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SolutionEigen PDF
SolutionEigen PDF
SolutionEigen PDF
1 3 3
A = 3 5 3 .
6 6 4
SOLUTION:
FINDING EIGENVALUES
To do this, we find the values of which satisfy the characteristic equation of the
matrix A, namely those values of for which
det(A I) = 0,
where I is the 33 identity matrix.
Form the matrix A I:
1 3 3
0 0
1
3
3
A I = 3 5 3 0 0 = 3
5
3 .
6 6 4
0 0
6
6
4
Notice that this matrix is just equal to A with subtracted from each
entry on the main diagonal.
Calculate det(A I):
det(A I)
5
3
= (1 )
6
4
(3) 3
6
3
3
+ 3
4
6
5
6
= 2 + + 2 + 2 2 3 18 9 + 36 + 18
= 16 + 12 3 .
Therefore
det(A I) = 3 + 12 + 16.
(1)
* Such solutions divide the constant term (-16). The list of possible integer
solutions is
1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
* Taking = 4, we find that 43 12.4 16 = 0.
4 42 4.1.4
4 0
=
=
,
2
2
and so = 2 (a repeated root).
Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are = 4, 2. ( = 2 is a repeated root of the
characteristic equation.)
FINDING EIGENVECTORS
Once the eigenvalues of a matrix (A) have been found, we can find the eigenvectors
by Gaussian Elimination.
STEP 1: For each eigenvalue , we have
(A I)x = 0,
where x is the eigenvector associated with eigenvalue .
STEP 2: Find x by Gaussian elimination. That is, convert the augmented matrix
..
A I . 0
to row echelon form, and solve the resulting linear system by back substitution.
Case 1: = 4
We must find vectors x which satisfy (A I)x = 0.
1
To find the roots of a quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0 (with a 6= 0) first compute
3 3 3
A 4I = 3 9 3 .
6 6 0
Construct the augmented matrix
form
3 3 3 0
R1
3 9 3 0 R2
6 6 0 0
R3
..
A I . 0 and convert it to row echelon
R11/3R3
R2R23R1
R3R36R1
R21/12R2
R3R3+12R2
R1R1R2
1 1 1 0
R1
3 9 3 0 R2
R3
6 6 0 0
1
1
1 0
R1
0 12 6 0 R2
R3
0 12 6 0
1
1
1 0
R1
0
1
1/2 0 R2
R3
0 12
6
0
1 1 1 0
R1
0 1 1/2 0 R2
0 0
0
0
R3
1 0 1/2 0
R1
0 1 1/2 0 R2
0 0
0
0
R3
x1 =
x = x2 =
x3
x3
2
x3
2
= x3
1
2
1
2
3 3 3
A + 2I = 3 3 3 .
6 6 6
3
3 3 3 0
R1
3 3 3 0 R2
6 6 6 0
R3
..
A I . 0 and convert it to row
R11/3R3
R2R23R1
R3R36R1
1 1 1 0
R1
3 3 3 0 R2
6 6 6 0
R3
1 1 1 0
R1
0 0 0 0 R2
0 0 0 0
R3
x1 = x3 x2
x=
x2
x3
Thus
x3 x2
1
1
= x3 0 + x2 1
x=
x2
1
0
x3