SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Scope
The study aimed to produce coconut vinegar from mature coconut water through
alcoholic fermentation and acetification. Properties of the final product will be analyzed
and compared to the commercial and existing international standard.
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Limitations
This study was only limited to the laboratory scale experiment. In determining the
suitable parameters, a number of trials were based on the existing experimental
procedures of various related studies. The experimental variations involved amount of
sugar, amount of yeast, temperature and amount of mother liquor.
The characterization of coconut vinegar was limited on the acetic acid value
which were experimentally determined. The presence of the produced acetic acid was
verified by the titration of NaOH via standardization of NaOH. The technical study,
market study, and financial analysis were already beyond the scope of the study.
.

Methodology
Raw Material Collection
Fresh coconut water (from mature coconut) was collected from selected local
market. Sample was kept in sterile container and directly brought to laboratory.
Yeast Culture
The cultures for inoculums which consist of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Acetobacter acetii var. Europeans were supplied as dry granules (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) and also in liquid culture (A. aceti) with the pH of 3.16 and 3.6% acidity
of acetic acid. The cell concentration of A.aceti in the stock culture was
approximately 7.93107 CFU/ml (Colony forming unit per milliliter). The bacteria
are active between the temperatures of 20C-33C.
Ethanol and acetic fermentation
Determination of Ethanol Content of Pre-fermented Coconut Water

For each trials, 5 mL of sample is obtained and diluted to 250 mL. The
dilute sample is back titrated with 0.1 M Sodium Thiosulfate.
Determination of Acetic Acid Content of the Acidified Coconut Water
For each variation in mass ratio of mother liquor to the alcoholized
coconut water, 5 mL sample is obtained and diluted to 50 mL distilled water.
This dilute solution will be titrated using 0.1 M of NaOH. The determination of
the acetic acid was done every two 2 weeks to monitor the increase in acetic
acid content of the samples.
Proximity Analysis
Data from the determination of the acetic acid should be used to
evaluate the concentration of the samples at the end of the acetic acid
fermentation process. It should be plotted using a line graph, where the
independent variable is the time in weeks and the dependent variable is the
concentration of the acetic acid

Experimentation
Materials
Procedure
Data and Analysis

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

This study focused on the utilization of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil to
produce biodiesel by alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Based from the FTIR results,
sharp peak values of 2923. 2 cm -1, 1743.31 cm-1, and 1166.30 cm-1 were obtained which
correspond to carbon stretch (C-C), carbonyl (C=O), and carbon single bond (C-O)
functional groups, respectively. The presence of these functional groups gave the best
evidence of ester functionality of the product. In addition, the percent transmittance of
the kapok biodiesel at a wavenumber of 1680-1750 cm -1 is significantly lower as
compared to that of the kapok seed oil which indicated that ester compounds are
dominantly present in the produced biodiesel mixture. Thus, the researchers were
positive that fatty acid methyl ester was produced along the process.
It was determined that density and acid value of the kapok seed biodiesel
produced had a value of 0.895 g/cm3 and 0.35 mg KOH/g, respectively. With these

values, it can be said that the biodiesel from kapok seeds was able to conform to the
existing and international standards.
Furthermore, the optimum parameters for the kapok seed biodiesel production
were determined. For the drying process, the raw kapok seeds should be dried at 100 oC
for 30 minutes to reduce the moisture up to 6.33%. For the oil extraction, a mass-tosolvent ratio of 1:6 was used. The preferred solvent used for extraction was hexane and
was operated at 30oC for 60 minutes. The maximum biodiesel yield, transesterification
should be conducted at 50 oC for 30 minutes using a methanol as solvent and potassium
hydroxide as catalyst. The mass-to-solvent ratio was 1:6 and catalyst loading is 1%.
recommendation

The researchers would like to recommend further study using other suitable
parameters other than the acetic acid value. Since a number of trials were based on the
existing experimental procedures of various related studies, the experimental variations
must have further analysis involving amount of sugar, amount of yeast, temperature and
amount of mother liquor. Moreover, researchers would like to refer other studies like
technical study, market study, and financial analysis which were already beyond the
scope of the study.