H !

I I

H
!

I I

& :

2008

 ,
,
, .
3810

ISBN:

978-960-8187-**-*

, 2008

..

Copyright:

, 845 00
.: 22820 22262 - Fax: 22820 24504
http.//www.Kaireios.gr

1.

2.

............................................................................
.......................................................................................
:

..............................................................

...............................................................................
,
..............................
:
- ...........................................
:
Roger Bacon ......................................
: .....................................
.....................................................
Summary.............................................................................................
....................................................
...................................................................

, , . ,

.


. ,

,
.


, (1849) (1852). .
(:
1994-2003) .. ,


.
Cambridge ,

,
.
.
. - --

,
,
.


, , , .

, ..
, , :
1994-2003

. , , . ..
, 7 (1999): 96-146

, . , 1849

, 1852

, 1852 [ ]

, 1852

,
, , . , 1851

. ,
, , : 1986-1995

, .. , 1875

Lampe, PGL

G.W.H. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, 1961-8

LSJ

H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, H.S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon,

1996

1. :
~ 15. 2. Alliance religieuse universelle: ~ 31. 3.
: Cousin, Saint-Simon, Comte ~ 45. 4.
~ 59. 5.
~ 77. 6. ~ 104. 7.
: ~ 111. 8. :
~ 126. 9. 132.

1.

:

They gazed on the apostate; there was triumph in his eye,
The contempt of well-foiled disputants, the pride of victory;
They gazed on one another, and their meeting glances fell,
They had probed the cunning heretic, and he parried them full well.
[...]
Sullen and mute he listened while the Synod spake its doom,
The sentence of the Church on earth, that heralds wrath to come.
What recked they of the power of mind, the mastery of thought?
They weighed the world against a Creed and counted it for nought.

The Sentence of Kaires and Other

Poems , Henry
Nutcombe Oxenham (1829-88). 1854, . -

, Oxenham
Johann von Dllinger.
,
,
.

:

. Oxenham
, .
Oxenham .
Hellenism and its Revival Oxenham .1
Ernest Renan,

, Oxenham

,
, .
. , Oxenham,
.

. ,
Oxenham , , .

.
H.N. Oxenham, Short Studies in Ecclesiastical History and Biography, 1884,
35-41.
1

Oxenham ,
, .2 ,
, .
: , Oxenham

: ,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
. ,
, .
,
. ,


Libre Pense,
.
. .
. 1878 (. 231
232), .
:
. . , . 125 . 260.
2

,
:
,

. ,
() .



. , - .

.
,
. , :
,
. , .3

(1851-53), , ,
,
. 1851

. , . 104.

.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.4 , , 1839
, ,
1852

, .
( , : 1928)
. .. (. ) ,
, .
(: 1994-2003)
. ,
, , .
(: 2007)
,
,
.
. , -, , : Gutenberg 1977, . , , :
1979, .. , , ,
1971 . ,
, : 2002. G. Giannaris,
Theophilos Kairis: The tragic fate of an intellectual, Thetis 3 (1996): 165-76,
.
S. Galanis, Thophile Kairis: La
theosebie en Grce au XIXe sicle, 58 (1987): 583-608 901-29.
4

, ,
.


. , .
,
.5


,
. ,6


.
[ ],
(1849) (1851), .. ,

-
. .
Henri Lecouturier -
La Cosmosophie ou le socialisme universel, 1850, 10: Lclectisme, cest la dcadence!
( , 1855) .
6
G. P. Henderson, Greek Philosophy From 1600 to 1850 (Review of E. P. Papanoutsos: , 1953), The Philosophical Quarterly 5.19
(1955): 163: He writes in philosophical terms, but he is a mystic, rather than a philosopher. Henderson , , .
, 1953, 45-6,

,
, , :
.
5

.7
.
, ( )
:

.

,
. A
:
,
.

,
. ,
,
. , ,
,

.8
.
.. , , : ,
: 2003, 147.
8
Peter Gay,
The Enlightenment. An Interpretation: The Rise of Modern Paganism, 1966, .
. 31-71.
7

,
.
,
.

.
1839-52

, .
, ,
, , , 9 .
.


,
.
(. . ,
1828 1922, : 1998, 17-18).
.
.
( , : 2003,
114), ,
1952, , ,
,
.
9

- , , .
. .
.
. ,
,

, .10
: ... , <
> , ,
.11

, .12

,

.13 ,
B. , , 1 (1946):
88. , . . 89-90, 93.
11
.. , . ,
. (.) , : 2006, 118. . , , 4
(1984): 115 . 3. Galanis, Thophile Kairis, 601.
12
. , , 1986, 343-4.
13

1851
10

.

o : ,
.
, ,
, . .

. ;
.

Thomas Reid Berkeley. . .

, , , , .., .. , . , 1898, 250.
( 1851, 8)
Berkeley,
. . . , , , ,
: Gutenberg 1988, 66-7.
Schelling, ( ) . . .
, , 4 (1984): 115-24.
: , Schelling
.
, . , , 83-4 . ,
,
, 1977, 108-112 . , ,
, , : Gutenberg 1988, 19-31.

:
1789
Troisime Rpublique , -
.
,
.
,
- .

(. , . . 5.127.16: )
.14 (, ),
(, Comte, ) (Cousin, ,
).
.
,
,
.
.


,

:
,
14

. , . 33 ..

.15


,
.
( ) ,
Spinoza
Spinoza
!16


.17


,
.18
. . ,
( )
: 1793, 1794, 1798. , ,
. . , , : 1998 [1842], 58-9.
. [1800]
. ,
1453 1821, . , : 1989, 477.
17
. . . , ..., , , . , 491, 493, 495.
18
. . ( , :
1989, )
, . . 1982
: . , , 119.
15

16

: ,
, , .19
,
,
, :
, , , ..

,

.
,
,
.

.

.

, , .
(
) ,
,
.

, )
, )
, )
19

.. , , : 2007, 90.

,
- . ,
,

(,
),
( Voltaire, ),
.
:
, .
(discourse analysis)
- ,
adoration . ,

,
,20
, ,21
, ,
.22 , )
, )
, .
,

, , 88.
, , 348.
22
. . Theodossiou, h. Grammenos, V. N. Manimanis,
Theophilos Kairis: the creator and initiator of Theosebism in Greece,
The European Legacy 9.6 (2004): 795-7.
20
21

. , , , , ,
,

, , , .
: ad
nauseam .
, J.B. Chemin-Duponts,
Charles Blount, ,
.23

. ,
,

.
,
Libre Pense.
, , , (
, )
.

. . . , 12:
, , ,
, ;
, ,
, .
23

. ,
, . ,



.24
,
,
.25 ,
. ,
.
1853,26
, : 1823
1853 ,

.

. 2.288.27-31: . . . 2.290.1-2,
302.33-44. 1839
.
( , 1840, 19) :
, . ... .
, 119 ..
25
, , 339.
26
, , 68-9, .
24

Alliance
religieuse universelle:

2.

,
,
, .

,
. , , .

1819.27
1820,
. . . .
, 1926 :

1820,

.
. , , 43.
. ( , 1920,
106-7), . , , (. . 109-11),
.
27

, ,
, , - . (.. , ,
, .9 [1926], 1384)28
, ,
. 9
1812
. . . . -, : ,
: 2005, 129-48. ..

. . .. , ,
4 (1989): 188. ,

, .
11/23 1848 (. 3.440),
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
. ..
7 1848 (. 3.524.16-17)
: <>
.
.
,
.
1849 (. 3.460.15-18): [ ]
, ,
, ,
.
28

,
, :
( )
,
1833. .


. :
1833

. ,
. 1833
Blavatsky , , .
,
,
[ ] 30.000 .
, .
(, , 61)

(
) .29

Blavatsky. , ,
(
1875.
)
29

.30
, , ,
.31 .32 Schiller,
Schlegel Wieland

Kant,
.33

. ..
:

.
, .
: , , , , , .
.34

,
,

( )
.
30
. LSJ, . , .
31
. 2.45.3-9.
32
. . 15.21-16.5 . 1.5, 11.5. .
Lampe, PGL . .
33

. (Theosophie) J. Ritter K. Grnder,
Historisches Wrterbuch der Philosophie, . 10, 1998.
34
.

, 1789 .

,
, ,
1791-1801.35
.
Culte des Adorateurs
Daubermesnil IV
. adorateurs
locus communis , , ,
,
. Daubermesnil ,
Abb Grgoire ,
Mathiez, .36
.
(IV) Bressy
(culte naturel) : Le
paganisme, le plus ingnieux de tous les cultes, nous donne un modle et un
type quil faut suivre, .
(Adoration): La connaissance des merveilles de la nature conduit
ncessairement ladmiration et ladoration de ltre qui en est lauteur.37
( ),
.

.
A. Aulard, Le culte de la Raison et le culte de ltre Suprme, 1901,
A. Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie et le culte dcadaire, 1904.
36
Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie, 46-57.
37
Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie, 69-70.
35

Bressy ,
.
,
,
.
, .38
(doration)
,
.39 Adoration
Kant, spiritus rector (
)
Schelling
Saint-Simon. (Ehre
Gottes), Kant ,
(Adoration), .40 Kant
:
,

, ,
.41


. , , 1834, 231.
) , )
, . Lampe, PGL, . , , . . LSJ . .
39
. . 80.
40
Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, Werke in zwlf Bnden, . 7, . W. Weischedel, 1977, 262-3.
41
Kant, Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloen Vernunft, Werke in zwlf Bnden, . 8, . W. Weischedel, 1977, 822.
38

/ .
,
.

. (.
, , [1852]
, [1852])42
Manuel des Thophilantropophiles J. B.
Chemin-Duponts VII [1796].

, , credo, . , Chemin-Duponts,
, ,
.
, , Chemin-Duponts, :
La premire [cause] est la dfaveur que les maux occasionns par la superstition et le fanatisme ont jete sur tous les cultes en gnral, et le prjug qui a fait confondre la thophilantropie, quoiquelle soit la religion
universelle, avec des cultes particuliers qui font secte, qui sanathmatisent
les uns les autres, et peuvent amener des guerres de religion, tandis que la
thophilantropie tend les rapprocher tous par des principes communs.
(J.-B. Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, , an X
[1801], 17)

,43 Chemin-Duponts
1800, ,
, .
43
. , , 65-7.
42

: sa doctrine est universelle et aussi ancienne que le monde.44

.45 ,
,
:
:
Il existe donc une analogie frappante entre les dogmes et les rites des chrtiens, et ceux des thophilantropes; ou plutt le christianisme, qui depuis
est dgnr en secte, ntait, dans son origine et dans lintention de Jsus,
qui nen jamais prononc le nom, rien autre chose que la religion naturelle,
ou, en dautres termes, la thophilantropie; en sort que si le mot christianisme, au lieu de caractriser une secte, exprimait par lui-mme la religion de
nos premiers pres, les thophilantropes seraient fonds prendre le nom
de chrtiens. (Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 36-7)

, : .46 , , , , ,
, Bacon, Voltaire, Rousseau
.47
,
44
VII
, . J.-B. Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 11.
45
, 3.43.143-6. .
00.

Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 56-7.

Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 67-8. Chemin-Duponts, Morale des sages de tous les pays et de tous
les sicles, ou collection pure des moralistes anciens et modernes, , VII
(1798).
46
47

.
,
a priori .


:



.48
,

.49 .
Chemin-Duponts ( ):
Les citoyens qui suivent le culte de la religion naturelle, ont dclar, dans
les premiers de leurs livres qui ont paru il y a trois ans, quils ntaient pas
les disciples de tel ou tel homme, mais quils faisaient leur profit des prceptes
de sagesse que nous ont transmis les crivains de tous les pays et de tous les
sicles. Ils ont ritr cette dclaration dans la nouvelle dition de leur code
religieux et moral, fait en lan 6, et ont ajout que leur institution, quon ne
peut regarder ni comme une secte, ni comme une religion nouvelle, puisque sa
doctrine est universelle et aussi ancienne que le monde, que cette institution, disons-nous, sest lv sans aucune espce dimpulsion etrangre, ni directe
ni indirecte. (Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 11-12)

, .
.
:
48
49

-. . . . 1.1 (. . 35 Rose)
. 226-237.

[ ] ,
, ,

,


. ( 105)

, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
(
):
() , , ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, , (
, ,
.., 1839, 15-7)

adoration
de Dieu: -

adorez dieu.50 , Chemin-Duponts

adorez dieu, cest lever sa pense vers lui,
. , chrissez vos semblables
rendez-vous utiles la patrie, .51 :
. , : , ,

.

.
deisme sanguinaire Robespierre, Comte, (dchristianisation),

1793 1794.52 /.

, Robespierre .53
(Libre Pense)
1860 1870. . 1875
, Henri
. , 43-4.
J.-B. Chemin-Duponts, Manuel des Thophilantropophiles, ou Adorateurs de Dieu, et
Amis des Hommes, , V (1796), 16 Code
de religion et de morale naturelles, , VII (1798), 4-15.
52
. M. Vovelle, Religion et Rvolution: la dchristianisation de lan II, 1976. . B. Cousin, M. Cubells, R. Moulinas, La pique et
la croix: histoire religieuse de la Rvolution franaise, 1989, 171-210.
53
. Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 63.
50
51

Carle. .54
,



troisime Rpublique (1875-1940).
alliance religieuse universelle
Henri Carle,
. La libre
conscience, - - .55 alliance religieuse universelle
Chemin-Duponts,
Carle, Rousseau,
Victor Cousin, Fourrier. alliance religieuse universelle:
Lon Richer, Henri Martin Adolphe Franck,
.56
, Religion
innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (1793), Kant
.57
, Garibaldi Proudhon.58

H. Carle, Un nouveau Socrate chez les Grecs modernes: Thophile Cairis,

Almanach de la Libre Conscience pour lanne 1870, 1870, 27-35. . , , 20 -,
, 55, . 63. Galanis,
(Thophile Kairis, 601)
, Carle.
55
,
Victor Hugo, Eug. Despois, J. Barni Hippolyte Renaud. .
Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie, 714.
56
B. G. Weill, Histoire de lide laque en France au XIXe sicle, 1929, 189-2.
57
J. Lalouette, La libre pense en France (1848-1940), 1997, 144.
58
Weill, Histoire de lide laque en France au XIXe sicle, 192.
54

religion universelle, Carle, . ,

.59
, (dclricalisation)
.60 , .
,
, Carle, , alliance religieuse (culte
domestique), , .61
, .
Carle ,
, .
: -
alliance religieuse. Carle
.


. Carle
,
. :
. Carle Almanach de la Libre Conscience
pour lanne 1865.
60
alliance religieuse Henri Carle . Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie,
712-15 Lalouette, La libre pense, 143-151.
61
Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie, 713.
59

Thophile Caris [] arriva une conception toute rationelle de la religion,

quil formula plus tard dune manire trs-remarquable. Se dgageant
ds lors de linfluence des doctrines superstitieuses et du fanatisme qui
rgnaient autour de lui, il se rallia; nous reproduisons ses propres expressions: Aux principes de la religion vraiment universelle, de celle qui est
indpendante de tous les temps et de tous les lieux, ainsi que de toute circonstance extrieure, et qui se trouve tre naturellement comme la source
et la base de toute les religions positives qui ont paru sur la terre ou qui
existent encore.
Cette religion qui convient tout tre raisonnable de lunivers, Caris
lappela Thosbie (adoration de Dieu). Il reconnut pour chef de cette religion le Crateur de toutes choses, Dieu mme, qui a mis dans tout coeur
capable de ladorer ces principes ternels, au nombre de trois principaux,
daprs le philosophe grec:
1. Existence de Dieu crateur et conservateur infiniment parfait de toutes
choses;
2. Immortalit de lhomme et de tous les tres de lunivers capables
dadorer Dieu;
3. Ncessit de ladoration de Dieu, ou, en dautres termes, de conformer
sa vie aux lois providentielles. (Carle, Un nouveau Socrate chez les
Grecs modernes, 28-9)

Carle

. ,
Carle
, .
, ,
-
.
,
Saint-Simon Comte, . credo Lon Richer


.

: , .62 , libre pense
,


.
,
,
1905
.

:

Cousin, Saint-Simon, Comte

3.

.
,
, :
,
1789,
, ,
.

62

, , 348.

1797-99,
.63
,
1812, ,64


.65
,

.
. . . ,
. , : , 1863, 589:
, , .
,
[...]
, . ,
,
,
, . . . ,
, . , 1889, 92,

.
64

( 1819

) . . . ,
, 1920, 67-8.
. , . 77 ..
65
. . , . 107,
. 221.
63

Saint-Simon Comte
, ,
. .
1831-33 .

Cousin, Saint-Simon,
Comte. ,
. 1842-43 , , ,
, .

Journal de la Socit de la morale Chrtienne 1832,
,

.66
, ,
,
1846.67
,
. - , /
,
: , , , ,
,
, .
Journal de la Socit de la morale Chrtienne, . II, . 1 (1832), 1-16.
60-4.
67
fusionistes
(. 3.394.130-83), .
66

,
De la religion considre dans
ses rapports avec lordre politique et civil Saint-Simon:

. ,
,
.

, , . (, , 32-3)

.
,
,
,68
, .
,


.
crdit intellectuel,
(
, Prosper Enfantin),
,
.69

(, . 184)
.
69
. A. Picon, : , , , .
. , : 2007, 19.
68

,
,

.

.70

-, ,
- .

.71
! Kant:

.
(Die natrliche Religion als Moral) Kant (ein
reiner praktischer Vernunftbegriff).72
Kant

. ,
.
1792/3 Condorcet
Sur la ncessit de linstruction

226. . 124.
. Owen
Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the 19th Century, 1975,
107-42 229-49.
72
Kant, Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloen Vernunft, Werke in zwlf Bnden
. 7, . W. Weischedel, 1977, 826.
70
71

publique, , . Condorcet
,
:
. , Robespierre,73

. ,
,
.
Cousin,

.74 Cousin,
Jules Simon, , , ,
, , .75
, . , . , -
, ,
: , , , -

,

,
. . P. Stock-Morton, Moral Education for a Secular Society:
the Development of Morale Laique in Nineteenth-Century France, 1988, 26.
74
. , . 78-9.
75
J. Simon, Victor Cousin, 1887, 36.
73

,
, .76
spiritualistes,
, . Cousin
,
, .
(devoir)
,
.77 Morale indpendante, , Alliance religieuse
universelle, Cousin, ,
( )
.
Saint-Simon Comte ,
.
. Die Religion innerhalb
der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft Kant
Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts Lessing
:
,
, Lessing. ,
:

. ... 1839, 5. . . . , , 106.

77
. Simon, Victor Cousin, 36.
76

1 Was die Erziehung bei dem einzeln Menschen ist, ist die Offenbarung bei dem ganzen Menschengeschlechte.
2 Erziehung ist Offenbarung, die dem einzeln Menschen geschieht:
und Offenbarung ist Erziehung, die dem Menschengeschlechte geschehen
ist, und nch geschieht. (Lessing, Werke, . 8, 1979, 490)

Lessing, , Spinoza : , .

. , ,

: ,
.

, ,
.
(1839),
.78
, :
saints-simoniens
1834,
Saint-Simon .
dEichtal ,
, . .
Picon, , 329-40 335-9, dEichthal .
78

. (. , : , , :
2005, 43)

. , ,
, -
1839 , dEichtal
-
, .
Gustave dEichthal (180486) Comte, Saint-Simon.
,
Sainte-Beuve, dEichthal

.79
. 1832-3 ,
, . dEichthal ,
.
15 1834
. , dEichthal,
(imprudences) , , . ,
: ,
, .80
1834
dEichthal , . G. dEichthal,
La langue grecque, memoires & notices 1864-1884, 1887, 3-6, 99.
80
31.
79

. ,
, ,
.

. , dEichthal,
.
,
, .
dEichthal :
,
. , dEichthal .81
dEichthal , ,

: ,
, .82 , . Saint-Simon,

.
Jules Lechevalier, :
La chronologie qui compte le temps nous instruit de la SAGESSE de DIEU,
la gographie qui mesure lespace nous dcrit le thtre o la FORCE de DIEU
se dploie, et lHISTOIRE, magnifique BIOGRAPHIE, racontant la vie pro-

81
82

32-5.
101.

gressive de lhumanit et du monde, CHANTE incessament le cantique de

lAMOUR DIVIN, lhymne de lTERNELLE CRATION.
Le BUT de lhomme, cest le BONHEUR, quil ne peut obtenir que par
son UNION religieuse avec ses semblables, et avec le monde qui lentoure.
([J. Lechevalier, H. Carnot], Religion Saint-Simonienne, Enseignement Central,
1831, 20)

,
.
, .
( )
,
,
, ,
- .83

: ordre selon
la naissance, , ,
. , :
, E. Rodrigues, .84 , ,
,
dEichthal
. Picon,
, .
84
[E. Rodrigues], Lettres sur la Religion et la Politique; suivies de lEducation du Genre
Humain de Lessing, 1831, 116-117.
83

.
, .
(credit intellectuel) , .
Saint-Simon, Catchisme positiviste ou sommaire exposition de la religion universelle Comte
,
(lHumanit):
La seule notion dun tre immense et ternel Autour de ce vrai Grandtre, moteur immdiat de chaque existence individuelle ou collective, nos
affections se concentrent aussi spontanment que nos penses et nos actions. (Comte, Catchisme Positiviste ou sommaire exposition de la religion universelle, dition apostolique, Rio de Janeiro 1957, 63)

Comte .85 .
Comte
, .86

: (
) , ,
, .87
, , 24. . Galanis,
Thophile Kairis, 601.
86
,
, 111.
87
, ,
. , , 99-105 . ,
, .
85

,
.88 Comte
: .
,
Comte. ,
.
Comte rorganiser, sans Dieu ni
roi, par le culte systmatique de lhumanit.
.
, ,
, . , , ,89
.90 ,
, ,

.91 :

, . ,
.
Comte Saint-Simon .
. , . 92 ..
. 3.459.28-32, 379.3-35.
90
. 3.589.15-7. . . 4:16.
91
. 3.459.51-8.
88
89

Nietzsche .
Voltaire Comte, , ,
,
.
, : (Cultus)
. , , ,
Comte,
, Nietzsche, ... -!
Je mehr man sich von den Dogmen loslste, um so mehr suchte man
gleichsam die Rechtfertigung dieser Loslsung in einem Cultus der Menschenliebe: hierin hinter dem christlichen Ideale nicht zurckzubleiben,
sondern es womglich zu berbieten, war ein geheimer Sporn bei allen
franzsischen Freidenkern, von Voltaire bis auf Auguste Comte: und
Letzterer hat mit seiner berhmten Moralformel vivre pour autrui in der
That das Christenthum berchristlicht. (Nietzsche, Morgenrthe, Smtliche
Werke, . Colli-Montinari, . 3, 1999, 123)

.
Cultus,
Comte
Saint-Simon. , , Nietzsche,
, ,
Cultus:
,
, , ..
,
. ,

,
[...]

. (. 2.256.11-24)

1841.
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, ,
, .


:
, , . ,
.

4.

,
.
.
. E. Cassirer, Die Philosophie der Aufklrung,
1998, 214-37.
92

.92
, - ,
, ,
Henri Carle.93
, 1839:
,
, , , ...94

: ) ,
, )
.
.
,
. Gibbon
,95 ,
-, Voltaire.

, ,

. , . . . ,
, :
1997, 192, . 192. . , ,
21. . .. , , 4 (1984): 95.
94
. ,
, 58-60.
95
. S.J. Barnett, Idol Temples and Crafty Priests: The Origins of Enlightenment
Anticlericalism, 1999, 84.
93

. Lord
Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648), Matthew Tindal (1657-1733),
Charles Blount (1654-1693) . Kant
, theologia rationalis. ,
theologia revelata,

(Weltursache)
(Welturheber). ,
, , .96
, Lord Herbert,
. ,

(revelationes falsae).
, (revelatio), (traditio), (historia).
, traditio historia
(a priori) , ,
.97
Voltaire
revelatio
traditio Lord Herbert
. , Herbert
notitiae communes, .
,
. )
, ,
Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Werke in zwlf Bnden . 4, . W. Weischedel,
1977, 556-7.
97
Die Religionsphilosophie des Herbert von Cherburn, Auszge aus De Veritate und De Religione Gentilium, . Heinrich Scholz, Giessen 1914, 56.
96

, ) , ) ,
, )
, )
.98

. , revelatio historia ,
. ,

,
. ,
, a priori , , o o
. Blount:
Before Religion, that is to say, Sacrifices, Rites, Ceremonies, pretended Revelations, and the like, were invented among the Heathens, there was no
worship of God but in a rational way, whereof the Philosophers pretending
to be Masters, did to this end, not only teach Virtue and Piety, but were also
themselves great examples of it in their Lives and Conversations; whom the
People chiefly followd, till they were seduced by their crafty and covetous
Sacerdotal Order. (C. Blount, Great is the Diana of the Ephesians,
1695, 3)

, John Toland

.
,
. , Toland,

98

. C. Blount, Religio Laici, 1683, 49.

.99 ,
, :
ur pretended Christians outdid all the Mysteries of the Heathens; for the
Honour of these might be destroyd by Discovery, or the babbling Tongue
of any initiated Person: But the new Mysteries were thus securely placd
above the Reach of all Sense and Reason. (Toland, Christianity not Mysterious, 1702, 169)

Blount , Grand Arcanum , .

,

.
,

:
[ ] ,
, []
.
(. 8.7.3-7)

, Blount,
. . ,
:
, Blount
, , . .
99

, .

,
(
)
, , , ,
.100
.
.
,

.

, .
.

.
.101 ,

, .
Voltaire
-

C. Blount, The two first books of Philostratus, concerning the life of Apollonius Tyaneus: written originally in Greek, and now published in English: together with philological
notes upon each chapter, 1680, 3.
101
F.A. Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus, 1873/5, 306.

. . Weill, Histoire de lide laque, 188.
100

. Dictionnaire
philosophique :

. ,
, ,
. Toland Blount. Voltaire
.102 Sermon
des Cinquante :
Il est impossible que le point dans lequel tous les hommes de tous les
temps se runissent ne soit lunique centre de la vrit et que les points
dans lesquels ils diffrent tous ne soient les tendards du mensonge. La
religion doit tre conforme la morale et universelle comme elle: ainsi
toute religion dont les dogmes offensent la morale est certainement fausse.
(Voltaire, Sermon des Cinquante, . Moland [uvres Compltes . 24], 1880, 438-9)

:
,
,

. ,
Voltaire , ,

. ,
:

. L. Wolff, , : , 34-5, 38.

102

, .

:
, , , . ( 4 38-9)

1843 :
, , , ,
; (. 2.246.22-5)103

(cultus purus)
(cultus spurius). ,
, ,
. , , , .104
, :
, , . ,
, , ,
-

, . (. 2.245.2330), , , ,
, ,
.
104
5.
103

, ,
. (. 2.262.15-20)105

, , , .
, ,
/ . .
, .

, .
, ,
,
, ... ,
, .
...
, :
. (
, 1839, 17)

.106 ( -)
,
. ,
,
.

. , , 96-7.
106
46 17.
105

. ,
, ,
.
: , , Patrice
Larroque Morale Indpendante.107
.
,
.108
, , , (1786).
.109

,
:
. , ,

B. Weill, Histoire, 189.

. . 71-2. . ,
, : 2000, 102.
Toland,

.
109
105, . .
107

108

.

, .
argumentum
ex silentio, . :
, . : ...
,
.110 : De Veritate Lord Herbert,
,
, ,
.
,
:
, , ,
, .111 ,
revelatio ,


.

, ,
. , , -

110
111

, , . , 253.
. , , 102, 105.

. , , per
contrapositionem , . :
[ ]
, ,
.

. (. 2.324.62-6)

.
, :
, , [ ], ,
, ,
, ,

, , ,
,
; (. 2.287.20-7)

:
;
, ,
, ;
.

.
. ,

:
,
, ,
,
,
,
. ( , 346-7)

,

. ,
. , , , ,
.
1786 1793
.112 ,
, ,
.113 -

:

. . , ,
(, , . , 1894, ).
113
. . . , 17911795, 1970, 225,
( )

.
112

.

,
.

. (, , . , )

,

:
; , , , ,
;
, ,
, ,
, ; ;114

,
.

,
.115 ,

,

. ,
, . , 471. . , 1791-1795, 207-24, 223,
- .
115
. , , . , 477. . ,
, 225-7.
114

.116


, . , :
. , , , , ,
.
, ,
. ( )

,
, , .117
:

.118 ,
,
.119


, . 1852 . . , . 86 . 151.
117
. 2.330.164-9.
118
. 2.330.65, 3.472.94. . .
119
, . , 112.
116

, ,
, : , ,
, , , .120
,
, , ,
.

,
(
), . , .
,
. , 1839,
, ,
. .121 Blount

Cousin .
Blount ,

, ,
.
Voltaire,
. ,
Voltaire, : toute religion qui nappartient qu un peuple est
-.
. , , 60.
120
121

fausse.122
, ideologues

. ,
Blount, ,
, . ,

(
), , , ,
, ( , Blount)
.123
,

.
.124 1851, :
, . ,
,
... ,
,
, , , .
(. 3.596.27-33)

Voltaire, Sermon des Cinquante, uvres Compltes (. Moland), . 24,

1880, 438.
123
Blount, Philostratus, 20.
124
. , , 219:
, .
, ...
122

, .

, .125
,
, , Chemin-Duponts, .126 ,
.
, . 127
,



, . , , .

.

Comte (Catchisme, 427): Malgr linfinie diversit des sectes

protestantes, leur commune adhsion la rvlation chrtienne suffit pour les sparer toutes de
lmancipation plus avance qui caracterise le deisme.
126
Chemin-Duponts, Quest-ce que la Thophilantropie?, 71.

, libre pense .
. J. Lalouette, La Rpublique anticlricale (XIXe-Xxe sicles), 2002, 128.
127
. 2.330.143-7.
125

5.

, ()


: , , , - .
-
,
.

,
, 1842 , ,128
. ,
,
,
.

.

, -

128

. , , 88.

(
),129 , . ,
,
. ,
,
.

() : .
,
.130


. ,
Voltaire, ,
. Blount
,

. Thomas Hobbes
.131
Victor Cousin Jules Simon
.
, . , . 214, 173a34-40.
130
. .
131
h. Hobbes, Leviathan, . R. Tuck, 1991, 226.
129

Cousin.132
,

Cousin .
Cousin
:
La morale et la religion se rattachent intimement lune lautre [...] Mais
quand lanthropomorphisme, abaissante la thologie au drame, fait de
lternel un dieu de thtre, tyrannique et passionn, qui, du haut de sa
toutepuissance, dcide arbitrairement de ce qui est bien et de ce qui est
mal, cest alors que la critique philosophique peut et doit, dans lintrt des
vrits morales, sautoriser de limmdiate obligation qui les caractrise,
pour les tablir sur leur propre base, indpendamment de toute circonstance trangre, indpendamment mme de leur rapport leur source
primitive [] Tel est le point de vue particulier sous lequel il faut envisager
lEuthyphron. (Cousin, uvres de Platon, . , 1822, 3-4)

, . Cousin
, .
,
. , ,
,
,
.
.
Cousin
,

132

. 3.386.1-5.

, . Cousin
(!)
(saint) (sacr).133 ,
, , , .

. .
, ,
,134
( )135 :
, .
(, , 21.11 Tambrun)

.

, ,
.136 , ,
-

Cousin, uvres de Platon, . , 7.

-.
135
, . . , 154, ,
.
136
.
133
134

: . :
:
, , .
,
,

. ( 128)137

,138 -
(),

( ) ,139 .

, -
,
.

, .140

() ()
.
o -

. 36 : [] ,
.
138
. . , , ,
: 1963, 25-6.
139
36 .
140
. . Siniossoglou, From philosophic monotheism to imperial henotheism:
Esoteric and popular religion in late antique Platonism, P. Van Nuffelen, S.
Mitchell (.), The Concept of Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Leuven 2009.
137

,

.141
, .

, .
() ,
,
. ,
, , , .

,
.

.
.

, .
,
. :
,
,
. ,
,
:
141

. , 14.17-31.

,
,
, , . ( 89)

,
, .142 , ,
,
.
/
- , ,143
.
, ( -),

.
, ,
. ,
Descartes.144 .

46 . . 90.
. , ,
( 85):
, .
. . , . 126
.
144
47 .
142
143

.

.

!145
.
,
.146

.
,

, .147 ,
.
-
. ,
:
, ,
,

. ( 106)

, C. Brandis
.
99. . 47 .
, 31.93-100.
147
. N. Siniossoglou, Plato and Theodoret: the Christian Appropriation of Platonic
Philosophy and the Hellenic Intellectual Resistance, 2008, 43-7.
145

146

. , , , :
Weit ber 200 Zuhrer von 12 bis 60 Jahren sah ich in ihm [im Hrsaal]
versammelt, unter ihnen mehr wie 20 Geistliche, und hrte drei Stunden
lang Vortrge Karis ber Stcke einer altgriechischen Chrestomathie (die
Goldenen Sprche des Pythagoras wurden erklrt), ber Sternstunde und
ber die Lehre vom Licht; in gleichem Masse angezogen durch den klaren,
belebten, eindringlichen Vortrag und durch die lebendige Theilnahme, mit
der er so sichtlich von einem grossen Theile der Zuhrer aufgefasst ward.
(C.A. Brandis, Mittheilungen ber Griechenland, . , 1842, 300)

Brandis
.
148 , :

, ,
.149
, Firmin-Didot, ,
,
.150 ,

, 172.
, , 399. . ,
, 111.
150
. Didot .
, 65: ( ),
.
148
149

-
.151
, :
,
, ,
, .
(, prol.2.1.1-4)

.152

.153 ()
: , ,
.154
.155 : , , .156


:

. 73-93 , . 1852
.
[. .. ,
, 4 (1984): 125-6].
152
41 .
153
. 68, .
154
, 1.1.1.
155
, 1.22.1.
156
, 1.17.3-4.
151

,
. , ,
. (, 94.3-7 Pistelli)

, ,
.157
,
: ,
.158
- - ,

.159 .
, ,
.

,

:
,
,
.160

. Hackforth (Platos Phaedo,

1955), 5, . 1. . 69c6-d2 , 1.19.4-7:
,

. . , 7.54.1.
158
383c2-5.
159
, 1839, 8-9.
160
. .. , ,
. , 448.
157

.
, .161

, , . -() ,
: .162


: . ,
.163
-
. .
.164
: ,
.165
:
.166 -

130.
, prol.4.1.
163
, 165. . , 242, 349b:
.
...
164
178.
165
50-1: ,
. . , 21.8.422.1.7.
166
, 26.6.5-6. 26.6.6-7: .
161

162

,
,
. --,
:

,
,
. ,
[] , ,
. ( 69c3-d2)167

. .
168 (sic) .169 ,
,
.
: ,
,
.170 ,
, -, :
, ,

. 67a-b
. . , .119 ..
, .
168
40 30.
169
, , 303.
170
. 179 .
167

:
,
,
,
[] , ,
. ( 176)

, Brandis : ,
, [ ]
.171
, ,
, .
.
,
corpus.172

,

,
,
.173 ,
, ,
.174
Brandis, Mittheilungen ber Griechenland, 300 ..
. 3.482.495.
173
. 2.253.56-9.
174
. 2.253.20-55.
171

172

, Cousin,
.
,175 , .
18

.176

.
: ,
:

[...] (. 2.324.87-90)

: ,
. ,
,
.177

, .
,
, , , , ..
, ,
,178
. 2.330.92-3.
, , 114.
177
3-6: .
178
.
, 16 45. . . 2.240.65-9.
175

176

,
,179 .180
,
.181
, .
, : , , .182

- ,
183 :
... ....
... .184 - , , , .185
,
.

40 33.
42 12. . . 176a-b: .
. 41 1: ,
, .
181
9 5: ,
, ,
.
182
100. . 23: .
183
. -, ,
111 Galanis, Thophile Kairis, 600.
184
, , . , 254.
185
9.
179

180

, -
.186

,
-

,
.
,
, .187
,
, ,
,

.
.
Cousin,
, , .
:
.188

. :
, .

. 27, 172-4.
. , , . 2 5 ,
, . 2. . V. Lossky, Thologie mystique de lglise dOrient,
1944, 21-41.
188
178.
186
187

,
.
,

.

,189 , :


.
, ,
,
:
[...] , ,
,
, . ( 52-3)190

, -

( )
.
190
. . 2.330.95-104: [ ] [
] , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
.
189

spiritualistes 1830
Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.
,
,

. :

, ,
.
. ,


1701 ,
,
natura naturans.191


.
. .192

. . , :
15 19 , 22003, 238-48,
, , Raymundus Lullus
.
192
. ,
, , 39, . 31.
191

, , . 1890 . ,


. , .193
,
.
,
.194
,
Cosmosophie Lecouturier:

,
, , .
(, 9-10 [812 ])

,
, .
,
:
, ,
, .195

. , :

193
194
195

. , , . , 1890, 177.
, 162-3.
, 176-7.

.196

, , .197 ,

. ,

.
, ,
.198

Victor Cousin
Schelling,
. , , ,
: ,

.199 .200
44 .
, 164-5.
198
. 13.
199
. 13.
200
.
. , ,
. . , .121
196
197

,
, .
,
, .201 ,


- .

,
,
, .
)
, )
substratum
,
. :
1.

2.

, .
.202

.138-141 ,
.
201
, 161.
202

3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

.

.203
- ,
.204

, , , .
: , -

, ..
.
203
. . ,
.
, , 142-3,
.
,
, , . , . 4 Berchman (8 . , Civ. Dei 19.23).
204
. -. ,
, , ( ) (
1178b7-1179a30). ,
. ,

,

. - : , ,

, , a priori
.

- - .

.
(8):
.
,
.

.

- .

8.
9.

11.
12.
13.

, , , ,
, : ,
, persona, , ,
, .
, ,
, .
205
, . deus
absconditus, ,
: est deus in nobis.

.

205

. , , 99.

,
.

,
.206
.
, .207
, ,

. Mathiez
.
, , .208
.

,
,
.
. ,
. . ,
, ,
.
. (-, 59).
208
Mathiez, La Thophilanthropie, 72.
206
207

.209
,
, . ,

, .210 ,
.
, . :

. ( 88)

-
;
, Cousin. Jules
Simon, Cousin . ,
,
,
,
,
:
Cette comparaison, en interprtant le mot de creation, le dtruit. Le monde,
dans ces conditions, est distinct de Dieu sans en tre spar Dieu, qui,
dit-on, ne pouvait pas ne pas crer, ne pouvait pas non plus crer autrement. (J. Simon, Victor Cousin, 1887, 40-1)

,
209
210

.
17. . .

- ,
.211 ideologues
-
.212 ,
, .
,
Mesmer.213 ,
-
, .214

. :

41a6-b6.
. . ,
. , , 71 ..
213
.
.. , , :
, : 1999, . 285-7,
,
...

,
. Mesmer / ,
(1829)
.
,
(. 2.250.1-10).
214
.
211

212

,
, .
; ,
, ; (. 2.260.24-8)

,
, Lamarck, ,
.
.
, , , , , literatim
, .

6.

.
,215
. , ,
.
215

. Aulard, Le culte de la Raison, 339-43.

, . ,
de facto
,
. ..
, ,
,
. !.216
,
. ,
.
.
.

, . 184042 .
,
.
,
1841 . (1849) (1852).
, ...

. [...]

216

, , 128-9.

. .217 , ,
, .
, 1852
.

1840,
,
. ,
,
. . ,

. . (
,
) .

.
, .

.218
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.. , ,
, . , 2000, 304-5.
218
. G. Van der Leeuw, La religion dans son essence
et ses manifestations, 1970, 260.
217

,
. , ,
, , .219
. , .
, ,
,
. , ,

.
,
,220
.221
,

,
- .

, , 384.
. , , 229c.
221
( : 1830-1880, : 2003, 110-11)
. 1901: ,
.
,
, . , ,

.
219

220

:
, , , , . ,
,
()
,
, ,
.

.
,
.
.
, , , , , ,
.222
, . :
, , , . , ,
,
,

; ,
. (, , 44-5)

222

, , . , -.

. ,
, .
. , , :
,
, , ; , ,
. (. 2.324.67-71)

:

. ,
,
:

,
, . (. 2.324.87-94)

- . .
. .

. ,

, , .


. , . :
[ ]
. , , !
. ! ()
. <> , ,
, ,

, ,
. (. 2.320.56-64)

,
,
1841,
.
, , ,
.223
,
, , ,
. , ,
. .
, , ,
..., -

223

. 2.254.276-9.

; , ,
, , ;224 ,
, , , .
. , .
o , ,
: , , , ,
.225 : ,
1843 ,
, , ,
.226
1839 ,
,
.

.

7.

.
.
. 2.324.37-41.
. 2.330.56-61.
226
. 2.302.19-24.
224

225

.
1790
, Ami du Roi Th. M. Royou, :
, ,
. ,

.227
,
. , .
,

, ,
.228
,
.
, , ; ,
,
-

,
. W.J. Murray, The Right-Wing Press in the French Revolution: 1789-92, 1986,
239-63.
228
. (, 1840, 144 ..)
,

.
227

, 1836 , .229

,230
.
,
,
.231
: ,
.232 233
.
, ,
. ! , , ,
!
, , , -

, , 150-1: , , ;
! ,
,
; ,
,
,
, .
230
, , 181.
231
, , 31.
232
, 188.
233
316.
229

1836
; , , ,
. (, , 181)

234
:

,

.235
,
. . . ,

.236 :
, . ,
, ,

, . (, , 185)

, , 182.
, , 184.
236

, (
, 1873, 26): ,
,
;
234

235

, : ,
!.237
,
,

.238
.
,

239 Sir Edmund Lyons, .

1839 , , ,
.240
, , 78-9: ,

,
.
! ,
.
(1837).
238
, , 31:

;
;
239
. 2.230.55-7: , , , , . . !
. . , (1833-1843), : 1997, 727-44.
240
119:

...
237

(10 1839) Lyons

,

,
:
The Russian Mission denounced him [ ] as a Deist but instead
of allowing the Greek Government to remove him from the head of the
school in a quiet and legal manner, it was arranged that he should first
be excommunicated by the Patriarch of Constantinople, and subsequently
as an indispensable consequence by the Synod here, and thus the Russian
Mission has led king Otho to recognise the very dangerous principle that if
the Patriarch of Constantinople should excommunicate one of His Subjects
the Synod here must do the same.241

: ,
Lyons, .

,
, , .
, 1842 ,


:
[ ] [...]
. ,
; , Lyons .. ,
, 4 (1984): 105.
241

, ,
, ,
,
.
,
[...]

. ,
,
,
.
.

. (, ,
, . , 1899, 494)

. [ ] ,

.242

.
,

.
,
. , , , 1828

242

, , 337-8.

,

, ;
, ex silentio : , ,
,
, .243
, , , .


.244
;
. .
,
, . , ,
.
, 1873, 29.
. Dinouart (. . ,
: 2007, 104-7),
, , .
, ,
.

.
243
244

, ,

,
,
, , ,
, !.245
. ( ) , - , .246
.
.247

,
.
,
.

. .248 ,
, , ,
- :
[ ]
, .249
(1841-43) : , ,

. 2.251.65-8.
. 2.251.80-4.
247
. , , 50.
248
. 2.200.6-13.
249
, , . , 249. . ( 1851)
, 4-5, .
245

246

,
, ;.250


1833.251
.
1833 ,
. , ,
.
, , .252
:
, :
, ,
.253
.
.
, 1839 1852

. 2.200.14-16. . . 2.288.27-31: ,
,
, ,
, , .
251
, ,
339.
252
339.
253
334.
250

1833.
-


,
.


.
, . ,
1833
,254 :


, , .
(, , 365)

, 1852, .
1850, .. ,
,
, ,

. , , 215 214:
[ 4 1833]
de facto , , , .
254

, : .
,
,
.255
,
(
) .256

. 1839 , , , .


. , . ,

. , 1838-39
, ,

.257
, .
)
)
,
:

, , 403-4.
,
1466
(. . ,
, 1978, 115-6).
257
, , 335.
255

256

, .

.

.
,
.
,
, , . , ,

.
, ,
,
(1839/40).
, ,


.
,
.
, 1839,
,
, .

, .
-

. . .258
,
,

.
: , ,
,
.
: ) Volens nolens ,
,
. )
, 259
, .
1833 , . , .
1833
, :
, ,
,
. . . ,
, ,
... (, , 9)
. ,
, 191, 204.
259
. , , 46.
258

.
1877-81,
.
1967
: --.

:
... ,
,
, , , . (. , .. ,
, 3)

.
, .260
,
Voltaire.
,261
,
,
.
. , , 191, 180-1 ,
, 112-13.
261
. ,
, 93-133,
-
. . . 22 . 9.
260

(1851) ,
. - (
) 1840.
.

, .
- , ! ,
.

8.

,
()
. 1812

,
.
, .
in extenso :
[ ] . , , , .

, , . , , (
) ,

, , ,
. ,
, ,
,
, , , , , , ,
( , ),
. ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
. ( ), ,
(. Le gouvernement) , ,
, , .
.
,
, ,
, ,

. , , , ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ;
( , 145-6)

- ,
,
.262 .
:

,
, , .
.263
,
:
.264
, ,
, () .
,
,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, . ,
.

,
(. Le gouvernement) .
262
263
264

. 85.
, 183.
, 186.

. ,
.

, .265
,
. , , ,

, :
,
.266 (
) ,
.
,

. ,
.
,
, . ,

. . , , 78-81 .
266
, 183.
265

.267
,
, - ,

. . ,
,
Henderson:
[ ] .

,

, 19 .,
,
, . [...] ()

,
(),

, , ,
(). (, , 44)268

. G. Giannaris, Theophilos Kairis: The tragic fate of an intellectual, 165

. P. Thetis, The Philosophics of Theophilos Kaires, 1960, 11.
268
. G.P. Henderson, The Revival of Greek Thought (1620-1830),
1971, 201 ( ): That obsession [with the traditional and the safe] was
reinforced powerfully by the Churchs alliance with the ancient language [] and by the romantic nationalism of which linguistic archaism was one aspect.
267

. ,

, ,

, ,

.

.
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
, . .269
,
.

, .
, ,

.
,
269

. , . 5.1.8.10-14.

.
270

. ,

, .
:
, ,
, .271

9.

1849 1851
. ,
-, -. .

, .
. , . 214, 173a36-40. . . 86, 88.
271
.. , , 4 (1984): 183.
270

(114).272 ,
,

.
1849 , .273
, 159
.

.

,
.

, :
,

.

. :
,
.
,
, :
272
273

. 3.548.
. 3.464.1-8.

John Locke,
.

Roger Bacon
. T
.

.
. - - .

.

. .
: , University Library Cambridge.
.

, 2008

"#

, 139.
.

, 140.
.

, 150.
.

, 162.
.

, , 166.
, 167.
, 168.
.

, 172.
, 196.
, 197.
, 198.
, 200.

, ,
, ,
, , .
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , , , .
, , , , ,
,
,
, , .

.
1.

, ,
, , .
2.

, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
, , , , , ,
, .
2

3.

,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
4.

, ,
,
, .

[1-7]

5.

,
,
.
, , ,
, , . ,
, , , , , .
, , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ,
..., .

6.

,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,

, , , ,
,
,
, .
,
.
7.

,
, ,

.
, , ,
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,

, ,
, .
8.

A
, ,
, , , , , , , .
9.

,
,
.
,
,

, .
10.

[7-13]

,
, ,

. ,
,
, ,
.
11.

,
, ,

, ,

, .

12.

,
. , , , .
,
,
, ,
.
13.

,
,
.

, , , , , .

14.

,
,
(10) ,
(11)
,
(12) , , , , , .
,
.
15.

,
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
.

, .
,
,
, ,
.
16.

, ,
, ,
,
, -

[13-19]

, , ,
, , ,
, , ,

, .
,
,
, ,
.
17.

, , ,
, .
18.

, ,
, ,
,
.
19.

, ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.


10

20.

,
, ,
, ,
, ...
, , ,
, , , , .
21.

, , , , ,
,
, ,
,
.
22.

11

, , , , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
...
, ,
, , .
23.

, .

[20-27]

24.

, ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
25.

,
, ,
,
, .
, .
26.

, ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
27.

,
,

12


13

,
.
28.

, , , , ,
,
.
29.

,
, ,
. ,
, .
30.

14

,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,

, .
31.

; ; ,
; ,
,
.
32.

[27-34]

.
33.

,
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
,
.
34.

,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,

, ,
, , , ,
.

15

16

.
35.

.
, , , , ,
.
,
, , ,
, , .
, .
36.
17

.
, , , , , .
, , , , .
37.

, , ,
,
,
,
, ,
, -

[35-39]

. , , ,
, .
38.

, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
.

18

39.

, , , , ,
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,

19

, ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
.
40.

, , . , , , ... , , ,
.

, ,
, ,
,
.
41.
20

.
, .
42.

,
,
,
,
, , - ,
, -,
. ,
,
, , ,

[39-45]

.
43.

,
, ,
, , , ,
.

, , ,
,
,
.

21

44.

;
,

, .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
45.

,
,
.

22

,
,
, ,
, .
46.

, ,
,
,
, .
,
,
;
47.

23

,

, .
,
, , , ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
48.

,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,

[45-51]

,
.
, , , , , .
,
, .
49.

24

.
, , ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, .
, .
,
, ,
.
50.

.
,
, ,
.
51.

,
,
,

25

,
, , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
, .
52.

26

, ,
, . , , , . ,
, ,
,
.


, .
53.

, ,
.
54.

, , ,
, , .

[51-56]

, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,

.
55.

,
,
,
,
, , .
,
, ,
,
, .

, ,
,
.

27

56.

.
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, , , , -

28

, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
.
57.

,
, .
,
.

, ,
, , , , .
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
.
29

58.

,
;
.
, ,
, , , ,
, , , .
.
, , ...

[56-61]

. , , , , ... , .
, . ,

, ,
,
,
.
,
, , , , ...
59.

,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ...
60.

, ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
, , ,
, .
, , , ,
, .
61.

30


31

, , ,
, ,
,
,
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
62.

, -,
,
,
,

,
, , , ,
, .
32

63.

, , ,
, ,

(14, 33)
.

[61-65]

64.

,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
65.

,
,
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, (33).
,
.

33


34

.
66.

, ,
.
,
.
,
.
67.

,
,
, , , , , ,
.
68.
35

, ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
69.

,
,
, , ,
, , , .. ,
, , ,

[66-71]

, ... ,
, , , ...
70.

, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ... ,
,
, ,
, , , , , , , , ...

36

71.

, ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
.

37

72.

, , , .
73.

, ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
74.

38

,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,

, , ,
.
75.

, ,
.
,
, .

[72-79]

76.

,
,

, ,
,
,
.
77.

,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
(68, 69).
78.

,
,
, , ,
, ,
(69).
79.

,
,
.
,
(70).

39


40

80.

,
,
,
, .

41

.
81.

, ,
,
, , .
, , ,
.
,
, , ,
, , .
, ,
, .
42

82.

,
, ,
,
,
, , .

[80-85]

83.

,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
.
84.

,
. , , , , , , , , ,
,
,
.
85.

, , ,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
, , , ,
, , , -

43

, , ,
, , , .
44

86.

,
,
.
.
87.

, .
,
,
.
88.

,
,
,
,
.
89.

45

, , ,
, .
, , ,
, . , ,
,
.
90.

[85-92]

, .
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
,

, , ,
,
, .
91.

, , , ...
, , .

.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, .

.
,
,
.
92.

,
, ,
, .
, ,
.

46

47

, ,
, , , , ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, .
, .
, .
, , .
,
, ,
, , , .
93.

48

, .
.
94.

, , , ,
, ,
.

[92-96]

95.

, .
,
,
, .

, ,

, . , ,
,
,
.
96.

.


, , ,
.
,
, ,
,
,
.

49


50

.
97.

, , ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
-. . , , ,
,

.
51

98.

, ,
,
,
.
, , , ,
, ,
,
.

, ,
.

[97-101]

99.

,
, , ,
,
,

,
,
. , , .

52

100.

,

,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, , .
101.

, ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, , , .
, , , , ... .

53

, ,
,
, , , ...
, , , ... .
.
102.

54

, , ,
,
. ,
, ,

.

, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, .
103.

, ,
,
, .

, ,
. , , -

[101-107]

, , ,
.
104.

,
,
.
105.

,

, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
106.

,
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
107.

.
,
,
, ,

55


56

,
, , ,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
,
.
108.

,
,
.
, .
, , , .
,
.

, .
57

109.

, , , , ,
.
,
, ,
, , , .
, ,
, , .

[107-110]

, ,
, .

,
.
110.

,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, !
!
, , , ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
, , , , . ,
,
,
,
,

58

59

, ,
.

, , ,
.
60

111.

,
, ,
, , , .
, ,
.
,
, .

,
.
, , ,
, ...
, .

,
.
,
,
, ,
, , ,

, .

[119-114]

, ,
.
112.

, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
113.

, , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, .
114.

, , ,
,

, , , ,
, ,
, .

61

115.

62

, , ,
. , ,
.
. ,
, ,

.
. , , ,
, .
116.

,

, , , ,
, , .
117.

, ,
, , . ,
, ,
.
63

118.

,
, , , , , ,
.

[115-122]

119.

, ,
, , ... , .

.
120.

,
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
.

,
.
121.

, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
122.

,
, ,
,
.

64

123.

, ,
, .
124.

65

, ,
,
.
125.

- - , .
,
,
.
126.

,

.
127.

.

, ,
.
, -

[123-130]

, ,
!.

66

128.

, , , ,
,
, ,

.


, , ,
.
129.

,
, , , ,
... ,
, ,
, , .
130.

,
,
, ,

.
.
!

67

, , ,
, ,
,
, , ,

,
.
131.

68

, ,

,
,
,
,
, .
132.

, ,
, ,
... , , ,
,
.
133.

,
, , ,
, , , ,
, .

[130-137]

.
,
, .
, ,
, , , , ,
.

69

134.

,

,


,

135.

, .
136.

, , ,
,
,
,
, .
137.

70

, , ,

, ,
,
.
138.

71

,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
,

, ,
, , , ,
. ,
, .
139.

,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
140.

, ,
, ,

[137-142]

, ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,

,
.

72

141.

,
,

,

,
, .
142.

,
,
, ,
, .
,
,

73

,
, .

, .
143.

,
.
, , ,
,
.
, .
144.

74

,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .

.

.
145.

,
.

[142-149]

,
, ,
,
.
,
, , .
,
,
.
146.

, , ,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
147.

.
, , ,
, , , .
148.

,
, .
149.

, ,
, ,

75

, , , .
76

150.

,
, , , , ,
,
,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
.
, , ,
.
151.

,
, .
,
.
152.

, , , , , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
77

153.

,
,
, .
,

, .

[149-157]

154.

, ,
.

.
155.

,
, , ,
.

.
156.

,

,
.
, , , , .
157.

, ,

,

,
,
,
,
, ,
,

78

, ,
.
158.

, .
79

159.

, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
160.

, ,
, , , .
,
,
.
161.

80

,
,
, ,
,
.
162.

[157-165]

,
, ,
, ,
, , .

, ,
.
163.

, , ,
,

,
,
.
164.

, , .
,

,
.
165.

, ,
;

,
.
, , ,
.

81

166.

82

,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
167.

,
, , .
,
, , , , ,
, ,
.
168.

83

, ,
, ,
,
, ,

[166-170]

,

,
. ,
, ,
, , .
169.

,
,

,
, , , , , ,
.
170.

,
,
;
;
, , ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.

84

171.

,
, , -,
, , ,
. ,
, .

.
172.
85

, ,
.
173.

, ,
, ,
, .
174.

.
175.

, ,
,
,

[171-179]

,
.
, , , ,
, , , ,
.
176.

86

, ,
,
,
, ,
,
, , , .

.
177.

,
,
, .

.
178.

,
.
, .
, , ,
, , , ,
, , .
179.

87

.
, , , ,
.
, , , .
180.

,
,
,
.

.
181.

88

, .
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, .
, , , .

, -

[179-181]

,
,
.
,
, ,
, , , .
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.

, ,
, , ,
.
,
,
, , ,
,
,
,

.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,

89

, , .

90

.
182.

, , ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
.
183.

,
, ,
,
.
184.

91

, ,

, ,
, , . , , , ,

[181-186]

, -.
185.

,
, ,
, ,
,
,

,
, .
186.

,
,
, ,
.

.
.

"#

 .
, 207.
.
, .
.

, 214.
. .

, 216.
, 216. , 217. , 218.
. .

, 219.
, 219. , 220.
. .

, 221. ,
222. ,
223. , 225.
, 226. , 227.
. .

, , 228. , 229.
, 230.
. .

, , 230. , 232.
, 233. , 234.
. .

, 234.

 . .

, 236.

.
.
.

, , 239.
, 240.
. .

, , 247. ,
249. , 250. , 252.
, 253. , 255. , 259. , 260. , 262. , 263.
. .

, 264.
. .

, , 267. , 268. , 269. , 270. , 271.

, 272. , 273.
. .

, , 274.
. .

, 277.

, 280.

[ -]

, ,

, , ,
,
,
,
, ,
, , .
. . ,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ;1 , ,
. ,
,
,
, .
. , ,

,
,
, ,
,
,
.

, , ,
, ,

, ,
.
. , ,
,
,
. ; ;
;

;

,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
,

.
.
, , -

[ -]

, ,
, , .
. ,
, , ,
, .
. ,
, ,


.
. ,
,

, .
. ,
, .
,
, .
. , ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
, .
,
,
.

. , , ,
,
,

.
,
.
.
,

,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,

.
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
,


,
.

[-]

. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
,
,
, ,

,
,
.
. , ,
,
,
. .
.
,
, , .
, ,
,

.
. ,
, , ,

,
. -

,
.
. , , , , , ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ;
1 ,
,
, ,
,
, .
2 ,
,
.
, ,
, ;
,
,
.
.
,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
,
,
.

[-]

. , ,
,

, ,

,
, ,
.

.
,
.
.

.2

. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
2. . , , ,
, 3 ,
. ,
, ,
, ,

,
, ,
, .
3. , , , ,

,

[1-6]

,
, .
4. ,

. ,
, , ,


, , .
, , ,
, ,

, , .
, .
, ,
.
5. , , ,
.
, ,

.
, ,
, , .
6. ,
, ,
, , , , .

,
, ,
.

7. , ,



,
,
.
.

8. , ,
,
. ,
.
.

9. , ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
, , .

[6-14]

10. ,
.
.

11.
.
.
.

12. , ,

.
,
.

.
,

.4
.

13. , ,
,
, .
.

14. .5 , ,
( )
. , ,

, , .
, , , ,
,
.
, , ,
,
, .
, , ,
, ,
,
, , , , ,
.
, .
.

15. ,
.
.

16. ,
.

.

[14-20]

.
17. . ,
,
,
, , ,
,
.
18. ,
, .
,
,
,

,

, ,
.
19. ,

, ,
.
.

20.



.

10

11

21.
, ,
,
.

, , .
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
, , .
, , .
, , ,
.
22. ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
23.
.
,
, ,

,
.
24.


.

[21-29]

.
.

25. , ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
26. , ,
, ,
.
27. , ,
, . , .
28. , ,
, - .
, , , , ,
, .

.
,
.

12

29. ,
, ,
, .

13

, , ,
.
30.
.
, .
31. ,
,
, , .

,
.6
32. ,
.
.
.

14

33. , , ,
. , , , , ,
, .
, , ,
, .
34.

,
,
, .

[29-40]

35. , ,
,
,
, , .
.

36. ,
, ,
, , , .
37.
, , ,
. ,
, .

15

38.
,
. , , ,
, ,
.
39. , ,
. ,
.
40. , , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,

16

17

,
,
.
41. ,

,
.
, , . ,
.7
42.
, , , ,
.
43. ,
, , .
44. , ,
, , ,
,
, .
45.
.

, ,
. ,
, .
, ,

.
,
.

[40-51]

46. , , , , .
47. , , , , ,
, .
, , . .
,
, , .
48. , , , , ,
. , , , , , , ,
.
49.
, ,
.

18

50.
, , ,
, , , ,
,
.
51.
, , , .

19

20

52. ,
.
,
. ,

.
, , , , .8
53. ,
,
,
.
54. ,

.
,
,
, ,
.
55. ,
,
.
.
,
.
56. ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,

[52-63]

, , ,
.
.

57. ,
, ,
, , , .
58. ,
,
, ,
.
59. ,
() , .
60. , , , , ,
. , ,
, ,
,
,
, .
, .
61. , , ,
, .
,
.
62. , ,
, , , ,
, .
63. ,

21

22

, , ,
, , .

.
, .

23

24

64. , , ,
(17), ,
.
65. , , ,
.
P,
. ,
, , .
66.
, , . , ,
,
, . , , .
67. , ,
, , , .
,

[63-72]

,
.
68. ,
.
,
.
69. , ,
, .
, ,

.9
70. , ,
, ,
,
,
.
71.
, ,
, , , .10
.

72. , ,
, .
, .
,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
, ,11 ,

25

,
,
, ,
.
.

26

73. ,
, .
,
. ,
, , , .
,
, .

.
,
.

27

74.
, .
,
,
,
.
75. , ,
, ,
(61) ,
, ,
, (40)
(25) ,
, , ,
(47) ,
,
, , ,

[72-80]

(59) ,
. , . , .
76. . ,
,
,12 ,
, , , .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

.
77. , , , .
78. ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
79. , , ,
, ,
, .
, .
80. ,

28

29

,
, , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.

30

81. , ,

,
, .
82. , , , , , , .
83. ,
, . , , , .
84. ,

, ,
, .13
85.
, , , ,
,
.
86. -

[80-90]

, ,
, , ,
,
, .
87.
, .
, , , ,
,
.
88. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , .
,
, ,
, .
.
89.

,
, , ,
.

31

90. ,
,
, .

32

, , .
,
, , ,
.
.

33

91.
, ,
,
,
,
, , , ,
, ,
,
.
92. ,
, .

, , ,
.
,
, .14

.
.

93. ,
, , , , .
, , , -

[90-98]

, .
94.
,
1596 , ,
,
.
95. ,
1638 , ,
1632, , 1646,
, 1679,
.
96.
, ,
, , 1632 ,
, , .
97.
, 1724 ,
1804 . ,
1762, 1804, .
98. ,

15 ,
,

. , ,
.16
,
, ,

.

34

35

.

.

36

99.
, ,
.
,
,
.
100. ,
, ,
, ,
, , . ,

, ,
, ,
, , .
101. ,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
, ,

,
-

[99-105]

, ,
.
102. , , ,
,

,
, ,
1766 ,
1805 ,
,
,
,
.
103. ,
, ,
.
104. ,
, , , ,

,
.
105. ,
, , ,
. .
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
. ,

37

38

39

, . .
, , ,
, .
, , . , .
. .
, , .
.
, .
, ,
, , .
.

, . , . .17
106. ,
,

, ,
,
,
,
.
107. , ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
.

[105-110]

41

.
.
.

.

108. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
109.
,
, , ,
,

.
110.

42

43

44

, , ,


. , , , ,
, ,
,
.
111.

,
, , ,
.
,
, ,

, ,
, , ,
.
112. ,

, ,
, .

.

113. ,

, , .

[110-114]

,
, ,

,
, ,
, , . , ,
,
,
, ,
.


,
,
, ,
,
,

, ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
114. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
-

45

46

47

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

, ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , , , ,
, ,
,
, .
115. ,

.
, , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,

[114-116]

, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.18
116.
, , ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , .
, , , . , , ,
.

, , , ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,

, ,

48

49

50

,
, ,

, .
117.

.
,


,
.
118. , , , , ,
,
. ,
,

,
,
,
,
, ,

, ,
,
,
,
,

[116-120]

, ,

,
,
, ,

,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
.
119. ,
, ,
,

, ,
,
.
,

,
.
120.


. , ,
, , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .

51

52

53

121.

, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, , , , , , , .
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,

, .
122. , , ,
,
, , , , , , , ,
.
123. , , , , , ,
.
,
.
124.
,
, ,
, -

[121-129]

,

,

, ,
,
, ,
.
125. ,
,
, .

54

.
,

126. , ,
(116)
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , .
127. ,
,
.
128. , ,
,
.
129. , , , , ,
.

55

56

57

130. , ,
, ,
, , .
131. , ,
, ,
, .
132. , , , .
133. , , , , ,
, , .
134. , , , , , , .
135. , , ,
, , , .
136. , , .
137. ,
,
.
138. ,
.
139. , ,
, ,
, .
140. ,
, , , ,
, .

[130-143]

141. , , , , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
, .
142. , ,
,
,
,
.
,

,
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
143. ,
,

, , , ,
,

, ,
.

58

59

,
, ,
,
,
(119).
.

60

144. , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
.
145. ,

, , , . ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , .
146. , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , .
147.
, , , , .
148. ,
, , .
149.
, ,
, , , .
150.

[143-154]

, ,
, , , ,
, .
151.
, , , , , ,
, ,
.
152. ,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
153. ,
, , .,

, ,


.
154.
.
;
. ,
;
,
,
. ,

61

62

63

,

, ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
155. ,
,
.
.
. ,
.
. , ,
.
. , ,

, , .
.

156. , , ,

,
,
.
(128).
157. , ,
,
. ,
,
, ,

[154-161]

. ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
158. , , , , , ,
, , ,
.
159. , , ,

, ,
,
. , ,
, , , (129)
. , ,
,
.

64

160. , ,
,
. , .
161. ,
, , ,
. ,

65

66

, ,
,

,
,
.
162.
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,

.
,

,
,
.
163.
,
, ,
, ,

,
,
.
164. , ,

[161-168]

.
165. ,
, , ,
. , , .
,
, , , .

,
,
, ,

.
166. , , ,
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
.

67

167. ,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
.
168. ,

68

69

.
,

,

,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
,
,
, . . , , , ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
169. ,
.
, ,
, ,
(121). ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,

[168-1716]

,
,
. ,
, ,
(161).
170. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
, , .
171. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
, , , , ,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
, ,

,

70

71

72

73

.
172.

, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, .
,
, ,
, .
173. , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
(122),
,


,
, ,

, ,
.
174. ,

[171-176]

, ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
,
,

,
, , , , , ,
,
.
,
,
.
175. , , , ,
, ,
,
, .
.

176. ,
,
.
,
, . , , ,
,
, ,
,

74

75

, ,
, .
177.
,
,
,
. ,
,
.

. ,
,
,

, .
178. ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
.
.

76

179. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , . ,
, , ,
.
180. ,

[176-182]

,
, . ,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,

,
, , ,
.
181. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , , .
182. ,
,
. , ,
. , , ,
,
, ,
,
.

77

78

183. , ,

, ,
.
.

184. ,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, .
185.
,

, .
.

79

186. ,
, ,
, ,

, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , .
187. ,
, ,

[183-190]

.
,
.
.

188. ,
.
, , , , , ,
,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
.

189. ,
, ,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
190. ,
, ,
, ,

,

80

81

82

, ,
,

,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, . , .
191.
, , , , ,
. , , ,
, . . ,
,

,
,

, ,
, ,
.
192. ,


, .
,
.

.
.

193. ,
, ,
, ,

[190-196]

.
,
,
, , .
194. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, , , , , .


, .
195. , , , , ,
, , , .
196. ,
,
, ,
, , . ,
, , .
,
,
,
,
,

83

84

85

.
, ,
.
197. , , , ,


.
.
198.

,
, , , , ,
, , . ,
.
199. ,


,

,

.
200. ,

, , ,
,
,
, ,

,

[196-203]

.


.

86

201. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,

,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
.
.

202. ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,
,

, .
,
, ,
.
203. -

87

,
, ,
.
204.

,
, .
205. , ,
, , , , , , .
, .
.

88

206. ,
, ,
, ,

,
, ,
, .
207. ,

, ,
.
208. , ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,

[203-211]

,

.
209.
.
.
.
210. , , . , .
,
, , , . , , , ,
, ,
, , .
.
211. , ,
, , ,
. ,


, , ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,

,
,

89

90

,
, .
212. ,


, .

,
, .
.

91

213. ,
,
,
, ,

,
,
.
214. , , , ,
.
,
,
, .
215. , , ,
,
,
,
, ,
-

[211-217]

. , , ,
, ,
,
,
.
216. ,
,
.
,
,
, .
,

, , ,
,

. ,
,

, ,

,
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,

,
.
.

217.
,

92

93

94

.
, ,
, , ,
.
218. , ,
,
,
, .
, ,
.
219.
.
, ,

,
, ,
,
,
,
,
. , , .
.

95

220.
, ,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
, .
221.

[217-224]

, , ,
, (184, 186)
,
, ,
.
222. , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,

.
.

223.

,


, , , .

.
224. ,
, ,

96

97

, ,
. , ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, , , .
225. , ,
.
, ,
,
,
, .
,
,
.

.
,

98

226.
, , , , ,

,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,

[224-229]

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , , , , , , ,
.
227. , ,
,
. , .
228. , , ,
,

.
229. , , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,

,
,
.

99

100

101

230. ,

,
,
, ,
,

,
,

,
,

, .
, ,
, .
231.
, , ,
.

, , ,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
,

,
, , .

[230-233]

.
.

232. ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
,

,
.
,

, ,
, , .
233. ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,

,
, , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
.

102

103

104

234.

, , ,
,
, ,

. , , ,
, .
,
,
, .
, ,
, .
235.

, ,
, . ,
,
,
, ,
,

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,

[234-237]

, , .
236. ,

,
, , ,
,
, , , , ,
, .
237. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, .
.

105


107

108

.
1
, , , :
, , ,
, .
2
,
, ,
,
, . , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , .
. , ,
,
, ,
. . , ,
, ,
, .
. , ,
,
, , ,
,
,
.
. , .
. , .
. , ,
, .
.
,
.
. ,
.
,
, .
. ,
, , .
. , .

. ,
.
. , ,

, , .
3
, , ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
.
4
,
, La Kabbale ou la philosophie religieuse des Hbreux par
Ad. Frank. Paris. 1843.
5

.. ,
. ,
. , , .
6

, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, , .
7
,
,
(Schleiermacher)
.
, ,
, , , ,
,

. . ,
, . , tudes sur le Time de Platon, par Th. Henri
Martin. Paris. 1841.
8
,
, , .
9
,
. ,
, , , .

109

110

111

10

, 444 , , ,
,
.
, , , .
. ,

,
.
11
, 500 ,
, .
, ,

. , ,
,
, , ,
.
, . ,

. ,
. , , ,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
,

, ,
, ,
, .
12

.
, ,
, ,
, 1843.
Sentences de Sextius philosophe pythagoricien, traduites en franais
pour la premire fois, . par C.P. De Lasteyrie. Paris. 1843.
13
, ,
()
.

. ,
.
. , .
, , ,
.
,
,

.
,
,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
, , , .

.
.
.
.
. , , ,
, , , .
, , , ,
, , , ,
,
,
,
,
, .
, ,

,
,

112

113

114

115

, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, .

, Histoire de lcole dAlexandrie, par M.
Jules Simon. Paris. 1845.
14
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
800
1200 1200 1250 1250 1600 .
,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, 1244
, 1315 , ,
, , , .
, Epistola de secretis operibus artis et naturae et de nullitate magiae , , . .
Instrumenta navigandi possunt fieri sine hominibus remigantibus, ut naves
maximae fluviales et marinae ferantur unico homine regente, majore velocitate,
quam si essent plenae hominibus navigantibus. Currus etiam possunt fieri,
ut sine animali moveantur cum impetu inaestimabili, ut existimantur currus
falcati fuisse, quibus antiquitus pugnabatur. Possunt etiam fieri instrumenta
volandi, ut homo sedens in medio instrumenti revolvens aliquod ingenium, per
quod alae artificialiter compositae arem verberant, ad modum avis volantis.
Fieri etiam potest instrumentum parvum in quantitatee ad elevandum et
deprimendum pondera quasi infinita, quo nihil est utilius in casu; nam per
instrumentum altitudinis trium digitorum et latitudinis eorum et minoris
quantitatis, posset homo seipsum et socios ab omni periculo carceris eripere

et elevare et descendere. Potest enim de facili fieri instrumentum, quo unus

homo traheret ad se mille homines per violentiam ipsis invitis, et sic de rebus
attrahendis. Possunt etiam fieri instrumenta ambulandi in mari, et in fluviis
ad fundum sine periculo corporali. Haec autem facta sunt antiquitus et nostris
temporibus, et infinita alia possunt fieri ut pontes ultra flumina sine columna,
vel aliquo sustentaculo, et machinae et ingenia inaudita.
Epist. de secret. operibus artis, etc.
, ,
, 1363 ,
, ,
,

,
,
, ,
, .
, , , , ,

,
,
, , , , ,
.
,
, ,
1570 , ,

, .
, ,
, 1600
. , , 1619
, .

,
.
15
,

116

117

118

.
.
1775 . , .

, , , , ,
,

.

,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , .

, .
, , ,
, , ,

, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , .

, ,
,
.
, .
,
,
, .

.
, .
.
, .

,
, .
. ,
,
,
.
,
, ,

, ,
.
,
,
,
.

. , ,
. , ,

.
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .
, .
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, ,

119

120

121

,
, , .
.

, .
, , .
.
, ,
.
, , , , ,
,
, .
,
.

, , , ,
, , ,
, , , .
, .
, , ,
,
.
, , , , , , . , ,
.
,
, , , ,
.
.

,
, ,
.
. ,
.

, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
,
, , .
. , , ,
. , ,

.
. ,


, ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
, . ,
; , ,
, , , .
;
.
,

122

123

124

,
.
. ,
; ,
,
.

.
,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, .
16
,
,
.

, ,
, .
,
, , ,
. ,
. , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
, ,
, .
17
,
,
. , .
. , , ,
, .
. 1786.
. . ,
. . 1795.

.
. . 1801.
. ,
. . . 1804.
. . .
1805.
. , . . 1805.
. ,
. . 1805.
. , .
. . 1819.
. ,
. . . 1816.
. . . . 1818.
. , .. , . . .
. ,
.. , .. . . .
. , . . 1820.
. , . . 1834.
. . . 1838.
. . . 1841.
. ,
. . .
. , . .
. 1848.
. , . . 1849.
, ,

,
.
18
, , ,
,
, .
,
. .
, .
, ,
, .

125


126

(Elementi di Filosofia di Pasquale Gallupi)

.
.
(Cours de philosophie par M. Ph. Damiron) . (Cours de philosophie par E. Gruzez)
.
, , .

-
( -) 1849
(. A3.542.44).
181
:
.
181. , [] ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
(. 3.457.16-20)

. , , (81),
(32).

. .

(1849)

8 (. . 3.542.45-7).
A
,

,
,

,
,

8
,
,
,


, ,
[...]

32 (. . 3.542.49-50)
...
...

32
[...]

57 (. . 3.542.47-8)
,
, ,
, ,
,
, , .

57 ,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.

114 (. . 3.548.4-8)
,


, ,
,

114
,
, ,
, , , .

Roger Bacon

(. 14).
. Roger Bacon (1214-1294),
Jean Gerson (1363-1429) Giordano Bruno (1548-1600).
Bruno
,
Spinoza. Bruno
,
, - .
Bruno
. ,
Gerson ,
,
.
Epistola fratris Rogerii
Baconis de secretis operibus artis et naturae, et de nullitate magiae , , ,
.
Bacon ( De
mirabili potestate artis et naturae et de nullitate magiae)
1618 (Ex Bibliopolio Frobeniano).
,

Bacon,
, Johannes Dee.
:

, Bacon
,
.

.
. Bacon
. ,

J.S. Brewer: Epistola fratris Rogerii Baconis de secretis
operibus artis et naturae, et de nullitate magiae, Fr. Rogerii Bacon, Opera
quaedam hactenus inedita, . J.S. Brewer, Rerum Britannicarum medii
aevi scriptores . 15, 1965 [1859], 533,
.
Nam instrumenta navigandi possunt fieri sine hominibus remigantibus, ut
naves maximae, fluviales et marinae, ferantur unico homine regente, majori
velocitate quam si plenae essent hominibus. Item currus possunt fieri ut sine
animali moveantur cum impetu inaestimabili; ut aestimamus currus falcati
fuisse, quibus antiquitus pugnabatur. Item possunt fieri instrumenta volandi,
ut homo sedeat in medio instrumenti revolvens aliquod ingenium, per quod
alae artificialiter compositae arem verberent, ad modum avis volantis. Item
instrumentum, parvum in quantitate ad elevandum et deprimendum pondera
quasi infinita, quo nihil utilius est in casu. Nam per instrumentum altitudinis
trium digitorum, et latitudinis eorumdem, et minoris quantitatis, posset homo
seipsum et socios suos ab omni periculo carceris eripere, et elevare, et descen-

dere. Posset etiam de facili fieri instrumentum quo unus homo traheret ad se
mille homines per violentiam, mala eorum voluntate; et sic de rebus aliis attrahendis. Possunt etiam instrumenta fieri ambulandi in mari, vel fluminibus,
usque ad fundum absque periculo corporali. Nam Alexander magnus his usus
est, ut secreta maris videret, secundum quod Ethicus narrat astronomus. Haec
autem facta sunt antiquitus, et nostris temporibus facta sunt, ut certum est; nisi
sit instrumentum volandi, quod non vidi, nec homini qui vidisset cognovi; sed
sapientem qui hoc artificium excogitavit explere cognosco. Et infinita quasi talia fieri possunt; ut pontes ultra flumina sine columna, vel aliquo sustentaculo,
et machinationes, et ingenia inaudita.

,
, , . ,
( currus falcati,
).
,
. , ,
. , ,

. ,

, .
,
.
, .1
1. - . Die Kosmographie des Aethicus, . O.
Prinz, : Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1993.

, .
.
,
, , .



1784

19 ,
. ().

1791

1801

18061807

, .
,
.

1808

, .

1810

1811

. ,
,
1812 ( 1928, 22).

1812

.
1821. .
, , , , .
: , , ,
1814 :
, ,
. , ; (. 1.1.1215). , , ( 1977, 41).

1817

.
. Firmin-Didot
.

1818

William Jowett .

( 1928, 38).

1819
[1820;]

1821

( 2003, 140).
, 10
.
. , .

1822

.
.
, .
.

. , .

( 2003, 141).

1824

().
Lord Byron, , ,
( 1928, 43).

1827

1828

: ( 1928, 51) 11 . - ,
.

1831

, (, ,
, ..)
. .

1835

: , ,
, ..., .

( 2007, 51).
, 50.000
,

( 2003, 142).

1836

:
... ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
( 1977, 44). ,
.
.

1837

: ,
,
( 1928, 58). .
. .
,
,
.

1839

, . .

( 1928, 110). .
. .
, . . (7 ) , :
, ,
,
,
.
, .
.
. . ,
. 21
.
. .
, 10 1840.
.

1840

.
.


, ... (. 1977, 71).

1841

:
.
.

1842

, , .
,
. ,
. .

1843

.
1

. , 1844 .

1844

. ,
.

1848

: .

1850

: .

1851

: ,
.

1852

: , ,
,

,
.
20 21
.
.
: 9 10
. ,

, .


( 1928, 195).
.

:
, . , ,
: Gutenberg 1977.
, . , . ,
: 2007.
, .. : ,
: 1928 (. : Gutenberg 1996 2000).
, .. , : , : 2003.

. , ,
1928, 225-9, .. ,
, 626 (1 1953): 1125-31 .
. , , 4 (1984): 125-38.

.. : .. ,
, 4 (1984): 182-201 , 5 (1990): 148-56.

1990
.

, . , ,
1840.
, .
, , , 1977, 106-13.
, . : 1828-1875, :
1995.
, . , : 1979.
Brandis, C.A. Mittheilungen ber Griechenland, . , 1842.
Carle, H. Un nouveau Socrate chez les Grecs modernes: Thophile Cairis, Almanach de la Libre Conscience pour lanne 1870, 1870,
27-35.
Galanis, S. Thophile Kairis: La thosebie en Grce au XIXe sicle,
58 (1987): 583-608, 901-29.

Giannaris, G. Theophilos Kairis: The tragic fate of an intellectual, Thetis 3 (1996): 165-76.
, .. , : 2007.
, , . 106 (21 1984).
, , . 129 (15 1953).
: (1799-1999),
(, 1999), : 2000 (8 31).
Firmin-Didot, A. Notes dun voyage fait dans le Levant en 1816 et 1817,
1826.
Henderson, G.P. The Revival of Greek Thought (1620-1830),
: Scottish Academic Press 1971.
Greek Philosophy From 1600 to 1850 (Review of E.P. Papanoutsos:
. , 1953), The Philosophical Quarterly 5.19 (1955): 154-172.
-, . : , : 2005.
Kari, E. Nikratos, Prlogo de E. Kumarian, traduccin de I.G. Glvez,
: Universidad de La Laguna 2006.
, . : , (), 26, . 2 (1851/2): 629-32 (. . , , , ,
.., .. , . , 1898, 248-54.
, .. , , .9 (1926): 1380-93.
, . , ,
: Gutenberg 1977.
(.) ( 6-9 1984), , : Gutenberg 1988.

, (.) (1988): 71-80.
, . , 1821-1833, . , 1939.
, .. , : MIET 1996.

, . : , : 1988.
, .
, (2006): 93-106.
, . ,
46 (1967): 184-200 [ (2007): 15-69].
, :
(8 21), : K 1993, 87-98 [ (2007): 71-94].
, . , :
2007.
Ko, .. (. . - . ),
6 (1967): 9-29.
, .. ,
1971.
, . , (1988):
19-31.
, .. (.) , : 2006.
, .
1821, (2006): 71-92.
, .. ,
: 2002.
, .. , 1989.
, .. : ; , ,
, : 2001 [1986], 325-351.
: , ,
, : 2001 [1986], 353-402.
, , . 626 (1
1953).
, . , . ,
1854.
, .. , (.) (1988),
191-206.

, .. . , 1953.
, .. : ,
: 1928 (. : Gutenberg 1996 2000).
Petropoulos, J.A. Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece 18331843, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (. .
(1833-1843), : 1985).
, ..
, 2 (1980): 1-22.
, 4 (1984): 78-103.

, 4 (1984): 104-14.
, 4 (1984): 115-24.
, 4 (1984): 139-58.
, 7 (1999): 78-146.
,
, . (2001): 300-06.
(.) , 11 , :
1994-2003.
,
8 (2006): 257-68 [
(2006), 107-122].
. , , . 5 (1955):
380-85.
, . ,
. 55 (/ 1985): 166-77.
. , 1889.
. , . . , . , .
, : 1998 [1908].
T, . , 1
(1946): 18-24, 83-9.
Theodossiou, E., Grammenos, Th., Manimanis, V.N. Theophilos Kairis:
the creator and initiator of Theosebism in Greece, The European Legacy 9.6 (2004): 783-97.

Thetis, P. (. ) Philosophics of Theophilos Kaires,

: Pageant Press 1960.
, . , 1840.
, .., , (2006), 3954.
, .
, (.)
(1988), 33-41.
, .
, (.) (1988), 61-70.

SUMMARY

Niketas Siniossoglou
Theophilos Kaires and the Sacred Philosophy of Ecumenical Hellenism

This volume offers a new edition of the two principal works by Theophilos Kaires (1784-1852), Gnostik and Stoicheia Philosophias. The two treatises assume at a surface level the form of philosophical manuals in the
doxographical tradition. Intentionally disguised as products of Enlightenment historiography, they present a concise account of the evolution of
philosophy from Orpheus to Voltaire. Yet their deeper intentionality and
scope is much broader: they function as covert and subterranean channels that convey under the pretext of doxography the core of theosebism,
Kaires philosophical theology. Kaires opposed theistic religions by combining tenets of natural religion and deism with the Platonic-Pythagorean
ideal of godlikeness. By advancing the concept of theosebeia Kaires seeked
to reclaim an archetypical and universally valid intellectual paradigm
from what he saw as an oppressive religious hegemony responsible for
transforming the sacred philosophy into an object of successive and systematic misappropriations.
Educated in Pisa and Paris, Kaires acquired an excellent command
of ancient and modern philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. After
heroically fighting against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence
(1821), he soon came to be regarded as one of the most important Greek
intellectuals and pioneers of liberal thought. Kaires philosophy and
teaching bear the trademark of the Enlightenment attempt to liberate
moral education from the control of clericalism. Indeed, his worldview
developed within the context of the fierce nineteenth-century intellectual

SUMMARY

and political conflict that took place in Greece between the representatives
of Enlightenment ideas on the one hand and the anti-Enlightenment
conservative forces on the other. Yet Kaires was no ordinary exponent
of the Enlightenment. Equally critical of any form of dogmatism and of
materialism, he foresaw the danger of Enlightenment ideas degenerating
into an anti-metaphysical and materialistic logocentric stance. The Theosebeia project endeavoured to function as the alternative, drawing at once
from the ultra-radical religious experimentations that followed the cult of
the Highest Being in France and the Hellenic tradition. Hence theosebeia
which Kaires defined as a power inherent in mans soul incessantly
striving to the divine recalls the of Plato and Plethon, at the
same time as being in harmony with the Kantian notion of Adoration
as appropriated and redeployed by domestic cults such as the Theophilantropie of J.B. Chemin-Duponts and Lalliance religieuse universelle, later
founded by Henri Carle.
Kaires initially introduced his philosophy to an inner circle of students
at Orphanotropheion, the innovative and progressive educational institution
that he founded in his native island of Andros in 1836. His combination
of original scientific research, liberalism and unfailing faith in progress
with utopianism and mysticism develops almost contemporaneously with
the analogous endeavours of progressive Saint-simonist groups operating in Fance, Italy and Greece. Kaires and the Saint-simonists share a
profound distrust for state authority in educational institutions as well as
for messianism and all religions claiming exclusivity. Instead, they testify
in favour of the unlimited potential of man to develop an inherent intellectual credit by means of scientific and philosophical discourse. Kaires
calls this the apeirotatikon power of mankind, that is, the natural tendency
of mans soul towards the infinite. Kaires identified a twofold mechanism
working against the development of this potential: the external yoke of
authoritarian institutions, and the internal yoke that alienates man from
the intellectual potential of his original constitution.
Stoicheia Philosophias and Kaires Correspondance refer to the struggle of
sacred philosophy for survival against oppressive mechanisms attached to
this philosophy and seeking to gain full control. These references transcend the Enlightenment context and revive intellectual landscapes com-

SUMMARY

mon to the clash between the Hellenic/Western and the Judaeo-Christian/

Byzantine paradigms. Kaires description of a universal sacred paideusis
beyond the partiality and contingency of all revelatory religions exemplifies strong Platonist-Neopythagorean elements. In particular his theosophy overrules the Orthodox distinction between created and uncreated
being, the exclusivity of religious revelation, as well as the desacralisation of the physical universe. Instead Kaires postulated the existence of
eternal and universal ideas that are revealed to the theosebist by means of
a philosophical catharsis and enthesis necessarily correlated to scientific
discourse.
It is the deeper trial of strength between this essentially Hellenic Weltanschauung and the Judaeo-Christian tradition that underlies Kaires clash
with the modern heirs of the Byzantine Christian tradition. Kaires repeatedly hints at the struggle of sacred philosophy to survive and flourish by means of elite exponents resisting the religious and educational
establishment from late antiquity until modernity, such as the Byzantine
philosophers Psellus and Plethon (the latters proto-deism anticipates
Kaires theosophy), and situates himself at the end of an intellectual tradition, with which he endeavours to re-establish connection in order to
ensure its continuation. Following the example of philosophers operating
within regimes that suppressed or limited freedom of thought, Kaires attempted implicit and visceral attacks under the pretext of philosophical
doxography and religious studies. By relativizing at the philosophical
level the authority and exclusivity of clericalism he aimed at helping an
ancient intellectual landscape resurface, one that is both archetypical and
antagonistic to the dominant one. In this respect his project develops as
a radicalisation of the philosophy of Victor Cousin, who had fallen back
on the study of Plato in order to challenge the hegemony of clericalism
in education.
Kaires educational and religious endeavours soon brought him into
conflict with those advocates of conservatism who had reassembled their
power after the ultimate failure of the Modern Greek Enlightenment to
complete its educational reform. Kaires withdrew from political life and
by the year 1839 he had broken all bonds with the socio-political establishment, raising suspicions: he provocatively refused the medal of

SUMMARY

honour presented to him by King Otto (1835), as well as his appointment

as Professor to the newly established University of Athens (1837). His
further refusal to allow any clerical or state intervention in his progressive
school at Andros, to which he had fully devoted himself, concurred with
increasing rumours regarding the domestic cult of Theosebeia. The Holy
Synod asked for the confession of his Christian faith but Kaires slightly
ironical reply led to his being brought before the Holy Synod at Athens
(1839). The Synod was essentially controlled by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the conservative Russian party, which opposed Otto
though participating in his government. Kaires refused to repent. For
a total of fourteen years his case was manipulated for reasons of political
expediency, while the liberal and the conservative sides of the Press collided. Kaires persecution entailed imprisonment in monasteries in the islands of Skiathos and Thera (1839-42), often under conditions of mental
and physical abuse, as well as his exile in England and France (1842-44).
During his exile Kaires organised small groups of Theosebists, the most
active of which were in London, Manchester and Paris, and published a
number of small treatises and pamphlets. The persecution culminated
with Kaires second sentence (1852) to two years in prison. Kaires died in
his cell a few days later, on January 10, 1853. According to one source, his
tomb and body were vandalised the next day. Nine days after his death
the Supreme Court completely exonerated Kaires and his comrades.

.

.
(Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, 1718-1791) . 17
(Francis Bacon) 96, . 14
(Roger Bacon) . 14
, . (Friedrich Christian Baumeister, 17081785) . 17
(Christian Wolff) . 3
(Giordano Bruno) . 14
, (Pasquale Gallupi, 1770-1846) . 18
(Jean Gerson) . 14
(Eugne Geruzez, 1799-1865) . 18
(Wilhelm Jacob Gravesande, 1688-1741) . 17
(William of Ockham) 92
(Philibert Damiron, 1794-1862) . 18
(G.W.F Hegel) . 15
(Duns Scotus) 92
(Immanuel Kant) . 15
(tienne Bonnot de Condillac) 96, . 17, . 18
(Victor Cousin) 98
(Charles de Lasteyrie, 1759-1849) . 12
(Gottfried Leibniz) 95
(John Locke) 98, . 18
(Nicolas Malebranche) 95

, (Thomas Henri Martin, 1813-1884) . 7

(Francis Hutcheson, 1694-1746) . 16
(Thomas Reid) . 16
(Friedrich Schleiermacher) . 7
(F.W.J. Schelling) . 15
, (Jules Simon, 1814-1896) . 13
(Adam Smith) . 16
(Francesco Soave, 1743-1806) . 17
(Dugald Stewart, 1753-1828) . 16
(Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann, 1761-1819) . 14, . 17
(Philippus Melanchthon) . 18
(J.G. Fichte) 97, . 15

.
,

.
18, 73-80, 88,
61, 134, , 172. . ,
, , 133, 173, / 108, 116,
176, 181, 162, 165, 157,
181
118, 226-231, 7, 30, 38, 166
32, 65, 68, 170-1, 177-181,
179
71, 106, 211, 216, 167, 118, 6, 38, 65, 128,
182, 226
88, 102
, 113, 112, 120, , 108, 184
, /
97
12, 24, 166 .
, 167
, 168-9
108, 113, 133, 182-6, 118, 228-9,
231, 232-7, 2, 7, 30, 38, 80, 176, 181, 184,
65
. 14

, , 22, 66, 70, 98, 110, 9, 26, 130,

153. .
127-32, / 132-8, 157,
/ 154
216, 34, 128, 140, 148, 157
. 14
, 131, 144
,
,
. 13, . 14
, 113
, . 13, 6, 181
, 118, , 113, 226, 116-9
181
, , 89, 104,
106-7
88, 93
, 113
159, 160-5
,14
108, 130, 181
3, 116, 231, 6, 128, 139, 147,
() 66. .
, 113-5
136
, , () 73,
() 97, 93, 92, . 14. .

86
, 108 , 7 , 36,
40, 136, 173 133,
108, 109, 113. .
, .

 TOY Y

,
,

,
2008
1.000
CHAMOIS,
.. ,