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  • Dimensional Analysis: Application To Model Testing: A Running Car Experiences Fluid Resistance Known As Drag Force'

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    Nikhil Bagri
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    The document discusses dimensional analysis and its application to model testing. It notes that drag force on an object has two components - viscous and pressure drag. At low Reynolds numbers (Re), viscous drag dominates and the drag coefficient (CD) varies linearly with Re. At high Re, pressure drag dominates and CD becomes nearly constant. Dimensional analysis shows that at low Re, drag is proportional to velocity (u) while at high Re, drag is proportional to the square of velocity. The scaling of terminal falling speed with object size also differs between low and high Re. Model tests aim to match Re to predict full-scale prototype drag.

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    lecture 4

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    lec23_dimension4

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    The document discusses dimensional analysis and its application to model testing. It notes that drag force on an object has two components - viscous and pressure drag. At low Reynolds numbers (Re), viscous drag dominates and the drag coefficient (CD) varies linearly with Re. At high Re, pressure drag dominates and CD becomes nearly constant. Dimensional analysis shows that at low Re, drag is proportional to velocity (u) while at high Re, drag is proportional to the square of velocity. The scaling of terminal falling speed with object size also differs between low and high Re. Model tests aim to match Re to predict full-scale prototype drag.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views8 pages

    Dimensional Analysis: Application To Model Testing: A Running Car Experiences Fluid Resistance Known As Drag Force'

    Uploaded by

    Nikhil Bagri
    The document discusses dimensional analysis and its application to model testing. It notes that drag force on an object has two components - viscous and pressure drag. At low Reynolds numbers (Re), viscous drag dominates and the drag coefficient (CD) varies linearly with Re. At high Re, pressure drag dominates and CD becomes nearly constant. Dimensional analysis shows that at low Re, drag is proportional to velocity (u) while at high Re, drag is proportional to the square of velocity. The scaling of terminal falling speed with object size also differs between low and high Re. Model tests aim to match Re to predict full-scale prototype drag.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 8

    9/26/2016

    ESO204A,FluidMechanicsandrateProcesses

    DimensionalAnalysis:application
    tomodeltesting

    Chapter5ofFMWhite
    Chapter 7ofFoxMcDonald

    Arunningcarexperiencesfluidresistance
    knownasdragforce F f L,u, ,

    Weareinterestedtomeasurethedragona
    similartoestimatethedragontheprototype

    F

    2 2
    u L
    uL

    1
    CD

    Re

    Toconductusefulmodeltest,weneedtomatchRe,
    whichmayneedmodeltestingathighspeed

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    9/26/2016

    OurcrudeexperimentindicatedCD = constant!!
    Wecanexplainthisresult
    fromthedimensional F

    2 2
    analysis
    u L
    uL
    CD

    drag
    inertia

    1
    CD

    Re

    1
    viscous

    Re inertia

    o Dim.analysisindicatesthreeforces
    o Dim.analysisscales otherforcesw.r.t.inertia

    Dragforcehastwosources:
    viscous+pressure(orformdrag)

    Formdragbecomesmore
    importantathighvelocity
    HighRe viscous<<inertia

    2 2
    u L
    uL
    1
    CD

    Re
    drag
    CD
    inertia
    1
    viscous

    Re inertia

    Formdragdominates

    Re =0.1

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    Flowover
    cylinders
    atvarying
    Re
    Re =10,000

    9/26/2016

    HighRe case

    F f L, u ,

    Dropping

    Conductdimensionalanalysis

    F
    u 2 L2

    F
    F
    CD constant
    2 2 0
    u 2 L2
    u L

    AboverelationusuallyholdsforRe ~103 or more


    Themodelstudycanbeconducteduptothepoint
    whereCD reachestheReindependentvalue

    Example:modeltestingofatruck
    Model Prototype

    ForRe matching

    .991m

    15.9m

    70m/s
    max

    26.8m/s
    (100km/hr)

    uL m uL p

    um 429 m s

    Themodelspeedisincompressibleregimeand
    alsocannotbeattainedinthepresentwindtunnel

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    9/26/2016

    Windtunnelmodeltestresults
    um (m/s) Fm (N)
    20

    12.4

    25

    19

    30

    22.1

    35

    29

    40

    34.3

    45

    39.9

    50

    47.2

    55

    55.5

    60

    66

    65

    77.6

    70

    89.9

    ForRe >5105 CD becomes


    Re-independent

    Applicationtoprototype
    ForRe >5105 CD
    becomesReindependent
    Re p ,26.8m s 4.37 106

    AtthisRe, CD is
    Re-independent
    CD , p, 26.8 m s CD ,m ,Re>5105 .76

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    Fp u 2p L2p CD

    9/26/2016

    F f L,u, ,

    CD

    LowRe case

    2 2
    u L
    uL
    drag
    inertia

    1
    CD

    Re

    1 viscous

    Re inertia

    small inertia drag viscous

    Asdiscussedbefore,dragforcehastwo
    components:pressure(form)andviscous
    ForlowRe,viscouspartdominates

    LowRe case

    F f L, u ,

    Conductdimensionalanalysis

    Dropping
    1

    F
    uL

    F
    constant. uL
    F
    F

    0 uL constant u 2 L2
    u 2 L2
    uL

    CD

    constant
    Re

    AboverelationholdsforRe <1 (creepingflow


    orStokes flow)andisveryusefulforviscosity
    measurement,microflows,biologicalsystems

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    9/26/2016

    LowRe
    Drag constant. uL

    HighRe
    Drag constant. u 2 L2

    Athighspeeddragisproportionaltou2 whileat
    lowspeeddragisproportionaltou
    Inahighlyviscous(low Re) environment,itis
    verydifficulttostart/maintainmotion

    Summary

    LowRe

    constant
    CD
    Re

    HighRe

    CD constant

    Linearvariation
    atsmallRe
    Nearlyconstant
    atHighRe

    CD

    (loglog)
    Re
    Dragcoefficientforflowoveranobject(conceptual)

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    9/26/2016

    Dragcoefficientforflowoverasphere
    (experimental)
    Linearvariation(logscale)
    atsmallRe
    Nearlyconstant
    atHighRe

    Example:terminalspeedofafallingobject
    Terminalspeed:steadyspeedofthefallingobject
    whendrag=weight Drag constant.L3

    LowRe

    HighRe

    Drag constant. uL

    Drag constant. u 2 L2

    u L2

    u L

    Terminalspeedvariesdifferentlywithlength
    scaleforsmallerandlargerobjects

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    9/26/2016

    u constant.L2

    u constant. L

    u
    inertia dominated
    viscous dominated

    Terminalspeedoffallingobjectsofvarying
    lengthscales(conceptualplot)

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

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