Design

Ramazan C. Altnba
Sakarya University, The Republic of Turkey
06/11/2016

Abstrack
In this writing you will find some basic information about definition of design and
engineering design process.In engineering design process there are several systems
we can look. In this technical paper we have focused on DSRP (Design Science
Research Process).If you want to see more detailed information about DSRP you can
look at 'The Design Science Research Process: A Model For Producing And
Presenting Information System Research' by Ken Peffers.
Definition Of Design
Definition of design is: to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or
buildings.[1] Another definition for design is a roadmap or a strategic approach for
someone to achieve a unique expatation. It defines the specifications, plans,
parameters, costs, activities, processes and how and what to do within legal, political,
social, enviromental, safety and economic constraints in achieving that objective.[2]
Engineering design is the total activity necessary to establish and define solutions to
problems not solved before, or new solutions to problems which have previously
been solved in a different way. The engineering designer uses intellectual ability to
apply scientific knowledge and ensures the product satisfies an agreed market need
and product design specification whilst permitting manufacture by the optimum
method. The design activity is not complete until the resulting product is in use
providing an acceptable level of performance and with clearly identified methods of
disposal.[3]

The Engineering Design Process

The cost of a product, particularly in international markets, is only one factor which
has a bearing on success. Reliability, fitness for pupose, delivery ease of maintenance
and many other factors have a significant influence and many of these are determined
by design. Good Design is therefore critical for success both in national and export
markets and can only be ensured by adherence to a formal design process.
The engineering design process in its simplest form is a general problem solving
process which can be applied to any number of classes of problem, not just
engineering design.
A systematic approach permits a clear and logical record of the development of a
design. This is useful if the product undergoes development and redesign. If we
accept the need for a systematich aproach, how and in what order should we consider
the influencing factors?[3]
There are several systems we can look. In tihs writing we are looking at DSRP.
There are total of six steps in DSRP. These are;
- Problem identification and motivation
- Objectives of a solution
- Design and development
- Demonstration
- Evaluation
- Communication

1. Problem identification and motivation. Define the specific research problem and
justify the value of a solution. Since the problem definition will be used to develop an
effective artifactual solution, it may be useful to atomize the problem conceptually so
that the solution can capture the problems complexity. Justifying the value of a
solution accomplishes two things: it motivates the researcher and the audience of the
research to pursue the solution and to accept the results and it helps to understand the
reasoning associated with the researchers understanding of the problem. Resources
required for this activity include knowledge of the state of the problem and the
importance of its solution.
2. Objectives of a solution. Infer the objectives of a solution from the problem
definition. The objectives can be quantitative, e.g., terms in which a desirable
solution would be better than current ones, or qualitative, e.g., where a new artifact is
expected to support solutions to problems not hitherto addressed. The objectives
should be inferred rationally from the problem specification. Resources required for
this include knowledge of the state of problems and current solutions and their
efficacy, if any.
3. Design and development. Create the artifactual solution. Such artifacts are
potentially, with each defined broadly, constructs, models, methods, or instantiations
(Hevner et al. 2004). This activity includes determining the artifacts desired
functionality and its architecture and then creating the actual artifact. Resources
required moving from objectives to design and development include knowledge of
theory that can be brought to bear as a solution.
4. Demonstration. Demonstrate the efficacy of the artifact to solve the problem. This
could involve its use in experimentation, simulation, a case study, proof, or other
appropriate activity. Resources required for the demonstration include effective
knowledge of how to use the artifact to solve the problem.
5. Evaluation. Observe and measure how well the artifact supports a solution to the
problem. This activity involves comparing the objectives of a solution to actual
observed results from use of the artifact in the demonstration. It requires knowledge
of relevant metrics and analysis techniques. Depending on the nature of the problem
venue and the artifact, evaluation could include such items as a comparison of the
artifacts functionality with the solution objectives from activity 2 above, objective
quantitative performance measures, such as budgets or items produced satisfaction
surveys, client feedback, or simulations. At the end of this activity the researchers can
decide whether to iterate back to step 3 to try to improve the effectiveness of the
artifact or to continue on to communication and leave further improvement to
subsequent projects. The nature of the research venue may dictate whether such
iteration is feasible or not.

6. Communication. Communicate the problem and its importance, the artifact, its
utility and novelty, the rigor of its design, and its effectiveness to researchers and
other relevant audiences, such as practicing professionals, when appropriate. In
scholarly research publications researchers might use the structure of this process to
structure the paper, just as the nominal structure of an empirical research process
(problem definition, literature review, hypothesis development, data collection,
analysis, results, discussion, and conclusion) is a common structure for empirical
research papers. Communication requires knowledge of the disciplinary culture.[4]
Summary
Engineering design is the total activity necessary to establish and define solutions to
problems not solved before, or new solutions to problems which have previously
been solved in a different way. The engineering design process in its simplest form is
a general problem solving process which can be applied to any number of classes of
problem, not just engineering design. There are six steps of Design Science Research
Process. These are: Problem identification and motivation, objectives of a solution,
design and development, demonstration, evaluation, communication. If enginners
follows these steps it would be easier for them to create a design.
Refferances
1.Dictionary meaning in the Cambridge Dictionary of British at
dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/design (accesed 04/11/2016)
2.Don Kumaragamage, Y.(2011), Design Manual Vol 1
3.Ken Hurst, Engineering Design Principles, North, Central and South America: John
Wiley and Sons Inc. 1999
4.Ken Peffers, The Design Science Research Process: A Model For Producing And
Presenting Information System Research, Cleremont CA. 2006