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Flow Process Ch7
Flow Process Ch7
Control surface
X T
dX cv
dt
dt
X G
(system) X
(surroundings)
X
T
T
= net
X
T
instantaneous rate of
transport of X into
control volume
At control surface
(7.1)
dX cv
= instantaneous time rate of change of X within control
dt
Balance statement:
(7.2)
(7.3)
where
96
dX T X T dt
dX X dt
G
(7.4a )
(7.4b)
dX
dX cv cv dt
dt
(7.4c)
where
(7.5)
t
XT 2 X
T dt
t1
(7.6a)
t
XG 2 X
G dt
t1
(7.6b)
t X
X CV 2 CV dt X CV ( t 2 ) X CV ( t1 )
t1 dt
(7.6c)
dX cv
jika diintegrasikan dalam kurun waktu tertentu
dt
menghasilkan perubahan jumlah X di dalam control volume.
(amount of X) sedangkan
Law of Conservation:
Mass is conserved; energy is conserved.
When the conservation principle applies to quantity X then the generation term X G is zero.
Also no generation of X can occur in the surrounding.
dX
Conservation law X G total 0
dt
(7.7)
97
Mass Balance
u2
Control
volume
V, U, H
u1
Recall
dX
X T X G cv
dt
m T m G
Ws
(7.2)
dm cv
dt
=> m T
G =0
Mass is conserved m
dm CV
dt
dm CV
m fs 0
dt
(7.8)
fs= flowing stream; = selisih antara titik masuk dan keluar sistem
uA
m
u=velocity
A=cross section
dm CV
uA fs 0
dt
(7.9)
(Continuity Equation)
Case: Steady State: => accumulation = 0
Case: steady state, 1 inlet, 1 outlet:
uA fs 0
m in m out
const 2 u 2 A 2 1u1A1
m
(7.10)
u A
u A
uA
2 2 1 1
m
V2
V1
V
2 u 2 A 2 1u1A1 0
(7.11)
98
Energy Balance
X T 3
X T 2
Control
volume
dX cv
dt
dt
X T 4
X T 1
Transport term = energi = (heat + shaft work + pressure work + total energy)
u2 P2,V2, U2, H2
Control
volume
d ( mU )CV
dt
u1
Ws
PV m
fs U u 2 zg m
X T Q W
2
fs
Recall H=U + PV
H u 2 zg m
X T Q W
2
fs
d (mU) CV
dt
`(7.12)
1 2
H u zg m
QW
2
fs
d (mU) CV
W
) fs Q
(Hm
dt
(7.13)
(7.14)
99
d (mU) CV
dt
1 2
H u zg m
QW
2
fs
H u 2 zg m
Q Ws
2
fs
H u 2 zg m
Q
s
2
(7.15)
(7.16)
W
1
Q
H u 2 zg s Q Ws
2
m
m
H
u 2
gz Q Ws
2
(7.17)
100
Example 7.2
Vol 1.5 m3, m=500 kg
Water addition:
70oC, m=750 kg
H
Hv
Water
100oC, 101,33 kPa
Hl
Q
d (mU) CV
H u 2 zg m
QW
dt
2
fs
in m
let m
',
d(mU) CV
0
H) out (m
H)in Q
(m
dt
Hin=H
Energy balance :
d(mU) tan k
' 0
H' m
dt
Mass balance:
'
m
Combination of A and B:
dm tan k
dt
d (mU) tan k
dm
H' tan k Q
dt
dt
Multiplication by dt:
Recall definition of U:
H = U + PV U = H - PV
(PmV) tan k 0
(7.13)
D
E
101
(added water)
(inside tank)
(inside tank)
Initial condition:
Vol vapor = (vol tank vol of 500 kg liquid water).
Vol liq water = (mass x specific volume of water)
Specific vol of liquid water at 100 oC = 0.001044 m3/kg
vol vapor
v
Mass of vapor = m1 specific vol of vapor
v ml
m2
2
v ml
m2
2
102
Also:
Total volume = (vol vapor + vol liquid water)state 2
= (specific vol vapor x mass vapor)2+ (specific vol vapor x mass vapor)2
v 0.001044 m l
1.5 1.673 m 2
2
Recall
1250.5846 =
v ml
m2
2
m l2 1,250.4683 kg
v 0.116 kg
m2
l
H l2 H1
and
v Hv
H2
1
vH v
m l2 H l1 m 2
1
Recall eq E,
103
Example 7.3
water 10 oC, 0,2 kg/s
T1= 60 oC
Electric
heater
190 kg
Energy balance:
dU
W
(H H1 ) Q
m
dt
dU
( H H1 ) 0
m
dt
Substitute B into A:
m cv C
T1 = constant dt
Plug in numbers:
and
(A)
dU = CdT
H H1 C(T T1 )
dT
C(T T1) 0
m
dt
m cv d (T T1)
(T T1 )
m
t
& dH = CdT
dt
(B)
m cv dT
T T1
m
m cv T T1
ln
m
To T1
(C)
190kg
35 10
ln
658.5 s
0.2kg / s 60 10
104
Entropy Balance
Q
Tcs
( Sm )
Control
volume
dScv
dt
( Sm )
Q
Tcs
dS
S T S G cv
dt
Q
j
Transport term:
Q
j
j Tcs, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
d (mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G
dt
j Tcs, j
(7.18)
Q
j
j Tcs, j
Q
j
j T, j
Q
j
j T, j
Q
j
j Tcs, j
Q
j
j T, j
j T, j
T, j Tcs, j
Q
j
j
T, jTcs, j
T, j Tcs, j
Q
j
j
d (mS) cv
(Sm
) fs S
G
T, jTcs, j
dt
Q
j
S
' d ( mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G
G
T
dt
j , j
Q
j
T
Tcs, j
, j
dimana S 'G Q
j
T T
j
, j cs, j
Q
j
d ( mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
G , total
dt
j T, j
(7.19)
105
Q
j
j T, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
j T, j
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
T
j
Limiting case:
Q
j
j T, j
d (mS) cv
S
G , total
dt
, j
d ( mS) cv
0
dt
) fs
(Sm
) fs
(Sm
d ( mS) cv
dt
d (mS) cv
dt
Q
j
d (mS) cv
) fs S
(Sm
0
G , total
dt
j T, j
Q
j
) fs
(Sm
T
j
, j
Qj
j T, j
S
G , total
(7.20)
SG , total
(7.21)
106
Example 7.4
T=200oC
Q=?
Uap air jenuh 100 oC,
1 kg/menit
Air 0oC
ALAT
H1=2676 kJ/kg
S1=7,3554 kJ/kg.K
H2=0; S2=0,0
Q=676 kJ/menit
T=0oC
Q' Q H
(A)
Q' Q
SG , total
T' T
Q' Q
S
T ' T
Q'
H H 2 H1 2676 kJ kg 1
Q'
(B)
T'
( H T S) (C)
T 'T
S S 2 S1 7 ,3554 kJ kg 1 K 1
473,15
( 2676 273,15 7 ,3554 ) 1577 ,7 kJ kg 1
200
107
Example 7.5
n=3 mol/s
T=400K
.n =1 mol/s
.n =2 mol/s
B
CV
TA=600K
TB=450K
Tsurrounding= 300K
Q
Find heat transfer rate and entropy generation rate
Solution:
Steady state:
H u 2 zg m
Q Ws
2
fs
(7.15)
(A)
n H n A H A n B H B
Note that: n H n A H n B H
substitute into A
n H n H n H n H )
Q
A
B
A A
B B
B (H H B )
n A ( H H A ) n
n A C P (T TA ) n B C P (T TB )
1
7
7
8.314 ( 400 600) 2 8.314 (400 450)
2
2
8,729.7 J s 1
Entropy balance:
) fs
(Sm
Q
j
j T, j
S
G , total
Q
S G, total n S n A S A n BS B
T
Note that: n S n AS n BS
S G , total n A C P ln
(B)
Q
S G , total n A (S SA ) n B (S SB )
T
Recall dS=Q/T=CpdT/T
(7.20)
S=CplnT2/T1
(C)
substitute into C
T
T
Q
n BC P ln
TA
TB T
108
400
400 8,729.7
7
1 8.314 ln
2 8.314 ln
600
450
300
2
109
2
u1
u2
(7.17)
=> H u 0
2
dH u du
(7.22)
u A
uA
uA
2 2 1 1
Recall continuity equation m
V2
V1
V
(7.11)
d (u A / V) 0
0
Karena laju massa konstan dm
dV du dA
0
V
u
A
dH T dS V dP
(7.23)
(6.8)
Consider V=V(S,P)
V
dV S
V
dP
P S
dS
S P T P S P
1 V
Recall V T
C
T
P
T
S P
dan
VT
S C
P
P
Dari ilmu fisika, kecepatan suara c dalam suatu fluida dinyatakan sebagai:
P
V S
c 2 V 2
=>
V2
V
2
P S
c
110
Recall
V
V
dS
dP
S P
P S
dV
VT
Substititusi S C dan
V
V2
2
P S
c
diperoleh
dV T
V
dS
dP
V
CP
c2
(7.24)
Pers. (7.22), (7.23), (6.8) dan (7.24) adalah 4 ekspresi yang menghubungkan 6 diferensial
dH, du, dV, dA, dS dan dP. Kita dapat memperlakukan dS dan dA sebagai independent
variable dan mengembangkan persamaan-persamaan yang menyatakan hubungan 4 variabel
lainnya sebagai fungsi dari dS dan dA.
Recall
dH T dS V dP
dan dH u du , combine:
T dS V dP u du
(7.25)
du
1
T dS V dP
u
u2
dV du dA
diperoleh:
1 u
2
2
VdP 1 u TdS u dA 0
C P
A
(7.26)
M2
CP
u du
u2
dA 0
1 M2 A
1 M2
T dS
(7.27)
Relates du to dS and dA. Bila gabung dengan (7.22) dH= - udu, pers (7.27) relates dH
dengan dS dan dA. Bila digabung dengan (7.23)
dV du dA
0
V
u
A
maka (7.27)
111
Pers diferensial diatas menyatakan perubahan pada fluida saat fluida mengalir sepanjang
suatu jarak deferential dx. Jika pers (7.26) dan (7.27) dinyatakan dalam per satuan jarak
maka pers tersebut masing-masing dibagi dengan dx diperoleh:
u 2
dP
T 1
dx
CP
V 1 M2
dS u 2 dA
0
dx
A dx
(7.28)
dan
u
u 2
M2
CP
du
T
dx
dS
1
dx 1 M 2
1 M2
u 2 dA
0
A dx
(7.29)
Menurut Hk II, irreversibility karena friksi fluida mengakibatkan entropi meningkat sejalan
dengan arah aliran, dengan kasus pembatas laju peningkatan sama dengan nol bila aliran
mendekati reversibility. Statement tersebut dapat dituliskan:
dS
0
dx
Pipe Flow
2
1 u
CP
dP
T
dx
V 1 M2
dS
dx
u 2
M2
CP
du
T
dx
dP
0
dx
dS
dx
1 M2
du
0
dx
and
Nozzles
dP
u2
1 dA
dx VA 1 M 2 dx
du
u
1
dx
A 1 M2
dA
dx
u du V dP
P2
2
u2
2 u1 2 P1 V dP
1 /
P
2 P1 V1
1 2
1
P1
(7.30)
V S
c2 V 2
112
P
P
V
V S
c 2 P2 V2
P2 2
P1 1
/ 1
(7.31)
Throttling Process
H 0
H 2 H1
H 2 H1 3,052.1 kJ kg 1
113
Turbines (Expanders)
1
H
P1
2
2
WS
Turbine
(H)s
P2
S
m
H
W
S
(7.32)
WS H
(7.33)
WS (isentropic) H S
(7.34)
WS
WS (isentropic)
H
H S
(7.35)
Compressors
WS (isentropic)
WS
H S
H
T2
P2
S Cig
P ln T R ln P
S
1
1
P
T'2 T1 2
P1
H S
R / C' P S
(5.18)
(7.37)
Ws
(7.36)
Ws (isentropic)
(7.38)
(7.39)
114
CP
T2 T1
C' P
CP
P
T'2 T1 2
P1
C' P
(T2 T1 )
H
CP
(7.40)
H
CP
R / CP
WS (isentropic) C P (T '2 T1 )
R / CP
P2
WS (isentropic) C P T1
1
P1
(7.41)
T2 T1
(7.42)
T ' 2 T1
R CP CV 1
CP
CP
WS (isentropic)
RT1
1
P2
P1
1 /
Pumps
dH V dP
(const S)
WS (isentropic) H S P 2 V dP
1
P
WS (isentropic) H S V ( P2 P1 )
dH C P dT V (1 T )dP
dS C P
dT
V dP
T
H C P T V (1 T ) P
T
S C P ln 2 V P
T1
(7.43)
(6.27)
(6.28)
(7.44)
(7.45)
115