1. Decentralization of Administration vs.

Decentralization of Power:
Decentralization means devolution of national administration but not power
to the local levels. Thus:
Now, autonomy is either
decentralization of power.

decentralization

of

administration

or

There is decentralization of administration when the central government

delegates administrative powers to political subdivisions in order to broaden
the base of government power and in the process to make local governments
"more responsive and accountable," and "ensure their fullest development as
self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the
pursuit of national development and social progress." At the same time, it
relieves the central government of the burden of managing local affairs and
enables it to concentrate on national concerns. The President exercises
"general supervision" over them, but only to "ensure that local affairs are
administered according to law." He has no control over their acts in the sense
that he can substitute their judgments with his own.
Decentralization of power, on the other hand, involves an abdication of
political power in the favor of local governments units declared to be
autonomous, In that case, the autonomous government is free to chart its
own destiny and shape its future with minimum intervention from central
authorities. According to a constitutional author, decentralization of power
amounts to "self-immolation," since in that event, the autonomous
government becomes accountable not to the central authorities but to its
constituency.
(Limbona v. Mangelin G.R. No. 80391, February 28,1989,170 SCRA
786.)
2. Unitary Government vs. Federal Government
Unitary Government. One in which the control of national and local affairs
is exercised by the central or national government.
Federal Government. One in which the powers of the government are
divided between two sets of organs, one for the national affairs, and the
other for local affairs, each organ being supreme within its own sphere
BEDA RED BOOK 2014, p. 13, vol. I citing Nachura (2009) at p. 34
3. Piecework Contract vs. Contract of Employment
PIECE-RATE WORKERS are not regular employees. Their wages are based
on the number of pieces they finish daily. Though there are regular
employees who are paid through piece-rate system, the former, however, is

not secured by a written contract. This type of arrangement is a form of

flexible waging. Piece-rate workers retain their status for as long as the
management wishes. They can never be regular employees and can be
terminated anytime.
4. Contract for a Piece of Work vs. Contract of Sale
A contract for a piece of work, labor and materials may be distinguished from
a contract of sale by the inquiry as to whether the thing transferred is one
not in existence and which would never have existed but for the order, of the
person desiring it. In such case, the contract is one for a piece of work, not a
sale. On the other hand, if the thing subject of the contract would have
existed and been the subject of a sale to some other person even if the order
had not been given, then the contract is one of sale
Engineering & Machinery Corporation Vs. Court of Appeals and
Ponciano L. Almeda,
G.R. No. 52267 January 24, 1996
A contract for the delivery at a certain price of an article which the vendor in
the ordinary course of his business manufactures or procures for the general
market, whether the same is on hand at the time or not is a contract of sale,
but if the goods are to be manufactured specially for the customer and upon
his special order, and not for the general market, it is a contract for a piece
of work
Art. 1467, Civil Code
To Tolentino, the distinction between the two contracts depends on the
intention of the parties. Thus, if the parties intended that at some future date
an object has to be delivered, without considering the work or labor of the
party bound to deliver, the contract is one of sale. But if one of the parties
accepts the undertaking on the basis of some plan, taking into account the
work he will employ personally or through another, there is a contract for a
piece of work