Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Trane ENL Fans in Air-Handling Systems
Trane ENL Fans in Air-Handling Systems
Trane ENL Fans in Air-Handling Systems
Course Outline
Presenter Biographies
Copyrighted Materials
This presentation is protected by U.S. and international
copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display, and
use of the presentation without written permission of
Trane is prohibited.
2010 Trane, a business of Ingersoll-Rand. All rights reserved.
Todays Topics
Fan fundamentals
Performance curves
Fan types
Impact of system configuration
System effect
Acoustics
Common problems
ASHRAE 90.1 requirements
Todays Presenters
Dennis Stanke
Staff Applications
Engineer
5
Dave Guckelberger
Applications
Engineer
Todays Presenters
John Murphy
Applications
Engineer
6
Dustin Meredith
Applications
Engineer
Fundamentals
Fan Performance Curves
AMCA 210/ASHRAE 51
Pt Pv Ps
8
14
12
10
Fan Curves
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
9
Test chamber
10
AHRI 430
Unit test
11
blocked off
12
restricted
5
10
less restricted
4
wide open
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
12
Where
t = total efficiency
s = static efficiency
= density
D = diameter
H = horsepower
N = speed
Ps = static press
Pt = total pressure
Pv = velocity press
Q = airflow
D N
Q2 Q1 2 2
D1 N1
2
2
D N
Pt 2 Pt1 2 2 2
D1 N1 1
5
3
D N
H 2 H1 2 2 2
D1 N1 1
D
Pv 2 Pv1 2
D1
Ps 2 Pt 2 Pv 2
s 2 t1
13
N
2
N1
2
1
Ps 2
Pt 2
D-2:
Q2 = Q1*N2/N1
= 7500*1000/1200
= 6250 cfm
D-3, D-5, D-6:
Ps2 = Ps1*(N2/N1)^2
= 3.9*(1000/1200)2
= 2.7 in wc
Fan Curves
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
14
10
6
1500 rpm
1400 rpm
1300 rpm
1200 rpm
1100 rpm
1000 rpm
900 rpm
800 rpm
2500
5000
7500
10000
7.00 bhp
5.00 bhp
3.00 bhp
500 rpm
1.50 bhp
1.00 bhp
600 rpm
10.00 bhp
700 rpm
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
2010 Trane a business of Ingersoll-Rand
15
grilles
zone
VAV
terminal
unit
duct
ceiling
plenum
air handling
unit
supply
ductwork
diffusers
runout
ductwork
zone
A
+
supply
fan
Fan Static
Pressure
Total Static
Pressure
Inlet Velocity
Pressure
filter
returnreturn-air coil
damper
16
11
Q
Ps 2 Ps1 2
Q1
DO NOT SELECT
1500 rpm
1400 rpm
1300 rpm
1200 rpm
1100 rpm
1000 rpm
900 rpm
800 rpm
2500
5000
7500
10000
7.00 bhp
5.00 bhp
1.50 bhp
500 rpm
3.00 bhp
600 rpm
10.00 bhp
700 rpm
1.00 bhp
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
17
18
12
Fan/Unit
Considerations
types of fans
20
13
21
30%
wocfm
static pressure
rpm
hs
typical
application
range
80%
wocfm
airflow
22
14
23
40%
wocfm
hs
static
efficiency
65 to 75%
typical
application
range
85%
wocfm
airflow
24
15
25
static pressure
rpm
50%
wocfm
hs
static
efficiency
80 to 85%
typical
application
range
85%
wocfm
airflow
26
16
Input power,
bhp
Rotational speed,
rpm
13.0
775
11.8
1320
Based on a typical VAV air-handling unit configuration (OA/RA mixing box, high-efficiency filter, hot-water heating coil,
chilled-water cooling coil, and draw-thru supply fan with a single discharge opening off the fan section) operating
at 13,000 cfm and a 3.8 in. H2O total static pressure drop.
27
summary
28
17
29
unhoused centrifugal
(plenum) fan
30
18
example #1
Input power,
bhp
Rotational speed,
rpm
13.0
775
11.8
1320
14.0
1050
12.8
1320
Based on a typical VAV air-handling unit configuration (OA/RA mixing box, high-efficiency filter, hot-water heating coil,
chilled-water cooling coil, and draw-thru supply fan with a single discharge opening off the fan section) operating
at 13,000 cfm and 2 in. H2O of external static pressure drop.
32
19
example #1
110
100
90
80
70
housed FC 25 in.
housed AF 25 in.
60
50
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
example #2
34
20
example #2
Input power,
bhp
Rotational speed,
rpm
13.2
1380
14.0
1050
12.8
1320
35
example #2
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
21
37
example #3
Final Filters
Fan type and
wheel diameter
Input power,
bhp
Rotational speed,
rpm
15.0
1450
15.4
1090
14.1
1370
38
22
summary
39
Selection Parameters
diameter
speed
width
40
23
Flexible-Speed Selection
Synchronous Speed
Flexible Speed
41
example
Flexible-Speed Selection
Fan type and
wheel diameter
57%
1780
1800
15.4
100%
1320
1200
12.8
42
24
example
Flexible-Speed Selection
discharge sound power (Lw), dB ref 10-12 W
(per AHRI Standard 260)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
44
25
fan array
B
45
D
A
upstream
component
C
downstream
component
45
B
45
fan array
46
26
Diameter,
in.
Upstream
Upstream
spacing reqd, service clear,
in.
in.
Upstream
total,
in.
33
19.8
12
19.8
24.5
14.7
12
14.7
20
12.0
12
12.0
18.75
11.0
12
12.0
47
Downstream
spacing reqd,
in.
Length of
fan + motor,
in.
33
50.5
54.3
24.5
38.8
42.0
20
33.1
18.75
29.9
Qty
48
Downstream
service clear,
in.
Downstream
total,
in.
54.3
42.0
35.3
18
53.3
31.4
18
49.4
27
49
example
Level of
redundancy
24.5
Design
7500
6.55
13.10
24.5
100%
15000
16.13
16.13
24.5
70%
10500
7.13
7.13
50
7.5
28
example
Level of
redundancy
24.5
Design
7500
6.55
13.10
24.5
100%
15000
16.13
16.13
24.5
70%
10500
7.13
7.13
Qty
running Diameter,
in.
Level of
redundancy
7.5
20
Design
5000
4.68
14.04
7.5
20
100%
7500
7.43
14.86
Qty
running Diameter,
in.
Level of
redundancy
18.25
Design
3750
3.53
14.12
18.25
100%
5000
4.71
14.13
51
52
29
53
summary
AHU footprint
Redundancy
none
Serviceability
AHU cost
Efficiency
AHU acoustics
Fan reliability
54
30
summary
www.trane.com\en
56
31
Impact of System
Configuration on Fan
Selection
Pressure drops
@ 9,000 cfm/7,500 cfm
Device Low
High
SA duct 2.0
2.0
RA duct 0.5
0.5
MERV13 0.4
1.2
0.9
Coil
0.6
Total
3.5
4.6
Basic System
7,500 cfm
RA
9,000 cfm
EA
1,500 cfm
constantspeed fan
1,500 cfm
OA
T
space
MA
SA
58
32
14B 16.5 FC
Max static
1500 rpm
1400 rpm
Fan
1300 rpm
surge
line
Max bhp
1200 rpm
selection
envelope
1100 rpm
1000 rpm
900 rpm
800 rpm
700 rpm
2500
5000
7500
10000
Max airflow
10.00 bhp
3.00 bhp
1.50 bhp
5.00 bhp
600 rpm
500 rpm
Min
bhp
7.00 bhp
1.00 bhp
Max rpm
6
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
59
Dir
ty
DO NOT SELECT
1500 rpm
1400 rpm
Cle
an
1300 rpm
1200 rpm
1100 rpm
1000 rpm
900 rpm
800 rpm
2500
5000
7500
10000
7.00 bhp
5.00 bhp
1.50 bhp
500 rpm
3.00 bhp
600 rpm
10.00 bhp
700 rpm
1.00 bhp
an
dd
ry
an
dw
et
14B 16.5 FC
CV System 1: Is the fan too small?
12500
15000
17500
airflow (cfm)
60
33
14B 16.5 FC
CV System 2: Is the fan too big?
an
dd
ry
an
dw
et
DO NOT SELECT
1500 rpm
Cle
an
Dir
ty
1400 rpm
1300 rpm
1200 rpm
1100 rpm
1000 rpm
900 rpm
800 rpm
2500
5000
7500
10000
7.00 bhp
5.00 bhp
1.50 bhp
500 rpm
3.00 bhp
600 rpm
10.00 bhp
700 rpm
1.00 bhp
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500
airflow (cfm)
61
EA
RA
space
1,500 cfm
OA
9,000 cfm
MA
supply air temp
determines AHU
cooling capacity
62
SA
variablespeed fan
space
T
EA
1,500 cfm
34
63
Device
RA plen
RA duct
RA damp
MERV13
Coil
SA duct
VAV box 1
Runout 1
Total
Low
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
2.0
0.4
0.4
4.7
High
0.5
0.2
0.2
1.2
0.9
2.0
0.4
0.4
5.8
15.0
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
12.5
60 %WO
2800 RPM
10.0
y
irt
D
2600 RPM
2400 RPM
7.5
2200 RPM
t
we
70 %WO
n
ea
Cl
2000 RPM
5.0
d
an
1800 RPM
d
an
y
dr
80 %WO
90 %WO
1600 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
64
35
tr
es
ist
an
ce
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
he
s
2800 RPM
10.0
2600 RPM
60 %WO
pa
rt
loa
d
12.5
hig
15.0
2400 RPM
Ps = Pc + (Pd - Pc)*(Q/Qd)^2
Ps = 1.3 + (5.8-1.3)*(5000/9000)^2
Ps = 2.7
70 %WO
80 %WO
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
1800 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
is
res
est
low
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
90 %WO
1600 RPM
5000
ce
tan
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
65
tr
es
ist
an
ce
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
12.5
11.5
he
s
2800 RPM
10.0
60 %WO
2600 RPM
Ps = Pc + (Pd - Pc)*(Q/Qd)^2
Ps = 1.3 + (5.8-1.3)*(5000/9000)^2
Ps = 2.7
70 %WO
hig
15.0
2400 RPM
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
1800 RPM
es
low
ta
sis
t re
nce
80 %WO
5.8
90 %WO
1600 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
4.5
2.7
1000 RPM
800 RPM
1.3
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
66
36
15.0
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
12.5
60 %WO
2800 RPM
70 %WO
10.0
2600 RPM
2400 RPM
80 %WO
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
1800 RPM
90 %WO
1600 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
67
12.5
60 %WO
2800 RPM
10.0
pa
rt
loa
d
15.0
2600 RPM
70 %WO
2400 RPM
80 %WO
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
1800 RPM
90 %WO
1600 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
68
37
15.0
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
12.5
60 %WO
2800 RPM
oa
tL
70 %WO
10.0
2600 RPM
2400 RPM
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
Ne
r
Pa
80 %WO
1800 RPM
90 %WO
1600 RPM
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
69
15.0
50 %WO
3100 RPM
RPM
DO3000NOT
SELECT
12.5
60 %WO
s
xe
bo
%
80 70 %WO
2800 RPM
10.0
n
pe
-o
2600 RPM
2400 RPM
80 %WO
7.5
2200 RPM
2000 RPM
5.0
1800 RPM
1600 RPM
oxes
en b 90 %WO
e-op
id
W
1400 RPM
2.5
1200 RPM
1000 RPM
800 RPM
0
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
airflow (cfm)
70
38
RA
0 cfm
6,000 cfm
0 cfm
7,500 cfm
6,000 cfm
??? cfm
0 cfm
8,000 cfm
1,500 cfm
??? cfm
8,000 cfm
9,000 cfm
OA
MA
Design
Economizer
Morning warm up
71
space
T
SA
variablespeed fan
space
T
EA
1,500 cfm
2,000 cfm
0 cfm
System Effect
39
fan
uniform
velocity
profile
73
74
40
75
example
System Effect
Position C
Position D
Position B
inlet
76
Position A
41
example
System Effect
blast area
discharge duct
outlet area
100% Effective
Duct Length
2.5 duct diameters
for 2500 fpm
(or less)
25%
50%
Centrifugal
fan
75%
100% effective duct length
77
Example
78
42
79
50 %WO
3.0
60 %WO
942 RPM
2.5
70 %WO
2.25 in.
2.0
1.5
2
1
600 RPM
1.0
500 RPM
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
7.50 bhp
5.00 bhp
9000 cfm
0.0
3.50 bhp
0.5
15000
airflow
80
43
Fan Acoustics
Propeller Fans
Reduce propeller fan sound by
Choosing the low noise fan option
Attenuating the path
82
44
Fan Sound
Sound generation is influenced by
83
Fan type
Flow rate
Total pressure
Efficiency
Flow into and out of the fan
AHRI 260
Includes unit impact on
fan sound
Negative flow impacts
Benefits of plenums
and lining
84
45
AHRI 260
See Sound Ratings
and ARI Standard
260 newsletter for
additional information
85
Selection Program
Provides a convenient way to access sound data
Shows acoustical impact of
Changing operating point
Changing fan type
86
46
87
Rules of Thumb
Lower tip speed
does not equal
lower sound
Improved efficiency
does result in
lower sound
88
47
30% WO
40% WO
50% WO
Acoustic Stall
static pressure
60% WO
High level
unstable
acoustics
70% WO
Acoustic
predictions
possible
80% WO
90% WO
30% WO
40% WO
50% WO
static pressure
Acoustic Stall
60% WO
High level
unstable
acoustics
VAV Modulation
Curve
80% WO
90% WO
48
Selection tips
Accurate sound data is a must
Review all fan and unit options
Avoid rules-of-thumb
91
Common Problems:
Not Delivering Enough
Airflow
49
93
AMCA 201
94
50
AMCA 202
Troubleshooting
Lists possible causes for low airflow, including:
95
AMCA 203
Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems
96
51
Common Problems:
Too Much Noise
Causes of Noise
Fan / unit defect
Acoustics ignored during selection
Duct system flow problems
98
52
return
airborne
supply
airborne
supply
breakout
100
53
Duct Design
ASHRAE algorithms
Available for common duct components
Used to predict acoustic impact
101
Duct Design
Poor design creates turbulence
Turbulence generates low frequency noise
Low frequency sound
Passes through ducts
Moves lightweight components
102
54
Duct Guidelines
Air leaving the unit is turbulent
Use straight duct at discharge
Length = 3 times largest
discharge dimension
103
Duct Guidelines
Utilize factory plenums
air-handling unit
w/ discharge plenum
104
55
Duct Guidelines
Avoid close coupled fittings
noisiest
better
quietest
15 max.
15 max.
Source: A Practical Guide To Noise and Vibration Control For HVAC Systems, ASHRAE, 1991. Figure 1-23
105
Summary
Successful acoustics requires
Building analysis
Equipment selection
Duct design
106
56
ASHRAE 90.1
Requirements
108
57
109
110
58
111
Option 2 Example
112
59
8,000 cfm
MERV 13
10,000 cfm
30,000 cfm
MERV 13 filter
Particulate filtration credit (MERV 13) = 0.9 in. H2O
Afilter = 0.9 in. H2O 30,000 cfm / 4131 = 6.5 bhp
113
8,000 cfm
MERV 13
10,000 cfm
30,000 cfm
114
60
MERV 13
10,000 cfm
115
30,000 cfm
Option 2 Example
MERV 13 filter
Afilter = 0.9 in. H2O 30,000 cfm / 4131 = 6.5 bhp
Total-energy wheel
Asupply-side = 0.8 in. H2O 10,000 cfm / 4131 = 1.9 bhp
Aexhaust-side = 0.7 in. H2O 8,000 cfm / 4131 = 1.4 bhp
116
61
117
10
25 %WO
50 %WO
1200 RPM
60 %WO
1100 RPM
70 %WO
1000 RPM
6
5
900 RPM
800 RPM
700 RPM
15.2 bhp
80 %WO
90 %WO
600 RPM
500 RPM
400 RPM
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
airflow (cfm)
118
62
50 %WO
60 %WO
1650 RPM
1600 RPM
70 %WO
1500 RPM
1400 RPM
13.9 bhp
80 %WO
1300 RPM
4
1200 RPM
1100 RPM
1000 RPM
90 %WO
900 RPM
800 RPM
700 RPM
1
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
airflow (cfm)
2010 Trane a business of Ingersoll-Rand
119
10
25 %WO
50 %WO
1200 RPM
60 %WO
1100 RPM
70 %WO
1000 RPM
6
5
900 RPM
800 RPM
700 RPM
7.3 bhp
15.2 bhp
13.0 bhp
80 %WO
90 %WO
600 RPM
500 RPM
400 RPM
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
airflow (cfm)
120
63
example
121
15.2 bhp
7.3 bhp
13.0 bhp
13.9 bhp
5.7 bhp
summary
122
64
summary
123
www.trane.com/EN
124
65
ENL Archives
Insightful topics on HVAC system design:
Chilled-water plants
Air distribution
Refrigerant-to-air systems
Control strategies
Industry standards and LEED
Energy and the environment
Acoustics
Ventilation
Dehumidification
www.trane.com/ENL
125
126
66
Bibliography
Fans in Air-Handling
Systems
Trane Publications
available to purchase from <www.trane.com/bookstore>
Trane. Air Conditioning Fans Air Conditioning Clinic. TRG-TRC013-EN.
March 2004.
Murphy, J. and B. Bakkum. Chilled-Water VAV Systems application manual.
SYS-APM008-EN. September 2009.
Murphy, J. and J. Harshaw. Rooftop VAV Systems application manual. SYSAPM007-EN. November 2009.
Guckelberger, D. and B. Bradley. Acoustics in Air Conditioning application
manual. ISS-APM001-EN. April 2006.
Trane. Fans and Their Application in Air Conditioning application manual. EDFAN. August 1982.
67
Bibliography
Fans in Air-Handling
Systems
Analysis Software
Trane Acoustics Program (TAP).
Available at < www.trane.com/Commercial/DNA/View.aspx?i=1245 >
68