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Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Introduction
= f (x). However,
7.1.2
Example
1 x2 y 2.
x y if x > y,
y x if x < y,
f (x, y) =
1
if x = y .
7.1.3
Geometric Representation
Graphs of functions of two variables
Example
Example
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7.3
Partial Derivatives
Example
d
f (x, b)
dx
x=a
f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
= lim
h0
h
f
it by
or fx(a, b).
x (a,b)
7
d
f (a, y)
dy
f (a, b + h) f (a, b)
h0
h
= lim
y=b
and is denoted by
f
or fy (a, b).
y (a,b)
If we let z = f (x, y), we also write
fx =
z
,
x
and fy =
z
.
y
7.3.3
Example
d
d 3
f (x, y) =
(x + y) cos (y 2)
dy
dy
10
7.3.4
Geometric interpretation
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f (a, b)
z = f (x, y)
(a, b)
the line y = b
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f (a, b)
(a, b)
x
Similarly, fy (a, b) is just the gradient of the tangent
line at (a, b) of the curve C2 traced out as the image
of the line x = a under f .
7.3.5
12
2f
= (fx)x = 2
x
2f
= (fy )x =
xy
fxy
fyy
2f
= (fx)y =
yx
2f
= (fy )y = 2 .
y
2z
= 2
x
fxy
2z
=
yx
fyx
2z
=
xy
Example
fxx = 24x + 2y 3,
fxy = 6xy 2.
fyy
2z
= 2.
y
13
7.3.7
Mixed Derivatives
(1)
Example
ey
Let f (x, y) = xy + 2
. Find fyx.
y +1
Solution:
14
7.3.9
For functions of three or more variables, we have similar definitions and notations for partial derivatives.
For example, for functions of three variables f (x, y, z),
we fix two of the variables and differentiate with respect to the third one.
fx, fy ,
7.4
fz ,
or
f f f
,
,
.
x y z
Chain Rule
15
w = w(t),
h = h(t). Clearly, a
16
7.4.1
7.4.2
dz
.
dt
Solution:
dz z dx z dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt
= (3y 2 + 4x3y)(2 cos 2t) + (6xy + x4)( sin t).
16
17
7.4.3
and
z f x f y
=
+
t x t y t
Example
18
7.4.5
Chain rules can be extended in a similar way for functions of three or more variables.
For example, suppose w = f (x, y, z) is a function of
three variables x, y and z, and x = x(t), y = y(t),
z = z(t) are functions of t. Then w is a function of
t:
7.4.6
Example
19
Hence
V
V
V
= wh,
= `h,
= `w.
`
w
h
By chain rule,
V d` V dw V dh
dV
=
+
+
dt
` dt w dt
h dt
d`
dw
dh
= wh + `h
+ `w
dt
dt
dt
We are given, at time t0,
` = 2 m, w = 3 m, h = 4 m,
while
dw
dh
d`
= 5 ms1,
= 5 ms1 and
= 6 ms1.
dt
dt
dt
Hence
dV
= (3)(4)(5)+(2)(4)(5)+(2)(3)(6) = 64 m3s1.
dt
19
20
7.4.7
Directional Derivatives
Extension of Partial Derivatives
21
Note that Dif (a, b) = fx(a, b) and Djf (a, b) = fy (a, b),
where i and j are the standard unit vectors of the xyplane.
21
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7.5.2
Geometrical meaning
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z = f (x, y)
(a, b)
22
23
7.5.3
A formula
Example
3
1
u=
i + j.
2
2
Solution: First, fx = 2x 3y 2, fy = 6xy + 6y 2.
Thus fx(2, 1) = 1 and fy (2, 1) = 6.
Therefore,
3
36
1
Duf (2, 1) = (1)( ) + (6)( ) =
.
2
2
2
23
24
7.5.5
Physical meaning
Example
24
25
25
26
7.5.7
= lim
26
27
7.6
7.6.1
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7.6.2
Critical Points
Example
point.
28
29
29
30
7.6.4
Example
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7.6.5
Saddle points
30
31
7.6.6
Example
32
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z = 2y 2 3x2
32
33
7.6.7
34
7.6.8
Example
fy = 3y 2 6y = 0.
On solving, we obtain x = 0 or 2 and y = 0 or 2.
Therefore, the critical points are (0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0)
and (2, 2).
To apply the second derivative test, we compute the
second order partial derivatives.
fxx = 6x + 6,
fyy = 6y 6,
fxy = 0.
2
Thus D(x, y) = fxxfyy fxy
= 36xy36x+36y36.
35
35