.

2015-16

5
IP

IP. IP
ping tracert. , IP,
(fragmentation) IP.
IP Request-For-Comment RFC 791
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt.
TCP/IP
http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/default0604.htm IP protocol suite
.
, Wireshark.
Capture ,
.
(Display), Analyze, ()
, ,
() , ,
Capture, ,
.
, Capture->Interfaces
Options.
.
. Capture Filter
.
.
( ) .
. , Start .
,
Wireshark,
ViewColoring rules.
Wireshark.
.
.
, ,
.
( )
ASCII .
+
.
( ),
(highlighted)
. , ( ,
, )
.
,
(
). LDAP,
-1-

. 2015-16

labuser.
,
Alt+Ctrl+Del.
,
.

1 IP
IP
tracert. tracert ICMP Echo
Request Time-To-Live (TTL), IP,
. TTL
1, . TTL ,
ICMP Time Exceeded .
Time Exceeded
TTL IP ICMP
Time Exceeded.
, ,
MAC .
tracert -d nic.gr-ix.gr.
1.1
1.2

-d
tracert; [: tracert /?]

MAC
.

ICMP.
1.3

ICMP Echo Request

IP
IP.
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

IP ; IP
;
Protocol IP ICMP Echo
request.
byte IP;
byte IP ;

.

IP IP
(Source)
. ( ),
( ).
ICMP
. ICMP Echo Request
-2-

. 2015-16

. Internet Protocol (
)
. ( )
ICMP .
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12

IP ;
IP ;
IP ;
IP ;

, ICMP
Time Exceeded .
1.13 IP ;
1.14 TTL IP ;
1.15 ; ;

2 (Fragmentation) IP
. .. Ethernet LAN
1.518 byte, IP 65.535 byte
( Ethernet 64 byte).
IP
.
(fragments) IP.
IP MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
.
MTU 1500, 1492, 1006, 576, 552, 544, 512, 508, 296.
IP 576 byte, .
IP
. IP MTU.

, (Identification, Fragment
offset More fragments flag) IP.
,
, .

IP , (Dont fragment flag).

IP MTU (
) do not fragment,
ICMP Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set.
MTU
,
.

-3-

. 2015-16

MTU, ICMP
Echo Request ,
(. ping).
IP MTU, ICMP
,
.
: ping n 1 l nnnn f < IP>,
nnnn ( 1480), IP
(.. ).
2.1 n 1 (= )
ping;
2.2 f ping;
2.3 l ping;
, :
2.4 nnnn .
2.5 nnnn .
Wireshark
- (unicast) ping n 1 l nnnn f < IP
>. nnnn,
2.4 2.5, .
, IP
IP ping.
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

. [:
http://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureFilters]
.
MTU; . [: nnnn byte
ICMP]
ICMP nnnn
2.5;

(
Wireshark) ping -n 1 -l 6000 < IP
>.
2.10 ICMP Echo Request .
IP;
2.11 , IP ;
2.12 IP,
(Identification, Fragment Offset, Dont Fragment Bit, More
Fragments Bit).
IP ( ).
2.13 IP ;
2.14 IP
;
2.15 ;
-4-

. 2015-16

IP ( ).
IP ;
;
;
IP ;
Fragment offset
.
2.21 IP ;
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20

ping -n 1 -l nnnn < IP

>.
2.22 nnnn; [: IP 65.535
byte].
edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr MTU
. , ping -n 1 -l nnnn -f
edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr MTU ( )
.
2.23 nnnn ;
2.24 MTU edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr.

3 IP
DS/ECN (Differentiated Services/Explicit Congestion Notification) IP
.
TOS (Type of Service). ,
. bit TOS
http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/ip.htm#TOS,%20Type%20of%20Service.
Telnet FTP
edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr IP 147.102.40.15.
Telnet telnet edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr .
login: <Ctrl>+] Microsoft
Telnet> quit . , FTP
, ftp edu-dy.cn.ntua.gr .
User: anonymous <Enter>,
Password: e-mail <Enter>.
ls, (
(firewall) Windows OK).
bye ftp
.
Wireshark telnet
TELNET
IP (Source)
.

-5-

3.1
3.2

3.3
3.4

. 2015-16

Telnet
Differentiated Services Field IP.
Telnet;
[: bit TOS
IP http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/protocol/ip.htm
TOS ].
Telnet
Differentiated Services Field IP.
Telnet
;

, ftp
FTP
IP

.
3.5
3.6

FTP
Differentiated Services Field IP.

FTP;

,
ftp-data
FTP.
3.7

3.8

FTP v
Differentiated Services Field
IP.

FTP;

-6-

. 2015-16

PC:

:
IP:

:
.

MAC:

5
IP

. .

1
1.1 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.2 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.3 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.4 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.5 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.6 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.7 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.8 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
1.9 ..........................................................................................................................................................
1.10 ........................................................................................................................................
1.11 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
1.12 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
1.13 ........................................................................................................................................
1.14 ........................................................................................................................................
1.15 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

2
2.1 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.2 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.3 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
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. 2015-16

2.4 ..........................................................................................................................................................
2.5 ..........................................................................................................................................................
2.6 ..........................................................................................................................................................
2.7 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.8 ..........................................................................................................................................................
2.9 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.10 ........................................................................................................................................
2.11 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.12 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.13 ........................................................................................................................................
2.14 ........................................................................................................................................
2.15 ........................................................................................................................................
2.16 ........................................................................................................................................
2.17 ........................................................................................................................................
2.18 ........................................................................................................................................
2.19 ........................................................................................................................................
2.20 ........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2.21 ........................................................................................................................................
2.22 ........................................................................................................................................
2.23 ........................................................................................................................................
2.24 ........................................................................................................................................

3
3.1 ..........................................................................................................................................................
3.2 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
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. 2015-16

3.3 ..........................................................................................................................................................
3.4 ..........................................................................................................................................................
3.5 ..........................................................................................................................................................
3.6 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
3.7 ..........................................................................................................................................................
3.8 ..........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

-iii-