ng/nm)
Ngun: S NN & PTNT ng Thp, 2015
4.000
H lm ngh
ngh m cn gy thit hi ln cho

cng ng x hi. Cc lng ngh c
h thng c s h tng v qun l mi
trng tt hn v tnh y nhim
v gy thit hi kinh t cho cng ng
cc khu vc ph cn chu tc ng
bi nhim mi trng t lng ngh
(Biu 8.2).
Kh thi ti cc khu vc sn xut
cng nghip, c bit l cc c s
cng nghip nh, lng ngh khu vc
nng thn, cha qua x l c nng
cao cc cht c hi nh CO, NOx,
SO2, cng gy thit hi ti nng sut
cy trng v kinh t (Khung 8.15).
Cng ng x hi
3.500
3.000
Biu 8.2. So snh thit hi kinh

t theo i tng chu nh hng
lng ngh
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
00
Bnh a thn Nu ru
oi
i Lm
Bc Ninh
Ch bin
TBS Qu
Dng
Bn kh
Min dong Bn t thn
Minh Khai Kim Phng Thng
H Ni
Ngun: Tp ch Khoa hc v Pht trin

2013, tp 11, s 8: 1223-1231
Ninh Bnh
Khung 8.15. Tinh ch - xt kim loi gy nhim mi trng H Nam

T cui nm 2013, khi Cng ty TNHH Phng Nam a dy chuyn tinh ch - xt kim loi i vo
chy th nghim, x thi ra mi trng kh l c mi hc, kh chu, nh hng xu n sc khe
ngi dn, nht l vi tr em, vi cc biu hin nh au u, tc ngc. Nc thi t nh my ca cng
ty r r ra rung v mng nc bn cnh lm c cht nhiu, nc ng vng trng nh mui, gy bc
xc trong nhn dn...
UBND tnh H Nam yu cu Cng ty TNHH Phng Nam phi iu chnh, b sung hon thin n
bo v mi trng th mi c php tip tc hot ng. u thng 2 nm 2014, Cng ty TNHH Phng
Nam (6M) c php hot ng tr li bnh thng. Nhng n ngy 5/5/2014, ngi dn thn Lo Cu
pht hin hin tng cy ci, hoa mu thuc cnh ng C C v khu vc bn kia sng Nhu thuc khu vc
pha Nam v Ty Nam nh my b tp l bt thng.
Theo nh gi s b ca S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, c n 47.715m2 la tri di hn mt km ca 233
h dn thn Lo Cu ang thi k vo my b chy tp l v gim khong 70% nng sut, 814 cy n qu
v 14.300m2 cy mu cc loi b nh hng...
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh H Nam, 2015
178
Khung 8.16. Pht trin du lch v tc ng

i vi mi trng tnh Qung Ninh
Hm lng du trong nc vng ven b
Qung Ninh c xu hng tng cao trong
cc khu vc cng, bn tu thuyn nh
khu vc cng tu du lch Bi Chy v bn
ch H Long 1. Ti cc bi tm (Bi Chy)
cng c du hiu nhim du. Ngun
nhim du ch yu do tnh trng pht thi
ca giao thng ng thu, tu thuyn c s
dng ng c v mt s hot ng sn xut
cng nghip trn b.
Ti mt s khu vc nh vnh H Long,
C T, Yn T... vo ma l hi, ma du
lch, hot ng du lch pht trin nng
vt qu nng lc qun l v vt qu kh
nng p ng ca ti nguyn v mi trng,
dn ti tnh trng nhim cc b (rc
thi, du thi...) v nguy c suy thoi mi
trng v lu di, gy tc ng ngc tr li
qu trnh pht trin du lch.
Ngun: S TN & MT tnh Qung Ninh, 2015
Khung 8.17. Khch du lch v du lch

lng ngh H Ni
Sau khi m rng,H Ni tr thnh
thnh ph c nhiu lng ngh nht c
nc. Nhiu lng ngh ni ting c
du khch trong v ngoi nc bit n
v tr thnh im du lch lng ngh ht
khch nh gm Bt Trng (Gia Lm), la
Vn Phc (H ng), thu Qut ng
(Thng Tn), my, tre an Ph Ngha
(Chng M)
Khch nc ngoi rt thch khm ph,
tm hiu lng ngh truyn thng, bi th,
cc cng ty du lch thng thit k km
chng trnh tham quan lng ngh vo
hnh trnh tour nhm to du n i vi du
khch nc ngoi. Nhng, ng bun l kt
thc mi chuyn du ngon lng ngh, khi
c hi, a s khch nc ngoi tr li
rng h s khng quay li. Mt trong nhng
l do khin pht trin du lch lng ngh
khng th pht huy l vn nhim mi
trng cc lng ngh. nhim khin cho
khch du lch mt ln n lng ngh s
khng mun quay tr li d c tm thy
y nhng iu th v.
8.3.3. Thit hi i vi hot ng du lch

Ngoi vic nh hng ti sc khe cng
ng, gy thit hi ti kinh t th nhim
mi trng l mt trong nhng yu t c nh
hng n hot ng du lch ca Vit Nam.
Thi gian qua, nhiu khu vc b nhim
do tc ng ca nhiu ngnh kinh t, trong
c tc ng t chnh cc hot ng du lch (v
d: hot ng xy dng ba bi, khng c k
hoch, gia tng rc v cc loi ph thi, ph
hy san h lm vt liu xy dng...) trong
rc thi l nguyn nhn trc tip nh hng
xu ti ngnh du lch. Rc thi gy nhim
nghim trng b bin, gy n tng khng tt
cho du khch, lm gim i sc thu ht khch
ca ngnh du lch (Khung 8.16).
Du lch lng ngh truyn thng ngy cng
hp dn du khch v ang l mt hng pht
trin du lch nhiu tim nng. Cc lng ngh
thng nm trn trc ng giao thng, c
ng sng ln ng b, khng ch to iu
kin lu thng hng ha m tin xy dng
tour, tuyn du lch. Khi tham gia tour du lch
lng ngh, khch khng ch c ngm phong
cnh du lch lng qu m cn c thm ni
sn xut, thm ch c th tham gia vo mt
phn qu trnh to ra sn phm. Chnh iu
ny to nn sc hp dn ring ca lng
ngh truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vn nhim
mi trng ti chnh cc lng ngh gy
cn tr ln ti cc hot ng pht trin du
lch, lm gim lng khch du lch,... dn n
gim ngun thu t hot ng ny ti cc a
phng c lng ngh (Khung 8.17).
179
CHNG 8
8.3.4. Thit hi kinh t do chi ph ci thin
mi trng
tng trng kinh t bn vng, nng
cao sc khe cng ng v gim thiu tc
ng mi trng cn phi gii quyt cc tn
ti v v sinh mi trng. Nhng nm gn
y, Chnh ph u t khong 500 triu
USD mi nm vo lnh vc ny. Tuy nhin,
ch tnh ring lnh vc x l nc thi
th, d tnh t nay n nm 2025, Vit Nam
cn u t khong 8,3 t USD13.
Nghin cu v anh gia cac tac ng
kinh t do v sinh mi trng Vit Nam
ch r iu kin v sinh km gy tc ng
nghim trng ln sc khe cng ng. Tnh
trng v sinh km cng l nguyn nhn gy
nhim mi trng. Cng theo nghin cu
ny, mi nm tnh trng v sinh yu km
lm thit hi cho Vit Nam 1,3% GDP
di dng cc khon chi ph hoc thu nhp
b mt i do v sinh mi trng km gy ra
(Biu 8.3).
triu USD
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Y t
Ngun nc
Mi trng
Du lch
Cc phc li khc
Biu 8.3. Thit hi v ti chnh do v sinh mi

trng km Vit Nam
Ngun: Bo co nh gi Lnh vc V sinh Mi trng
th Khu vc ng - Thi Bnh Dng,
World Bank, 2014
13. Bo co nh gi hot ng qun l nc thi th

Vit Nam, WB, 2014
180
8.3.5. Pht sinh xung t mi trng

Xung t mi trng xy ra trong x
hi khi vn bo v mi trng v pht
trin kinh t cha dung ha c vi nhau.
Trong nhng nm gn y, khi x hi cng
pht trin, nhn thc ca cng ng cng
cao, trong khi , li ch kinh t vn c
t ln trn vn BVMT v sc khe cng
ng th s cc v xung t mi trng
cng nhiu.
Cc xung t mi trng thng gp
nc ta l xung t mi trng do sn xut
cng nghip; xung t mi trng do hot
ng lng ngh, xung t mi trng do cc
bi chn lp rc khng hp v sinh. Ngoi
ra, cc xung t mi trng do hot ng
sn xut nng nghip, pht trin thy in
v khai thc khong sn cng l nhng xung
t thng gp trong giai on 2011 - 2015.
Nc thi sn xut khng qua x l
hoc kh thi khng c kim sot t mt
s KCN hoc c s sn xut x trc tip
vo mi trng gy nh hng ti sc khe
cng ng v gy thit hi cho sn xut
nng nghip, nui trng thy sn ti nhng
vng ln cn, t lm xut hin nhng
mu thun dn ti khiu kin ca ngi
dn xung quanh (Khung 8.18). Li ch kinh
t c t ln trn yu cu bo v mi
trng v sc khe cng ng dn ti
nhng mu thun v xung t mi trng
khu vc ny.
Mi quan h gia lng lm ngh v
lng khng lm ngh hoc quan h gia cc
h lm ngh vi cc h khng lm ngh
trong cc lng ngh bt u xut hin
cc rn nt bi nguyn nhn gy nhim
Khung 8.18. Ngi dn phong ta nh my hot ng tri php gy nhim

Thng 6 nm 2013, ngi dn thn Chu X (x Duy Tn, huyn Kinh Mn, Hi Dng) t chc
ngn ng, khng cho xe ca Cty TNHH Trng Khnh (nm trn a bn thn) vo hot ng v cho
rng nh my ny sn xut ha cht, x ra kh thi gy nhim mi trng.
Nh my ca Cty TNHH thng mi Trng Khnh c xy dng t cui nm 2012 khu vc ni
Cng (thn Chu X), bt u i vo hot ng t 3/2013. Sau khi i vo hot ng, nh my x ra kh
thi mu xanh c mi rt hi, kht, khi ht vo khin ngi dn tc ngc, kh th, chong... Ngi dn
gi n kin ngh n cc cp chnh quyn ngh kim tra, gii quyt vic Cty ny gy nhim mi
trng. UBND x Duy Tn t chc cuc hp gii quyt kin ngh ca ngi dn, yu cu Cty Trng
Khnh phi dng hot ng. n thng 7/2013, Cty dng hot ng sn xut v d b nh xng.
Khung 8.19. Ngi dn dng lu phn i thi cng bi rc

Theo Phng Ti nguyn, Mi trng huyn Triu Sn (Thanh Ha), d n bi chn lp rc thi sinh
hot hp v sinh cho th trn Triu Sn v cc x ph cn ti i Mc c UBND tnh Thanh Ha ph
duyt u t ngy 28/4/2014. D n ny c xy dng trn din tch 45.650m2, tng vn u t hn
28,5 t ng, do UBND huyn Triu Sn lm ch u t; cng sut x l rc l 4.000 tn/nm.
Tuy nhin do lo ngi bi chn lp rc thi s lm nh hng n sc khe, sinh hot do khu dn c
gn nht ch cch bi rc cha n 200m, trng tiu hc, THCS x Dn Lc cng ch cch khong
hn 300m nn ngi dn x Dn Lc (Thanh Ha) ko nhau ln i Mc, cng lu phn i v cn tr
nh thu thi cng.
181
CHNG 8
mi trng. Cc xung t in hnh ti cc lng
ngh bao gm: xung t gia cc nhm x hi
trong lng ngh; xung t mi trng gia cc
lng ngh lm ngh v khng lm ngh; xung
t gia hot ng sn xut v m quan, vn
ha. Trong qun l CTR, xung t mi trng
ch yu pht sinh do vic lu gi, vn chuyn,
x thi chn lp CTR khng hp v sinh. Nhng
xung t gia cac doanh nghip gy nhim
mi trng vi cng ng b nhim anh hng
n sinh hoat va sc khoe, hoc anh hng n
cac hoat ng vn hoa, du lich va canh quan
khac cng l loi xung t mi trng c tnh
ph bin (Khung 8.19).
Xung t mi trng trong sn xut nng
nghip ni bt trong thi gian va qua l cc
xung t gia ch chn nui vi ngi dn sinh
sng quanh vng. Nhiu trang tri chn nui, l
m, x nghip ch bin thc phm nm xen ln
trong khu dn c, quy m nh l, manh mn, t
pht li thiu ch trng u t cho h thng x l
nc thi v x l cht thi chn nui ang l
nhn t tc ng lm tng nhim v xung t
mi trng, ph bin nng thn (Khung 8.20).
182
Khung 8.20. Trang tri nui b

v nhng nh hng do tnh trng
nhim ti ngi dn
Theo phn nh ca mt s h dn
ti thn ng Lm, Tn Lm (x Ngha Lm, huyn Ngha n, tnh Ngh
An) nm ngay st Cm 1 (gm 3 trang
tri nui b sa) ca TH True Milk th
h ang phi chu nh hng bi tnh
trng nhim t mi hi thi ca nc
thi, phn b, cn trng ly bnh t
cc trang tri ca TH True Milk.
Tuy nhin, cha phi l ni khip
s nht ca ngi dn ni y phi hng
chu. Ni m nh ca c dn sng st cc
trang tri b sa ca TH True Milk gp
phi nhng hm thi tit oi bc, nng
nng gay gt, gp trn gi ng th dn
ni y khng dm bc ra ng. Ngi
trong nh ng kn ca, bt khu trang c
ngy th chng khc no s tra tn.
Khng nhng vy, ngun nc t cc
ging nc trc y rt sch, c th dng
n ung, sinh hot hng ngy. Th
nhng t khi tri b c xy dng pha
trn, ngun nc bm ln thng si bt,
vn c v c mi tanh lm. Ngi dn
y ch dng nc ging tm, git,
cn nc dng cho n ung phi i xin
ni khc.
Xung t gia cc cng ng s dng
n mi trng xung quanh. Biu hin r
chung ngun nc hin nay cng ang tr
nt nht l vic s dng thiu hiu qu cc
thnh vn ni cm. Mt s cng trnh
ngun khong sn t nhin; tc ng n
thy in (c bit l min Trung) khng
cnh quan v hnh thi mi trng; tch
thc hin x nc theo quy nh, khin
t hoc pht tn cht thi; lm nh hng
cho vng h du thiu nc canh tc nng
n s dng nc, nhim nc, tim n
nghip, nc b nhim mn; khng nhng
nguy c v dng thi axit m... Nhng hot
vy, cn nh hng n ngun nc sinh
ng ny ang ph v cn bng iu kin
hot cung cp cho dn c (Khung 8.21).
sinh thi, gy nhim nng n i vi mi
Hot ng khai thc khong sn

nc ta v ang gy nhiu tc ng xu
Khung 8.21. Tc ng ca cc cng trnh

thy in trn cc lu vc sng, sui
ca tnh k Nng
Bn cnh nhng li ch khng th ph nhn,
cc cng trnh thy in trn lu vc sng Srpk
v h thng thng ngun sng ng Nai trn a
bn tnh k Nng cng gy nhiu kh khn cho
i sng ngi dn, mi trng sinh thi v s pht
trin kinh t x hi.
Mi khi nh my thy in Bun Tua Sar khng
x nc th on sng Krng N chy qua x Qung
Ph (huyn Krng N) tr y v khng nc
trm bm D12 hot ng cung cp nc ti cho
120ha la v c ph ca ngi dn trong vng.
Vic ly nc bt hp l, khng tun th ch
x ti thiu v khng xem xt tnh ton dng
chy mi trng v h du ca cc nh my thy
in trn h thng sng gy ra nhng tc ng nh
thiu nc sn xut nng nghip h du do khng
nc cho cc cng trnh thy li, c bit l cc
trm bm lm cho t b bc mu, gim nng sut
cy trng, nguy c sa mc ha h lu do vic tch
nc ca h cha dn n hnh thnh cc on
sng cht sau p, nhiu din tch t nng nghip
khng nc ti gy kh hn v sa mc ha, xi
mn v st l b sng, mt i s a dng sinh hc
v ngun li thy sn.
Ngun: S NN & PTNT tnh k Nng, 2014
trng, tr thnh vn cp bch mang

tnh x hi ca cng ng mt cch su sc
(Khung 8.22).
Khung 8.22. Thm ha mi trng

do khai thc titan ven bin
Bnh Thun c tr lng gn 600 triu tn
titan, chim 92% tr lng c nc, phn b
trong tng ct xm v ct trn din tch
800km2 ven bin. Trn a bn tnh c n
67 d n khai thc titan y, nhng hin
mi ch c 3 d n c cp php khai thc.
Mc d vy, mc tn ph mi trng
v cng ln. Do sa khong titan nm su
hng chc mt, c ni hng trm mt di
mt t, nhng cc cng ty khai thc ch
c cng c khai thc th s, sau khi khai
thc khng hon th nn mt t b cy nt,
loang l h. Nhng i ct xanh ngy no
tr thnh vng t cht khng cy, khng
con. Cc doanh nghip v li nhun, dng
nc bin lc qung th nn v lu di vng
khai thc s b nhim mn khng th trng
trt. Kh khn hn cho ngi dn ni y l
ngun nc ging b nhim khng th s
dng trong sinh hot.
Ngun: Bo co p lc mi trng v phng
nga gim thiu nhim mi trng do hot
ng pht trin cng nghip, khai thc khong
sn Vit Nam, PGS.TS. L Trnh, Hi ngh mi
trng ton quc ln th 4, thng 9/2015
183
CHNG 8
184
QUN L MI TRNG
CHNG 9
QUN L MI TRNG
185
QUN L MI TRNG
CHNG 9
QUN L MI TRNG
9.1. KT QU THC HIN CC CH TIU
V MI TRNG TRONG 5 NM QUA
Giai on 2011 - 2015, cc Chin lc,
K hoch pht trin KT - XH tip tc c
xy dng theo hng pht trin bn vng,
ton din trn c 3 lnh vc: kinh t, x hi
v mi trng.
Theo , nhm ch tiu v mi trng
c t ra vi mc tiu duy tr bn vng
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, nng cao cht
lng mi trng sng v gim thiu nhim
mi trng. Trn c s Chin lc, K hoch
cho c giai on, hng nm, Quc hi u
thng qua K hoch pht trin KT - XH cho
tng nm, trong , c a ra mt s ch tiu
mi trng. Tuy nhin, qua thi gian trin
khai thc hin, kt qu thc hin cc ch tiu
mi trng hng nm so vi mc tiu ra
cn tng i thp (Bng 9.1).
s dng nc sch/ hp v sinh c s tng

trng kh chm. Nm 2010, t l dn s
nng thn c s dng nc hp v sinh
l 83% v t l dn s th c s dng
nc sch l 76%. Tuy nhin, do c s thay
i v tiu ch nh gi nc sch (vic thay
i c a ra vo nm 2010) nn n
nm 2014 t l ny mi t 84,5% i vi
ch tiu t l dn s nng thn c s dng
nc hp v sinh (trong ch c khong
42% ngi dn nng thn c tip cn v
s dng nc sch t quy chun QCVN02-BYT); v cng mi ch c 80% dn s
th c s dng nc sch. Nh vy, tc
tng ca ch tiu ny mi nm i vi khu
vc nng thn v thnh th t trung bnh
1% hng nm. Vi mc tiu t ra n nm
2020, hu ht dn c c s dng nc
sch nm 2020 th ch tiu ny kh c th
t mc tiu t ra.
i vi ch tiu t l che ph rng, theo

s liu bo co t B NN&PTNT, t l che
ph rng c tng qua mi nm nhng tc
tng chm v cht lng rng cn thp
(t 39,7% nm 2011 ln 40,3% nm 2015).
Mc d din tch rng tng hng nm nhng
tng trng rng ch yu l rng trng, rng
sn xut..., rng nguyn sinh vn ng trc
nguy c b cn kit. Vi tc tng ca t l
che ph rng hng nm nh hin nay, n
nm 2020, mc tiu t t l 45% l kh c
th hon thnh.
Ch tiu v t l x l CTR cng c mc

tng trng chm. Mc tiu t ra ca ch
tiu ny l n nm 2020, 95% CTR thng
thng, 85% CTNH v 100% cht thi y t
c x l t tiu chun. Tuy nhin, n
nay, cha c s liu bo co tng hp v t
l x l CTR, mi ch c s liu v t l thu
Cc ch tiu v nc sch v v sinh

mi trng nh ch tiu v t l dn s c
cng cho thy, t l x l CTR thng thng
gom CTR thng thng, cht thi rn y t

v c thc hin t l x l cht thi nguy
hi. Tnh n nm 2014, t l thu gom CTR
thng thng l khong 84% vi tc tng
trung bnh hng nm khong 0,5%. Thc t
cng khng t c 100% lng CTR c
187
CHNG 9
thu gom. T l x l CTNH c t khong
40% tng lng CTNH pht sinh. T l thu
gom cht thi y t cng cn kh thp. Hin
mi ch c 50% cc bnh vin thc hin
phn loi, thu gom cht thi y t t yu cu
theo Quy ch qun l cht thi y t. Nh
vy, so vi mc tiu t ra n nm 2020 th
y cng l mc tiu kh t c.
Ch tiu hon thnh km nht l t l
KCN, KCX ang hot ng c h thng x l
nc thi tp trung: k hoch pht trin KT
- XH nm 2014 t mc tiu 80% KCN,
KCX ang hot ng c h thng x l nc
thi tp trung nhng trong nm 2014, t l
ny mi ch t khong 60% v nm 2015,
c t khong 74,9%. Cha k n, ngay
c nhng KCN xy dng h thng x l
nc thi tp trung th hiu qu x l cng
khng cao, c bit l i vi nhng KCN
c thi gian hot ng lu nm do h thng
x l nc thi ca cc khu ny t nhiu
xung cp. Nhiu KCN khc tuy xy dng
c h thng x l nc thi tp trung,
nhng thc cht li khng hot ng hoc
hot ng ch mang tnh i ph khi b c
quan chc nng kim tra.
Ch tiu t l cc c s gy nhim mi
trng nghim trng c x l c nhiu ci
thin qua tng nm. T tng s 439 c s
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng theo
Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg, sau hn 10
nm, n cui nm 2015, c 395/439 c
s hon thnh bin php x l nhim
trit , khng cn gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng, chim t l gn 90%; cn li
44 c s cha hon thnh cc bin php
x l nhim trit , chim t l 10,71%.
167/435 c s gy nhim mi trng
188
nghim trng v c bn khng cn gy

nhim mi trng nghim trng theo Quyt
nh s 1788/Q-TTg, chim t l 38,4%.
y l ch tiu duy nht vt mc so vi
mc tiu ra (36%).
Mc d vic xc nh cc ch tiu ca
Quc hi v mi trng trong giai on
2011 - 2015 c nhng iu chnh so vi
giai on 2006 - 2010 v kh st vi yu
cu thc t, nhng vic trin khai thc hin
vn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn, bt cp.
Ni ln mt s vn tn ti t nhiu
nm nay nhng cha c gii quyt,
l: c ch chnh sch cha ph hp, cha
xc nh r trch nhim thc hin cc ch
tiu mi trng i vi cc b, ngnh, a
phng c lin quan; cha c ch ti
v x l nghim cc trng hp vi phm;
h thng php lut v qun l ti nguyn
cha ng b v cha hon thin; nhn thc
v bo v ti nguyn, mi trng v pht
trin bn vng ca cc cp, cc ngnh cha
y , thc BVMT, c bit l ca cc
doanh nghip nhn chung cn thp. c
bit, ngun vn u t cho BVMT, pht trin
cng ngh x l mi trng cn rt nhiu
kh khn, thiu thn. Hu ht cc ngun
vn u t hin nay ch mang tnh cht h
tr cho cc n v cng hoc c c phn
Nh nc.
Vic cc ch tiu v mi trng tip tc
khng t c trong giai on 2011 - 2015
th hin sc p rt ln v l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng
khng kh, mi trng nc, mi trng
t, lm suy thoi cc HST t nhin v tnh
DSH...
T l dn s nng
thn c s dng
nc hp v sinh
T l c s gy
nhim mi trng
nghim trng c
x l
85
100
Cht thi nguy hi
CTR y t
82
83
55
69
86
78
40
K
hoch
pht
trin
KT-XH
nm
2011
K
hoch
pht
trin
KT-XH
nm
2012
70
79
41
80
85
41
K
hoch
pht
trin
KT-XH
nm
2013
80
85
41,5
K
hoch
pht
trin
KT-XH
nm
2014
90,9
82
50
77
83
76
39,5
Kt
qu
t
c
nm
2010
90,9
82
50
77
78
77
39,7
Kt
qu
90,9
83
60
83,6
78
t ch
tiu
Khng
t
Khng
t
t ch
tiu
Khng
t
78
40,7
Khng
t
Khng
t
Kt
qu
189
84
57
86,1
82,5
79
41
Kt
qu
Khng
t
t ch
tiu
t ch
tiu
nh
gi
Nm 2013
40
84
75,5
87
84,5
80
40,43
Kt
qu
Khng
t
t
ch
tiu
Khng
t
nh
gi
Nm 2014
78,9
89,29
85
81
40,73
Kt
qu
Khng
t
t
ch
tiu
Khng
t
nh
gi
c t n
6/2015
Ngun: Tng hp t s liu ca cc B Xy dng, Y t, NN&PTNT, KH&T, TN&MT cc nm 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, TCMT, 2015.
Khng
t
t
ch
tiu
Khng
t
nh
gi
Nm 2012
nh
gi
Nm 2011
(-): khng c nh gi do k hoch pht trin KT - XH hng nm khng c ch tiu xut.
Ghi ch: (*): Ch tiu khng c xut
95
CTR thng thng
100
T l dn s th
c s dng nc
sch
100
T l che ph rng
T l KCN, KCX
ang hot ng c
h thng XLNTTT
t tiu chun mi
trng
T l x l cht thi
rn
45
Tn ch tiu
TT
Chin
lc
PT
KT-XH
n
nm
2020
Mc tiu ra
Bng 9.1. Cc ch tiu mi trng ra trong cc ngh quyt ca Quc hi, ca Chnh ph v kt qu thc hin nm 2011 - 2015 (%)
QUN L MI TRNG
CHNG 9
9.2. H THNG CHNH SCH, VN BN
QUY PHM PHP LUT V CC TIU
CHUN, QUY CHUN V MI TRNG
kha XIII thng qua Lut bo v mi

trng nm 2014, thay th Lut bo v mi
9.2.1. H thng chnh sch, vn bn quy

phm php lut v cc tiu chun, quy
chun v mi trng
cp n nhng vn nng ang t ra
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, ln u

tin, Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng th
hin quan im, ch trng nht qun ca
mnh trong cng tc BVMT bng vic ban
hnh Ngh quyt Trung ng s 24-NQ/TW
ngy 03 thng 6 nm 2013 v ch ng ng
ph vi bin i kh hu, tng cng qun l
ti nguyn v BVMT.
Cc chin lc, k hoch, chng trnh
hnh ng trong giai on mi tip tc c
Chnh ph ban hnh nhm trin khai thc
hin cc quan im, ch trng ca ng
nh: Ngh quyt s 35/NQ-CP ngy 18
thng 3 nm 2013 ca Chnh ph v mt
s vn cp bch trong lnh vc BVMT,
Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2020,
tm nhn n nm 20301, Chin lc quc
gia v DSH n nm 2020, tm nhn n
nm 20302, Chin lc quc gia v tng
trng xanh3 v nhiu chng trnh, chin
lc, k hoch chuyn ngnh khc.
H thng chnh sch, php lut v
BVMT tip tc c kin ton. Quc hi
1. Quyt nh s 1216/Q-TTg ngy 05/9/2012 ca Th
tng Chnh ph ban hnh Chin lc BVMT quc gia n
nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030.
tng Chnh ph ban hnh Chin lc quc gia v DSH
n nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030.
tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v tng
trng xanh.
190
trng nm 2005 vi nhiu quy nh mi

trong cng tc BVMT hin nay nh: ng ph
vi bin i kh hu; thc y tng trng
xanh, sn phm thn thin vi mi trng
gn vi pht trin bn vng; xy dng quy
hoch mi trng; b sung quy nh ni
dung qun l nh nc v BVMT, c th ha
quyn hn v ngha v ca cc t chc x
hi v cng ng dn c trong BVMT.
Ngay sau khi Lut bo v mi trng
nm 2014 c thng qua, hng lot vn
bn quy nh chi tit, hng dn thi hnh
Lut c ban hnh. Hin nay, cc vn
bn hng dn thi hnh vn ang tip tc
c xy dng hon thin.
Nhn chung, so vi giai on trc, h
thng vn bn quy phm php lut v BVMT
c c th ha; c nhiu vn bn
hng dn c th iu chnh cc lnh vc
chuyn ngnh v BVMT nh: kim sot
nhim; qun l cht thi; MC, TM; qun
l mi trng LVS; qun l mi trng KCN,
lng ngh; qun l mi trng bin v hi o;
DSH; quan trc v thng tin mi trng; u
i, h tr ti chnh; pht trin cng ngh;
x hi ha cng tc BVMT,... H thng tiu
chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi
trng cng c r sot, sa i v ban hnh
p ng cc yu cu ca thc tin.
Vn to hnh lang php l cho cng
tc BVMT trong qun l vng, lnh vc lin
ngnh c ch trng hn, thng qua
QUN L MI TRNG
vic y mnh vic trin khai cc n v
cng ban hnh nhiu vn bn ch o,
chng trnh trng im c Th tng
hng dn t chc trin khai Lut bo v
Chnh ph ph duyt nh: cc n BVMT
mi trng nm 2014.
i vi cc LVS ln (LVS Cu, Nhu - y,
LVHT sng ng Nai); n y mnh

cng tc tuyn truyn v qun l, bo v v
Mc d h thng vn bn quy phm
pht trin bn vng bin, hi o Vit Nam.
php lut v BVMT thng xuyn c r
Tip tc ph duyt cc n, chng trnh
sot, sa i b sung v tng cng xy dng
mi nh Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v
mi, tuy nhin, vn tn ti nhng bt cp
khc phc nhim v ci thin mi trng;
cng nh nhng l hng trong hnh lang
n tng th BVMT lng ngh...
php l v hot ng trin khai thc thi.
Ti cc a phng, nhiu vn bn quy

phm php lut, chng trnh, k hoch
cng c xy dng v trin khai thc
hin, nh cc quy nh v BVMT trn a
bn tnh, thnh ph; k hoch BVMT hng
nm v 5 nm; quy hoch mng li quan
trc mi trng trn a bn tnh, thnh
ph,... Trong nm 2015, cc a phng
Cha y , thiu cc quy nh c th

Lut bo v mi trng l vn bn quy
phm php lut cao nht trong lnh vc mi
trng, cc iu khon quy nh ca Lut
c bn ph trm cc vn lin quan
n qun l, kim sot v BVMT. Tuy nhin,
cho n nay, vn cn thiu nhng vn bn
chuyn bit quy nh mt cch h thng i
vi vn qun l v kim sot nhim
Khung 9.1. Tnh hnh xy dng, ban hnh

h thng tiu chun, quy chun mi trng
Giai on 2008 - 2015, B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng r sot, chuyn i v xy dng
mi 47 lt QCVN; trong c 14 QCVN v
cht lng mi trng xung quanh (nc, khng
kh, trm tch, ting n, rung) v 33 QCVN v
cht thi (kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn, ph
liu,...). Trong nm 2014, B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng phi hp vi UBND Tp. H Ni
xy dng, ban hnh 05 quy chun ring cho Th
H Ni theo Thng t s 51/2014/TT-BTNMT
ngy 05 thng 9 nm 2014. Nm 2015, theo k
hoch B Ti nguyn v Mi trng s tip tc
r sot, xy dng v ban hnh 18 QCVN p
ng yu cu thc tin trong qun l mi trng;
nghin cu, r sot v xy dng 17 TCVN trong
lnh vc mi trng.
Ngun: Bo co tng kt cng tc BVMT giai on
2011 - 2015 v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020,
TCMT, 2015.
mi trng khng kh, mi trng t, vn

qun l v BVMT nng thn. Cc quy
nh cn nm phn tn nhiu lnh vc,
thiu tnh gn kt, nhiu ni dung cn b
b ng nh cc quy nh v qun l, x l
cht thi khu vc nng thn; vn thu
ph v l ph trong qun l cht thi nng
nghip, lng ngh; quy nh, hng dn v
iu tra, thng k, nh gi ngun thi; cc
tiu chun, quy chun p dng cho khu vc
nng thn, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh
quy m nh dn n vic thanh tra, kim tra
cng nh xc nh mc nhim i vi
cc i tng ny gp rt nhiu kh khn.
191
CHNG 9
Tnh thc thi ca mt s vn bn
cn thp, vic trin khai cha y v
nghim tc
C rt nhiu quy nh php lut khng
th p dng trong thc t hoc p dng
khng hiu qu, do nhng quy nh ny
khng ph hp. in hnh nh ni dung
qun l CTR c quy nh trong Ngh nh
s 59/2007/N-CP c quy nh v vic
phn loi CTR ti ngun. Tuy nhin, cho
n nay, sau 8 nm trin khai, vic phn loi
CTR ti ngun mi ch thc hin ti m hnh
th im mt s th ln (chn mt s
phng, qun); cn quy nh v ph BVMT
i vi CTR, n nay vn cha trin khai
c khu vc nng thn.
Khung 9.2. Phn cng trch nhim
trong qun l cht thi
Theo phn cng ca Chnh ph ti Ngh nh
s 38/2015/N-CP, B TN&MT thng nht qun
l nh nc v CTNH, CTR cng nghip thng
thng. i vi CTR sinh hot, B TN&MT ch
tr, phi hp vi B Xy dng, cc c quan lin
quan v U ban nhn dn cp tnh t chc qun
l. C th, B TN&MT c trch nhim hng
dn k thut, quy trnh qun l trong vic phn
loi, lu gi, tp kt, trung chuyn, vn chuyn,
s ch, ti s dng, ti ch, ng x l, x l v
thu hi nng lng t CTR sinh hot; t chc
qun l, kim tra cc hot ng BVMT v qun
l CTR sinh hot. B Xy dng c trch nhim
hng dn qun l u t xy dng c s x l
CTR sinh hot theo quy hoch c ph duyt...
i vi cht thi y t, B TN&MT quy nh
chi tit vic vn chuyn, x l cht thi y t; B Y
t ch tr, phi hp vi B TN&MT quy nh chi
tit vic phn loi, lu gi, qun l cht thi y t
trong phm vi khun vin cc c s y t v cht
thi pht sinh t hot ng mai tng, ha tng.
Ngun: TCMT, 2015.
192
Vic trin khai cc n, Chng

trnh cc cp (bao gm n, Chng
trnh do Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt)
cng khng c thc hin y hoc
c trin khai nhng chm tin so vi
l trnh t ra.
mt s a phng, vic trin khai v
thc thi cc chnh sch, vn bn v BVMT
cha thc s pht huy hiu qu.
9.3. H THNG T CHC QUN L NH
NC V MI TRNG
9.3.1. H thng t chc qun l nh nc
v mi trng cc cp
B my qun l nh nc v mi trng
Vic kin ton h thng t chc qun
l nh nc v mi trng cc cp tip
tc c y mnh trong giai on 2011
- 2015. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng tip
tc thc hin nhim v u mi trong hot
ng qun l nh nc v mi trng. Chc
nng qun l mi trng mt s lnh vc
chuyn ngnh nh qun l CTR, qun l
mi trng LVS, qun l mi trng bin v
hi o, qun l v bo tn DSH,... c
phn cng cho cc B, ngnh c lin quan
cng tham gia thc hin.
T giai on trc, p ng yu cu
phn cng qun l nh nc v mi trng,
hu ht cc c quan qun l nh nc v
doanh nghip nh nc c cc t chc, b
phn chuyn mn BVMT. n nay, Trung
ng c 08 B, ngnh thnh lp n v
c chc nng qun l v mi trng theo
QUN L MI TRNG
ngnh, lnh vc4. Nhiu tp on kinh t,

Tng cng ty, Ban qun l khu cng nghip,
c s sn xut, kinh doanh ln cng
thnh lp phng, ban, b phn hoc c cn
b chuyn trch v mi trng.
cp lin vng, l cc t chc, y
ban BVMT LVS nh: 03 y ban BVMT LVS
Cu, Nhu - y v lu vc h thng sng
ng Nai; Ban Qun l quy hoch cc lu
vc sng: Cu Long, ng Nai, sng Hng
- Thi Bnh...
cp a phng, n nay, Chi cc
BVMT c thnh lp tt c 63 tnh,
thnh ph, c 672/675 qun, huyn
thnh lp Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng;
nhiu qun, huyn tng cng cn b
c chuyn mn mi trng cho phng Ti
nguyn v Mi trng. a s cc x, phng
giao nhim v qun l nh nc v mi
trng cho cn b a chnh kim nhim,
mt s t ni b tr cn b chuyn trch;
mt s ni giao nhim v ny cho cn b
vn phng y ban nhn dn x, phng.
Ngun nhn lc
Cng tc o to, pht trin ngun nhn
lc lm cng tc BVMT trong thi gian qua
c quan tm v t c nhng kt qu
nht nh. n thng 9/2015, tng s cn
b, cng chc, vin chc ca ton ngnh
4. B Y t (Cc Qun l mi trng y t), B Giao thng
vn ti (V Mi trng), B Cng thng (Cc K thut an
ton v Mi trng cng nghip), B Quc phng (Cc
Khoa hc qun s), B Cng an (Cc Khoa hc, Cng ngh
v Mi trng thuc Tng cc IV), B K hoch v u t
(V Khoa hc, Gio dc, Ti nguyn v Mi trng), B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (V Khoa hc, Cng
ngh v Mi trng), B Xy dng (V Khoa hc, Cng
ngh v Mi trng).
tnh n cp x c khong 15.600 ngi,

trong : Trung ng c 630 ngi, cp
tnh khong 2.400 ngi, cp huyn khong
1.400 ngi v cp x khong 11.150 ngi
(cn b kim nhim a chnh, xy dng v
mi trng). Ngoi ra, i ng cng chc,
vin chc lm cng tc mi trng cc B,
ngnh, Ban qun l c khong trn 700
ngi, cha k lc lng cnh st phng,
chng ti phm v mi trng.
Thc hin Ngh quyt s 35/NQ-CP
ngy 18 thng 3 nm 2013 ca Chnh ph
v mt s vn cp bch trong lnh vc
BVMT, Chnh ph ang ch o B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng phi hp cht ch vi
cc B, ngnh v a phng tin hnh nh
gi hin trng h thng t chc b my v
BVMT, nhm xy dng n Kin ton t
chc b my BVMT t Trung ng n a
phng v n Tng cng nng lc i
ng cn b qun l mi trng, u tin cp
qun, huyn, phng, x.
Mc d h thng t chc qun l tip
tc c kin ton, tuy nhin, thc tin cho
thy vn tn ti nhiu kh khn, thch thc.
cp trung ng, vai tr iu phi, thng
nht qun l nh nc v mi trng ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng cha pht huy hiu
qu do cha c c s php l r rng. Trch
nhim qun l nh nc v BVMT c phn
cng cho nhiu B, ngnh em li nhng
mt tch cc nht nh song khi trin khai
trn thc t cng gp nhiu kh khn do s
phi hp thiu ng b, s chng cho v
chc nng, nhim v v trch nhim khng
193
CHNG 9
r rng. i vi vn nhn lc, mt s lnh
vc cn thiu i ng cng chc, vin chc
c trnh cao, chuyn mn su. C cu i
ng cn b cha hp l, phn ln s cng
chc, vin chc hin c u c o to
v khoa hc c bn hoc chuyn ngnh k
thut, thiu k nng qun l.
cp tnh, thnh ph, mc d t chc
chuyn mn v BVMT (Chi cc BVMT)
c thnh lp v hot ng t giai on
trc, tuy nhin nhiu a phng, nng
lc ca c quan ny cn yu, cha p ng
c yu cu phn cp qun l. Tnh n
nay, hu ht cc Chi cc BVMT u cha c
t chc trc thuc chuyn trch thc hin
chc nng qun l bo tn DSH. Ngun
nhn lc vn thiu v s lng, hn ch
v cht lng, c bit i vi nhng lnh
vc nh nh gi tc ng mi trng, an
ton sinh hc, bo tn DSH, kinh t mi
trng Thm vo , vi ch trng tip tc
tinh gin bin ch cn b, cng chc, vin
chc ti thiu 10% ca cc b ngnh a
phng th vn ngun nhn lc cho lnh
vc mi trng, c bit cp a phng
s cn gp rt nhiu kh khn.
i vi cp huyn, trung bnh hin nay
ch c 2 cn b chuyn trch v ti nguyn
v mi trng, cn cp x cha c cn
b chuyn trch v mi trng. Vn ny
tn ti t giai on trc nhng cha c
hng gii quyt. Lc lng cn b chuyn
mn mi trng ti cc doanh nghip tuy
c b sung, pht trin nhng nhn chung
cn yu v thiu, do vy cng tc gim st
ni b v thc thi php lut BVMT cc
doanh nghip cn cha hiu qu.
194
9.4. VN TI CHNH, U T CHO

CNG TC BO V MI TRNG
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, ngun ti
chnh cho BVMT h tr, thc y mnh
m cng tc BVMT. thc v trch nhim
v BVMT cc ngnh v a phng
c nhng chuyn bin tch cc. Cng tc
BVMT, vic lng ghp cc yu cu BVMT
trong cc chin lc, quy hoch, d n pht
trin c quan tm nhiu hn. Nhiu
im nng, bc xc v mi trng, nhiu
c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng
hoc ang c x l. Vn huy ng
ngun lc x hi cho BVMT cng c y
mnh.
9.4.1. u t t ngn sch nh nc
Ngun ngn sch cho s nghip
mi trng
Giai on 2011 - 2015, vic tip tc
hon thin cc c ch, chnh sch v tng
cng huy ng ngun lc ti chnh cho
BVMT tip tc c y mnh. nh mc
phn b chi s nghip mi trng cho cp
trung ng l 15%, cp a phng l 85%.
Theo , chi s nghip mi trng ca ngn
sch a phng c phn b theo tiu ch
m bo s cn i, ph hp v hiu qu
trong s dng.
Tng chi ngn sch nh nc cho hot
ng s nghip mi trng tng dn qua cc
nm v cao hn so vi giai on trc c
cp Trung ng v a phng. Kinh ph s
nghip mi trng cng phn no p
ng yu cu h tr thc hin cc nhim v
BVMT theo Lut bo v mi trng, Chin
QUN L MI TRNG
Khung 9.3. Tiu ch phn b chi s nghip

mi trng ca ngn sch a phng
lc BVMT quc gia v t mt s kt qu

nht nh. Nhiu im nng, bc xc v
mi trng thuc khu vc cng ch c
Dnh 48% tng ngn sch a phng phn

b theo s dn th v mt dn s.
b tr kinh ph x l, phn ln cc c s y
Dnh 45% phn b cho yu t tc ng mi

trng ca sn xut cng nghip theo gi tr sn
xut cng nghip trn a bn tng a phng.
thuc BVTV, thuc tr su gy nhim mi
Dnh 2% phn b m bo mi trng khu

bo tn thin nhin.
Dnh 5% phn b cho yu t tc ng n
rng t nhin m bo mi trng thin nhin theo
din tch rng t nhin trn a bn a phng.
Ngun: B Ti chnh, 2015.
t tuyn trung ng, tnh v cc bi rc, kho

trng nghim trng v ang c u t
t ngun vn s nghip mi trng x l,
khc phc.
Ngun u t pht trin
Kinh ph u t pht trin cho cng tc
BVMT cng c quan tm b tr nhiu
hn so vi giai on 2006 - 2010. Trong giai
on ny, kinh ph t ngun u t pht trin
T ng
Ngn sch TW
12.000
12000
Ngn sch P
tip tc c tng cng vo cc d n u
10.000
10000
t c s vt cht, h tng k thut, thit b,
8000
800
cng ngh mi trng, trong tp trung
6000
600
vo mt s nhim v trng tm nh u t
400
4000
200
2000
00
nng cp cc trm quan trc mi trng,

Nm 2011
Nm 2012
Nm 2013
Nm 2014
Nm 2015
mng li kh tng thy vn, thc hin
Biu 9.1. Ngun kinh ph ngn sch nh nc

chi cho s nghip mi trng giai on 2011 - 2015
nhim v trong quy hoch tng th mng
Ngun: B Ti chnh, 2015
gia n nm 2020. Tng s vn u t cho
li quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng quc

lnh vc BVMT ca cc B, ngnh giai on
Khung 9.4. Ngun ngn sch h tr x l trit

cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng nm 2014
Trong nm 2014, Ngn sch Trung ng
h tr x l trit cc c s nhim mi
trng nghim trng thuc khu vc cng ch vi
tng kinh ph l 140 t ng cho 19 d n trn
a bn 07 tnh. Trong c 02 d n bi rc
vi tng kinh ph l 60 t ng v 17 d n x
l trit cht thi y t vi tng kinh ph l 80
t ng.
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2015.
2005 - 2015 l hn 5.000 t ng.

Kinh ph t ngun ny v ngun vn
ODA cng c b tr xy dng cc cng
trnh x l mi trng (xy dng cc bi
chn lp CTR hp v sinh, h thng x l
cht thi bnh vin, nc thi sinh hot tp
trung, l t cht thi bnh vin,...), h tr
x l trit cc c s gy nhim mi
trng nghim trng theo Quyt nh s
64/2003/Q-TTg.
195
CHNG 9
Ngun u t ti chnh cho chng
trnh mc tiu quc gia v mt s n ln
v bo v mi trng
Trin khai thc hin Quyt nh s
58/2008/Q-TTg v Quyt nh s 38/2011/
Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph, tnh n
nay, ngn sch Trung ng h tr x l
trit cc c s nhim mi trng nghim
trng thuc khu vc cng ch vi tng kinh
ph gn 2.370 t ng cho 381 d n.
khc phc v gim thiu nhim
mi trng cc khu vc b nhim mi
trng nghim trng, Chng trnh mc tiu
quc gia v khc phc nhim v ci thin
mi trng5 c trin khai vi tng s
kinh ph l 5.863 t ng, trong : kinh ph
Trung ng phn b l 2.500 t ng; ngn
sch a phng i ng l 1.500 t ng;
vn vay ODA, vin tr nc ngoi v ca
cc t chc KT - XH khc l 1.863 t ng.
i vi cc a phng, vic b tr vn
cho cng tc BVMT ch yu thc hin qua
cc Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v nc
sch, v sinh mi trng nng thn, Chng
trnh mc tiu quc gia khc phc nhim
v ci thin mi trng, Chng trnh mc
tiu quc gia ng ph vi bin i kh hu
vi tng vn u t trong giai on 2010 2015 khong hn 5.700 t ng.
C th thy rng, kinh ph thc hin
chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v mt s
n ln v BVMT c quan tm, b tr
nhng cn hn ch, cha p ng cc mc
tiu, ni dung c ph duyt.
tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v khc phc nhim v ci thin mi trng
196
Tnh n nay, Chng trnh mc tiu

quc gia khc phc nhim v ci thin
mi trng giai on 2012 - 2015 mi c
cp vn l 983 t ng/5.863 t ng, t
t l 16,8% tng kinh ph c ph duyt.
Giai on 2010 - 2015, ngn sch s
nghip mi trng trung ng h tr c mc
tiu cho cc a phng x l cc c s
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng thuc
khu vc cng ch cc a phng l trn
2.200 t ng (chim 30% tng chi ngn
sch s nghip mi trng trung ng); h
tr x l nhim ha cht bo v thc vt
tn lu theo Quyt nh s 1946/Q-TTg
vi tng kinh ph trn 240 t ng t ngn
sch Trung ng (Theo mc tiu trong K
hoch, n nm 2015 phi tp trung x l,
ci to v phc hi 240 khu vc mi trng
b nhim nghim trng v c bit nghim
trng do ho cht BVTV tn lu ti 15 tnh,
thnh ph. Tuy nhin n thi im hin
ti, mi ch tin hnh x l 58/240 khu vc
mi trng b nhim nghim trng v c
bit nghim trng).
Nhng tn ti v thch thc
Mc d c nhng chuyn bin, song
u t cho BVMT nc ta hin nay vn
cn mc khim tn. Trung Quc v
cc nc ASEAN, u t cho mi trng
trung bnh hng nm u chim trn 1%
GDP, cc nc pht trin thng chim t
3 - 4% GDP. Bn cnh , do chi s nghip
mi trng c tnh cht l ngun chi thng
xuyn nn kinh ph t ngun ny khng th
b tr u t gii quyt v trit cc
vn mi trng bc xc trong giai on
2011 - 2015.
QUN L MI TRNG
Ngun vn t ngn sch u t hng
tin b tr kinh ph cho cc d n, chng
nm tng nhng cha p ng c yu
trnh BVMT, x l nhim mang tnh cht
cu thc t v ci thin mi trng, tng
lin vng, lin ngnh; cn c tnh trng cui
cng c s vt cht, h tng, trang thit
nm khng gii ngn ht phi chuyn ngun
b hin i phc v cho cng tc qun l
sang nm sau.
ti nguyn thin nhin v BVMT, mt s ch

tiu khng t k hoch t ra.
Ngoi ra, mt s tnh, thnh ph trc

thuc Trung ng vn cha c quy nh
Vic nh hng u tin cho lnh vc
phn cp nhim v chi BVMT cho cc cp
BVMT mi ch cp n u tin chi s
ngn sch a phng (tnh, huyn, x),
nghip chim tng chi ngn sch nh nc,
cha c phn cng trch nhim ca cc s
cha c rng buc u tin b tr chi t ngun
ban ngnh, a phng i vi qun l, s
u t pht trin (trong khi cc lnh vc chi
dng kinh ph chi s nghip mi trng.
u tin khc u rng buc r c ngun chi
Vai tr v s ch o chuyn mn ca c
u t pht trin v chi thng xuyn trong
quan qun l ti nguyn v mi trng a
tng ngn sch nh nc dnh cho lnh vc
phng trong vic xy dng, tng hp, trnh
: lnh vc chi gio dc o to chim 20%
y ban nhn dn v Hi ng nhn dn k
tng chi ngn sch nh nc, khoa hc cng
hoch BVMT hng nm t ngun kinh ph
ngh 2%, vn ha 1,8%...). T , dn ti mt
s nghip mi trng cn rt hn ch; s
cn i ngun vn trong vic b tr thc hin
phi hp vi c quan ti chnh cng cp
nhim v BVMT, khc phc x l nhim
trong thc hin kim tra nh k, t xut
(no vt cc LVS, x l h tng mi trng
tnh hnh s dng, thanh quyt ton kinh ph
lng ngh, u t xy dng mi cc khu x l
s nghip mi trng cha c ch trng
cht thi sinh hot, ha cht tn lu).
v quan tm; tnh trng dng kinh ph s
Hin nay, vn cn tnh trng s dng

ngun ngn sch s nghip BVMT cha
ng mc ch cho cc mc tiu chi khc
c trung ng v a phng. Vic s dng
kinh ph mi trng ca mt s B, c quan
Trung ng vn cn dn tri, cha thc s
hiu qu nh: cn tnh trng phn b chi
s nghip mi trng cho cc nhim v
iu tra, kho st nhng thit gn kt vi
cc D n, n c th; cha ch trng
phn b kinh ph cho cng tc hon thin
h thng cc tiu ch, tiu chun k thut
chuyn ngnh v BVMT, cha tp trung u
nghip mi trng phc v cho cc nhim

v s nghip kinh t khc cn ph bin.
9.4.2. Ngun u t h tr t Qu Bo v
mi trng
Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam l t
chc ti chnh nh nc c thnh lp t
nm 2002 vi chc nng tip nhn, qun
l v s dng cc ngun vn t ngn sch
nh nc, cc ngun ti tr, ng gp, y
thc ca cc t chc, c nhn trong v ngoi
nc nhm h tr ti chnh cho cc hot
ng BVMT, ng ph vi bin i kh hu
trn phm vi ton quc.
197
CHNG 9
cp quc gia, sau 13 nm hot ng,
cp a phng, tnh n ht nm
tnh n cui nm 2015, tng ngun vn
2015, c nc c 42 Qu BVMT a phng.
hot ng c t xp x 1.220 t ng,
Trn thc t, ngun vn ca cc Qu BVMT
tng hn 300 t ng so vi nm 2010. Vai
a phng c hnh thnh t cc ngun
tr ca Qu BVMT v ang tip tc c
khc nhau ty thuc vo mc tiu ca cc
khng nh v tng bc nng cao nh
Qu, c ch v iu kin pht trin KT - XH
vic u t c hiu qu, ng mc ch v

tp trung cho cc lnh vc u tin BVMT,
cc d n x l nhim trng im, c s
gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. So
snh cng k giai on 2006 - 2010, giai
on 2011 - 2015 c nhng bc tin
pht trin ng k v quy m v hiu qu
hot ng.
ca mi a phng. Cc hot ng chnh

ca cc Qu BVMT a phng ch yu tp
trung vo mt s hot ng nh cho vay
vi li sut u i; ti tr v ng ti tr;
nhn v qun l tin k qu ci to, phc
hi mi trng trong khai thc khong sn...
trong , hot ng k qu gn nh l hot
ng chnh v tt nht cc Qu BVMT
Bng 9.2. Kt qu s dng vn ca Qu BVMT Vit Nam giai on 2011 - 2015,

so snh vi giai on 2005 - 2010
n v tnh: t ng
TT
Hot ng
Giai on
Giai on
2006-2010
2011-2015
So snh (%)
Tng mc cp tn dng
512,19
1.015,62
+ 98,3%
D n cho vay bnh qun
108,96
497,71
+ 356,8%
H tr li sut vay vn sau u t
Ti tr cc d n v hot ng mi trng
H tr gi in i vi d n in gi ni li
Thc hin c ch, chnh sch ti chnh i

vi d n u t theo C ch pht trin sch
(CDM), trong :
- Thu l ph bn/chuyn CERs
- H tr ph duyt ti liu d n CDM v
ph bin tuyn truyn v CDM v bin i
kh hu
0,82
17,47
Tip nhn k qu phc hi mi trng
- 29,3%
36,69
27,08
17,28
- 36,2%
0,58
2,51
+ 332,0%
- Tr gi sn phm d n CDM (in gi)

7
12,35
234,81
23,55
89,93
+ 281,9%
Ngun: Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam, 2015
198
QUN L MI TRNG
a phng, thm ch c vai tr quyt nh

Khung 9.5. Tnh hnh hot ng ca mt s
Qu BVMT a phng
Hot ng cho vay vi li sut u i
n nay c 17/42 Qu trin khai hot ng
cho vay u i, ty vo iu kin v c im
ca tng a phng m mc li sut cho vay,
thi hn cho vay, mc vn cho vay khc nhau.
Qu BVMT H Ni cho vay li sut u i trung
bnh 4,8%/nm cho 40 d n vi tng s vn
gii ngn l 250 t ng, d n vay l 185 t
ng; ring li sut p dng cho nm 2015 l
5,4%/nm; thi gian cho vay t 3 - 5 nm, thi
hn ti a l 10 nm. n nay cha xy ra tnh
trng n xu, n qu hn. Qu BVMT Thanh
ha cho vay vi li sut u i l 4,5%/ nm,
mc vn vay l 1 t ng/d n, thi hn vay
ti a l 36 thng. Nm 2014, Qu gii ngn
ngun vn vay cho 3 d n vi s tin l 2,9 t
ng trn ba lnh vc l x l bi, kh thi, x l
nc thi cng nghip, thu gom, x l cht thi
sinh hot. Qu BVMT ng Nai cho vay vi li
sut u i trung bnh 4,5% cho 16 d n vi
tng s vn gii ngn l 24 t ng, thi gian
vay 3 - 5 nm.
Hot ng ti tr v ng ti tr
Hin nay c 15/42 Qu trin khai c hot
ng ny, in hnh nh Qu BVMT H Ni,
Bnh Dng, B Ra - Vng tu, Tha Thin Hu.
Cn cc a phng khc, vic m bo ngun
vn hot ng tng i kh khn nn cha th
trin khai c cc hot ng ti tr v ng ti
tr.
Hot ng nhn v qun l tin k qu ci to,
phc hi mi trng trong khai thc khong sn
Theo s liu thng k, c 15/42 Qu c tin
k qu l di 10 t ng; c 14/42 Qu c s
tin k qu t 10-20 t ng; c 7/42 Qu c s
tin k qu t 20-50 t ng; c 6/42 Qu c s
tin k qu trn 50 t ng (Bnh nh, ng
Nai, Lm ng, Ngh An, Thi Nguyn, Qung
Ninh), trong Qung Ninh c s tin k qu
nhiu nht l 732 t ng.
Ngun: Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam, 2015
vic tn ti ca Qu. Nhn chung, Qu

BVMT a phng d cha thnh lp ht
tt c cc a phng song s ra i v
pht trin ca cc Qu th hin c
vai tr, tc dng quan trng, hiu qu r rt
trong s nghip BVMT, gp phn ci thin
cht lng mi trng trn a bn tnh.
c bit l gim ti p lc, gnh nng
cho ngn sch nh nc phi chi cho hot
ng BVMT.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kt qu
t c, Qu BVMT Vit Nam vn ang
gp nhng kh khn, tn ti khng nh.
Do ngun vn t, hn ch so vi nhu cu
h tr ti chnh ca cc d n BVMT nn
Qu ch tp trung h tr cho mt s lnh
vc u tin: x l nc thi, cht thi cng
nghip, kh thi; x l rc thi sinh hot;
Trin khai cng ngh sch, thn thin mi
trng, tit kim nng lng, sn xut cc
sn phm BVMT; mua sm thit b, phng
tin chuyn dng s dng trc tip trong
vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi;
quan trc v phn tch mi trng. cp
a phng, hot ng cho vay u i cn
hn ch xut pht t vic nhiu a phng
khng dm cho vay do khng c quy nh
php l, khng c ngun vn hoc thm ch
do nhn thc cha y v ch nh phi
bo ton ngun vn. i vi hot ng k
qu, hin nay vn cha c quy nh c th
nn vic thc hin k qu cc a phng
cha c s thng nht v c quan, a bn
nhn k qu; li sut k qu v vic thc
199
CHNG 9
hin k qu, nhn k qu i vi cc doanh
kinh ph t cng ng trong cc hot ng
nghip hot ng cc a bn gip ranh
sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip cng
gia cc a phng.
c trin khai (m hnh ci tin qun l kt
Qu BVMT cng tch cc trong vic

vn ng cc nh ti tr quc t tm
kim cc ngun ti chnh u i phc v
hot ng BVMT Vit Nam, nhng vic
tip cn ngun vn quc t cn nhiu tr
ngi do cha c c ch giao vn ODA cho
Qu BVMT. Ngoi ra, mt s c ch chnh
sch h tr (h tr li sut vay vn sau u
t, h tr hot ng ca d n CDM, tr gi
sn phm CDM, h tr gi in gi) c
nh nc giao thc hin nhng kh trin
khai do kh khn v vn, iu kin h tr,
tnh hnh th trng tn ch carbon th gii
i xung - cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam gp
nhiu bt li
9.4.3. u t h tr t ngun lc x hi v
cc t chc quc t
Ngun kinh ph huy ng t ngun lc
x hi
Bn cnh ngun u t t ngn sch nh
hp vi yu t mi trng cc x nghip
cng nghip, p dng sn xut sch hn,
xy dng m hnh sinh thi). Tuy nhin,
vic trin khai vn cn phm vi hp, quy
m nh, m hnh n gin, d thc hin.
Ngun kinh ph t cc d n, chng
trnh quc t
Giai on 2011 - 2015 cng c nh
du bi nhng bc tin ng k trong vic
huy ng vn h tr, vn vay ca cc quc
gia, t chc quc t cho cng tc BVMT nc
ta. Cc ngun vn huy ng ng gp
mt phn quan trng cho u t cc cng
trnh x l mi trng tp trung cc a
phng (bi chn lp CTR tp trung, trm
x l nc thi sinh hot tp trung, l t
cht thi y t). Trong giai on ny, ngun
vn ODA dnh cho cc d n c lin quan
v mi trng t khong 3.739 triu USD,
trong , vn vay l 3.514 triu USD, vin
tr khng hon li l 255 triu USD.
nc, Chnh ph huy ng c ngun
9.5. CC CNG C QUN L MI TRNG
u t t cc thnh phn kinh t cho hot
9.5.1. Thc hin nh gi mi trng chin

lc v nh gi tc ng mi trng
ng BVMT, vi xu hng gia tng ngun

u t t thnh phn kinh t t nhn.
Trong nhng nm qua, vic huy ng
ngun lc x hi cho cng tc BVMT c
trin khai tp trung cc hot ng x l rc
thi, nc thi sinh hot, chn nui, v sinh
mi trng cng ng, m hnh lng sinh
thi, ci thin mi trng lng ngh Mt
s m hnh thc hin vic huy ng ngun
200
Cng tc nh gi mi trng chin

lc (MC), nh gi tc ng mi trng
(TM) v ang tip tc c y mnh.
Cc vn bn quy phm php lut v MC,
TM tip tc c xy dng, r sot, iu
chnh v ngy cng hon thin ph hp
vi tnh hnh thc t. Cc quy trnh, th tc
thm nh cng c quy nh ngy cng r
rng, minh bch theo hng ci cch hnh
QUN L MI TRNG
chnh nhng vn bo m yu cu v cht

lng ca cng tc thm nh. Vic thm
nh, ph duyt bo co TM c phn
cp t Trung ng n a phng theo thm
quyn qun l. Vic tham vn kin cng
ng khi thc hin MC, TM tr thnh
yu cu bt buc v ang dn tip cn vi
cc kinh nghim quc t.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, c 122
chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch thc hin
MC, khong 8.000 d n u t thc
hin bo co TM v trn 1.400 d n
c cp giy xc nhn hu thm nh c
cp trung ng v a phng (Bng 9.3).
Kt qu ca cc d n c MC trin
khai chng minh c hiu qu ca
MC i vi qu trnh lp chin lc, quy
Bng 9.3. Tnh hnh thm nh MC, TM v hot
ng sau thm nh trong giai on 2011 - 2014
Ni dung
B
TN&MT*
Cc B,
ngnh
khc
Cc S
TN&MT
H s MC
nhn
100
12
10
71
nhn
1.252
112
6.525
ph duyt
1.205
94
5.623
nhn
352
1.712
cp giy
xc nhn
300
1.146
bo co kt
qu thm nh
H s TM
H s hu
thm nh
S liu thng k n 15/9/2015
Ngun: Cc Thm nh v TM,

TCMT, 2015
hoch, k hoch. MC cho Quy hoch pht

trin Vnh ai kinh t ven bin Vnh Bc
B, Quy hoch pht trin thy in LVS Vu
Gia - Thu Bn, Quy hoch pht trin KT XH vng ng bng sng Hng, Quy hoch
pht trin KT - XH huyn Cn o cho
thy MC c thc hin c hiu qu v
c nhng ng gp tch cc trong vic pht
hin, d bo cc tc ng mi trng ca
cc quy hoch, gp phn chnh sa, hon
thin cc quy hoch theo hng pht trin
bn vng.
Ni dung v cht lng ca cc bo co
MC, TM ngy cng r rng, khoa hc v
chi tit hn. Thng qua kt qu TM, vic
gim st cng tc BVMT i vi cc d n
trng im c tin hnh mt cch cht
ch. c bit, cng thng qua cng c TM,
a ra cnh bo v nhng tc ng tiu
cc ti mi trng sinh thi ca mt s d
n thu in, thng bo v yu cu cc a
phng phi c gii php khc phc kp thi.
T nm 2005 n nay, mt s d n u t
phi thay i a im hoc b t chi v
l do khng m bo cc yu cu v BVMT.
Cng tc kim tra, xc nhn vic thc
hin cc yu cu v BVMT ca cc d n sau
khi c ph duyt bo co TM cng
c y mnh mt bc v thng qua cng
tc ny cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca
nhiu d n c iu chnh m bo
cc yu cu u ra trc khi a d n vo
hot ng chnh thc.
Tuy nhin, hot ng MC, TM vn
bc l nhng bt cp. S phi hp gia cc
B, ban, ngnh v a phng trong hot
ng kim tra, gim st, hng dn cc hot
ng BVMT cha cht ch, thng xuyn.
201
CHNG 9
Cha c bin php kim sot mc p
ng ca cc t chc t vn nh quy nh
php lut. H thng thng tin, d liu v
mi trng (c bit l cc thng tin v mi
trng nn v sc chu ti mi trng)
phc v cho cng tc MC, TM khng
y . Nhiu tiu chun, quy chun k
thut mi trng, c bit l cc tiu chun,
quy chun k thut khng lin quan n
cht thi cn thiu ht nn cha tiu
ch nh gi ton din cc tc ng mi
trng gy ra bi d n. Cng tc kim tra,
xc nhn vic thc hin cc ni dung BVMT
trc khi d n i vo hot ng tuy c
y mnh nhng cha p ng yu cu thc
t. Cc cng c nh TM tng hp cho mt
vng lnh th, TM xuyn bin gii cha
c trin khai do cha ngun lc tin
hnh nghin cu phng php lun ca cc
cng c TM ny. Mt vn khc cng
tn ti t nhng giai on trc nhng n
nay vn cha c nhiu ci thin l ngun
nhn lc, kinh ph v trang thit b cha p
ng c nhu cu thc t, c bit l cp
a phng. Bn thn cc ch u t, doanh
nghip cha nhn thc c y v tm
quan trng ca hot ng TM nn cha c
s u t, quan tm thch ng. Thm vo
, trch nhim v nng lc ca n v t
vn lp bo co TM vn cha c kim
sot; trch nhim v nng lc ca mt s hi
ng thm nh vn cha c tng cng.
s ng thun cao trong x l cc c s vi

phm php lut v mi trng, c d lun
v x hi ng tnh, ng h.
Trong giai on t 2011 - 2015, cp
Trung ng tin hnh thanh tra, kim
tra i vi gn 3.000 c s, KCN, CCN trn
phm vi c nc, pht hin v x pht i
vi khong 1.400 t chc vi phm vi s tin
pht hn 200 t ng. cp a phng,
trong giai on 2011 - 2014 cng t chc
c hn 2.100 cuc thanh tra, kim tra v
BVMT i vi khong 9.100 c s, KCN,
CCN, pht hin v x pht vi phm hnh
chnh i vi 4.100 i tng vi tng s
tin ln ti gn 100 t ng6.
Mc d tnh hnh chp hnh php lut
v BVMT c chuyn bin tch cc, tuy
nhin vn cn nhiu doanh nghip vi phm
php lut v BVMT, tp trung vo cc nhm
hnh vi: thc hin khng ng cc ni dung
bo co TM, cam kt BVMT c ph
duyt, xc nhn; qun l CTNH khng ng
quy nh; t iu chnh, thay i thit k,
Bng 9.4. Thng k cng tc thanh tra, x l vi
phm php lut v BVMT cp Trung ng giai
on 2011 - 2014
Nm
Tng s c s,
KCN, CCN thanh
tra, kim tra
S c s,
KCN, CCN
vi phm
S tin
x pht
(t
ng)
9.5.2. Thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi phm

php lut v BVMT
2011
435
219
26,708
2012
467
188
34,56
Trong nhng nm qua, hot ng thanh

tra, kim tra qua tng nm u c nhng
chuyn bin tch cc. Cng tc thanh tra,
kim tra c trin khai mt cch thng
xuyn, lin tc, c trng tm, trng im,
t c nhiu kt qu quan trng, to c
2013
636
335
46,68
2014
826
639
92,28
202
Ngun: TCMT, 2015.

6. Bo co tng kt cng tc BVMT giai on 2011 - 2015
v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020, TCMT, 2015.
QUN L MI TRNG
cng ngh ca cc cng trnh x l cht thi

nhm x trm cht thi khng qua x l ra
mi trng; x nc thi, kh thi khng t
quy chun k thut v mi trng
Chnh ph cng ch o y ban
nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng ch o c quan qun l mi
trng a phng phi hp cht ch vi
lc lng cnh st phng, chng ti phm
v mi trng tng cng cng tc thanh
tra, kim tra, pht hin v x l nghim
cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v BVMT;
qua pht hin v x l nhiu v vic
vi phm nghim trng. Trong giai on
t 2006 - 2014, lc lng cnh st phng
chng ti phm v mi trng pht hin,
khm ph hn 56 nghn v vi phm php
lut v BVMT, chuyn v ngh C quan
cnh st iu tra cc cp khi t, xem xt
khi t 1.500 v vi trn 2.200 i tng,
x l vi phm hnh chnh hn 617 t ng.
Tuy nhin, cng tc thanh tra, kim tra
v BVMT ti a phng cn mt s tn ti
hn ch nh lc lng cn b lm cng tc
kim tra, thanh tra cn mng, nng lc cn
hn ch; cha c trang b y cc trang
thit b, phng tin cn thit v cha c
b tr kinh ph tng xng hot ng; cc
vi phm php lut v BVMT cha c cc
a phng x l kp thi, tha ng. Thm
vo , cc vi phm php lut v BVMT
ngy cng phc tp, kh pht hin trong
khi hot ng thanh tra cn b rng buc
bi cc th tc hnh chnh (phi thng bo
trc, ch lm vic trong gi hnh chnh)
nn cng tc thanh tra vic tun th php
lut v x l kp thi cc hnh vi vi phm
ca tt c cc doanh nghip cn gp nhiu
kh khn, hiu qu cha cao.
9.5.3. Kim sot nhim v x l cc ngun

gy nhim
Kim sot nhim mi trng l mt
trong nhng cng c c bit quan trng
trong qun l mi trng. Trong giai on
2011 - 2015, hot ng kim sot nhim
pht huy hiu qu kh tt.
Cng tc kim sot nhim khng
kh, t v nc c trin khai tch cc
thng qua vic tng bc hon thin cc
c ch chnh sch v cc hot ng thanh
tra, kim tra. Nhiu vn bn quan trng
c ban hnh, nh Ngh nh s 25/2013/
N-CP7, Thng t lin tch s 63/2013/
TTLT-BTC-BTNMT8, Thng t s 06/2013/
TT-BTNMT9. Th tng Chnh ph cng
giao B Ti nguyn v Mi trng xy dng
n tng cng kim sot nhim mi
trng do s dng ti ni lng kh phn hy
trong sinh hot n nm 2020 xem xt,
ban hnh.
Nhng khu vc tp trung nhiu im,
ngun gy nhim, tc ng xu ln mi
trng c ch trng kim sot v mi
trng, gp phn gim mc tch t nhim.
Hot ng kim sot nhim mi
trng KCN c nhng chuyn bin tch
cc. Cc quy nh v BVMT KCN tng bc
c hon thin vi nhiu vn bn mi c
7. Ngh nh s 25/2013/N-CP ngy 29 thng 3 nm
2013 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc
thi.
8. Thng t lin tch s 63/2013/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ngy
15 thng 5 nm 2013 ca lin B TN&MT, B Ti chnh
hng dn Ngh nh s 25/2013/N-CP.
9. Thng t s 06/2013/TT-BTNMT ngy 07/5/2013 ca B
trng B TN&MT ban hnh Danh mc lnh vc, ngnh
sn xut, ch bin c nc thi cha kim loi nng.
203
CHNG 9
ban hnh10. Th tng Chnh ph ang xem
xt, ban hnh K hoch hnh ng quc
gia v kim sot nhim mi trng KCN
n nm 2020. Nhiu a phng v KCN
c l trnh k hoch hoc v ang
trin khai xy dng cc trm x l nc thi;
hot ng ca Ban qun l cc KCN trong
qun l mi trng i vo n np v r
nt hn. n nay, c 73% tng s a
phng trn c nc ban hnh quy ch phi
hp qun l mi trng KCN gia Ban qun
l cc KCN v c quan qun l mi trng
a phng, gp phn cng c v ci thin
cht lng qun l mi trng KCN trn a
bn. Bn cnh cc cng c php l, cc gii
php v cng ngh, k thut cng c ph
bin, s dng linh hot, ph hp vi tng
loi hnh ngnh ngh c pht sinh cht thi
trong KCN.
Cng tc BVMT ti cc lng ngh c
nhiu chuyn bin v t c nhng kt
qu ng ghi nhn, c bit sau khi y ban
thng v Quc hi t chc gim st chuyn
vic thc hin chnh sch php lut v
mi trng ti cc khu kinh t, lng ngh v
ban hnh Ngh quyt s 19/2011/QH1311.
Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh n
tng th BVMT lng ngh n nm 2020
10. Thng t s 48/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 28/12/2011 ca

B trng B TN&MT v vic s i, b sung mt s iu
ca Thng t s 08/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 15/9/2009 quy
nh qun l v BVMT KKT, KCNC, KCN v CCN; Thng
t s 35/2015/TT-BTNMT ngy 30/6/2015 v bo v mi
trng KKT, KCN, KCX, KCNC.
11. Ngh quyt s 19/2011/QH13 ngy 26/11/2011 v kt
qu gim st v y mnh vic thc hin chnh sch, php
lut v mi trng ti cc khu kinh t, lng ngh.
204
v nh hng n nm 203012; B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng
t s 46/2011/TT-BTNMT13 nhm to dng
hnh lang php l thc hin hot ng
qun l mi trng lng ngh. Ti cc a
phng, c 21/63 tnh, thnh ph ban
hnh quyt nh ph duyt k hoch trin
khai n tng th BVMT lng ngh n
nm 2020 v nh hng n nm 2030.
Th tng Chnh ph cng ang ch o B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng tp trung nghin
cu xy dng v sm ban hnh h s v l
trnh p dng Quy chun k thut quc gia
v mi trng cho ph hp vi nng lc v
trnh sn xut trong lng ngh, ng thi,
to s khc bit trong nhn thc v qun l
gia lng ngh thc s vi cc i tng
sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v trn a bn
nng thn; tp trung trin khai thc hin tt
Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia khc phc
nhim v ci thin mi trng giai on
2012 - 2015 vi trng tm u tin khc phc
nhim v ci thin mi trng lng ngh
ti 47 lng ngh gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng.
Cng tc qun l nhp khu ph liu
tng bc c iu chnh v c nhng
kt qu nht nh. Theo thng k ca cc
tnh, thnh ph trong c nc, trong cc
nm 2011 - 2012, c khong 400 doanh
nghip nhp khu ph liu lm nguyn liu
sn xut, ch yu l nhm ph liu st, thp
(khong 2,2 - 2,5 triu tn/nm), ph liu
nha (0,8 triu tn/nm), ph liu giy (0,7
12. Quyt nh s 577/ Q-TTg ngy 11/4/2013 ca th
tng chnh ph ph duyt n tng th BVMT lng
ngh n nm 2020 v nh hng n nm 2030.
13. Thng t s 46/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2011 quy
nh v bo v mi trng lng ngh
QUN L MI TRNG
triu tn/nm). Giai on 2013 - 2015 ch

cn khong 200 - 250 doanh nghip nhp
khu ph liu nhng khi lng ph liu nhp
khu khng gim. Th tng Chnh ph
ch o B Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi
hp cht ch vi c quan hi quan, S Ti
nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph
theo di, cp nht thng xuyn tnh hnh
nhp khu, s dng ph liu lm nguyn
liu sn xut; kim tra vic chp hnh quy
nh php lut v BVMT, pht hin v x l
i vi cc trng hp vi phm; tp trung x
l dt im cc container ph liu, rc thi
khng p ng yu cu v BVMT ang tn
ng ti cc cng bin.
9.5.4. Quan trc mi trng
Giai on t nm 2011 - 2015, hot
ng quan trc mi trng c duy tr,
y mnh, m rng c Trung ng v a
phng. H thng c s php l cho hot
ng quan trc mi trng ngy cng c
hon thin, vi hng lot cc vn bn
c xy dng v ban hnh (01 Ngh nh;
10 Thng t), gip thng nht cc hot ng
quan trc mi trng trn phm vi c nc.
cp Trung ng, Trung tm Quan trc
mi trng (Tng cc Mi trng) l n v
u mi ca mng li quan trc mi trng
quc gia, tip tc pht huy vai tr, trch
nhim. Cc chng trnh quan trc c
trin khai, tip tc ch trng vo cc vng
kinh t trng im, cc KCN, cc th,
cc LVS b nhim nng; qua cung cp
cc thng tin cn thit cho cng tc qun l
mi trng, phc v gio dc truyn thng,
xy dng cc chng trnh, d n khc
phc nhim. Lin tc t nm 2011 n
nay, B TN&MT duy tr, thc hin cc
chng trnh quan trc mi trng thng

xuyn v nh k, bao gm: chng trnh
quan trc mi trng nc ti cc LVS: Cu;
Nhu - y; Hng - Thi Bnh; M; Vu Gia
- Thu Bn; ng Nai, v vng Ty Nam B;
chng trnh quan trc mi trng 03 vng
kinh t trng im: pha Bc, min Trung Ty nguyn, pha Nam; chng trnh quan
trc hot ng khai thc bauxit v thy in
ti khu vc Ty Nguyn. Trong giai on va
qua, B TN&MT v ang tip tc thit k
b sung mt s chng trnh quan trc nh
chng trnh quan trc vng kinh t trng
im ng bng sng Cu Long, cc chng
trnh quan trc LVS tng th LVS C - La,
LVS Ba, LVS K Cng - Bng Giang; S san
- Serapork; Tr Khc.
Vic kt ni mng li quan trc gia
Trung ng vi a phng cng tip tc
c y mnh v t c mt s kt qu
ng k. Cc n v quan trc t cp Trung
ng n cc a phng thng xuyn
kt ni, trao i chia s thng tin trong h
thng, cc nh hng i vi hot ng
quan trc mi trng... h tr, hng dn k
thut trong trin khai xy dng v thc hin
cc chng trnh quan trc.
cp a phng, cng tc quan trc
mi trng cng ngy cng pht trin, pht
huy vai tr h tr c lc cho cng tc
BVMT. Tnh n ht nm 2015, c nc
c 59 tnh/ thnh ph trong c nc thnh
lp Trung tm quan trc mi trng thc
hin nhim v quan trc mi trng trn a
bn tnh; c 50 Trung tm Quan trc mi
trng a phng c ph duyt chng
trnh quan trc mi trng tng th, tp trung
vo theo di, nh gi cht lng mi trng
khng kh, t, nc (nc mt, nc bin,
205
CHNG 9
nc ngm). So vi giai on trc, s a
phng u t v lp t cc trm quan
trc mi trng nc v khng kh t ng,
lin tc cng tng ln ng k. Tnh n
nay, cng vi cc chng trnh quan trc
cp Trung ng, cc chng trnh quan trc
ca cc a phng cng ph trn hu
ht a bn c nc.
Nhn chung, trong giai on 2011 2015, hot ng quan trc ngy cng c
m rng cng nh i vo chiu su. Cng
ngh quan trc ngy cng a dng, hin i
vi hng lot cc thit b, hnh thc quan trc
c tng cng, ng dng nh quan trc t
ng. S pht trin v cng ngh cng gip
tip cn vi vic quan trc cc vn mi
nh thy ngn trong khng kh, gim st
nhim xuyn bin gii, quan trc DSH S
pht trin ca cng ngh quan trc gip
cho cc thng tin v cht lng mi trng
c cung cp n cc nh qun l v ngi
dn c kp thi v chnh xc.
Vic ban hnh Ngh nh s 27/2013/
N-CP v sau l Ngh nh s 127/2015/
N-CP gp phn quan trng trong vic
qun l cht lng hot ng quan trc mi
trng. Sau thi gian trin khai thc hin,
hot ng quan trc mi trng ngy cng
i vo n np v nng cao cht lng.
Cng trong giai on ny, vic m rng
cc hot ng hp tc quc t trong lnh vc
quan trc mi trng t, nc khng kh
vi nhiu nc v cc t chc quc t
gp phn lm cho hot ng quan trc ngy
cng tin gn hn vi cc nc trong khu
vc v trn th gii.
206
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kt qu t

c, cng tc quan trc mi trng vn cn
tn ti nhng kh khn, thch thc khng
d gii quyt. Mc d, h thng trang thit
b u t cho hot ng quan trc trong thi
gian qua kh y v bi bn, tuy nhin,
qua thi gian hot ng, nhiu thit b
n giai on cn c thay th nhng vic
b tr ngun kinh ph cn gp rt nhiu kh
khn. Thm vo , ngun kinh ph dnh
cho cc hot ng quan trc nh k, hng
nm cng khng n nh, thm ch cn b
ct gim, dn ti mt s chng trnh quan
trc phi gim tn sut, s trm/im quan
trc, khng m bo cho cng tc theo di,
gim st cht lng mi trng. Ngun nhn
lc cho cng tc quan trc cng cha p
ng yu cu thc t. c bit, mt s a
phng, mc d thnh lp trung tm
quan trc nhng do thiu nhn lc, thit b
nn vn phi thu n v bn ngoi thc
hin chng trnh quan trc ca a phng.
9.6. CNG TC BO V MI TRNG
CC LU VC SNG
Cng tc BVMT cc LVS trong giai on
2011 - 2015 c quan tm y mnh.
Th tng Chnh ph ch o B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng phi hp cht ch vi
cc a phng tng cng vic trin khai
03 n tng th BVMT LVS: sng Cu,
sng Nhu - sng y, h thng sng ng
Nai. Tnh n thng 9/2015, c 22/22
tnh, thnh ph trn 03 LVS ph duyt v
trin khai K hoch thc hin n ti mi
tnh, thnh ph; 16/16 tnh, thnh ph trn
LVS Nhu - y v h thng sng ng Nai
thnh lp Ban ch o thc hin n
trn a bn. So vi giai on 2006 - 2010,
cc n pht huy hiu qu, ci thin
QUN L MI TRNG
cht lng mi trng nc v hn ch mc

nhim mt s khu vc trng im trn
03 LVS.
Trn c s kt qu trin khai thc
hin hng nm, Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt K hoch thc hin n tng
th BVMT LVS Nhu - sng y n nm
2020,Quy trnh vn hnh lin h cha trn
LVHT sng ng Nai trong ma l hng
nm nhm tng cng hiu qu cng tc
BVMT LVS.
Hot ng kim sot nhim ti cc
LVS tip tc c tng cng. Lut bo
v mi trng nm 2014 v Ngh nh s
38/2015/N-CP ca Chnh ph v qun l
cht thi v ph liu quy nh nhiu ni
dung mi v cng tc BVMT LVS, c bit
l vic nh gi sc chu ti ca sng, hn
ngch x nc thi vo LVS, cng b cc
on sng khng cn kh nng tip nhn
cht thi
Bn cnh vic ban hnh cc chnh
sch, vn bn, c cp Trung ng v a
phng cng tng cng cc hot ng
thanh tra, kim tra, x l trit c s gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng, thc hin
cc quy nh cp php x thi vo ngun
nc, quan trc cht lng mi trng nh
k, iu tra thng k ngun thi, trin khai
nghin cu, xy dng v chuyn giao cng
ngh mt s m hnh x l nc thi chi ph
thp cho cm dn c th thuc cc LVS
Cu v LVS Nhu - y Tp. H Ni, Ninh
Bnh, Thi Nguyn; ng thi c bin php
nhn rng m hnh cho cc a phngtrn
ton quc;thc hin v hng dn cc a
phng t chc iu tra, nh gi cc ngun
nc thi gy nhim sng.
Cng tc BVMT ti cc LVS lin tnh

khc cng c ch trng thng qua vic
thit lp cc chng trnh kim tra, nh gi
vic thc hin cc quy nh php lut LVS
lin tnh, chng trnh quan trc mi trng
ti cc LVS lin tnh.
Tuy nhin, vn tn ti nhng vn
cha c khc phc t nhng giai on
trc. l vn quy hoch s dng, bo
v ti nguyn nc cha c thng nht
gia cc a phng trn cng mt LVS. iu
ny dn n s khng thng nht trong hot
ng khai thc, s dng v x nc thi trn
LVS, gia cc a phng vng thng lu
v h lu, xung t mi trng l iu khng
trnh khi. Bn cnh , vic trin khai cc
n BVMT LVS: Cu, Nhu - y, LVHTS
ng Nai cn gp mt s lng tng. Vai tr
ca cc y ban bo v mi trng LVS cha
mnh ch o, iu phi hot ng
BVMT cc lu vc.
9.7. CNG TC BO TN A DNG
SINH HC
Hot ng bo tn DSH c trin
khai mnh m, c h thng, c bit t khi
Lut DSH c Quc hi thng qua nm
2008 v c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 01
thng 7 nm 2009. H thng chnh sch
php lut v bo tn DSH v ang
tip tc c hon thin, nhm to s thng
nht, ng b.
Chin lc quc gia v DSH v Quy
hoch tng th bo tn DSH c tng
cng trin khai cp quc gia v a
phng. n nay c 10 tnh ph duyt quy
hoch bo tn DSH cp tnh, 20 tnh hin
ang xy dng. Nhiu hng nghin cu
ng dng phc v cng tc qun l DSH
207
CHNG 9
c y mnh trong thi gian qua nh
quan trc DSH, quy hoch DSH, chi tr
dch v mi trng lin quan n DSH, bi
hon DSH, nh gi mc tn thng cc
HST, lng gi thit hi, lng gi kinh t ti
nguyn DSH,...
Hot ng hp tc quc t trong lnh
vc DSH cng thu c nhiu kt qu
ng khch l. Nhiu d n quc t v bo
tn DSH do Qu Mi trng ton cu,
Ngn hng th gii, T chc Hp tc pht
trin Nht Bn v cc i tc khc trn
th gii ti tr c t chc trin khai.
Cc hot ng hp tc vi cc i tc song
phng nh Hoa K, Trung Quc, H Lan,
c, Nht Bn,... v cc i tc a phng
nh WWF, IUCN, UNDP, UNEP, WCS, FFI,
Bionet, Birdlife c y mnh. Chnh ph
ban hnh 02 Ngh quyt14 v vic gia
nhp Ngh nh th b sung Nagoya - Kualar
Lumpur v ngha v php l v bi thng
trong khun kh Ngh nh th Cartagena
v an ton sinh hc; gia nhp Ngh nh th
Nagoya v tip cn ngun gen v chia s
cng bng, hp l li ch pht sinh t vic s
dng ngun gen trong khun kh Cng c
DSH; nghin cu kh nng gia nhp Cng
c v cc loi hoang d di c (CMS), hp
tc i tc v ng di c ca cc loi chim
(Flyway Partnership).
Bn cnh nhng kt qu t c,
cng tc qun l DSH vn cn ang tn
ti nhng kh khn, bt cp cn tip tc
c gii quyt. Qun l DSH vn l vn
gy tranh ci trong thi k kinh t ang
pht trin ca Vit Nam hin nay. Vn
14. Ngh quyt s 10/NQ-CP ngy 12/02/2014 v
Ngh quyt s 17/NQ-CP ngy 17/3/2014.

208
kt hp hi ha chnh sch pht trin kinh

t t nc v bo tn DSH cha tm ra
hng thch hp. Nhiu chnh sch thiu
quan tm n mi quan h hu c gia
cng ng a phng vi ti nguyn sinh
vt, cha m bo tnh thuyt phc. Vic
thu hp phn din tch t nhin, a vo
khu bo tn, dn n mt cc khu vc sinh
sng, ngun k sinh nhai ca ngi dn bn
a, cha c b p v kinh t v qu t
hp l ti sn xut. Bn cnh , mt s
ch trng chnh sch kim sot ti nguyn
sinh vt mang tnh ng ph nhiu hn l
mang tnh ch ng, c hoch nh. Cc
ch trng ra nhm ngn chn suy gim
DSH, nhng thiu cc gii php kim sot
cht ch ca cc cp qun l.
Cc quy nh php lut bo v DSH
cha c tnh h thngv ng b. Trong qu
trnh thc hin, mt s quy nh ca cc lut
v qun l DSH (Lut DSH, Lut thy
sn, Lut bo v v pht trin rng,)
bc l nhng im khc nhau, chng cho
dn n kh khn, bt cp trong cng tc
qun l DSH. Sau 05 nm thc hin Lut
DSH, thc t cng tc qun l nh nc
v DSH c nhiu thay i, mt s ni
dung khng cn ph hp vi thc t hin
nay, cn c cp nht, iu chnh. Mt
s vn lin quan n DSH trong tnh
hnh mi cn c xem xt v b sung kp
thi nh DSH v BKH; vn pht trin
cc cng c kinh t trong cng tc bo tn,
pht trin qun l hnh lang DSH, iu
tra, quan trc xy dng c s d liu DSH,
vn nh gi tc ng ca cc hot ng
pht trin n DSH, vn lng ghp bo
tn DSH vo cc chnh sch ngnh, lin
ngnh,...
QUN L MI TRNG
Quy hoch pht trin DSH bn vng

cp ton quc, vng, tnh cn yu. Do s
thiu quy hoch lu di v thiu c s khoa
hc nn dn n s bt hp l trong bo tn
v pht trin ti nguyn thin nhin trong
ton quc v tng a phng. Nhng vn
mi, phc tp trong bo v - DSH nh
cc vn tip cn ngun gen, chia s li
ch thu c t DSH cha c quan tm
thch ng.
Khung 9.6. Mt s chng trnh KH&CN

trng im giai on 2011- 2015
Chng trnh KH&CN trng im cp nh
nc (m s KC.08/11-15) v Phng trnh
thin tai, bo v mi trng v s dng hp l
ti nguyn thin nhin vi tng s 34 ti
KHCN v ang trin khai, 2 d n sn xut
th nghim v 5 ti tim nng, tng kinh ph
l 205 t ng.
Chng trnh KH&CN cp nh nc (m
s KHCN-BKH/11-15) phc v Chng trnh
mc tiu quc gia v bin i kh hu vi tng
s 48 ti KHCN v ang trin khai.
Chng trnh KH&CN cp B (m s
TNMT.04.10-15) v Nghin cu, ng dng
KH&CN phc v qun l v BVMT Vit Nam
giai on 2010 - 2015 vi tng s 60 ti
KHCN cp b, tng kinh ph khong 90 t ng.
n pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi
trng Vit Nam n nm 2015, tm nhn n
nm 2025 vi tng s 47 ti KHCN v 11 d
n sn xut th nghim, tng kinh ph khong
138 t ng.
Chng trnh KHCN-33/11-15 v Nghin
cu khc phc hu qu lu di ca cht da cam/
dioxin do M s dng trong chin tranh i vi
mi trng v sc khe con ngi Vit Nam
vi tng s 13 ti, tng kinh ph khong 72
t ng.
Ngun: Bo co nh gi hot ng nghin cu
KH&CN lnh vc BVMT giai on 2011 - 2015,
B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, 2015.
H thng c quan nh nc v qun l

DSH cha ph hp. B NN&PTNT qun
l cc khu rng c dng (HST rng); cc
khu bo tn vng nc ni a (HST thy
vc nc ngt ni a); cc khu bo tn bin
(HST bin). Trong khi , B TN&MT chu
trch nhim xy dng v qun l cc khu t
ngp nc (HST t ngp nc). Tuy nhin,
trn thc t, cc HST ny lun lun an xen
nhau trong mt khu bo tn nh Vn quc
gia Xun Thy (Nam nh) gm c c 3
HST: rng, t ngp nc v ca sng ven
bin. V c s chng cho trn, nn rt cn
mt c ch mnh thng nht qun l
DSH v cc khu Bo tn thin nhin trong
ton quc.
c bit, hin nay ngun lc cho cng
tc qun l DSH hu ht cc a phng
cn thiu v yu; cn b ph trch DSH l
cn b kim nghim v cha c o to
chuyn su v bo tn DSH; ngun lc ti
chnh cho cng tc bo tn DSH cn thiu;
c s d liu v DSH ti cc a phng
cn thiu, cha c h thng ha v cp
nht; ch trao i thng tin, d liu v
DSH cn cha c y mnh; hot ng
iu tra, quy hoch tng th DSH cha
c tin hnh.
9.8. HOT NG NGHIN CU KHOA
HC CNG NGH V P DNG CC
CNG NGH MI
9.8.1. Hot ng nghin cu khoa hc
cng ngh
Giai on 2011 - 2015, hot ng nghin
cu khoa hc v pht trin cng ngh v
BVMT c y mnh trin khai Trung
ng v a phng, qua gp phn thc
hin c hiu qu cc nhim v trong lnh
209
CHNG 9
vc BVMT. Nhiu chng trnh khoa hc
v cng ngh cp quc gia, cp b c
trin khai trong giai on ny.
Trong giai on ny, cc nghin cu
khoa hc cng ngh ch yu tp trung vo
4 nhm ni dung: nghin cu v xy dng
c ch, chnh sch, cng c, h thng qun
l trong BVMT; nghin cu v quy hoch,
d bo, quan trc v kim sot, phng nga
nhim mi trng; nghin cu v cc m
hnh, cng ngh gim thiu, x l nhim
mi trng; nghin cu v ci thin mi
trng v bo tn DSH. Cc ti nghin
cu tp trung gii quyt cc vn u
tin, thc tin theo yu cu ca cng tc
qun l nh nc v BVMT. Kt qu nghin
cu bc u p ng kp thi yu cu
cp thit ca thc tin, gii quyt tt nhng
vn t ra t cc nh hng, chin
lc, chng trnh ca quc gia v ngnh
mi trng.
9.8.2. p dng cng ngh trong x l
cht thi
Kt qu kho st thc t gn y cho
thy, thc trng pht trin v p dng cng
ngh x l cht thi Vit Nam c nhng
bin chuyn tch cc. V loi hnh, cc
doanh nghip trong nc bc u c
kh nng t thit k v ch to tng i
cc loi hnh c tnh ph bin x l
cht thi. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi chung,
trnh cng ngh x l cht thi Vit
Nam cn mc trung bnh trong khu vc.
Mt s doanh nghip nc ngoi, lin
doanh hoc cc doanh nghip ln c kh
nng u t cc h thng, cng trnh x l
cht thi tng i ng b, hin i.
210
V tnh trng sn xut thit b, cng

ngh x l cht thi nc ta hin nay cn
tnh trng c th, n chic, cha c sn
xut ch to cng ngh mi trng hng lot
hay cng nghip ho. Phn ln l do cc
Vin, cc Trung tm, cc Cng ty T vn
thit k, ch to theo cc hp ng c th,
cha c cc cng ty sn xut chuyn nghip,
th trng cng ngh mi trng cha pht
trin mnh m.
Nhng nm gn y, s lng cc c s
sn xut c cc h thng, cng trnh, thit
b x l cht thi c ci thin v c xu
hng tng r rt (c bit l ti cc KCN)
do cng tc qun l nh nc, kim sot
nhim mi trng c y mnh. Tuy
nhin, t l cc c s sn xut c cng trnh
x l cht thi m bo cc yu cu k thut
v mi trng cn chim t l thp. Vn
ny th hin kh r ti cc c s sn xut
c quy m nh hoc trung bnh. Bn cnh
nguyn nhn ch quan ca cc c s sn
xut (nhn thc v cng tc x l cht thi
cha cao, cng tc vn hnh cng trnh, h
thng x l cht thi cha thng xuyn, lin
tc), nguyn nhn khch quan mt phn l
do cha la chn c cng ngh x l cht
thi ph hp, c bit i vi mt s ngnh
sn xut c cht thi c th, kh x l nh
ngnh dt nhum, ch bin thy sn, sn
xut giy v bt giy,... Cc c s sn xut
t hoc khng c t vn, cung cp v tip
cn thng tin v cng ngh x l cht thi
thch hp xy dng h thng, dn n
vic xy dng h thng tn km nhng vn
khng cho hiu qu. p ng c thc
tin x l cht thi ti cc c s sn xut,
QUN L MI TRNG
cn phi thm nh, nh gi c cng

ngh x l cht thi ph hp. Tuy nhin,
cng tc thm nh, nh gi cng ngh x
l cht thi cha c trin khai nhiu.
Trong thi gian gn y, ti mt s a
phng cng ch ng u t, lp t
cc l t rc cng sut nh, p dng ch
yu cho cc vng nng thn, ni c lng
rc thi pht sinh khng qu ln. iu ny
bc u h tr cho vic x l cht thi
khu vc nng thn, vng ven , ci thin
cnh quan mi trng. Tuy nhin, vn
t ra l vic kim tra, xc nhn vic m
bo cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut ca
cc l t trong qu trnh vn hnh, s dng
Khung 9.7. o to cho doanh nghip trong

khun kh D n o to sn xut sch hn v
qun l cht thi dnh cho cc doanh nghip
ti Vit Nam
Trong giai on t nm 2012 n thng
01/2015, Phng Thng mi Cng nghip Vit
Nam phi hp vi Trung tm Mi trng v
Sn xut sch (B Cng thng) t chc 31 kha
tp hun v sn xut sch hn v qun l cht
thi cho hn 2.200 cn b qun l, iu hnh
n t gn 1.500 doanh nghip ti 30 tnh,
thnh ph trn c nc. Thng qua , nng cao
nhn thc ca doanh nghip v tm quan trng
ca BVMT, ng thi trc tip o to v h tr
doanh nghip p dng cc quy trnh qun l
hin i, a nhng k thut sn xut sch hn
v qun l cht thi vo thc tin sn xut kinh
doanh, qua , gip doanh nghip ci thin hiu
qu s dng nng lng/ti nguyn, gim thiu
tn tht, tng cng ti s dng cht thi, gp
phn ci thin mi trng.
Ngun: Bo co vai tr v trch nhim ca cng
ng doanh nghip i vi cng tc BVMT ti Vit
Nam, ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc 2015,
Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam,
vn ang b b ng. y c th l ngun

gy nhim mi trng th cp nu vic
vn hnh khng m bo cc yu cu k
thut, lm pht sinh cc kh thi c hi
nh dioxin, furan
9.9. NNG CAO NHN THC V HUY
NG S THAM GIA CA CNG NG
9.9.1. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng
Cng tc truyn thng, nng cao nhn
thc cng ng v BVMT khng ch dng li
cc sinh hot mang tnh vn ho, x hi v
nhn vn, m cn l yu t quan trng thc
y tin trnh x hi ho cng tc BVMT.
Trn c s phi hp vi cc t chc chnh
tr - x hi, cc c quan truyn thng i
chng v cc a phng, cng tc truyn
thng mi trng c tin hnh mt
cch a dng v thng xuyn thng qua
cc s kin, cc cuc thi, gii thng v mi
trng, cc lp tp hun, hi ngh, cc m
hnh tin tin v BVMT, cc tin bi, phng
s phn nh v cc vn mi trng trng
im trong nc v quc t.
cp Trung ng, hng nm u
c vn bn hng dn cc ngnh v cc
a phng t chc cc s kin, chin dch
truyn thng mi trng; phi hp vi cc
ngnh lin quan y mnh cng tc gio
dc, o to v nng cao nhn thc mi
trng cho cng ng. n nay, cp Trung
ng ban hnh 09 Ngh quyt lin tch
v phi hp BVMT vi cc t chc chnh
tr - x hi, gm: y ban Trung ng Mt
trn T quc Vit Nam, Lin hip cc hi
khoa hc v k thut Vit Nam, Hi Cu
chin binh Vit Nam, Hi Nng dn Vit
Nam, Hi lin hip Ph n Vit Nam, Lin
minh cc hp tc x Vit Nam, Trung ng
211
CHNG 9
- on thanh nin cng sn H Ch Minh,
Tng lin on Lao ng Vit Nam v Hi
ngi cao tui Vit Nam; k 03 Ngh
quyt v phi hp tuyn truyn BVMT vi
cc c quan truyn thng i chng l i
Truyn hnh Vit Nam, i Ting ni Vit
Nam v Thng tn x Vit Nam.
Trong giai on 2011 - 2015, vic t
chc cc s kin mi trng nh: ngy mi
trng th gii (05/6), chin dch lm cho
th gii sch hn (tun th 3, thng 9), ngy
tri t (22/4), ngy DSH th gii (22/5),
gii thng mi trng Vit Nam, Lin hoan
phim mi trng ngy cng c nhiu
b ngnh, a phng hng ng vi cc
hot ng tuyn truyn thit thc, hnh thc
phong ph, hp dn. Hot ng ny khng
ch khuyn khch, ghi nhn n lc ca cc
tp th, c nhn trong cng tc BVMT m
cn c sc lan ta ln, gp phn quan trng
thc y nhn thc cng ng v mi trng.
Vic tng cng gio dc mi trng
trong cc trng hc tip tc c ch trng
thng qua trin khai n a cc ni
dung BVMT vo h thng gio dc quc
dn. xy dng c cc chng trnh,
gio trnh, ti liu tch hp cc ni dung
BVMT, xy dng cc bng hnh, truyn
tranh, pano, p phch v gio dc BVMT
phc v cng tc ging dy, hc tp trong
cc trng hc trn phm vi c nc.
Hng nm, B TN&MT u tin hnh t
chc thng k, tng hp v cp nht thng
tin cc m hnh tin tin v BVMT trn c
nc; la chn ph bin, nhn rng cc
m hnh tiu biu, ph hp vi iu kin
212
t nhin, KT - XH ca tng vng, tng a

phng. B cng thng xuyn phi hp vi
cc t chc chnh tr - x hi, cc t chc phi
chnh ph trong vic pht hin v trin khai
cc m hnh v BVMT hot ng c hiu qu
gn vi cng ng. Nhiu m hnh tt, nhiu
gng ngi tt vic tt trong lnh vc BVMT
xut hin, tht s ng ngha vi cch
tip cn x hi ha cng tc BVMT.
i vi i tng l cng ng doanh
nghip vn nng cao nhn thc, to
cc c ch, chnh sch h tr nng lc k
thut v ti chnh l nhng yu t quan
trng nhm ci thin cng tc BVMT ti
cc doanh nghip. Trong giai on 2011 2015, kh nhiu chng trnh, d n tch
cc trin khai nhm khuyn khch v h tr
cc doanh nghip tng bc a cng tc
BVMT vo cc khu hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh, thu c nhiu kt qu kh tt.
Thng qua cc hot ng o to, truyn
thng vi s tham gia ca cc lc lng
trong x hi gp phn nng cao nhn
thc v thc BVMT ca ngi dn, cng
ng doanh nghip, cc cp, cc ngnh v
ton x hi.
9.9.2. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng
X hi ha cng tc BVMT l mt trong
nhng ni dung nhn c nhiu s quan
tm c ng v Nh nc t nhiu nm
nay. Hnh lang php l thc y x hi ha
cng tc BVMT tip tc c iu chnh, b
sung v pht huy hiu qu. T nm 2008,
chnh sch khuyn khch x hi ha i vi
cc hot ng trong lnh vc gio dc, dy
ngh, y t, vn ha, th thao, mi trng
QUN L MI TRNG
c ban hnh; tip theo , chnh sch v

u i, h tr hot ng BVMT15 cng
c ban hnh nm 2014. c bit, Lut
bo v mi trng nm 2014 v vn bn
hng dn thi hnh Lut16 c nhng quy
nh v khuyn khch x hi ha cng tc
BVMT, trong c nhng quy nh pht trin
dch v mi trng thng qua hnh thc u
thu v hp tc cng t. Cc vn bn c
ban hnh a ra nhiu quy nh v c
ch u i, h tr cho cc doanh nghip, t
chc thc hin cng tc BVMT (v t ai,
thu, ph, ti chnh, qung b sn phm,)
ph hp hn vi thc tin.
Cho n nay, c nhiu loi hnh c
cc t chc v c nhn tham gia u t pht
trin vo lnh vc mi trng t nhiu ngun
vn, bc u hnh thnh h thng dch v
mi trng ngoi cng ch. Mt s lnh vc
pht trin mnh nh: thu gom, vn chuyn
rc thi, c s x l rc thi; thu gom, vn
chuyn CTNH (k c cht thi y t); x l
nc thi sinh hot tp trung; x l nc thi
sinh hot quy m nh phn tn, Hin nay,
Th tng Chnh ph ang xem xt, ban
hnh Khung chnh sch, php lut v pht
trin dch v mi trng Vit Nam, n
pht trin mng li doanh nghip dch v
mi trng n nm 2020 v mt s c ch,
chnh sch ti chnh pht trin dch v mi
trng Vit Nam.
X hi ha cng tc BVMT cn c m
rng khng ch cc lnh vc dch v cng
15. Ngh nh s 59/2014/N-CP ngy 16/6/2014 ca
Chnh ph sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh
s 69/2008/N-CP; Ngh nh s 04/2009/N-CP ngy
14/01/2009 v u i, h tr hot ng bo v mi trng.
16. Ngh nh s 19/2015/N-CP ngy 14/2/2015 ca
Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut
Bo v mi trng nm 2014
m cn lnh vc qun l nh nc. Chnh

ph ch o B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
ch ng phi hp vi U ban Trung ng
Mt trn T quc Vit Nam v cc on th
chnh tr; cc t chc chnh tr, x hi, ngh
nghip, ban hnh cc Ngh quyt lin tch
phi hp trin khai su rng cc ni dung x
hi ha ti cc tng lp x hi; ch o b
tr kinh ph cho cc t chc ny t ngun s
nghip mi trng cc thnh vin trong
h thng chnh tr tham gia tuyn truyn,
ph bin gio dc php lut, gim st vic
thc thi php lut v BVMT ca cc t chc
v c nhn.
Tuy nhin, vai tr ca cng ng vn
cha c pht huy mt cch y . Hot
ng BVMT ca cng ng cn nhiu hn
ch, mang tnh hnh thc, thng khng
c nh gi ng mc, khng c ngun
lc tng xng, khng c hng dn t
chc y v khng c s ng h rng
ri, thng xuyn. Nhiu lnh vc mc d
c ch trng x hi ha, song s tham gia
ca cng ng cn rt hn ch.
9.10. HP TC QUC T V BO V
MI TRNG
Trong thi gian qua, Vit Nam tch
cc hi nhp, hp tc quc t, tham gia trn
20 iu c quc t v mi trng, ng thi
nghim tc thc hin cac cam kt trong cac
Cng c nay, tham gia y v c trch
nhim cac cuc hop thng nin cua Cng
c, lin Cng c, t o tranh th c s
h tr cua quc t thc hin cac chng
trinh, d an v BVMT vi t cach la thanh
vin Cng c,...
213
CHNG 9
Bn cnh vic tch cc tham gia cc
iu c, Cng c quc t, Vit Nam
cng y mnh cc hot ng hp tc
a phng v song phng v BVMT. Nhiu
chng trinh, d an ln v BVMT a va ang
c thc hin vi cac i tac chinh la Nht
Ban, Han Quc, Thuy Sy, an Mch, Thy
in,... v vi s ti tr thc hin ca cc t
chc quc t khc nh: UNDP, UNEP, WB,
GEF, ADB, Trong giai on 2011 - 2015,
Vit Nam thu ht hn 30 d n quc t v
mi trng vi tng kinh ph hn 750 triu
USD17, h tr khng ch cp trung ng m
cn nhiu a phng.
BVMT. Vic khai thc ngun h tr k thut,

chuyn gia v kinh nghim quc t cha
c nh mong mun; i lc cn thiu tnh
ch ng trong vic tm ngun ti tr quc
t, trng ch nhiu vo i tc v s u tin
ca cc chnh ph nc ngoi.
Nhn chung, hot ng hp tac quc t

v BVMT trong thi gian qua gp mt
phn ng k to nn ngun u t t bn
ngoi tng cng nng lc khoa hc cng
ngh cho ngnh; tip cn c phng php
lun hin i, tip thu kinh nghim ca cc
nc, xut cc c s khoa hc cho mt
s gii php k thut v hon thin h thng
chnh sch, php lut v ti nguyn v mi
trng. Tng cng hi nhp kinh t quc t
thng qua vic tham gia cc chng trnh,
d n, hi ngh, hi tho quc t, chia s
kinh nghim vi cc nc trong khu vc v
cng tc qun l, s dng c hiu qu ti
nguyn thin nhin v BVMT. Cc nhim v
m phn gia nhp WTO v cc hip nh
thng mi v cc ni dung lin quan n
BVMT c thc hin rt tch cc, nghim
tc, t kt qu cao.
sch, vn bn quy phm php lut
Tuy nhin, hot ng hp tc quc t v

BVMT cn cha tranh th c ti a, cha
nm bt kp thi cc c hi huy ng h
tr ti chnh v chuyn giao cng ngh v
17. Bo co ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ti Phin
ton th Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc ln th 3, 2010.
214
9.11. NHNG VN TRNG TM CN

GII QUYT TRONG CNG TC BO V
MI TRNG
9.11.1. S dng hiu qu cc cng c qun
l mi trng trong tnh hnh mi
Tng cng tnh kh thi v nng lc
thc thi i vi h thng chin lc, chnh
Trong nhng nm qua, cc chin lc,
chnh sch, vn bn quy phm php lut v
mi trng vn lun tip tc c r sot,
iu chnh, b sung hon thin. Tuy
nhin, tnh hiu qu, hiu lc thc thi ca
mt s chnh sch, vn bn quy phm php
lut v mi trng cha cao, vic trin khai
thc hin cng cha y v cha thc s
nghim tc. Mt trong nhng l do chnh
l do khng c ngun lc thc hin.
Thm vo , trong qu trnh xy dng mt
s chnh sch, vn bn vn cn thiu s phi
hp ca cc bn c lin quan, nn hn ch
tnh kh thi khi trin khai trong thc t. Mt
s vn bn sau khi ban hnh th vic thc
thi cng nh kt qu thc hin khng c
gim st v nh gi y . Mt s ni,
trch nhim ca cc n v gim st v thc
thi cng cha cao, vn t li ch v pht
trin kinh t trn vn BVMT. V vy, tng
cng tnh kh thi v nng lc thc thi i
vi h thng chnh sch, vn bn quy phm
QUN L MI TRNG
php lut t trung ng n a phng l

vn cn tip tc c quan tm.
S dng cng c nh gi mi trng
chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng
bt kp vi xu th pht trin chung ca quc
gia v quc t
Trong giai on mi, vic s dng MC
v TM trong nh gi cc d n, chng
trnh, k hoch ca nhiu quc gia pht
trin c nhng iu chnh, thay i c
v hng tip cn v cch thc trin khai.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc cng c ny
nc ta vn ang tip tc duy tr theo m
hnh thc hin t nhng giai on trc.
Bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, nhm
cng c ny cng cho thy nhng bt
cp, hn ch trong qu trnh trin khai, c
bit, vi xu th hi nhp v pht trin hin
nay. Chnh v vy, vic nghin cu, hc tp
kinh nghim ca cc quc gia khc trong s
dng cng c MC, TM c nhng iu
chnh ph hp, bt kp vi xu th pht trin
chung ca quc gia v quc t l mt trong
nhng vn cn c s quan tm, u t
thch ng trong qun l mi trng nc ta.
iu chnh hot ng thanh tra, kim
tra, x pht vi phm v bo v mi trng
cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t
Cng tc thanh tra, kim tra, x pht vi
phm hnh chnh trong BVMT vn tip tc
tn ti mt s bt cp. Ngay t trong cc vn
bn, quy nh php lut v x pht vi phm
hnh chnh cng cha st vi tnh hnh thc
t. Cc quy nh v x pht mi ch xt n
hnh vi vi phm m cha xem xt n vic
ly tin khi khng khc phc kp thi hoc
vi phm lp li nhiu ln nn tnh rn e

cha cao. Vic quy nh x pht tt c cc
i tng vi phm nhng thiu s xem xt
n nhng iu kin thc t cha cho php
hoc cc yu t khch quan tc ng, khin
cho vic trin khai x pht vn cn vp
phi nhng kin khng ng thun ca
cc i tng b x pht. Cng vi , cng
tc thanh tra, kim tra cn gp rt nhiu hn
ch, kh khn do ngun nhn lc qu mng,
cc vi phm php lut v BVMT ngy cng
phc tp, kh pht hin trong khi hot ng
thanh tra cn b rng buc bi cc th tc
hnh chnh (phi thng bo trc, ch lm
vic trong gi hnh chnh) nn hiu qu
cng tc thanh tra vic tun th php lut v
x l kp thi cc hnh vi vi phm ca tt c
cc doanh nghip cha cao. Chnh v vy,
cng tc qun l mi trng cn tip tc c
nhng xem xt, iu ch ph hp i vi cc
quy nh php lut cng nh vic trin khai
thc t i vi vn ny.
S dng hiu qu, ng mc ch i vi
cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng
Trong thi gian qua, ngun thu t thu,
ph BVMT cng ng gp vo ngn sch
nh nc mt lng kinh ph ng k. Tuy
nhin, theo nh gi, ngun thu ny cha
c s dng hiu qu, ng mc ch. in
hnh nh ngun thu ph BVMT i vi nc
thi v thu BVMT i vi xng du hu
nh khng c ti s dng u t trc
tip cho hot ng kim sot, gim thiu
nhim mi trng. iu ny, khin cho vic
s dng cc cng c kinh t ny khng pht
huy hiu qu i vi cng tc qun l mi
trng. Chnh v vy, cn c nhng nghin
cu, iu chnh, sa i trong cc quy nh
215
CHNG 9
hin hnh v vic s dng ngun thu t thu,
ph BVMT hin nay.
Tip tc xy dng v hon thin h
thng quy chun, tiu chun ngnh
Trong nhng giai on trc, h thng
tiu chun quc gia c xy dng theo
hng tp trung, quy nh chung cho tt c
cc i tng. iu ny gy rt nhiu bt
cp trong thc t v mi nhm i tng,
mi ngnh sn xut c nhng c trng khc
nhau v lng thi v mc tc ng ti
mi trng, dn n khi trin khai p dng
chung h thng tiu chun, quy chun
khng nhn c nhiu s ng thun ca
cc i tng p dng. Trong nhng nm
qua, h thng quy chun, tiu chun quc
gia v mi trng c nhng iu chnh
c bn, tp trung xy dng cc quy chun
ring cho tng ngnh sn xut (bt giy, ch
bin cao su, dt nhum) da trn nguyn
tc BVMT v ph hp vi nhng cng
ngh mi, tt nht hin c, kh thi vi Vit
Nam. Tuy nhin, tnh n nay vn cn mt
s ngnh cha c quy chun ring. Chnh
v vy, mt trong nhng trng tm i vi
cng tc BVMT hin nay l tip tc xy
dng v ban hnh cc quy chun ngnh cn
thiu, ng thi lin tc r sot, chnh sa
b sung cc quy chun ban hnh sao cho
ph hp vi tnh hnh pht trin ng thi
p ng yu cu thc t ca cng tc BVMT.
9.11.2. Kim sot v hn ch cc ngun
gy nhim, tc ng xu n mi trng
Cng vi qu trnh pht trin KT - XH,
cc ngun gy nhim cng ngy cng gia
tng c v s lng, quy m v mc .
Cc ngun pht thi chnh gm khu cm
216
cng nghip, c s sn xut, lng ngh, nh

my, c s x l cht thi, phng tin giao
thng, cng trng xy dng, hot ng
trng trt, chn nui,... cc ngun thi ny
ngy cng m rng phm vi tc ng do gia
tng s lng v quy m. Mt s ngun thi
c tng lng thi rt ln nhng cng c
nhng ngun thi, mc d tng lng thi
khng cao nhng s c mt ca cc cht c
hi vi nng cao gy nh hng nghim
trng ti mi trng v sc khe cng ng.
Cho n nay, cng tc kim sot v hn ch
ngun gy nhim cn gp rt nhiu kh
khn do ngun nhn lc v vt lc cha
p ng yu cu thc t. Chnh v vy, cn
xy dng l trnh cho cng tc kim sot
v x l cc ngun thi. Xc nh cc u
tin gii quyt theo tng giai on cho tng
loi ngun thi. Trc mt, u tin kim sot
cc ngun thi c tng lng thi ln, c
tc ng n nhiu thnh phn mi trng,
nh cc loi hnh sn xut cng nghip gy
nhim ln nh xi mng, nhit in..., cc
lng ngh gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng, cc c s sn xut c lng nc thi
trn 1.000 m3/ngy m...
9.11.3. Huy ng ngun lc ti chnh cho
cng tc BVMT trn nguyn tc Ngi
gy nhim phi tr tin
Vic huy ng ngun lc ti chnh cho
cng tc BVMT trn nguyn tc ngi gy
nhim phi tr tin vn cn nhiu kh
khn v cha p ng yu cu thc t.
Nc thi
i vi nc thi sinh hot, mc d
trong gi nc cp cho sinh hot c tnh
n ph x l nc thi (khong 800 ng/
QUN L MI TRNG
m3) nhng y l con s rt thp, ch p

ng c khong 10% chi ph x l thc t.
Thm vo , s tin ny cng khng c
chi trc tip cho x l m cn s dng cho
cc mc ch khc, chi ph x l nc thi
sinh hot hu ht vn do nh nc bao cp.
Do khng p ng ngun lc, s lng cc
nh my x l nc thi sinh hot c xy
dng, lp t v duy tr vn hnh trn c
nc vn ang dng con s rt thp, cha
p ng yu cu thc t. i vi nc thi
sn xut, hin nay mi bt u c u t chi
ph x l nc thi t cc doanh nghip ln,
cc KCN, vn cn b ng cc i tng khc
(CCN, lng ngh, c s khai thc khong sn,
c s sn xut kinh doanh nh l). Thc t
cho thy, chi ph u t ca cc ch ngun
thi cho x l nc thi cng nghip vn cn
qu nh so vi yu cu thc t.
Kh thi
Tng t nh i vi nc thi, ngun
kinh ph u t cho hot ng x l kh thi
t cc ngun gy nhim mi ch p ng
mt phn rt nh yu cu thc t. Thm ch,
cn t hn rt nhiu so vi phn kinh ph
u t cho hot ng x l nc thi. i
vi kh thi t hot ng sn xut, cng mi
ch c mt s doanh nghip ln c u t
xy dng h thng x l kh thi, cc doanh
nghip va v nh v nhng i tng khc
hu nh cha u t hoc ch thc hin
mang tnh i ph vi c quan qun l. i
vi kh thi t hot ng giao thng, trong thi
gian qua, mc d trin khai thu thu BVMT
tnh trong gi xng du tuy nhin ngun kinh
ph t ngun ny cng cha pht huy hiu
qu. Mt phn do ngun thu cn qu nh so
vi yu cu thc t, mt phn do ngun thu

ny cng cha c ti u t s dng ng
cho hot ng kim sot, x l nhim khng
kh. i vi cc ngun thi khc nh ngun
t hot ng dn sinh, trng trt, chn nui
hu nh cha c s u t cho vic kim sot,
gim thiu kh thi gy nhim.
Cht thi rn
Vn u t kinh ph i vi vic
kim sot, x l v gim thiu nhim
t CTR cng cha thch ng, c bit l
vn huy ng ngun lc theo nguyn
tc ngi gy nhim tr tin. i vi
CTR sinh hot, mc ph v sinh c thu t
cc c nhn, h gia nh hay cc c s sn
xut kinh doanh dch v mi ch p ng
c mt phn cho cng tc thu gom, vn
chuyn, phn cn li v chi ph x l vn
do nh nc bo tr. i vi loi hnh CTR
cng nghip v y t, theo s liu bo co, c
bn, CTR t 2 ngun ny u c cc c s
t thu gom, x l hoc thu n v bn ngoi
tuy nhin cng mi ch ch yu tp trung
cho CTR thng thng. Vn x l CTNH,
c bit l ngun kinh ph u t dnh cho
vic x l CTNH chim t l rt thp. khu
vc nng thn, ngun kinh ph u t cho
hot ng thu gom, x l CTR t cc lng
ngh, hot ng sn xut nng nghip hu
nh cha c quan tm ch .
Vi nhng vn nu trn, vic tip
tc c nhng nh hng, chnh sch v gii
php huy ng c ngun lc ti chnh
cho cng tc BVMT theo ng nguyn tc
ngi gy nhim tr tin l mt trong
nhng trng tm t ra i vi cng tc
BVMT hin nay ca nc ta.
217
CHNG 9
9.11.4. ng ph vi cc vn bin i
kh hu v nhim mi trng xuyn
bin gii trong giai on hi nhp
Bin i kh hu biu hin thng qua
cc hin tng thi tit cc oan, d thng
ang c du hiu tr nn ph bin hn trong
thi gian gn y. Biu hin r rt nht l
hin tng hn hn, xm nhp mn v
ang din ra ngy cng nghim trng khu
vc Nam Trung B (nm 2014) v ng
bng sng Cu Long (sut trong nm v c
bit l giai on cui nm 2015, u nm
2016). Nc bin dng l vn mang tnh
ton cu, tuy nhin cp quc gia, nc
218
bin dng s gy tn thng nghim trng

cho cc vng t thp ven bin, trong
c Vit Nam. Song song vi , nhim
mi trng t ngun xuyn bin gii cng
c nhng biu hin tc ng tiu cc
ti nc ta. Vi nhng din bin, tc ng
ngy cng phc tp ca BKH v nhim
xuyn bin gii, vn thch ng v ng
ph cn c nhng nghin cu, gii php
mang tnh khu vc v ton cu. iu cn
c cc nh qun l, hoch nh chnh
sch v mi trng dnh s quan tm thch
ng cng nh tham gia cng cc quc gia,
t chc quc t xy dng nhng gii php
ng ph ph hp.
nhng thch thc mi trng v nh hng bo v mi trng trong 5 nm ti
CHNG 10
NHNG THCH THC MI TRNG

V NH HNG
BO V MI TRNG TRONG 5 NM TI
219
CHNG 10
NHNG THCH THC MI TRNG V NH HNG BO V MI TRNG

TRONG 5 NM TI
10.1. NHNG THCH THC V C HI
10.1.1. nhim v s c mi trng tip
tc gia tng, a dng sinh hc tip tc
suy gim
nhim mi trng nc ti cc LVS
vn khng gim, vn ng ngp ti cc
th c xu hng m rng v gia tng
Mi trng nc mt nhiu LVS nc
ta u b nhim cc cht hu c. Nguyn
nhn chnh l do x thi khng qua x l
hoc x l cha t yu cu ca cc ngun
nc thi t cc KCN, CCN, cc c s sn
xut, nc thi sinh hot, dch v cc
th v nc thi t hot ng khai thc
khong sn u ngun gy nhim cho
cc ngun nc mt.
Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh trng
ng ngp ti nhiu th khng c ci
thin m cn c xu hng m rng v gia
tng. Nguyn nhn chnh l do h thng h
tng k thut ca nhiu th ngy cng
xung cp nhng cha c u t, nng cp
ci thin tng xng vi yu cu pht trin.
Cng thm nhng nh hng ca BKH,
din bin bt thng ca thin tai, thi tit,
triu cng cng khin cho mc ng ngp
ti nhiu th cng thm trm trng.
nhim bi ti khu vc th, khu
vc sn xut cng nghip tip tc duy tr
ngng cao
Ti cc th ln, cht lng khng kh
khng c nhiu ci thin so vi giai on
2006 - 2010. nhim bi c xu hng duy

tr ngng cao, c bit l cc khu vc
gn cc trc giao thng hay cc khu vc c
hot ng cng nghip pht trin mnh.
c bit, trong giai on 2011 - 2015, vic
ci to, xy dng mi cc tuyn quc l, h
thng ng giao thng ni thnh, ni th
cng pht tn vo mi trng mt lng bi
rt ln, gy nhim khng kh cho cc khu
vc ln cn.
nhim mi trng cc khu/cm cng
nghip v lng ngh l ng lo ngi
Trong tng s 209 KCN ang hot ng
trong c nc c 165 KCN xy dng
h thng x l nc thi tp trung (chim
78,9%), 24 KCN ang xy dng h thng
x l nc thi (chim 11,5%). Nc thi
cha x l t cc KCN ny vn tip tc gy
nhim ngun tip nhn. Vn cn mt t
l kh ln CTR pht sinh t cc KCN, CCN
cha c phn loi v x l ng k thut
v sinh mi trng, c bit i vi CTNH.
Bn cnh , vn nhim cc
lng ngh tn ti t rt lu nhng cha c
bin php khc phc v gii quyt hiu qu.
Tnh trng nhim mi trng ca nhiu
lng ngh din bin ngy cng trm trng
hn. Mt s loi hnh lng ngh, c bit
l cc lng ngh ti ch cng ang gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng, nh hng
trc tip n sc khe ca mt b phn ln
ngi dn trong cc khu vc ny v vng
221
CHNG 10
ln cn. Vic xy dng cc chnh sch, gii
du nhim dt vo b bin mt s tnh
php ph hp bo m hot ng bn vng
min Trung v min Nam khng r nguyn
ca cc lng ngh truyn thng p ng tt
nhn, gy nh hng ng k n cc hot
cc yu cu v BVMT ang gp nhiu lng
ng KT - XH. in hnh nh s c trn du
tng do chnh thi quen, tp qun sinh hot
do chm tu Trng Hi Star v m va vi
ca ngi dn.
tu Krairatch Dignity ca Thi Lan thng
nhim nng nghip do s dng khng

hp l phn bn ha hc, thuc BVTV cha
c ci thin
4/2012; hay vo thng 9/2012, khong 6

tn du trn khng r nguyn nhn tri dt
vo b bin o Ph Qu, ti vng bin x
Tam Thanh, huyn o Ph Qu, tnh Bnh
Trong nhng nm qua, nhu cu s dng
Thun; s c tu Heung A Dragon b chm
thuc BVTV ngy cng gia tng c v s lng
ti vnh Gnh Ri, tnh B Ra -Vng Tu
v liu lng hot cht. c bit, mt lng
nm 2013 Cc s c trn du thng li
ln v bao b phn bn, thuc BVTV thi b
hu qu kh nghim trng, nh hng n
ba bi ra mi trng m cha c bin php
mi trng sinh thi, ti nguyn thy sinh,
x l ph hp. y l ngun nhim kh
ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn t trn mt khu
nghim trng cho mi trng t v nc ti
vc rng, gy thit hi n cc hot ng
cc khu vc chuyn canh nng nghip.
kinh t ca ngi dn.
S c mi trng tip tc gia tng, gy
Cc s c n, r r ha cht xy ra ch
nh hng xu ti mi trng, nng lc
yu l do nhng s xut, bt cp trong cng
ng ph s c cn nhiu hn ch
tc phng nga, nng lc v hiu qu hn
Cc s c mi trng nc ta ch
yu gm: s c i vi cc cng trnh x l
cht thi (nc thi, kh thi, CTR), s c
chy n, r r ha cht, trn du v mt s
s c khc.
Theo thng k ca B TN&MT , cc s
1
c trn du tip tc xy ra ph bin ti cc

khu vc ngoi khi v ven bin. Hng nm
c trung bnh khong 5-6 v trn du ln
c ghi nhn. Nguyn nhn ch yu do va
chm, qu trnh bc d hoc m tu gy
ra. Cng vi , cn xut hin hin tng
1. Bo co tng kt cng tc BVMT giai on 2011 2015 v nh hng giai on 2016 - 2020, B TN&MT,
nm 2015.
222
ch trong cc hot ng ng ph, khc phc

s c. Mt s s c mi trng nghim trng
v n, r r ha cht, ngt kh xy ra gn
y nh s c bc l t cht thi ca Cng
ty C phn pht pho vng Lo Cai, lm cho
bn pht pho trn ra ngoi gy chy ln
vo thng 2/2012; v n ha cht ti Cng
ty TNHH Sn xut - Dch v - Thng mi
ng Hunh (thng 10/2014) ti Tp. H Ch
Minh; v n kh dn ti chy l than ti Cng
ty than ng Vng thuc Cng ty Than Ung
B, Tp on Cng nghip Than - Khong
sn Vit Nam vo thng 1/2014. Gn y
nht l s c v b cha bn thi ch thuc
nh my ch bin ch km ca Cng ty
THHH CKC ti Lng C, th trn Pc Miu,

huyn Bo Lm (Cao Bng) thng 01/2016.
S c xy ra c tnh khin cho 2.000 m3
nc thi v bn thi c cha ch trn ra mi
trng, vi lp 1.000 m2 t rung khu vc
ln cn. S c n, r r ha cht, ngt kh
c tnh c hi cao, khi xm nhp vo mi
trng s hy hoi sinh vt trong t nhin v
tc ng xu n sc khe con ngi, c th
gy t vong.
Bn cnh , cn c nhng trng hp
cha xy ra s c nhng nguy c xy ra l
khng trnh khi nu khng c nhng bin
php x l, ng ph kp thi. in hnh nh
v container cha du bin th c PCB, ti
khu vc cng Ci Ln, qua thi gian lu ti
cng 7 nm, c nguy c rt ln r r CTNH
ra mi trng. Do c x l kp thi nn
cha xy ra s c nghim trng. Hin s du
trn c vn chuyn an ton n tnh
Kin Giang x l.
Cc s c mi trng thy hi sn (t
nhin v nui trng) cht hng lot trn cc
sng v vng ven bin do cht thi cng
nghip x thi gy nhim mi trng cng
ang c xu hng gia tng c v s v v
mc thit hi. Trong giai on trc, s
c c cht hng lot trn sng Th Vi do
Cng ty Vedan x nc thi gy nhim
nng nc sng trong nhiu nm (t nm
2006 - 2008) ging ln hi chung bo
ng v vic cc doanh nghip x thi trm
cht thi cha qua x l vo mi trng. Tuy
nhin, nhng nm tip theo, hng lot cc
s c thy hi sn cht nhiu tnh thnh
vn tip tc xy ra do cc doanh nghip x
nc thi, cht thi cha qua x l ra mi

trng gy nhim mi trng.
in hnh nh v c cht hng lot trn
sng Bi (huyn Thch Thnh, Thanh Ha)
vo thng 3-4/2016 do vic x nc thi ca
Nh my Ma ng Ha Bnh (tnh Ha
Bnh, thng ngun sng Bi) gy nhim
h lu sng Bi. Hay v thy sn nui trng
cht hng lot ti thn Hip Thanh, x Cam
Thnh ng (Khnh Ha) vo vo cui nm
2015, do nc thi Nh my Yn xo Khnh
Ha v Cng ty TNHH Ch bin v Xut
khu thy sn Cam Ranh x trc tip ra mi
trng khng qua x l gy nhim nng
nc sng Cn
c bit nghim trng l s c nhim
mi trng bin gy hin tng c cht hng
lot ti 4 tnh H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Qung
Tr v Tha Thin - Hu vo thng 4/2016.
Nguyn nhn l do Cng ty TNHH Gang
thp Hng Nghip Formosa H Tnh thuc
KKT Vng ng (H Tnh) trong qu trnh thi
cng, vn hnh th nghim t hp nh my,
c nhng vi phm v xy ra s c,
dn n nc thi c cha c t cha c
x l t quy chun x ra mi trng. S c
ny gy ra nhng thit hi v kinh t, x
hi v mi trng. Trong , chu nh hng
nng nht l ngnh thy sn, tip n l
hot ng kinh doanh, dch v, du lch v
i sng sinh hot ca ngi dn. Hin nay,
cc c quan chc nng vn ang tip tc
nh gi mc nhim mi trng bin
v xc nh mc thit hi ca s c ny.
Qua hng lot nhng s c mi trng
xy ra trong thi gian qua cng vi xu th
223
CHNG 10
pht trin ca cc d n cng nghip vi
quy m ln hin nay cho thy, vic kim
sot hot ng x thi ca cc d n, c s;
c mi trng khc. Chnh v vy, khi c s
cng tc thanh tra, kim tra, gim st cc
c kp thi v cn nhiu lng tng, c
ngun thi v m bo nng lc ng ph
bit l cp a phng.
kp thi l nhng vn c bit quan trng

i vi cng tc ng ph v x l cc s c
mi trng.
c mi trng xy ra, cng tc ng ph, x

l v khc phc s c mi trng vn cha
C th thy rng, vic pht trin mnh

m cc hot ng cng nghip, c bit l
vic hnh thnh cc KCN, KKT tp trung
Mt trong nhng vn c bit quan
cc vng d b tn thng nh vng duyn
trng trong x l s c mi trng l nng
hi, ven bin trong nhng nm gn y
lc ng ph. Hot ng ng ph cc s c
(KKT Nghi Sn, Vng ng, Dung Qut, Chu
mi trng trong thi gian qua cho thy, nng
Lai), bn cnh vic gp phn tng trng
lc ng ph s c mi trng ca nc ta
kinh t, x hi cho khu vc nhng cng ang
cn rt hn ch, c cp trung ng v a
tim n nhng nguy c khng nh v s c
phng. Mc d t nm 2005, Lut Bo v
mi trng nu nh vic qun l v x thi
mi trng c ring 01 chng quy nh
cht thi ca cc i tng ny khng c
v phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng,
thc hin nghim tc v gim st cht ch,
khc phc nhim v phc hi mi trng,
hay h thng cnh bo cng nh nng lc
n nm 2014, Lut Bo v mi trng sa
ng ph, khc phc s c khng c u t
i tip tc b sung quy nh chi tit v
ng mc v kp thi.
trch nhim ca cc B ngnh, UBND cp

tnh thc hin iu tra, thng k, nh gi
nguy c cc loi s c mi trng c th xy
a dng sinh hc tip tc suy gim

nghim trng
ra, xy dng nng lc phng nga, cnh bo
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c
nguy c v ng ph, tuy nhin, vic trin
DSH ng u th gii v a dng cc
khai trong thc t cn rt hn ch. Cng tc
HST, a dng v ging loi v a dng gen,
ng ph s c cng nh cc tp hun, o
nhng DSH nc ta ang b suy gim
to nghip v mi ch tp trung cho hot
nghim trng. Din tch rng tng hng
ng ng ph s c do thin tai v s c trn
nm nhng ch yu l rng trng, HST rng
du. Cha xy dng c quy trnh ng ph
t nhin tip tc suy gim c v din tch

v cht lng. Cc HST rng ngp mn, rn
san h v thm c bin v ang b tn
ph, tip tc ng trc nguy c suy thoi.
S lng loi b e da v mc e da ca
cc sinh vt hoang d tip tc tng. Ngun
gen t nhin cha c bo tn hp l, c
bit l cc ngun gen bn a, qu him
vi cc loi s c mi trng cc cp, cc

ngnh c lin quan ch ng x l hiu qu
khi s c xy ra. Hin nay, cp quc gia
cng mi ch c y ban Quc gia Tm kim
cu nn v 03 Trung tm ng ph s c trn
du min Bc, min Trung v min Nam,
cha c cc n v chuyn trch cho cc s
224
10.1.2. Cng tc qun l mi trng cn

nhiu bt cp
H thng vn bn quy phm php
lut vn cn mt cn s bt cp. iu
th hin ngay t s chng cho, khng r
rng, cha y v thiu tnh ng b, h
thng trong cc quy nh ca vn bn quy
phm php lut.
Nng lc qun l nh nc v BVMT
cn nhiu bt cp, khng theo kp vi s
pht sinh v tnh cht ngy cng phc tp
ca cc vn mi trng. Th hin t
vai tr iu phi, gip Chnh ph v chnh
quyn cc cp thng nht qun l nh nc
v mi trng ca ngnh ti nguyn v mi
trng cn nhiu bt cp, lng tng v cha
hiu qu do cn cha c c s php l r
rng. cp a phng, c cu t chc v
nng lc ca t chc chuyn mn v BVMT
cha p ng yu cu qun l. Ngun nhn
lc cha p ng c yu cu v s lng
v cht lng, mt cn i v c cu.
Bn cnh , ngun lc ti chnh u t
t ngn sch nh nc cn hn hp. Trong
giai on hin nay chng ta ang rt cn
vn u t pht trin h tng k thut v
BVMT nht l h thng thu gom, x l nc
thi; thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v chn
lp rc thi trong khi kh nng p ng ca
ngn sch v t x hi u khng m bo,
t ra thch thc i vi cng tc BVMT.
i vi cng tc qun l CTR, t l thu
gom CTR khu vc nng thn cn rt thp,
trung bnh mi ch t khong 40 - 55%,
tp trung cc th trn, th t. Cc vng su,
vng xa t l ny ch t khong 10%. Thm
vo , cng tc qun l CTR nng thn vn
ang cn b ng, cha r trch nhim c

th ca cc bn lin quan. Chnh iu ny
khin cho cc hot ng thu gom, x l CTR
nng thn gp rt nhiu kh khn. Vn
ng dng cng ngh x l CTR cha c
quan tm ng mc. Trong nhng nm gn
y, mt s a phng u t, lp t
cc l t CTR vi cng sut nh, phc v
vic x l CTR cho mt vng nng thn hoc
mt khu vc dn c. Tuy nhin, hiu qu x
l cng nh qu trnh vn hnh c m bo
cc tiu chun mi trng hay khng l vn
cha c kim tra xc nhn. Nguy c
nhim mi trng th cp do kh thi c
hi t cc l t ny ang l vn cn
c cc c quan qun l mi trng quan
tm ngay.
Cng tc qun l v kim sot ngun
thi t hot ng cng nghip cha p ng
c yu cu. Vic y mnh pht trin
cng nghip lun l mt trong nhng nh
hng trng tm ca k hoch pht trin KT
- XH. Tuy nhin, cng vi pht trin cng
nghip l vn pht sinh mt lng ln
cht thi cng nghip (nc thi, kh thi,
CTR). Trong giai on va qua, song song
vi vic u t pht trin cc ngnh cng
nghip nh, ngnh cng nghip nng (nhit
in, xi mng, luyn kim) tip tc pht trin
mnh, ngay c trong giai on suy thoi kinh
t th gii. y l nhng loi hnh sn xut
gy nhim mi trng, tc ng xu nhiu
mt ln mi trng, pht thi ha cht, cc
cht c hi kh phn hy ra mi trng vi
chi ph x l cao.
Nguyn nhn l hu ht cc ngnh sn
xut ny u s dng cng ngh c, lc hu,
tiu tn nhiu nng lng, nc, s dng
225
CHNG 10
ti nguyn km hiu qu. Vn ny li
cng l thch thc ln khi trn th gii hin
ang c xu th dch chuyn cc loi hnh
sn xut gy nhim mi trng t cc nc
pht trin sang cc nc ang pht trin.
C nhiu biu hin cho thy vic cc cng
ngh c, lc hu c s dng trong d n
u t trc tip nc ngoi hoc theo cc
dng thng mi quc t du nhp vo Vit
Nam ang c nguy c thc t bin nc ta
tr thnh bi thi cng ngh sn xut ca
th gii.
Song song vi , cc c ch, chnh sch
khuyn khch x hi ha, huy ng ngun
lc u t t x hi cho cng tc BVMT tuy
c ban hnh nhng cn thiu tnh kh
thi, cha pht huy c hiu qu.
Hot ng hp tc quc t v BVMT
cn cha c s ch ng, cha tranh th
Cc vn mi trng theo LVS M

Cng, sng Hng, cc sng xuyn bin
gii ngy cng phc tp; chng ta ang
phi gnh chu nhiu tc ng xu ti mi
trng nc bi cht thi ca cc quc gia
u ngun xung lu vc. Bn cnh ,
vic gia tng xy dng cc d n thy in
ca mt s quc gia trn dng chnh sng
M Cng d bo s lm nh hng nghim
trng ti an ninh ngun nc, ngun li thy
sn v DSH ca nc ta.
nhim trn bin ng din bin phc
tp v cha c bin php ng ph hiu qu,
c bit ni ln l nhim du t cc hot
ng hp tc khai thc du kh, giao thng
vn ti trn bin v s c trn du trn bin
ng nh hng ti cc vng ven bin
nc ta.
phc tp, kh lng, t ra cc yu cu
Vn nhim khng kh xuyn bin

gii mc d cha c biu hin r rng nhng
xut hin nhng du hiu nh hng nht
nh. Mt s nghin cu t cc t chc quc
t cho thy, mi trng khng kh nc ta
ang chu nh hng t ngun xuyn bin
gii theo quy lut mc nhim tng ng
k vo ma ng.
ngy cng cao i vi cng tc bo v
Xu th dch chuyn chnh sch pht
c ti a, nm bt kp thi cc c hi huy
ng h tr ti chnh v chuyn giao cng
ngh v BVMT; i lc cn thiu tnh ch
ng trong vic tm ngun ti tr quc t.
10.1.3. Bin i kh hu v cc vn mi
trng xuyn bin gii ngy cng ln,
mi trng
Bin i kh hu din bin nhanh, phc
tp hn so vi d bo, tc ng nhiu mt
ln mi trng nc ta, ng thi e da
nghim trng n an ninh lng thc v
pht trin nng nghip, l nguy c hin hu
trin KT - XH v qun l ti nguyn mi

trng cc nc trn th gii t ra yu cu
i vi cng tc qun l mi trng nc ta
ngy cng cao p ng thng mi quc
t, hi nhp quc t
cho cc mc tiu xa i gim ngho cng
Bin i kh hu c tc ng ln mi
i tng, t nhiu gc v buc con ngi
nh vic thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin
phi thchng tn ti v pht trin. Trong
thin nin k v pht trin bn vng t nc.
bi cnh, hin nay trn th giiang c
226
s dch chuyn chnh sch nh chuyni

m hnh tng trng,iu chnhnh hng
pht trin...,a ra cch thc tip cn mi
v tng trng kinh t, qun l ti nguyn
nhin nhin v BVMT, thcy an sinh x
hi. iu t ra cho Vit Nam cn sm
nm bt xu th v c nhng bci ph hp
trong n lc thchng vi BKH trn phm
vi ton cu.
Mc d t trng cc ngnh kinh t
c s thay i ng k so vi trc y, tuy
nhin vic chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo
hng thn thin vi mi trng, khai thc
c cc tim nng du lch, nng nghip
ng ph vi BKH cha c y mnh,
c bit cc a phng, cha tn dng
c li th lin kt vng, ng gp ca cc
ngnh kinh t c s dng nng lng sch
cha cao.
Xy dng th trng cc bon l vn
kh mi m i vi Vit Nam; cc c
quan qun l cn lng tng trong vic xc
nh, xy dng v thc hin cng tc qun
l i vi hot ng kinh doanh tn ch cc
bon trong tng lai cc c quan, t chc,
doanh nghip, c nhn c th u t, kinh
doanh tn ch cc bon ra th trng th gii.
nh hng pht trin bn vng, chuyn
i m hnh tng trng hng ti nn kinh
t xanh t ra yu cu ngy cng cao i vi
cng tc BVMT
Hi ngh Thng nh Lin Hp Quc
thng qua 17 mc tiu v 169 ch tiu
pht trin bn vng, trong c nhiu mc
tiu v ch tiu v mi trng hoc lin quan
n mi trng. y l thch thc ln i
vi nc ta trong vic thit lp c ch, phn

cng trch nhim v huy ng ngun lc
thc hin, nht l vic thc hin cc mc
tiu v ch tiu v mi trng.
Nn kinh t xanh gn vi s dng nng
lng ti to, xy dng x hi cc bon thp,
tng trng xanh, u t khi phc HST, gii
quyt sinh k gn vi phc hi mi trng
v.v. Vi hin trng cng ngh sn xut Vit
Nam hin nay, vic thay i cng ngh mi
ph hp vi nn kinh t xanh thc hin
tng trng xanh l thch thc khng nh
nu khng c s tr gip v vn v cng
ngh ca cc nc pht trin c cng ngh
cao trn th gii.
Pht trin kinh t xanh phi gn vi
xa i gim ngho v an sinh x hi, c
bit l cc khu vc min ni, nng thn l
thch thc khng nh trong la chn chnh
sch thc hin k hoch hnh ng xanh.
Mc d Vit Nam thot khi ngng ca
nc ngho nhng tch ly quc gia so vi
cc nc pht trin cn thp, iu ny
nh hng khng nh ti qu trnh trin
khai hng ti nn kinh t xanh thc hin
tng trng xanh nh tnh ton u t tr
li phc hi t nhin cn 1 - 3% GDP.
10.1.4. Nhng c hi i vi cng tc bo
v mi trng trong giai on mi
Bn cnh nhng thch thc t ra
i vi mi trng, trong giai on mi,
cng tc BVMT cng ng trc nhng c
hi mi. Trong nhng nm gn y, ng li,
ch trng, chnh sch php lut v BVMT c
bn c hon thin. C s chuyn bin tch
227
CHNG 10
cc v nhn thc, thc chp hnh php lut
cc quc gia khc s h tr hiu qu hn
v mi trng ca cng ng v cc doanh

nghip. Ngi dn quan tm nhiu hn
ti mi trng, n nhng vn nh hng
tiu cc n sc khe, hot ng sinh hot
sn xut v ngy cng c thc hn i vi
cng tc BVMT. i vi cc doanh nghip,
t ch khng quan tm n ci thin mi
trng, u t x l nhim mi trng
doanh nghip ch mang tnh cht i ph,
thc chp hnh cc quy nh php lut
v BVMT ca nhiu doanh nghip tng
bc c ci thin. Vic pht huy nhng
chuyn bin tch cc, huy ng s tham gia
ca cng ng trong cng tc BVMT l mt
c hi cng tc qun l mi trng nc
ta ngy cng hiu qu hn.
cho cng tc qun l mi trng Vit Nam
Cng trong giai on va qua, nhng

im sng trong khc phc, ci thin
nhim mi trng t cc d n, chng trnh
c trin khai cho thy nhng hng i
ph hp, hiu qu cn c pht huy, nhn
rng. ng thi, cng cn tip tc nghin
cu, khai thc ti a cc c im v t
nhin, a hnh, vn vn ha, dn tc...
nhm gii quyt cc vn mi trong ng
ph thnh cng vi BKH nh cc vn bn
ca ng, Nh nc ra.
trc mt giai on mi, cng tc BVMT
Cng vi , trong xu th hi nhp

quc t, mc d vic chuyn dch c cu
kinh t theo hng thn thin vi mi trng,
chuyn i m hnh tng trng hng ti
nn kinh t xanh t ra nhng yu cu
ngy cng cao i vi cng tc BVMT nhng
cng ng thi l mt c hi ln. Vic hc
tp kinh nghim ca cc nc i trc, tn
dng cc ngun h tr, c hi hp tc vi
228
trong giai on mi.

Cng trong xu th ton cu ha, vic
cng tham gia nghin cu, gii quyt cc
vn mi trng lin vng, lin quc gia
v mi trng s l mt c hi khng nh
Vit Nam huy ng c ngun lc cho
cng tc BVMT v pht trin bn vng.
10.2. NH HNG V MT S NHIM
V, GII PHP BO V MI TRNG
TRONG 5 NM TI
10.2.1. nh hng
Vi nhng thch thc t ra trong giai
on 2011 - 2015 cng nh nhng c hi
ca Vit Nam cn c nhng nh hng k
hoch cn tp trung thc hin cho giai on
tip theo tip tc mc tiu m bo pht
trin KT- XH i i vi BVMT v pht trin
bn vng. Hi ngh mi trng ton quc
ln th 4 (t chc vo thng 9/2015) tho
lun v thng nht a ra mt s nh hng
cho cng tc BVMT giai on 2016 - 2020,
c th:
1. Qun l v kim sot hiu qu cc
ngun thi trng im.
2. Gii quyt nhng vn mi trng
ni cm, tng bc gim nh v khc phc
tnh trng nhim mi trng cc khu vc
trng im.
3. Gim st cc vn v nhim mi
trng xuyn bin gii, ng ph hiu qu vi
din bin BKH.
4. Kin ton h thng t chc qun l

nh nc v BVMT.
5. Cng tc qun l v BVMT quc
gia phi bm st vi xu hng chung ca
th gii, nh hng pht trin bn vng,
chuyn i m hnh tng trng hng ti
nn kinh t xanh p ng yu cu hi
nhp trong giai on mi.
khc phc nhng hn ch, ch
ng phng nga, ngn chn v gim
thiu nhim, to bc chuyn bin cn
bn trong cng tc bo v mi trng, Th
tng Chnh ph c Ch th s 25/CT-TTg
ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2016 yu cu cc b,
ngnh, a phng cn qun trit, thc hin
nghim Ngh quyt ca ng, Nh nc v
php lut v bo v mi trng; bo v mi
trng l yu cu xuyn sut trong qu trnh
pht trin, l trch nhim ca c h thng
chnh tr, cng ng, doanh nghip v nhn
dn; thu ht u t phi bo m cc yu
cu v bo v mi trng; khng cho php
u t vo cc loi hnh sn xut, s dng
cng ngh lc hu c nguy c cao gy
nhim mi trng. Ch th cng yu cu cc
B, ngnh, a phng phi phi hp ng
b, cht ch trong thc hin nhim v bo
v mi trng t khu xt duyt, thm nh
n trin khai thc hin v vn hnh d n.
Ch u t, c quan quyt nh, ph duyt
u t, thm nh cng ngh sn xut, ph
duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
phi chu trch nhim v vn mi trng
ca d n. Ch tch y ban nhn dn cc
cp chu trch nhim ton din v cc vn
tra, hng dn, theo di, n c vic thc

hin php lut v bo v mi trng ca cc
B, ngnh, a phng. Trn c s , Ch
th ra mt s nhim v, gii php cp
bch v bo v mi trng trong thi gian ti.
10.2.2. Mt s nhim v, gii php cp
bch
1. Hon thin chnh sch, php lut v
bo v mi trng:
Tip tc hon thin h thng vn bn
quy phm php lut v BVMT, trc mt
tp trung sa i cc quy nh v bo v
mi trng trong cc lut v mi trng, ti
nguyn, thu, ngn sch, u t, xy dng,
khoa hc v cng ngh, nng lng bo
m thng nht, ng b, p ng yu cu
bo v mi trng.
R sot, trnh Chnh ph sa i, b
sung cc ngh nh quy nh chi tit thi hnh
Lut Bo v mi trng, khc phc nhng
bt cp hin nay, nht l cc quy nh v
cc cng c, bin php qun l nh nc,
bin php k thut kim sot, gim st hot
ng x thi ca doanh nghip. R sot,
iu chinh cac quy chun ky thut quc gia
v mi trng phu hp vi iu kin trong
nc v yu cu hi nhp quc t, kt hp
thi lng cht nhim va sc chiu tai cua
mi trng;
Xy dng h thng tiu ch v mi
trng lm c s la chn, sng lc loi hnh
sn xut v cng ngh sn xut trong thu ht
u t, xem xt, ph duyt cc d n u t;
mi trng trn a bn. B Ti nguyn
Ban hnh hoc sa i, b sung cc
v Mi trng c trch nhim kim tra, thanh
quy nh v bo v mi trng theo hng

229
CHNG 10
ngn chn cc d n u t s dng cng
bo m khng chng cho, khng gy nh
ngh lc hu, c nguy c cao gy nhim
hng n hot ng ca doanh nghip.
mi trng;
Ch tr, phi hp vi cc tnh, thnh
Quy nh c th t l vn u t x l
ph trc thuc Trung ng thc hin tng
nhim mi trng i vi cc loi hnh d
iu tra, nh gi, phn loi cc ngun thi
n u t; xut gi dch v trong x l
trn phm vi c nc; xy dng h thng
cht thi, c bit l cht thi rn.

Nghin cu, sa i ph hp v t chc
thc hin nghim tc tiu ch v bo v mi
trng trong vic cng nhn a phng t
chun nng thn mi.
R sot, trnh Chnh ph quy nh giao
Chi cc bo v mi trng tnh, thnh ph
trc thuc Trung ng thc hin nhim v
thanh tra chuyn ngnh.
y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph
trc thuc Trung ng khn trng ban hnh
cac quy chun ky thut mi trng cua ia
phng, tp trung vao cac linh vc co nguy
c s d liu quc gia v ngun thi, hon

thnh trong nm 2018.
Tng cng trch nhim, c c ch
ph hp nng cao hiu lc, hiu qu hot
ng ca cc y ban Bo v mi trng lu
vc sng.
Xy dng h thng quan trc, cnh bo
v mi trng ti cc vng kinh t trng
im, cc khu vc tp trung nhiu ngun
thi, khu vc nhy cm v mi trng.
Ban hnh b ch s nh gi, xp
hng kt qu bo v mi trng ca cc a
phng.
c gy nhim cao va cac thi ng dn
R sot cc bo co nh gi tc ng
c, khu vc co h sinh thai nhay cam cn
mi trng c ph duyt, cc cng
c bao v.
trnh bin php bo v mi trng ca cc
2. Tng cng v chn chnh cng tc

thanh tra, kim tra, x l vi phm v phng
nga, kim sot nhim
Tp trung thanh tra, kim tra cc i
tng c lu lng nc thi t 200 m3/ngy
m tr ln trn phm vi c nc; r sot
nh gi tc ng mi trng, cng trnh,
bin php bo v mi trng ca cc d n
ln, nguy c cao gy nhim mi trng; r
sot, chn chnh cng tc thm nh, ph
duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng;
xy dng k hoch thanh tra mi trng,
230
d n u t, nht l cc d n ln c nguy
c cao tc ng xu n mi trng c
iu chnh kp thi.
xut cc gii php tng cng hot
ng ca lc lng cnh st mi trng theo
hng tp trung vo u tranh, phng chng
ti phm v mi trng; x l cc v vic vi
phm nghim trng theo quy nh ca B
lut hnh s.
Tng cng cng tc nh gi tc ng
ca cng ngh nhp khu n mi trng;
r sot cc d n nhp khu dy chuyn,
cng ngh x l rc thi; xut cng ngh,
l cht thi rn; t chc thc hin ngay quy
thc hin th im x l cht thi rn bng
hoch c ph duyt; iu tra, nh
cng ngh ca Vit Nam.
gi, khoanh vng v c k hoch x l cc
R sot, iu chnh, b sung cc quy
khu vc nhim tn lu trn a bn.
hoch lin quan n xy dng do Th tng
3. Nng cao nng lc qun l nh nc
Chnh ph ph duyt, lm r nhng ni
v huy ng ngun lc cho bo v mi trng
dung bo v mi trng v tng cng trnh

bo v mi trng; r sot, kim tra vic
tun th quy hoch xy dng chi tit i vi
cc d n u t ln, c tc ng xu n
mi trng; r sot nh mc, chi ph cho
bo v mi trng trong tng mc u t ca
d n xy dng.
R sot v t chc kim tra vic tun
th thit k c s, thit k k thut c
ph duyt vi cc d n u t ln, c tc
ng xu n mi trng.
Tng cng kim tra, n c ch d
n, nh u t tun th cc yu cu ca
quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng v thc hin cc cng trnh
R sot, sp xp t chc b my, tng

cng nng lc qun l mi trng, u tin
cp huyn, x; s dng ngun s nghip mi
trng b tr cn b hp ng ph trch
cng tc bo v mi trng cp x; tng
cng u t hin i ha trang thit b k
thut phc v cng tc qun l nh nc v
bo v mi trng.
Cn i, b tr vn u t cho cc d
n x l nc thi, cht thi rn, cht thi
nguy hi theo quy hoch c ph duyt
ngay trong k hoch u t cng trung hn
v di hn.
Trnh Th tng Chnh ph phng n
bo v mi trng phc v vn hnh d n.
bo m kinh ph cho bo v mi trng theo
y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph
cn i kinh ph thng xuyn s nghip
trc thuc Trung ng tp trung x l trit ,

di di c s gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng ra khi khu dn c, chuyn vo cc
khu cng nghip; yu cu tt c cc khu
cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh
cao, cm cng nghip xy dng h thng
x l nc thi tp trung; buc i tng c
quy m x ln lp t ngay cc thit b kim
sot, gim st hot ng x thi theo quy
nh ca php lut v truyn s liu trc tip
v S Ti nguyn v Mi trng a phng;
hon thnh vic ph duyt, r sot ph
duyt li theo thm quyn quy hoch qun
hng: tng u t t ngn sch nh nc,

mi trng hng nm khng di 1% tng
chi ngn sch Nh nc v tng dn t l
ny theo tc tng trng ca nn kinh t;
tnh ng, tnh gi dch v mi trng;
xut phng n dnh 100% tin x pht
vi phm hnh chnh v mi trng u t
cho cng tc bo v mi trng.
Xy dng trnh Th tng Chnh ph
n v c ch t ph huy ng ngun lc,
thu ht u t, x hi ha bo v mi trng,
thc hin ng nguyn tc: ngi c
hng li t mi trng c ngha v ng
231
CHNG 10
gp ti chnh cho bo v mi trng; ngi
vo cc t chc quc t v mi trng, b
gy nhim, s c v suy thoi mi trng
tr kinh ph thc hin cc sng kin, s
phi khc phc, bi thng thit hi.
kin do Vit Nam ch tr. Xy dng chin
Chi ng, chi ngun ngn sch nh

nc cho s nghip bo v mi trng theo
quy nh ca php lut.
Tng cng tuyn truyn, vn ng
nhn dn tham gia bo v mi trng, phn
loi rc ti ngun v thu gom rc thi; to
iu kin thun li Mt trn T quc Vit
Nam v cc t chc thnh vin phi hp,
phn bin, gim st hot ng bo v mi
trng; ch ng cung cp thng tin, pht
huy vai tr ca bo ch trong cng tc bo
v mi trng.
4. y mnh hot ng hp tc quc t
v ng dng khoa hc cng ngh
Thay i t duy v hp tc quc t,
chuyn t quan nim th ng tip nhn
sang ch ng hi nhp, sn sng cng tham
gia, chia s trch nhim v quyn li. Tng
cng u t ti lc v nhn lc cho hp
tc quc t v mi trng, tham gia tch cc
232
lc hp tc quc t ca ngnh, xc nh
cc nh hng hp tc chin lc, tp trung
vo nhng vn va gii quyt nhu cu
trong nc, va ng gp gii quyt cc vn
mi trng ton cu v khu vc, ch trng
nhng vn mi m Vit Nam c li th.
Tip tc duy tr mi quan h hp tc bn
vng vi cc i tc truyn thng v m rng
hp tc vi cc nc, cc t chc quc t
khc nhm huy ng ngun lc quc t cho
hot ng BVMT ca Vit Nam. Ch ng
hp tc, hi nhp quc t, coi trng vic
tham gia v thc hin cc iu c quc t,
thc y hp tc - u, chu - Thi Bnh
Dng, ASEAN, ASEAN+3, c ch hp tc
mi trng ng , hp tc v mi trng
cc nc Tiu vng sng M Cng trong
BVMT. Tng cng xy dng v thc hin
cc chng trnh, n, d n v BVMT
chung trong khun kh cc tha thun song
phng, a phng v mi trng.
kt lun v kin ngh
KT LUN V KIN NGH
233
kt lun v kin ngh
KT LUN
Giai on 2011-2015, cng tc bo v mi trng c nhiu bin chuyn tch cc hn
so vi giai on trc. Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng ban hnh Ngh quyt nh hng
vic ch o cc hot ng qun l ti nguyn, bo v mi trng v ng ph vi bin i kh
hu. H thng php lut v bo v mi trng v h thng qun l mi trng c kin ton,
nh du bng vic Quc hi thng qua Lut bo v mi trng nm 2014 vi nhiu im
mi, thay th Lut bo v mi trng nm 2005. Cng vi l cc Ngh nh ca Chnh ph,
Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph v bo v mi trng c ban hnh. Trong giai on
ny, vi nhiu n lc, c gng, cng tc bo v mi trng c nhng thnh tch ng ghi
nhn. Ngun u t ti chnh tip tc h tr tch cc, thc y cng tc BVMT. Nhn thc
v BVMT ca cc cp, cc ngnh v ca cng ng x hi c nng ln ng k. Nhng
thnh tu gp phn quan trng gp phn hn ch nhim, m bo s pht trin bn
vng KT - XH ca t nc.
Tuy nhin, sc p t qu trnh pht trin KT - XH cng vi nhng tc ng ca BKH
v thin tai v ang tip tc lm gia tng nhiu p lc i vi mi trng, gy ra khng t
vn bc xc v mi trng, tc ng ti sc khe cng ng, nh hng v lm thit hi
n kinh t, lm gia tng cc xung t lin quan n mi trng trong x hi. Trong vi nm
tr li y, vn nhim bi v ting n ti cc th ln, cc trc giao thng trng im
tip tc c nhng din bin phc tp. nhim cht hu c, vi sinh, kim loi nng trong nc
mt cn kh ph bin ti cc LVS, c bit l khu vc h lu, ni i qua cc th ln, khu
vc c hot ng sn xut cng nghip pht trin, lng ngh, khu vc khai thc khong sn.
Nhiu dng sng trong ni thnh, ni th, mc nhim vn l vn ng lo ngi. c
bit, trong giai on ny, vn xm nhp mn c xu hng gia tng. Cc s c mi trng
do cc d n, c s cng nghip x cht thi khng ng quy nh cng gia tng c v s
lng v mc nghim trng. Mi trng t mt s khu vc ang c nguy c b nhim,
suy thoi do hot ng sn xut nng nghip, do cht thi khng c x l ng quy nh ti
cc khu vc ven th, KCN v lng ngh. Cng tc thu gom, x l cht thi vn cn nhiu
bt cp, c bit l i vi CTR khu vc nng thn v cht thi nguy hi. Tnh trng suy gim
DSH cha c ngn chn, vn din ra vi cc biu hin phc tp. Vn mi trng lin
quc gia t ra ngy cng nhiu thch thc i vi cng tc qun l mi trng ca nc ta.
235
kt lun v kin ngh
KIN NGH
Cc kin ngh i vi Quc hi
1. R sot sa i Lut a dng sinh hc v cc lut lin quan nhm hnh thnh khun
kh php l mnh, thng nht v hiu qu hn qun l, bo tn thin nhin v DSH;
nghin cu xy dng Lut Khng kh sch;
2. V lu di, nghin cu hon thin h thng php lut v BVMT theo hng ban hnh
lut mi trng hoc b lut mi trng. ng thi, xem xt phng n nng tm c quan qun
l nh nc v mi trng Trung ng v a phng, tng xng vi yu cu ca thc tin;
3. Xy dng v t chc thc hin Chng trnh gim st chuyn v bo v mi trng
i vi cc d n u t, cng trnh ln c nguy c tim n gy nhim mi trng cao do
Quc hi v Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh ch trng u t; ng thi, ch o Hi ng
nhn dn cp tnh thc hin Chng trnh gim st chuyn v bo v mi trng i vi
cc d n u t, cng trnh c nguy c tim n gy nhim mi trng cao thuc thm quyn
qun l ca a phng;
4. Quan tm tng t l chi ngn sch cho hot ng s nghip mi trng bo m yu
cu trong giai on mi, c bit l c c ch ph hp v tng chi ngn sch cho cc hot
ng qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng, trong c cng tc thanh tra, kim tra, gim
st; bo m b tr ngun vn thc hin Chng trnh quc gia khc phc nhim v ci
thin mi trng giai on 2016 - 2020.
Cc kin ngh i vi Chnh ph
1. Tp trung ch o gii quyt cc vn bc xc nhm ngn chn vic gia tng nhim
mi trng, suy gim DSHv ti nguyn thin nhin, m bo an ninh mi trng, coi y
l nhim v bo v mi trng trng tm trong 5 nm ti;
2. Ch o vic iu chnh chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch, cc chng trnh pht trin
KT - XH, bo m lng ghp cc yu cu bo v mi trng; yu cu cc B, ngnh v a
phng thng xuyn theo di, kim tra, nh gi tnh hnh thc hin v kp thi iu chnh
cc chng trnh, k hoch, gii php c th ph hp vi yu cu bo v mi trng thc t;
3. Ch o r sot, iu chnh v b sung cc quy nh ca php lut v mi trng, ti
nguyn, thu, ngn sch, u t, xy dng, khoa hc v cng ngh, nng lng bo m
thng nht, ng b, p ng yu cu bo v mi trng, bo m tnh thng nht, ng b
ca h thng php lut v cam kt ca Vit Nam trong vic thc hin cc tha thun thng
mi t do th h mi; trong , ch trng xy dng cc tiu ch sng lc, tip nhn cc d n
u t theo hng tng trng xanh v pht trin bn vng;
4. Tng cng nng lc qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng cho ngnh ti nguyn v
mi trng, nht l cc a phng, cp huyn, cp x; tng cng nng lc iu phi, thng
nht qun l nh nc v mi trng trn phm vi c nc ca h thng c quan qun l nh
237
kt lun v kin ngh
nc v mi trng. Ch o xy dng lc lng ng ph s c mi trng v h thng trang

thit b cnh bo s c mi trng. Ch o vic hnh thnh b phn qun l v bo tn DSH
trong c cu ca Chi cc Bo v mi trng a phng trin khai thc hin Lut DSH.
C c ch cp x, phng b tr cn b ph trch cng tc mi trng trn a bn;
5. Ch o nghin cu xy dng c ch, chnh sch thc y x hi ho hot ng bo
v mi trng; c ch huy ng vn u t tr li cho bo v mi trng da trn nguyn tc
ngi c hng li t mi trng c ngha v ng gp ti chnh cho bo v mi trng;
ngi gy nhim, s c v suy thoi mi trng phi khc phc, bi thng thit hi v c
ch khuyn khch, thc y hp tc cng - t trong lnh vc mi trng;
6. Cn i, b tr vn t ngn sch Nh nc v huy ng cc ngun vn khc nh vn
vay, tri phiu chnh ph,... thc hin cc ni dung ca Chin lc bo v mi trng quc
gia n nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030; ch o cc c quan chc nng qun l, s dng
c hiu qu ngun thu thu bo v mi trng ti cc a phng u t tr li cho cng
tc bo v mi trng.
Cc kin ngh i vi cc b, ngnh, a phng
1. Tip tc xy dng, trnh chnh ph ph duyt v t chc thc hin cc chng trnh,
n quc gia nhm gii quyt cc vn bc xc v mi trng;
2. Hon thin c cu t chc h thng qun l mi trng ca tng cp, ngnh, c bit
ch n vic phn cp v phn cng trch nhim r rng, c th; tng cng nng lc ca
b my qun l mi trng cc cp; ch trng vic o to, bi dng cn b, tuyn chn cn
b c chuyn mn ph hp vi yu cu ca cng tc qun l mi trng;
3. Bo m b tr khng di 1% ngn sch ca a phng chi cho s nghip bo v mi
trng; tng cng theo di, gim st vic qun l, s dng ngun chi ngn sch cho bo v
mi trng mt cch hiu qu, c trng tm, trng im, m bo chi ng ni dung v
kinh ph theo quy nh nhm nng cao hiu qu ngun ngn sch nh nc. Tng cng huy
ng ngun lc t cc ngun khc;
4. Khn trng ban hnh cc vn bn trin khai Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2014 ti a
phng; tng cng tuyn truyn, ph bin, qun trit v trin khai cc ni dung ca Lut vo
thc tin a phng, c bit l nhng ni dung mi;
5. R sot, khoanh vng cc i tng c nguy c gy nhim mi trng, ri ro xy ra
s c mi trng v c cc bin php kim sot cht ch hot ng x thi, phng nga cc
s c mi trng bng cc bin php k thut - cng ngh ph hp, kt hp tng cng thanh
tra, kim tra, gim st v bo v mi trng i vi cc d n, c s sn xut c hot ng x
thi, c bit l cc ngun x nc thi ln ra cc khu vc d b tn thng nh vng duyn
hi, ven bin, cc LVS; kin quyt x l nghim cc hnh vi vi phm, c bit i vi cc c
s thuc danh mc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng phi x l trit ;
6. Xy dng nng lc phng nga, cnh bo nguy c v ng ph s c mi trng cc
cp, cc ngnh.
238
TI LIU THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO
239
TI LIU THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO

1
Bo co s 231/BC-CP ngy 22 thng 5 nm 2015 ca Chnh ph v cng tc bo

v mi trng.
Bo co thng nin Mekong k diu do Qu Quc t bo tn thin nhin (WWF)

- Vit Nam cng b nm 2015.
B Cng thng, 2014, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu v ti nguyn - mi

trng ti vn bn s 6770/BCT-KH ngy 18/07/2014.
B Cng thng, 2014, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu v ti nguyn - mi

trng ti vn bn s 6770/BCT-KH ngy 18/07/2014.
B K hoch v u t, 2015, nh hng tng trng xanh v pht trin bn vng

- nhng yu cu t ra i vi cng tc bo v mi trng.
B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, 2013, nh gi kt qu hot ng khoa hc v cng

ngh v qu gen giai oan 2001 - 2013.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2013, Bo co kt qu iu tra nh gi

thc trng nng lc hot ng ca cc t chc dch v thu gom, nng thn cc tnh
thuc ng bng sng Hng.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2013, Bo co tnh hnh sn xut v nhp
khu phn bn n ht nm 2011.
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2013, Bo co tnh hnh sn xut v nhp
khu phn bn n ht nm 2011.
10
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2013, K yu m hnh, cch lm hay trong
xy dng nng thn mi.
11
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2014, Bo co s 1377/BC-BNN-TCTL

ngy 28/4/2014 v kt qu thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v
v sinh mi trng nng thn nm 2013.
12
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2014, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin cc ch
tiu v Ti nguyn - Mi trng theo vn bn s 3026/BNN-KHCN ngy 24/06/2014
13
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2014, Bo co tng kt ngnh nng nghip
v pht trin nng thn cc nm 2013 v 2014.
14
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2014, S liu thng k sn lng v kim
ngch xut khu nhm hng nng sn, thy sn.
241
15
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Bo co Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
gim ngho bn vng.
16
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2010, Thng bo quc gia ln th 2 ca Vit Nam cho

Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu
17
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2011, Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2010 - Tng

quan mi trng Vit Nam.
18
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2012, Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2011 - Cht

thi rn
19
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2013, Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2012 - Mi

trng nc mt
20
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2013, Bo co tm tt tnh hnh thc hin nhim v

cng tc nm 2013, k hoch cng tc nm 2014.
21
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2014, Bo co cp nht hai nm mt ln ln th nht

ca Vit Nam cho Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu
22

trng khng kh
23
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2014, Bo co quc gia ln th 5 thc hin Cng c

a dng sinh hc giai on 2009 - 2013.
24

trng nng thn
25
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2015, Chin lc quc gia v a dng sinh hc n

nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030.
26
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2015, K yu Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th

IV.
27
B Xy dng, 2014, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu v ti nguyn - mi

trng ti vn bn s 2031/BXD-KHCN ngy 28 thng 8 nm 2014.
28
B Xy dng, 2014, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu v ti nguyn - mi

trng ti vn bn s 2031/BXD-KHCN ngy 28/08/2014.
29
B Y t, 2013, Nin gim thng k y t.
30
B Y t, 2014, Ti liu Hi tho Tham vn nghin cu v thc y v sinh nng

thn khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long ngy 24/9/2014.
31
Cc bo co tham lun ti Hi ngh chuyn Qun l nh nc v bo v mi

trng ti Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV
242
TI LIU THAM KHO
32
Cc bo co tham lun ti Hi ngh chuyn v Khoa hc Cng ngh lnh vc bo

v mi trng, Hi ngh mi trng ton quc ln th IV.
33
Cc Kim sot nhim - Tng cc Mi trng, 2013, Bo co cng tc bo v mi

trng khu kinh t, khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip nm 2012
34
Cc Kim sot nhim - Tng cc Mi trng, 2013, D n Kim sot nhim mi

trng lng ngh.
35
Cc Kim sot nhim - Tng cc Mi trng, 2013, Nhim v Xy dng C s d

liu v bo v mi trng lng ngh.
36
Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT, thng 11/2014, Nhng vn v ti

nguyn nc ti Vit Nam, Ta m v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam - Hungary.
37
Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc, B TN&MT, thng 4/2015, Ti nguyn nc Vit

Nam - Nhng vn t ra i vi vic tip tc hon thin chnh sch, php lut
v ti nguyn nc.
38
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, 2015, Bo co hin trng mi trng cp tnh

giai on 5 nm 2011 - 2015.
39
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph, 2011 - 2015, Bo co kt qu

quan trc mi trng.
40
Tng cc Mi trng (2011 - 2015), Bo co nh gi tnh hnh thc hin ch tiu

mi trng trong K hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi cc nm 2011, 2012, 2013
v 2014
41
Tng cc Mi trng (2011 - 2015), Bo co, s liu cp nht ca 3 B ch th mi

trng quc gia: Khng kh, nc mt lc a, nc bin ven b
42
Tng cc Qun l t ai - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2012, S liu
thng k t thoi ha giai on 2009 - 2011
43
44
Tng cc Qun l t ai, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2012, Bo co tng hp

kt qu d n iu tra thc trng mi trng t vng kinh t trng im ng bng
Bc B.
Tng cc Thng k, 2012, Nin gim thng k nm 2011.
45
46
47
48
Trm QT&PTMT cng nghip, 2011 - 2015, Bo co kt qu quan trc mi trng.
243
49
Trm QT&PTMT vng bin min Bc, min Trung v min Nam, 2011 - 2015, Bo
co kt qu quan trc mi trng.
50
Trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng t lin 1, 2, 3, 2011 - 2015, Bo co kt

qu quan trc mi trng.
51
Trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng t min Bc, min Trung v min Nam,
2011 - 2015, Bo co kt qu quan trc mi trng.
52
Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng, 2011 - 2015, Bo co kt

qu quan trc mi trng
53
Vn phng Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng, B

NN&PTNT, 2015, Kt qu thc hin chng trnh MTQG nc sch v v sinh mi
trng nng thn giai on 2011 - 2015.
54
Vn phng iu phi Trung ng Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia xy dng nng
thn mi, 2015, nh gi kt qu thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia xy
dng Nng thn mi 2010 - 2020.
55
V Khoa hc v Cng ngh cc ngnh kinh t k thut, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh,

2015, Bo co Hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh trong cng tc qun l bo tn
v khai thc - Pht trin ngun gen.
244

Báo Cáo Hiện Trạng Môi Trường Quốc Gia Giai Đoạn 2011 - 2015

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Báo Cáo Hiện Trạng Môi Trường Quốc Gia Giai Đoạn 2011 - 2015

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B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

BO CO HIN TRNG MI TRNG

CHU TRCH NHIM XUT BN: ThS. Kim Quang Minh

BO CO HIN TRNG MI TRNG QUC GIA GIAI ON 2011 - 2015

DANH SCH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SON

BO CO HIN TRNG MI TRNG QUC GIA GIAI ON 2011 - 2015

1.7.1. Hot ng trng trt v sc p

1.7.2. Hot ng chn nui v sc p

1.7.3. Hot ng nui trng thy sn

Chng 2. Bin i kh hu, thin tai

2.1.1. Pht thi kh nh knh

2.1.2. Biu hin cua bin i kh hu

2.2. Thin tai

Chng 3. Pht sinh v x l cht thi

3.1. Pht sinh cht thi rn

3.1.1. Cht thi rn thng thng

3.1.2. Cht thi nguy hi

3.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

3.2.1. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

3.2.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn

3.2.3. Thu gom v x l cht thi nguy

Chng 1. Pht trin kinh t - x hi

1.1.1. Pht trin dn s v qu trnh

1.1.2. Sc p t hot ng dn sinh

1.2. Pht trin cng nghip v sc p

1.2.1. Khu cng nghip v cm cng

1.2.2. Lng ngh

1.2.3. C s sn xut nm ngoi KCN,

1.3. Pht trin nng lng v sc p

1.4. Pht trin xy dng v sc p ln

1.5. Pht trin giao thng v sc p

1.5.1. Pht trin giao thng ng b

1.5.2. Pht trin h thng cc cng bin

4.1.1. Hin trng khai thc v s dng

1.5.3. Sc p t hot ng giao thng

4.1.2. Din bin cht lng nc mt

1.6. Pht trin dch v, y t v sc p

1.6.1. Pht trin du lch

4.2.1. Hin trng khai thc v s dng

1.6.2. Pht trin y t

1.7. Pht trin nng nghip v sc p

4.2.2. Din bin cht lng nc di

4.3. Mi trng nc bin

BO CO hin trng MI TRNG QUC GIA giai on 2011 - 2015

4.3.2. Din bin cht lng nc bin

Chng 5. Mi trng khng kh

5.1. Cht lng khng kh ti cc th

5.1.2. Cc kh nhim NO2, SO2 v CO

7.2. a dng sinh hc loi

7.3. a dng sinh hc ngun gen

7.4. Nguyn nhn gy suy gim a

7.4.1. Chuyn i s dng t, mt

5.2. Cht lng khng kh xung quanh

7.4.2. Tiu th ti nguyn ngy cng

7.4.3. Bin i kh hu v chy rng

5.2.2. Cc kh nhim SO2, NO2

7.4.4. S xm hi ca cc loi sinh vt

5.3. Cht lng khng kh lng ngh

5.3.1. Mi trng khng kh lng ngh

8.1. nh hng n sc khe cng ng

5.3.2. Mi trng khng kh nng thn

5.4. Mt s vn nhim khng kh

8.1.1. Tc hi ca nhim khng kh