Subspaces

1. Is the set Z = {[a, b] such that b = a2} a subspace of R2?

No. [1, 1] and [2, 4] are both in Z, but [1, 1] + [2, 4] = [3, 5] is not in Z, so Z is not closed under
addition.
2. Express the following as linear combination of u = (3, 1, 7), v = (1, -1, 4) and w = (5, 6, 3).
(9, 10, 9) = _u + _v + _w
Find reduced row echelon form:
a b c

[ ] [
3 1 59
11 6 10
7 4 39

1/3R1R1

1 1 /3 5/3 3
1 1 6 10
7 4 3 9

] [

-R1+R2R2
-7R1+R3R3

] [

1 0 11/4 19/4
0 1 13 / 4 21/4
0 0 13 / 4 13/4

1 1/3 5/3 3
0 4/3 13/3 7
0 5/3 26/3 12

-3/4R2R2

1 0 11/4 19/4
0 1 13 /4 21/4
00 1
1

] [

1 1/3 5/3
3
0 1 13/ 4 21 /4
0 5 /3 26 / 3 12

-1/3R2+R1R1
-5/3R2+R3R3

] [ ]

100 2
0 1 0 2
001 1

a=2, b=-2, c=1

-13/4R3R3

-11/4R3+R1R1
13/4R3+R2R2
(9, 10, 9) = a u + b v + c w
(9, 10, 9) = 2u 2v + w
3. Express the following as linear combination of p1 = 4 + x + 5x2, p2 = 4 - x + 5x2,
and p3 = 4 + 3x + 6x2.
12 + 5x + 19x2 = ?
Find reduced row echelon form:

[ ] [
5 5 6 19
1 1 3 5
4 4 4 12

1/5R1R1

1 1 6 /5 19/5
1 1 3 5
4 4 4 12

-R1 + R2 R2
-4R1 + R3 R3

1 0 21/10 22/5
0 1 9 /10 3/5
0 0 4 /5 16/5
-5/4 R3 R3

] [

] [

1 1 6 /5 19 /5
0 2 9 /5 6 /5
0 0 4 /5 16/5

-1/2R2 R2

1 0 21/10 22/5
0 1 9 /10 3/5
00 1
4

-21/10R3+ R1 R1
9/10R3+ R2 R2
12 + 5x + 19x2 = -4p1 + 3p2 + 4p3

] [

1 1 6 /5 19 /5
0 1 9 /10 3/5
0 0 4 /5 16/5

-R2 + R1 R1

] [ ]

1 0 0 4
010 3
001 4

a=-4, b=3, c=4

4. We start with {V1, V2} where V1 =

[]
3
9

and V2=

[ ]
6
15

then the span of {V1, V2} = C1

[ ]
6
15

C2

For example, let C1 = 2 and C2 =4.

V3 = 2

[] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1
9

+4

6
15

2
18

24
60

26
78

5. Determine if Linearly Independent or Dependent.

10x +8y = 0 10x +8y = 0 10x +8y = 0
4x - 4y = 0 2(4x - 4y) = 0 8x - 8y = 0
18x = 0
x=0
10(0) + 8y = 0
0 + 4y = 0
4y = 0
y=0
(0, 0) Linearly Independent
6. Determine if Linearly Independent or Dependent.
2x + 3y = 0 2x + 3y = 0 2x + 3y = 0
3x y = 0 3(3x y) = 0 9x 3y = 0
11x = 0
x=0
2(0) + 8y = 0
0 + 8y = 0
8y = 0
y=0
(0, 0) Linearly Independent
7. Determine if its Linearly Dependent or Independent

A=

{[ ] [ ] [ ]}
1 4
3
2 , 0 , 1
0 8
5

1 4 3 0
2 0 1 0
0 8 5 0

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

1430
0850
0850

14 3 0
0 1 5 /8 0
08 5 0

14 3 0
0 1 5 /8 0
00 0 0

1 0 1/2 0
0 1 5 /8 0
00 0 0

[]
1
9

A1 + 1/2A3 = 0 A1 =-1/2k
A2 + 5/8A3 = 0 A2 =-5/8k
A3 = k
(-1/2k, -5/8k, k) Linearly Dependent

8. Determine if its Linearly Dependent or Independent

B=

{[ ] [ ] [ ]}
1 0 2
2 , 1 , 0
1 1 1

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1020
2100
1110

c=0
-2R1+R2R2
-R1+R3R3

10 2 0
0 1 4 0
0 1 1 0

10 2 0
0 1 4 0
00 3 0

-R2+R3R3

1/3R3R3

10 2 0
0 1 4 0
00 1 0

1000
0100
0010

a = 0, b = 0,

4R3+R2R2
-2R3+R1R1

(0, 0, 0) Linearly Independent

9. Determine if its Linearly Dependent or Independent

[] []
[ ] [] [ ] [] []

V1

1
1
0
0

1 2 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1 0

- R1R1

and V2

2
0
1
1

120
100
010
010

-R1+ R2R2

1 2 0
0 2 0
0 1 0
0 1 0

-2R2R2

1 20
01 0
01 0
01 0

-2R2+ R1R1
-R 2+ R3R1
-R 2+ R4R1

(0, 0) Linearly Independent

10. Determine if its Linearly Dependent or Independent
x1 - 2x2 + x3 = 0
6x2 - 3x3 = 0
x1 - 2x2 - x3 = 0

100
010
000
000

a = 0, b = 0

[ ] [
[ ]
1 2 1 0
0 6 3 0
1 2 1 0

1 2 1 0
0 6 3 0
0 0 2 0

] [

1 2 1 0
0 1 1 /2 0
0 0 2 0

] [

10 0 0
0 1 1/2 0
0 0 2 0

] [

1000
0100
0010

-R1+ R3R3

1/6 R2R2

2R2+ R1R1

(0, 0, 0) Linearly Independent

-1/2R3R3

1/2R3+ R2R2

10 0 0
0 1 1/2 0
00 1 0