Genevave S.

Villano
BSTM 2C
3:00pm)

09/28/16
TThS(1:45pm-

GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION / ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

Is a group of plants, animals or other living creatures being separated from

mixing genes within their same species.

An example of geographic isolation is the people of a remote village only

able to reproduce within the village population.
Geographic isolation is the isolation of organisms by any geographical barrier
these barrier may be mountain, rivers, glaciers or big cities. Because of
isolation of org. gene pool restricted .as a result species of that area cannot
interbreed properly.

Chin Chin Faye d. Villamor

BSTM 2C

09-28-16
TThS(1:45pm-3:00pm)

GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION / ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

An example of geographic isolation is the people of a remote village only

able to reproduce within the village population.

Geographic isolation is the isolation of organisms by any geographical barrier

these barrier may be mountain, rivers, glaciers or big cities. Because of
isolation of org. gene pool restricted .as a result species of that area cannot
interbreed properly.

PERIPATRIC SPECIATION

In peripatric speciation, small population size would make full-blown

speciation a more likely result of the geographic isolation because genetic
drift acts more quickly in small populations. Genetic drift, and perhaps strong
selective pressures, would cause rapid genetic change in the small
population. This genetic change could lead to speciation.

The essential characteristic of this mode is that genetic drift plays a role in
speciation. There are likely many cases where a population is split into two
unequally-sized populations and they become separate species. However, it
is very difficult for us to tell after the fact what role genetic drift played in the
divergence of the two populationsso gathering evidence to support or
refute this mode is challenging.

PERIPATRIC SPECIATION

In peripatric speciation, small population size would make full-blown

speciation a more likely result of the geographic isolation because genetic
drift acts more quickly in small populations. Genetic drift, and perhaps strong
selective pressures, would cause rapid genetic change in the small
population. This genetic change could lead to speciation.

The essential characteristic of this mode is that genetic drift plays a role in
speciation. There are likely many cases where a population is split into two
unequally-sized populations and they become separate species. However, it
is very difficult for us to tell after the fact what role genetic drift played in the
divergence of the two populationsso gathering evidence to support or
refute this mode is challenging.

PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

In parapatric speciation there is no specific extrinsic barrier to gene flow. The

population is continuous, but nonetheless, the population does not mate
randomly. Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors
than with individuals in a different part of the population's range. In this
mode, divergence may happen because of reduced gene flow within the
population and varying selection pressures across the population's range.

PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

Because of the continuous nature of parapatric population distribution,

population niches will often overlap and produce a continuum in the species
ecological role across an environmental gradient.[3] Whereas in allopatric or
peripatric speciation - in which geographically isolated subpopulations may
produce discretely separate niches - the reduced gene flow of parapatric
speciation will often produce a cline in which a variation in evolutionary
pressures causes a change to occur in allele frequencies within the gene pool
between populations. This environmental gradient ultimately results in
genetically distinct sister species.

SPECIATION VIA POLYPLOIDAZATION/ POLYPLOIDS

Speciation is how a new kind of plant or animal species is created. Speciation

occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its
species and develops its own unique characteristics. The demands of a
different environment or the characteristics of the members of the new
group will differentiate the new species from their ancestors.

One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined

stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone
speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams.

SPECIATION VIA POLYPLOIDAZATION/ POLYPLOIDS

All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution;
however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in
driving biodiversity.

One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined

stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone
speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams.

ECOTYPE

A genetically distinct population of plants, animals, or other organisms that is

found in a particular habitat.
In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,[note 1] sometimes called ecospecies,
describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population or race within
a species, which is adapted to specific environmental conditions.

Typically, though ecotypes exhibit phenotypic differences (such as in

morphology or physiology) stemming from environmental heterogeneity,
they are capable of interbreeding with other geographically adjacent
ecotypes without loss of fertility or vigor.

ECOTYPE

In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,[note 1] sometimes called ecospecies,

describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population or race within
a species, which is adapted to specific environmental conditions.

Typically, though ecotypes exhibit phenotypic differences (such as in

morphology or physiology) stemming from environmental heterogeneity,
they are capable of interbreeding with other geographically adjacent
ecotypes without loss of fertility or vigor.
CLINE AND RING SPECIES

In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations,

each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for
which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too
distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between
each "linked" population. Such non-breeding, though genetically connected,
"end" populations may co-exist in the same region thus closing a "ring". The
German term Rassenkreis, meaning a ring of populations, is also used.

CLINE AND RING SPECIES

In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations,

each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for
which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too
distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between
each "linked" population. Such non-breeding, though genetically connected,
"end" populations may co-exist in the same region thus closing a "ring". The
German term Rassenkreis, meaning a ring of populations, is also used.

ARTIFICIAL SPECIATION

Artificial speciation takes place in science labs and is conducted by

biologists. The most common example of artificial speciation is the domestic
sheep species created by hybridisation, which is the process of mixing two
different species together to create a hybrid. This is achieved through lab
experiments, where scientists mostly research insects like fruit flies, and in
animal husbandry. Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of livestock
(animals). Many agricultural products, such as dairy, meat, and wool, depend
on animal husbandry

ARTIFICIAL SPECIATION

Artificial speciation takes place in science labs and is conducted by

biologists. The most common example of artificial speciation is the domestic
sheep species created by hybridisation, which is the process of mixing two
different species together to create a hybrid. This is achieved through lab
experiments, where scientists mostly research insects like fruit flies, and in
animal husbandry. Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of livestock
(animals). Many agricultural products, such as dairy, meat, and wool, depend
on animal husbandry