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Is 2720 4 1985 PDF
Is 2720 4 1985 PDF
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +
01 ' 5
Jawaharlal Nehru
! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
! > 0 B
BharthariNtiatakam
Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 2006 )
4 GRAIN
SIZE ANALYSIS
Second Revhion )
UDC
0
BUREAU
MANAK
6241314316
Copyrfghf 1986
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
9
NEW
GI 8
1994
BAHADUR
STANDARDS
SHAH
ZAFAR
MARG
DELHI-110002
Jumuzrv 1986
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART
GRAIN
SIZE ANALYSIS
Second Revision)
Soil Engineering
Sectional Committee,
BDC 23
Rrpresmring
CA
Cent;~or~~~lding
Research
Institute
( CSIR ),
IuIlnbrrs
PRov At.~n Srxox
SERI B. AXJIAB
CHIEF
ENQINEEB
(IPRI
Government
of Punjab,
In personal
capacity
(5 Hungerford Court, 12/l,
ifuagerf+rd Street, Calcatla )
Public Works Department,
Government
of Uttar
DXRBCTOB ( D 6 QPC )
Pradesh, Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOB ( B k SD ) ( Altrmatr )
Irrigation
Department,
Government
of
Uttar
DI~~OTOB, IRI
Pradesh, Roorkee
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New
DIX~CTO~
Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( All&#)
Asia
Foundations
& Construction
(P)
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI
. , Ltd.
Bombay
Saxt A. N. JANGLE ( Alrrrnorr )
Da GOPAL RANJAN
University
of Roorkee, Roorkee; and Inatitute of
Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
Satax S. GVPTA
Cemindia Company Limited,
Bombay
SHPI N. V. D~-SOU~A ( Altwtwta )
( Uhtinued on pop 2 )
Q mhf
1966
BUREAU
OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
Ihia publication
is protected
under the tadran C@yright Act (XIV
of 1957 ) and
raproductiox
in whole or in part by any maans except with written permission of the
publirhor rhall be deemed to be an infringement
of copyright undet the said Act.
Members
Representing
SHRI M. IYENQAR
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
SHRI Asao~ K. JAIN
G. S. Jain & Associates, New Delhi
5 HRI VIJAY K. JAIN ( Altcrnatc )
JOINT DIRECTOR RESEAROE (GE)-I,
Ministry of Railways
RDSO
DXRECTOR RESEARCE
JOINT
(GE)-11 RDSO ( Altrrnats )
SRRI A. V. S. R. MUI~TY
fndian Geotecbnical Society, New Delhi
SHRI D. R. NARAHARI
Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
SHRI T. K. NATRAJAN
Delhi
SHRI RAXJI~ SlSGU
Ministry of Defence ( R & D )
SHI:I V. R. GIIORPA~E ( Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
DR G. V. RAO
DR K. K. GUPTA ( Alternate)
Public Works Department, Government of Punjab,
RESEARCH OFFICER ( B & RRL )
Chandigarh
Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
SECI~I~TARY
DIRZC.POR (C) ( Alternate )
Roads Wing (Ministry of Shipping & Transport )
SHHI N. SIVA~URU
SHRI U. JAYAI<OnE ( Alternate )
National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI K. s. SKINIVAShT4
SIiKI SUNIL BERRY ( Aftematc )
Jadavpur University, Calcutta
DK N. Sov
Engineering
Karnataka
Station,
Research
Krishnarajasagar
Ministry of Defence ( Engineer-in-Chiefs
Branch)
COL R. Ii. SU~>HINDRA
SHRI S. S. JOYHI ( .+ihmatc )
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
SXJPERINTEN~~~INQENQINEER
Nadu, IMadras
(P&DC)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( SMRD)
( Alternalc )
All India Instrument Manufacturers
& Dealers
SHEI H. c. VERJlA
Association, Bombay
Snn~ H. K. Guan ( Alternate j
Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o&i Member )
SRRI G. RAMAX,
Director ( Civ Engg )
Sccrctary
SHRI K. M. MATWJR
Joint Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1
BDC 23 : 3
Convener
Univenity
Da ALAM SINGE
of Jodhpur,
Jodhpur
Mmibns
SHRI hAR
SHRl
Cent;rar;$elding
SlNGR
M.
R.
SOlPEJA
( Altcrnutr )
Research
Institute
( CSIR ),
Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART
GRAIN
SIZE ANALYSIS
( Second Revision)
0.
FOREWORD
0.3 In reporting.the
result of a test or analysis made in accordance
with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated,
is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance
with IS : 2-1960t.
*Classification and
( jrsr r&km
).
*Ruler for routiding
identification
off numerical
of
roil
for
values ( rcvirsd).
3
general
engintermg
purposes
fS : 2720 ( Part
4 ) - 1985
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part 4 ) covers the method
determination of grain size distribution in soils.
-1.l;l Two methods are iven for finding the distribution of grain sizes
larger than 75-micron I s Sieve; the first method, wet sievings shall
be applicable to all soils and the second, dry sieving, shall be applicable
only to soils which do not have an appreciable amount of clay.
1.1.2 For the determination of distribution of grain sizes smaller
than 75-microns the pipette method is given as the standard method; the
hydrometer method is given as a subsidiary method. This method shall
not applicable if less than 10 percent of the material passes the 75-micron
IS Sieve ( determined as given in 4 ).
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this
IS : 2809-1972. shall apply.
3. FIEVE ANALYSIS
4.75 mm IS SIEVE
standard,
the
OF SOILS FRACTION
(DRY METHOD )
definitions
given
RETAINED
in
ON
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 Balance - sensitive to 0.1 percent of the weight of sample to be
weighed.
3.1.2 Sieves- IOO-mm IS Sieve, 75-mm
and J-75-mm
IS Sieve
conforming
4 : 460 ( Part 1 )- 1978t.
tests
NOTE
quantities
1 -Depending
on thr maximum
size of material
in the soil, the mass of soil sample taken for analysis
present in substantial
may be as follows:
Mass to be taken
Moxit~m Size of
Material Present in
Substnntiol Quantities
mm
for Test
kg
75
60
40
25
25
13
19
6.5
125
3.5
1.5
10
6.5
0.75
4-75
04
weight of material
NOTE 2 -Maximum
completion
of sieving shall be as follows:
to be retained
IS Sirrc
Dtsignahon
450~mm Dia
Simgs
kg
on each sieve
at the
300~mm ~Dia
&L&S
kg
80-mm
15
20.mm
475 mm
10
05
mm
IS SIEVE
4.1 Apparatus
4.1.1 Balance weighed.
Sieves conforming to
Pestle
IS:2720
(Part4)
--1985
pure ) or a
) and sodium
) or any other
4.3 Procedure
4.3.1 Analysis by Wet Sieving - The portion of the soil passing 4*75-mm
IS Sieve obtained
as given in 3.2 shall be oven-dried at 105 to 110C.
The oven-dried
material
shall then be riffled so that a fraction
of
This shall be about 200 g if a substantial
convenient mass is obtained.
proportion of the material only, just passes the 475-mm
IS Sieve or less
The fraction shall be weighed too-1 percent
if the largest size is smaller.
of its total mass and the mass recorded.
The riffled and weighed fraction
shall be spread out in the large tray or bucket and covered with water.
4.3.1.1 Two grams of sodium hexametaphosphate
or one gram of
sodium hydroxide
and one gram of sodium carbonate perlitre of water
used should then be added to the soil ( see Note 1 ). The mix should be
thoroughly stirred and left for soaking.
The soil soaked specimen should
be washed thoroughly over the nest of sieves specified in 4.1.2 ( see Note 2 )
nested in order of their fineness with the finest sieve ( 75-micron
IS Sieve )
Washing shall be continued until the water passing each
at the~bottom.
Care shall be taken to see that the sieves are
sieve is substantially
clean.
not overlbaded in the process ( see Note 3 ). The fraction retained on each
sieve should be emptied carefully without any loss of material in separate
Oven dried at 105 to 110C and each fraction weighed separately
trays.
and the masses recorded.
Alternatively,
the soaked soil specimen
may be washed on the
75-micron IS Sieve until the water passing the sieve is substantially
clean.
The fraction
retained
on the sieve should be tipped without loss of
material in a try, dried in the oven and sieved through the nest of sieves
specified in 4.1.2 (see Note 2 ) either by hand or by using mechanical
sieve shaker.
The fraction retained on each sieve should be weighed
separately and the masses recorded.
NOTE 1 - The amount of dispersing-agent may be varied depending on the type
of soil. A dispersing agent may not be required in the case of all soils; in such cases
the wet sieving may be carried out without the addition of dispersing agent.
NOTE 2 - The sieves listed in 4.1.2 correspond to the limits of coarse, medium
and fine sand specified in IS : 1498-1970$.
Other sieves may be introduced depending
on the additional information that may be desired to be obtained from the analysis.,
*Specification for sodium hydroxide, analytical reagent ( second reui~ion ).
tSpecification for sodium carbonate, anhydrous (second rcuision ).
$Classification
and
identification
of soils for general
engineering
(Jrsr reLGwl ) .
purposes
maximum
mass of sample
IS S&c Design&m
diameter
Z-mm
425-micron
7.5micron
4.3.2 Analysis
on the 2@mm
200
50
25
by Dry Sieving
4.3.2.0
In the case of clayey soils this method shall not be used; wet
sieving shall be used.
PASSING
PASSING
dispersing
dswice, such as mrchanical
which produce
comparable
disprrsion
bottle shaker
of the soil may
425-micron,
IS Sieves
and receiver.
temperature
and
air-jet dispersing
be used.
device
5.1.1.6 Siwes -
2-mm,
ak.o
5.1.1.7
Balance -to
75-micron
weigh up to 0.001
g.
BUB CAPACITY
FIG.1
SAMPLING PIPETTE
10
PLATED 7
PUNCH 54or02
1*25mm
THiCK SHEET
--_I_
-7
BAFFLE
RODS-
. ..*-..
PLAN
BRASS BASE-I
cb
zmfc-h
5.1.1.10 Desiccator
5.1.1.11 Evuvclpcratingdish
5.1.1.12 Cortical beaker - 650
glass to fit and a smaller beaker.
5.1.1.13 Ftct~~cl-- Buchner
5.1.1.14 Filter
flask -
ml or one litre
or Hirch
about
capacity
and
a cover
7 cm in diameter.
( about 500 ml ).
100 ml capacity.
25 ml capacity.
about
containing
10 cm
distilled
in diameter.
water.
Thermometer -
Reagents -
5.1.2.1
0 to 5OC, accurate
The reagents
Hydrogen peroxide -
to 0*5+X.
shall be of analytical
20 volume
quality.
solution.
5.X.2.2 Hydrochloric
acid
approximately N
solution - 89
ml
of
concel.trated
hydrochloric
acid ( specific gravity
1.18 ) diluted with
distilled water to make one litre of solution.
5.1.2.3 Sodium hexametaphosphate solution - Dissolve
33 g of sodium
hexametaphosphate
and seven grams of sodium carbonate
in distilled
:Nafcr to make one litre of solution.
,YGTE 1-- This solution is unstable and shall be freshly prepared approximately
once a
agent
12
which
has been
proved
suitable
fat
13
for
shall be
14
carried
out
only
soils
containing
lS:2720(Partt)-1985
SCALE
IN cm AND
mm
A AND
Bd
SLIDING
PANEL\
CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE
BATH
\
l.
FIG. 4
ARRANGEMENTFORLOWERINGTHE SAMPLINGPIPETTE
15
solution
5.1.3.4 Sedimentation - 25 ml of sodium hexametaphosphate
shall be added from a pipette to a graduated
500-ml sedimentation tube
( comparison tube ) and diluted with distilled water to exactly 500 ml.
This sedimentation
tube together with the tube containing the soil suspension shall be immersed in the constant temperature bath (where used ),
the temperature of the bath noted ( see Notes 1 and 2 ), the rubber bungs
inserted and the tubes allowed to stand until they have reached the
The tubes with their contents shall then be
temperature
of the bath.
thoroughly shaken by inverting the tubes several times.
They shall then
be replaced in the apparatus,
simultaneously starting the stop watch.
The rubber bungs shall then be carefully removed without agitating the
tubes.
The pipette with the tap E closed shall be lowered vertically into
the soil suspension until the end is 100 & 1 mm below the surface of the
suspension. It shall be lowered with great care some 15 seconds before the
sample is due to be taken.
Approximately
10 seconds shall be taken to
complete
this operation.
The tap E shall be opened and a sample
The pipette and the bore in the tap
( V,, ml ) drawn up into the pipette.
16
IS : 2720 (Part
E shall be filled ~with solution
shall
closed.
This
4 ) - 1985
operation
After each
the suspension,
operation.
from
-the
: Part 3 Determination
17
causes convection
should, therefore,
of specific
gravity,
Section
currents
be kepr
1 Fine
be retarded
Evaporation
cylinder between readings.
should
5.1.4 Calculations
5.1.4.1 Loss in .muss in pre-treatrwxt - The loss in mass in pretreatment of the soil in percentage shall be calculated
as follows:
P = 100 -
Wb( 100--~-_
tw)
___.
II/,
where
P = loss in mass in percentage,
Wb = mass of soil after pre-treatment,
W=
content
for analysis,
Sedimentation
of particle
in suspension,
in mm;
at
I, = coefficient
of viscosity
of water in poises
temperature of suspension at the time df sampling;
G = specific gravity of the soil fraction
tation analysis, in g/cm3;
GI = specific gravity
of water,
in g/cm;
the
or sampling
in minutes.
depth,
in cm;
TABLE
T~MPERXTURE
C
RATE
OF SETTLING
OF PARTICLES
AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
( AvEnahP: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF .%IL ASSUMED As 268 )
( Claus8 5.1.3.4)
DIAMETER, mm
~________----_---_____~__-*------_-----_----------_--)
001
-002 .&I3 .004 005 006
*007 .008
009
.Ol
02 .03 04 .05 .06
07
_
-h---_
r___--*--_-__-~
~__~_~-__~~h~~~~~~~_~_~
r--a
fall
( Time
-roTor
of
100
mm)
c_____h_____7
r_____-h
____
___~
~~-~_~~__~_h~_~~
min
s
h
.08
09
*l
___--7
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(lo)
(11)
(12) (13)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
10
11
12
40.80
39.64
YE.55
37.48
36.39
35.45
10.19
991
963
9.37
910
886
4.53
440
4.28
4.16
4.04
3.93
2.55
2.48
2.41
2.34
2.28
2.22
98.0
95.2
92.6
90.0
87.6
85.1
68.0
66.1
642
62..5
60.8
59.2
53.0
515
50.1
48.7
473
46.1
-38.3
37.2
36.1
351
342
33.3
30.2
293
28.5
27.7
27.0
26.2
24.5
23.8
23*1
225
21.9
21.3
367
357
347
337
328
319
163
158
154
150
14ti
142
92
89
87
84
82
80
59
57
55
54
52
51
40.8
39.6
38.5
37.5
364
35.4
318
309
300
29.2
284
27:6
22.9
22.3
21;7
21.1
20.5
19.9
18.1
17.6
17.1
16.7
16.2
158
14.7
14.3
139
135
13.1
127
34.49
3364
3273
3189
3110
8.62
3.83
8.41 3.73
818 .3.64
7.98 3.54
7.77 3.45
2.16
2.10
204
1.99
194
82.8
80.8
78.6
76,6
746
57.6
5ij.l
54.6
53.2
51.8
449
43.7
425
41.4
40.4
324
31.5
307
29.9
29.1
255
24,9
24.2
23.6
23.0
207
202
196
19.1
18.6
310
302
294
287
280
138
134
131
127
124
78
76
74
72
70
50
48
47
4ti
45
345
336
32.7
31.9
31.1
269
26.2
25.5
248
24.2
194
18.9
184
179
17.5
15.3
14%
14.5
141
13.8
lP4
121
118
Il.5
11.5
3028
29.55
28.81
2812
2878
7.57
7.38
7.21
7.03
6.86
3.36
3.28
3.20
3.12
3.05
189
1.85
180
176
1.72
72.7
70.9
692
67.5
65.9
50.6
49.3
48.1
46.9
45.8
39.4
38.4
375
36.6
35.7
28.4
27.7
27.0
26.4
25.8
224
21.8
21.3
20.8
20.3
18.2
17.7
173
16.9
165
273
266
259
253
247
121
118
115
113
110
68
66
65
63
62
44
42
41
40
39
303
29.5
288
28.1
278
23.G
23.0
22.4
219
214
170
16.6
16.2
15.8
155,
13.4
13.1
12 8
125
122
IO.9
10.6
10.4
IO.1
3.y
26.81
671
2.98
1.68
644
44.7
34.8
25.2
19.8
16.1
241
107
60
39
268
209
15.1
11.9
9.6
654
2.yl
I.64
62.9
43.7
34.0
24.6
194
15.7
236
105
59
38
26.2
204
147
11.6
9.4
p:
N
0
;::::
26.!9
2446
625
640
6.12
278
284
272
1.56
160
153
60.1
61.4
588
41.7
47.7
40.8
32.5
33.2
31.8
23.4
4.0
22.9
185
19.0
181
150
15.4
14.9
226
231
221
100
102
98
38
56
55
36
37
35
25.0
25.6
245
19.9
19.4
190
14.4
14.1
138
114
11.1
108
9.0
92
88
-d
g
2395
23.44
22.95
22.50
22.01
5.y8
5 86
5.74
.5,G2
550
2.66
260
2.55
250
2.45
1.50
147
144
1.41
1.38
57.5
56.3
55.1
54.0
52.9
399
391
38.3
37.5
36.7
31.1
304
29.8
292
28.6
22.4
219
21.5
21.1
207
177
17.3
170
16%
16.3
144
14.1
138
135
132
216
221
206
202
198
96
94
y2
y0
89
54
53
52
51
50
34 239
34 23.4
33 229
32 22.5
32 22.0
18.6
18.2
17.8
17.5
17.2
13.5
132
12.11
12.6
12.4
10.6
104
102
100
9.8
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.9
&:
..
,
=;
g
where
MI7
M, I
M, > = mass of material
M& I
etc J
MS = mass of sodium
solution,
hexametaphosphate
WI-l
Wz I
7 t = mass of material
samplings,
in 500 ml of
in VP ml from respective
samplings,
etd J
w*
v,
= mass of sodium
hexametaphosphate
solution, and
in ml of sample
pipetted
= volume
samplings.
2) The percentage
by mass (W), of particles
D shall be calculated
from the formula:
in
VP ml of
for
respective
finer than
~~,(M1orM,orM,orM,,etc)--M,x
diameter
1oo
wb
where
ML?
M2 1
M, ) = mass of
Ma I
etc J
M,
= mass of
solution,
W,,
= mass of
material
sodium
hexametaphosphate
and
soil after pre-treatment.
samplings,
in 500 ml of
Mcth6d
( Subsidiary
Method
if
less than
10 percent
of
the
5.2.1 Aj$aratus
5.2.1.1 Hydrometer -of
the following requirements:
the type
illustrated
in Fig.
5 and
fulfilling
shall be graduated
on the
tension of 55 dynes/cm.
basis of a liquid
c) The graduation
lines shall b; at intervals of O*OOO5, every
alternate line shall extend beyond the shortest lines, every tenth
graduation shall exceed that of all the intervening lines and shall
be numbered in full.
A recommended
scale is shown in Fig. 5.
d) The basis of the scale shall be density ( g/ml ) at 27C.
e) The maximum permissible scale error on the hydrometer
or minus one scale division.
f) The other general
IS : 3104-1965*.
requirements
shall satisfy
is plus
those specified
Thermometer
-to
accurate
in
with
high
to 0*5C.
5.2.1.4
Water-bath
or constant
temperature
room
( optional ) -for
maintaining
the soil suspension at a constant temperature
during the
hydrometer
analysis.
A satisfactory
water tank is an insulated
tank
that maintains the temperature
of the suspension at a convenient constant
temperature.
Such a device is illustrated in Fig. 6.
5.2.1.5
Stirring apparatus -
5.2.1.6
Sieves -
5.2.1.7
Balance -
as specified
as specified
accurate
in 5.1.1.6.
to 0.01 g.
hydrometers.
21
in 5.1.1.5.
0.995
lD000
-g
1.005+
+
1*010
-$-
bOl!j
- Ti-?L
4*7#
130 TO 150
_I
1010 20
t.
I\
50
A DDDnY
29 TO 31 6
All dimensions
FIG.
in millimetres.
HYDROMETER
22
LSr2720(Part 4)-1985
,-GALVANIZED
STEEL
SHEET
rOVERFlOW
25 mm
WOOD
L INLET
L8RASS
PLATE
5 mm THICK CORK INSULATION
All dimensions
FIG.
in millimetres.
WATER
ILLUSTRATED
5.2.1.8
Oven- thermostatically
of 105 to llOC,
5.2.1.9
stop
THICK
CASING
controlled
of non-corroding
with interior
BATH
to maintain
material.
a temperature
watsh
5.2.1.10
Desiccator
5.2.1.11
Centimetrc Jcalc
5.2.1.12
Porcelain
evaporating
Wide-mouth
5.2.1.13
-conical
dishes jask
four, about
or
conical
15 cm in diameter.
beaker -
of
rapacity.
5.2.1.14
-5.2.1.15
Filter jlask -
4.2.1.16
Measuring cylinder -
5.2.1.17
Wash ~bottle -
10 cm in diameter.
to take the.funnel.
of 100 ml capacity.
containing
distilled
5.2.1.18
Filter papers
5.2.1.19
about
water.
1 000
ml
Hydrochloric
acid
See 5.1.2.1.
solution -
See 5.1.2.3
and Notes 1, 2
of Hydrometer
5.2.3.1
Volume - The volume of the hydrometer bulb ( Vh ) shall be
determined in one of the following ways:
b) From
The,hydrometer
shall be weighed
Calibration
The distance from the neck of the bulb to the nearest calibration
mark shall be measured and recorded.
The distance ( h ) from the neck to the bottom of the bulb shall
be measured and recorded as the height of the bulb.
f 1 The
where
HR = effective
depth;
Rb, in cm;
factor %in-tbe
cylinder
in cm:.
above equation
.d
5.2.3.3
Meniscus correction - The hydrometer
shall be inserted in a
1 OOO-mi measuring
cylinder containing about
700 ml water.
By
placing the eye slightly below the plane of the surface of the. liquid, and
then raising it slowly until the surface seen as an ellipse becomes a
straight line, the point where the plane intersects t!ie hydrometer
scale
shall bi determined.
By placing the eye slightly above the plane of the
surface of the liquid, the point where the upper limit of the meniscus
intersects the -hydrometer
scale shall be determined.
The difference
Two samples each of mass 50 to 100 g approximately shall be obtained by riffling from the air dried sample passing the 475-mm
IS
Sieve obtained as in 3.3. The actual amount of soil required will vary
according to the type of soil, 50 g with a clay soil and 100 g with a sand
soil. The moisture content ( w )of one sample shall be determined by
The other sample shall
the method given in IS : 2720 ( Part 2 )-1973*.
be accurately weighed ( W, ) to the nearest 0.01 g and placed inthe wide
mouth conical flask. 150 ml of hydrogen peroxide shall then be added
and the mixture stirred gently with a glass rod for a few minutes after
which it shall be covered with a cover glass and left to stand overnight.
The mixture in the conical flask shall be gently-heated. Care shall be taken
to avoid frothing over and the contents of the dish shall be periodically
stirred.
As soon as vigorous frothing has subsided the volume shall be
reduced to about 50 ml by boiling.
With very organic soils additional
peroxide may be required to complete the oxidation.
In the case of soils containing calcium compounds (see Note 2
under 5.1.3.2 ) the mixture shall be allowed to cool and about 50 ml of
hydrochloric acid added. The solution shall be stirred with a glass rod
for a few minutes and allowed to stand for one hour or for longer periods,
If the soil contains a considerable amount of calcium salts
if necessary.
When the treatment is complete the solution
more acid may be required.
shall have an acid reaction to litmus.
In the case of soils containingno calcium compounds or soluble salts
and having a low organic content ( less than 2 percent ) the pre-treatment
prescribed may be omitted and the dispersing agent shall be added as
in 5.2.12 direct to the soil taken for analysis.
The mixture shall then be filtered and washed with warm water
until the filtrate shows no acid reaction to litmus. The damp soil on the
filter paper and funnel shall be transferred without any loss whatsoever
to the evaporating dish ( weighed to 0.01 g ) using a jet of distilled water.
Only the minimum quantity of distilled water shall be used. The dish
*Methods
: Part 2 Determination
of water conqt
f second
raision ).
Sedimentation
b) The hydrometer
shall be re-inserted
in the suspension and
readings taken after periods of 8, 15 and 30 minutes, one, two
and four hours after shaking ( see Note ). The hydrometer shall
be removed, rinsed and placed in the distilled water after each
reading.
After 4 hours hydrometer
readings shall be taken
once or twice within 24 hours, the exact periods of sedimentation
27
IS:2720(Part4)-1985
being noted.
Finally
a reading may be taken at the end of
24 hours.
In taking all readings, insertion and withdrawal of
the hydrometer
before and after taking a reading shall be done
carefully to avoid disturbing the suspension unnecessarly.
Ten
seconds shall be allowed for each operation.
Vibration of the
sample shall be avoided.
NOTE-Other
suitable time intervals may be used, provided they give
nearly equally spaced points on the grain size distribution curve.
The
temperature
of the suspension
shall be observed
and
recorded~once
during the first 15 minutes and then after every
subsequent
reading.
The temperature
shall be read with an,
accuracy of at least f 0.5%.
Hydrometer
readings shall also be
taken in pure distilled water at the corresponding
temperatures
and the temperature
correction
( iUt ) calculated
as the
difference between this reading and the reading corresponding
to the density of water at the calibration
temperatures.
A chart
of such corrections
for all temperatures
may also be prepared
for ready use.
NOTE-The
temperature of the suspension over the period of the test
should not differ from the mean temperature by more than &2C in order
not to cause an error in the particle size of more than 2 percent.
This
requirement will generally be fulfilled if the maximum difference in room
temperature is not greater than about 8C. If the variation in temperature
is likely to be greater than this the constant temperature bath should be used
( see also Note 2 under 5.1.3.4 ).
agent correction
(x ) shall then
be calculated
from
x = 2 Md
This correction
is independent
of the temperature.
Alternatively,
the correction may be obtained directly by making up
a 1 000 ml cylinder full of distilled water containing
the same proportion
of dispersing
agent and at the same temperature,
and placing
the
hydrometer
in this solution.
The corrected
zero reading may then be
read directly.
This correction shall be corrected for temperature.
5.2.5
Gal:ulalions
l8:2728(Part4)-1985
5.2.5.2 Sieving- The percent of soil sample passing each of the sieve
used in the analysis shall be calculated using the mass of the pre-treated
soil and as percentages of the total soil sample taken for analysis.
5.2.5.3 Sedimentation
the pad&s - The diameter of the particle in
suspension at any sampling time 1 shall be calculated from the
formula:
a) Diameter of
D-
___.. 3ou
.__980(G-G,)
Ha
t
where
D = diameter of particle in suspension, in mm;
P = coefficient of viscosity of water at the temperature of
the suspension at the time of taking the hydrometer
reading, in poises;
G = specific gravity of the
sedimentation analysis;
soil
fraction
used
in
the
Rh = Rgh + C,
where
R,
= meniscus correction.
A nomographic
29
VELOCITY
(8)
(~1 cm/o
-2.1
-5
-2.2
-6
-7
-6
-9
-10
-12
14
OF
90
_:o
6'
25
70
20
60
15
50 f
IO
tT)
.>4
.2*5
2.6
2.7
16
2.9
16
2.9
120
OF
-2.3
TEMPERATURE
KEY
30
31
3.2
FIG. 7
NOMOGRAPHICCHART
BULB
w=
100 G,
W,
(G,
-1)
tRh + Mt - >
where
G, = specific
= temperature
= dispersion
correction;
and
agent correction.
Apparatus
Thermometer -to
5.3.3 Procedure -
accurate
up to
see Fig. 8.
5.3.3.1 Initial setting and adjustment level the instrument with the
help of plumb bob and levelling screws. Two rider weights provided
with the apparatus shall be used for checking calibration and for any
adjustment. The weight marked 100 when hung on to the hook provided
for hanging the plummet on the beam should read 100 and when the
weight marked zero is hung the pointer should read zero. If adjustments
are necessary at any time to obtain 0 and 100 readings, adjusting
screws shall be used fbr changing the range and the other screw for
setting the zero. Then the plummet shall be hooked to the beam
after lowering in a container filled with distilled water.
The pinion
knob .is then operated to bring the centre of the plummet at a depth of
9 cm or any other specified depth at which the usual readings are taken.
Make a mark on the string. If the pointer does not read zero then
adjust the screw. Do not tamper with the adjustment of the screw for
doing this adjustment.
The balance is now ready for use.
5.33.2 Prc-treatment of soil - The material retained on the 75 micron
IS Sieve is oven dried and analysed as specified in 4.3.2.1.
The
pretreatment is done as per the procedure as in 5.2.4.
5.3.3.3
Disfieraion of soil -
ADJUSTMENT
SCREW
ADJUSTMENT
&EEOLE
SHAPED)
:A:E
33
as
%(cm)
D(mm)=k
t ( min )
where
,& = effective depth of immersion of the plummet which is
the depth in cm, from the surface of the suspension to
centre of the plummet,
that is, predetermined
distance
( say 9 cm) from the mark on the string to centre of
the plummet;
-t = time in minutes when pointer readings are taken. Time
intervals
are adjusted such that square root of time can
directly be computed; and
k = coefficient from Fig. 9 to aid in soiving Stokes equation
for known temperature
condition and specific gravity
of particles either determined
or assumed ( range 2.65
to 2.8).
D(mml
= K/
2, (cm)
tlmin)
G = SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
SOIL PARTICLES
\\\\+-=G
5
w
= 2.4
.24
2.8
E
. -0.008
0.010
0.012
o*ou
0.016
DO16
K-
FIG. 9
CHART FOR Am
Grain
Fro. 10
SlANOARb
-SEVES
MlLlMlRES
size in millimetres.
35
APPENDIX
( Clause 6.1 )
FORM FOR THE RECORD OF RESWLTS OF
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
PROJECT
......_
SIEVE ANALYSIS
OF FRACTION
RETAINED
ON 475-mm
IS SIEVE
MASS
MASS
MM*
CUMULATIVE
MASS
SooqL RETAINED
SOOFIL CoosNTAINEB RETAINED
NATION
RxTAINED
+ MASS
CONTAINICE
SOIL
RETAINED
AS
PEE-
CENTAGE
OF SOIL
TAXEN
SOIL
PA~SINC+
A8 PIE%-
CENTAOE
OF SOIL
TAXEN
Covrau?m
PEBCENTAQE
PAZZSIN~u
PEBCEXTAGE
OF TOTAL
SOILSAIFLE
. ..*.....................*.........
MASS
MASS
OF
OF
SOIL
CONTAXWEB RETAINED
CUMULATIV~LMiss
RETAINED
SOIL
SOIL
RI~TAINE~ PASXXO
AS PmaASPEBCENTAOEOENTAOE
P%AL
SOIL
TAKEN
36
PA~XAL
SOIL
S~UCPLE
TAIIENFOB
ANALY8IO
COX~NED
PERCIQ~TAOIC
PAININGAB
PEBCENTAGZ
OF TOTAL
SOIL SAULE
IS:2729(Part4)-1985
ANALYSIS
OF SOIL
PASSING
75-MICRON
IS SIEVE
( W.) .............................................................
( Wb).....................................
in percent .............................................
PipItfs Ana&sif;
Specific gravity
Volume
of soil
of suspension
TEMPERATIMN
TUREoI
ELAPSED
BEIORE
SUSPENSION
SAMPLIND
....................................................................
taken in pipette
(Va). ........................................
of suspension
sampled
.................
MASS
MASS
Hydrome;rr Analysis
Hydrometer
No.
...........................................................................
(Cm). ...............................................................
Temperature
correction (Aft). ..........................................................
Dispersing agent correction ix). .........................................................
Meniscus
Density
correction
ofsoil
G. .............................................................................
WDATETIXE
TEM- ELAPBED
TIME
PERATDRE
wa~~~ll
HPDROYNTER
READIN@
Rh
(%+Mt-xx)
CORRECTED
HYDROMETER
37
(percent)
~?QWP- &+hft
PNRoEN- COURTNEY
MENT
--x
TAQEOF
PERCENPARTXOLSs TAQEOp
DIAFINER
FINER
XETER,
THAN D, THAN DA0
W PERCIEN- PwcmzTAOL
TAQN Or
TOTAL
SAMPLN
38
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