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Content:
SOCIAL SCIENCES: PSYCHOLOGY
1. Nina Brunovsk, Zlatica Jursov Zacharov
18
29
43
55
6. Silvia Babaov
66
7. Eva Rakovsk
78
96
110
131
154
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178
190
PROFESSIONS: MEDICINE
15. Zora Haviarov, Viktor Matejk, Roman Kuruc
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I.vod
Celiakia nepatr medzi potravinov alergie. Ide o autoimunitn ochorenie tenkho reva,
vroden poruchu metabolizmu pri spracovvan lepku. Predpoklad sa, e chorobou trp
jeden zo sto ud, priom vea osb nie je diagnostikovanch (Ford et al., 2012). V poslednom
obdob vzhadom na lepie diagnostick monosti a lepie informovanie o chorobe poet
diagnostikovanch pacientov vzrast. Celiatick pacienti musia dodriava prsnu ditu, ktorej
podstatou je vylenie vetkch potravn obsahujcich lepok. Jej nedodriavanie me vies
ku komplikcim a zhoreniu zdravia. Celiatick pacienti pred zavedenm dity asto maj
problmy so spracovanm potravy, hnakami, zdvanm, chronickmi bolesami brucha,
chudokrvnosou, ale aj atopickm ekzmom a pod. Rosn et al. (2011) zistil, e pokia po
nasaden dity dolo k vraznmu stupu problmov, dospievajci ditu dodriavaj, no ak
viedla len k miernemu zneniu zdravotnch problmov, adolescenti, ktorm bola
diagnostikovan celiakia, ju v rmci spoloenskho kontaktu s rovesnkmi nedodriavali. Zd
sa, e obmedzenia spsoben celiakiou mu zniova kvalitu ivota det a dospievajcich
(Van Doorn et al., 2008, Samasca et al., 2014), pretoe deti sa ctia by in a izolovan, o
potvrdila aj vskumn tdia (Bongiovanni et al., 2010). Doba diagnostikovania a celkov
dka ochorenia poda Howard a Urquhart-Law (2014) m vek vplyv na subjektvne
prevan kvalitu ivota det. Jednotlivci, ktor boli diagnostikovan pred piatym rokom ivota,
lepie znaj ochorenie ako jednotlivci, ktor boli diagnostikovan po piatom roku ivota.
Kvalitou ivota sa zaoberalo viacero prc, napr. Veenhoven (1996), Kivohlav (2009), Kov
(2003, 2004) a in. Poda WHO je kvalita ivota definovan ako vnmanie vlastnho
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II.Metda
Dotaznkov prieskum bol vykonan na troch miestach v I. Detskej klinike Detskej fakultnej
nemocnice s poliklinikou v Bratislave, kde boli pomocou oetrujcich lekrov kontaktovan
dospievajci a ich rodiia, na poseden celiatikov v Trnave, u zkaznkov v bistre Raw,
Bistro&Shop. Nsledne boli zskan al respondenti pomocou online dotaznkov. Dta boli
zozbieran pomocou batrie dotaznkov pozostvajcej z: Child and Adolescent Perception
(Bongiovanni et al., 2010), CD-SMQ (Birminghamsk dotaznk seba-zvldania celiatickho
ochorenia (Howard & Urquhart-Law, 2014), dotaznk CD-DUX (van Doorn et al.,
2008), dotaznk KIDSCREEN-27 (Raven-Sieberer et al., 2013) a dotaznk ILC (Mattejat &
Remschmidt, 2006).
Prieskumu sa zastnilo 32 dospievajcich celiatikov. Priemern vek bol 15,2 roka (min. 11,1,
max. 17,9 roka). Dotaznk vyplnilo 7 chlapcov a 25 dievat s priemernou dkou
diagnostikovanej celiakie 6,12 roka. 43,75 % dospievajcich respondentov malo okrem
celiakie aj in potravinov alergie. Z hadiska rodinnho zzemia ilo 84,37 % respondentov
v rodine s oboma rodimi. Rovnak poet dospievajcich m kamartov, ktor maj tie
diagnostikovan celiakiu.
Zskan dta boli podroben tatistickej a deskriptvnej analze pomocou programu SPSS IBM
20 for Windows. Reliabilita jednotlivch testov bola zisovan pomocou Cronbachovej alpha,
priom u vetkch testov bola jej hodnota vyia ako 0,7. Validitu vskumu potvrzuje pouitie
viacerch medzinrodnch dotaznkov merajcich kvalitu ivota. Medzi jednotlivmi
dotaznkmi merajcimi kvalitu ivota u det a dospievajcich boli zaznamenan tatisticky
vznamn korelcie (Tabuka . 1).
ILC
-,754**
,443*
1
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III.Vsledky
Vsledky s prezentovan poda jednotlivch dotaznkov, ktor boli dospievajcim
administrovan. Na zver je poskytnut pohad na analzu vpoved dospievajcich po
diagnostikovan celiakie.
3.1. Kvantitatvne dta
Vina dospievajcich (71,9 %) sa vyjadrila, e dodriava dietick stravu. Doma ju dodriava
a 93,8 %, 31,3 % dospievajcich poru mimo domu celiatick ditu. Vedom dodriavanie
dity korelovalo so klou Dodriava ditu v dotaznku CDDUX (r = 0,379; p < 0,05) a to
predovetkm v polokch tkajcich sa ich pocitu z jedenia celiatickho jedla v kole (r =
0,362; p < 0,05) a pri draze na nutnos dva si pozor na stravu a jej zloenie (r = 0,415; p <
0,05). Podobn odpovede sa zobrazuj aj v dotaznku Child and adolescent perception
(Vnmanie celiakie u det a dospievajcich, Tabuka . 2). Vina dospievajcich nem
problm s cestovanm s rodimi a ani njs v obchodoch celiatick jedlo, no upozoruj na
problm njs kvalitn jedlo. Poloka Mm problm njs kvalitn jedlo koreluje s polokami
Rodiia odmietaj s tebou cestova (r = 0,404; p < 0,05) a Rodiia odmietaj s tebou chodi
do retaurci (r = 0,373; p < 0,05).
Tabuka . 2, Vsledky dotaznka Child and adolescent perception, (Bongiovanni et al., 2010)
Child and adolescent perception
M
SD Median Modus
Rodiia odmietaj s tebou cestova.
3,81 0,535 4,00
4
Rodiia odmietaj chodi s tebou do retaurci.
3,75 0,622 4,00
4
M pocit, e uitelia a deti ti nerozumej.
3,25 0,672 3,00
3
Cti sa v rozpakoch, ke si nos so sebou jedlo.
3,22 0,832 3,00
4
Cti sa nahnevan/, e mus dodriava ditu.
3,09 0,893 3,00
3
Nezastuje sa aktivt v kole s priatemi (kola v
3,00 1,016
prrode, posedenie u kamartov, narodeninov oslavy...).
3,00
4
Z dvodu alergie/celiakie sa cti in/ ako ostatn.
2,97 1,031 3,00
4
Z etikiet vie len ako uri, i dan jedlo je vhodn pre
2,75 0,718
teba.
3,00
4
M problmy njs bezlepkov a bezalergnne jedlo
2,66 0,545
v obchodoch.
3,00
3
M problm njs kvalitn jedlo pre seba.
2,22 0,792 2,00
2
Mysl si, e by bolo super nema celiakiu/alergie.
1,88 1,040 1,00
1
Vo veobecnosti ako presne dodruje ditu.
1,28 0,457 1,00
1
Na cesty si vdy nos jedlo pre seba.
1,50 0,762 1,00
1
Vysvetlivky: Dotaznk sa skruje na 4-bodovej kle, 1 = vdy, 4 = nikdy
Dotaznk CDDUX (Van Doorn et al., 2008) obsahuje 12 poloiek, ktor s charakterizovan
ako nedokonen vety a deti a dospievajci maj vybra emotikony, ktor zodpovedaj ich
aktulnemu prevaniu. Poloky s zoskupen do 3 kl: kla komunikcie, kla posudzujca
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Dotaznk ILC je krtky 6-polokov dotaznk zisujci kvalitu ivota det a dospievajcich
v poslednom tdni. Poda Kristensen, Hove (2013) a Bradley Eilersten et al. (2012) m
dotaznk dobr vpovedn hodnotu. Reliabilita bola meran pomocou Cronbach Alpha =
0,790 pre tento vskumn sbor. Dotaznk umouje porovnva hodnoty v troch skre pre
kvalitu ivota (QL). Problmov skre, skre QL0-28 a QL0-100 (Mattejat, Remschimidt,
2006). Zd sa, e slovensk dospievajci s celiakiou hodnotia svoju kvalitu ivota na nzkej
rovni (M = 47,99) a to predovetkm v oblasti fyzickho a psychickho zdravia (Tabuka . 4).
Poda vsledku problmovej kly ich posudzovanie vlastnej kvality ivota je problmov vo
vetkch oblastiach, ale poukazuje na ist diskomfort, ktor prevaj v svislosti so svojim
ochorenm. V porovnan s nrskymi dospievajcimi z vskumu Bradley Eilersten a kol. (2012)
boli zaznamenan vyie hodnoty v tzv. problmovej kle a vrazn rozdiely v ostatnch
klach, o me naznaova, e slovensk adolescenti preivaj niiu kvalitu ivota ako ich
nrski rovesnci. V kle kola, priatelia a aktivity s hodnoty podobn a tieto oblasti slovensk
dospievajci nepovauj za problmovejie ako dospievajci v Nrsku.
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M = 47,99 (12,986)
M = 13,437 (13,0)
M = 1,53 (1,48)
M = 1,91 (0,734)
M = 1,63 (0,707)
M = 1,44 (0,504)
M = 1,59 (0,665)
M = 2,34 (0,865)
M = 2,41 (1,043)
M = 2,13 (0,833)
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Diskusia a zver
Z prezentovanch vsledkov vyplva, e adolescenti s celiakiou dosahuj niie hodnoty
kvality ivota meranej v prezentovanch dotaznkoch. Kvalita ivota sa zd by zvisl na veku
(a dobe diagnostiky). m s respondenti star a m dlhie maj diagnostikovan celiakiu,
tm lepie subjektvne vnmaj kvalitu ivota v oblasti fyzickho zdravia (r = 0,480; p < 0,01) a
lepie hodnotia svoje priatestv (r = 0,469; p < 0,01). Zrove bolo zisten, e m lepie
dospievajci s celiakiou zvldaj dodriava ditu, tm skrovali lepie v subjektvne vnmanej
kvalite ivota meranej dotaznkom ILC (r = 0,517; p < 0,01) a dotaznkom Kidscreen v
dimenzich psychologick well-being (r = 0,459; p < 0,01) a kola (r = 0,431; p < 0,01). Poda
Bongiovanniho et al. (2008) dospievajci, ktor maj celiakiu diagnostikovan viac ako 5
rokov, si u vytvorili stratgie a ivot s diagnzou im neprde tak nron, ako jednotlivcom,
ktor mali diagnostikovan celiakiu pred 1-2 rokmi. Zrove treba poznamena, e pre kvalitu
ivota sa zd by rozhodujce, i dospievajci maj monos njs pre seba kvalitn jedlo. Tto
poloka z dotaznka Bongiovanniho (2008) vznamne skrovala s meranou kvalitou ivota,
predovetkm so klou dotaznka CDDUX Dodriava ditu (r = 0,487; p < 0,05), klou
"Ma celiakiu (r = 0,545; p < 0,001), celkovou kvalitou ivota meranou dotaznkom ILC (r =
0,594; p < 0,001) a so klami Rodina a autonmia (r = 0,613; p < 0,001) a kola a uenie
(r = 0,381; p < 0,05) dotaznka KIDSCREEN 27. Rovnako poloky, ktor sa tkali vzahu uitea,
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Referencie a citcie
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
BONGIOVANNI, T. R., CLARK, A. L., GARNETT, E. A., WOJCICKI, J. M., & HEYMAN, M. B.
2010. Impact of Gluten-free Camp on Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with
Celiac Disease. Pediatrics, 125(3), e525e529. http://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1862
BRUNOVSK, N. 2016. Kvalita ivota det s celiakiou. Bakalrska prca. Univerzita
Komenskho. Pedagogick fakulta. Katedra psycholgie a patopsycholgie. Vedci
bakalrskej prce: Mgr. Zlatica Jursov Zacharov, PhD. Bratislava: Pedagogick fakulta
UK. 2016, 64 s.BRADLEY EILERSTEN, M. E., JOZEFIAK, T., RANNESTAD, T., INDREDAVIK,
M, S. VIK, T. 2012 Quality of live in children and adolescent surviving cancer. European
Journal of Oncology Nursing 16 (2012) 185-193. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2011.08.001
FORD, S., HOWARD, R., OYEBODE, J. 2012. Psychological aspects of coeliac disease: A
cross-sectional survey of a UK population. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2012,
17, s. 743-757. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02069.x
HOWARD, R.A. & URGUHART-LAW, G. 2014. Psychological well-being of children and
young people with coeliac disease: Management and intervention. C. Martin & T. Dovey
(Eds) Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Psychosocial Perspective. Radcliffe
Publishing.
KOV, D. 2003. Quality of life: A paradigmatic challenge to psychology. Studia
psychologica, Ro. 45, . 3, s. 81-101
KOV, D. 2004. Quality of life: A megaconcept of coming poque. Psychology Science, Ro.
46, Prloha I, s. 167-186. [online]. [citovan 22.3.2016].Dostupn na internete
http://www.pabst-publishers.de/psychology-science/supp01-2004/ps_supp1_2004_167186.pdf
KRISTENSEN, H., HOVE, P. 2013. Mleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Inventory
of Life Quality in Children and Adolescents (ILC). PsykTestBarn 2013, 1:5, Dostupn
online: http://www.r-bup.no/CMS/ptb.nsf/pages/ilc?open&ql=fulltekst
KIVOHLAV, J. 2009. Psychologie zdrav. Praha : Portl. 279 s. ISBN 978-80-7367-568-4
MATTEJAT F, REMSCHMIDT H: Das Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualitt bei
Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) [The inventory of life quality in children and adolescents
(ILC)]. 2006, Bern: Verlag Hans Hube
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I.vod
Diea vstupujce do kolskho prostredia je nten prispsobi sa poiadavkm, ktor s na
neho kladen. Tieto vychdzaj nielen zo veobecne stanovench cieov vchovy
a vzdelvania, ale i z predstavy idelneho iaka i iaky, ktor v danej kole panuje (Havlk,
Koa, 2002). Ak diea do tejto schmy nezapad, odliuje sa nejakm spsobom od v kole
explicitne i implicitne stanovej normy a teda aj od oakvan uiteov a uiteliek, bva
astokrt oznaovan ako problmov. Ide predovetkm o odlinosti v oblasti prce
a sprvania sa v kole, ale vznamn mu by aj rozdiely v spsoboch poznvania,
v emocionlnych reakcich i vonkajom vzhade (Vgnerov, 2005). V kole to teda me
ma ak kad, kto sa istm spsobom vymyk sivmu priemeru. Uitelia a uiteky
opisuj problmovos vychdzajcu z odlinost sptch s prostredm, z ktorho deti
pochdzaj a v ktorom ij (napr. deti zo socilne znevhodujceho prostredia), ale i ako
nerepektovanie stanovench pravidiel a poruovanie vntornho poriadku koly i ako
diagnzu, ktor men spsob, akm s nimi treba pracova (poruchy pozornosti a sprvania,
hyperaktivita, vvinov poruchy uenia i odchlky v celkovej rovni inteligencie). Poda
iakov a iaok maj akosti v kole t, ktor s viditene odlin od ostatnch (cudzinci, telesne
i mentlne postihnut, fyzicky neatraktvni) ale i deti odliujce sa schopnosami (dosahujce
nadpriemern i podpriemern vsledky, deti s vvinovou poruchou uenia...), deti
s nevhodne zvolenm prstupom k vzdelaniu (nedostaton ale i nadmern zujem o uenie)
ale i deti odlin osobnostnmi a rodinnmi charakteristikami (napr. zkostn deti)
(Lemeov, 2012). V naom prspevku sa zameriame na skupinu det, ktor s akosami
v kole spjaj nielen uitelia a uiteky ale i iaci a iaky deti s vvinovmi poruchami
uenia. Zaujmalo ns, ako oni samotn vnmaj kolsk nroky a svoje postavenie v kole a i
ich vnmanie zodpoved tomu, ako to vidia ostatn aktri kolskho ivota.
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IV.Charakteristika vskumu
Hlavnm cieom realizovanho vskumu bolo z vpoved det s vvinovou poruchou uenia,
ktor aktulne navtevuj zkladn kolu, odhali, ako vnmaj svoje postavenie a zvldanie
nrokov koly. Zaoberme sa tie oblasou vnmania seba samho, ale i tm, ako tto skupina
det vnma svoju rodinu, priateov, kolu a okolie a ak rozdiely mono njs medzi demi s a
bez vvinovej poruchy uenia. Sname sa odpoveda na mnoh otzky vyplvajce z hlavnch
oblast, ktorm sa vskum venoval (kvality vzahov s vrstovnkmi, vnmania kolskho
prostredia, kolskch vsledkov a zvldanie nespechov v kole a i). V prspevku sa poksime
odpoveda na niektor z nich: Je ivotn spokojnos det s vvinovou poruchou uenia niia
ako u det bez tejto poruchy? Maj tieto deti niiu sebadveru? A ak je ich sebahodnotenie
v porovnan s demi bez vvinovej poruchy uenia? Povauj sa za kolsky menej spen? S
rozdiely v sebahodnoten vzhadom na pohlavie?
Vskumn vzorku tvorilo 98 det vo veku od 10-15 rokov navtevujcich 4. a 9. ronk z
rznych zkladnch kl z celho Slovenska. 61 det malo diagnostikovan vvinov poruchu
uenia a 37 det bolo bez vvinovej poruchy uenia. Skupinu det s vvinovou poruchou uenia
tvorilo 44 chlapcov (72 %) a 17 dievat (28 %). Tento nhodn vber potvrdzuje pomer dievat
a chlapcov s vvinovou poruchou uenia v kolskom roku 2015/2016, ktor sme uviedli vyie.
Chlapcov, ktorm bola diagnostikovan porucha uenia, bolo 2 3-krt viac ako dievat.
Z pohadu samotnej poruchy malo 46 % det zmiean vvinov poruchu uenia, 33 % det
izolovan, 13 % zmiean vvinov poruchu uenia spolu s ADD alebo ADHD a 8 % izolovan
vvinov poruchu uenia s ADD alebo ADHD. Pomer dievat a chlapcov bol skupine det bez
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Dotaznk sebapoatia
kolskej spenosti SPAS III.
Multidimenzionl
na kla ivotnej
spokojnosti pre
deti
Metda
Rodina
Priatelia
kola
Okolie
Sebahodnotenie
Celkov ivotn
spokojnos
Veobecn
schopnosti
Matematika
tanie
Pravopis
Psanie
Sebadvera
Celkov
sebapoatie
kolskej spenosti
Deti s
VPU
priemer
Deti
s VPU
SD
Deti bez
VPU
priemer
Deti
bez
VPU
SD
T-test
p < 0,05
25,70
28,39
17,26
24,44
20,02
3,24
5,13
4,49
4,55
3,00
26,41
28,86
18,73
25,62
19,89
3,75
3,28
4,79
3,81
3,23
0,349
0,581
0,137
0,172
0,850
74,59
21,48
176,22
21,47
0,717
2,03
1,62
3,27
2,05
0,003
3,43
2,84
1,97
2,66
2,54
2,60
2,56
2,11
2,08
1,63
5,43
5,51
3,11
4,70
3,51
2,32
2,32
3,02
2,48
2,22
0,000
0,000
0,048
0,000
0,024
15,46
7,35
25,54
9,58
0,000
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Zver
Sebapoatie dieaa v kolskom veku je urovan predovetkm tm, o diea doke (an,
2010). kolsk spech m pre neho tak vznam, ak mu prisudzuje okolie, jeho rodiia,
uitelia a uiteky, kamarti a kolsk kolektv, v ktorom funguje. Celkov sebaobraz dieaa
vemi vplva aj na jeho vkon v inch, nielen kolskch innostiach a na motivciu k rznym
aktivitm. Zotrvanos sebahodnotenia u det je tak asto z dvodu rigidity postojov okolia
dlhodob a nemen sa. Ke nie je jasn, ako jednotlivec hodnot sm seba, je podstatn, e
vnmanie seba samho do znanej miery ovplyvuje jeho vzahy k druhm uom, taktie typ
socilnej innosti a mieru zkosti v rznych situcich (Matjek, Vgnerov, 1992). Existuje
veobecn tendencia k stlosti vnemov a predstv, ktor sa vzahuj na seba samho.
Sebapoatie potrebuje stlu a pevn truktru, kee zmeny v sebapoat mu spsobova
u jednotlivca neistotu (Balcar, 1983). Ako sa ukzalo aj v naom vskume, deti s vvinovou
poruchou uenia maj niiu sebadveru ako deti bez vvinovej poruchy uenia a povauj sa
tie za kolsky menej spen. Jasne vyjadruj priny svojich nespechov a vymenvaj
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Referencie a citcie
(1) BALCAR, K. 1983. vod do studia psychologie osobnosti. 1. vyd. Praha: SPN, 1983. 231 s.
(2) BELKOV, V. 2004. Podiel koly a rodiny na nprave dyslexie. 1. vyd. Bansk Bystrica:
Univerzita Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, 2004. 76 s. ISBN 80-8055-991-0.
(3) BONIFACCI, P., STORTI, M., TOBIA, B., SUARDI, A. 2015. Specific Learning Disorders A
Look Inside Childrens and Parents Psychological Well-Being and Realtionships. In
Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2015. . 1.
(4) CZUDOWSKI-MARDELL,C. 2001. The top ten predictors for identifying young children at
risk. In Thalamus, ro. 19. 2001, . I, s. 34-40.
(5) ELBAUM, B. 2002. The Self-Concept of Students with Learning Disabilities: A MetaAnalysis of Comparisons Across Different Placement. In: Learning Disabilities, ro. 17,
2002. . 4, s. 216-226.
(6) GALLEGOS, J., LANGLEY, A., VILLEGAS, D. 2012. Anxiety, Depression, and Coping Skills
Among Mexican School Children. In Journal of Learning Disabilities, ro. 35, 2012. . 1, s.
54-61.
(7) HARARKOV, T. 2010. Zklady pedagogiky jednotlivcov so pecifickmi poruchami
uenia. 1. vyd. Bratislava: IRIS, 2010. 141 s. ISBN 978-80-89238-31-6.
(8) HARARKOV, T., PREUCHOV-TEFANOVIOV, A., GOGOV, T., UOROV, V. 2013.
Pedagogika det s poruchami uenia, sprvania a autizmom ranho a predkolskho
veku. 1. vyd. Bratislava: IRIS, 2013. 146 s. ISBN 978-80-89238-89-7.
(9) HARTL, P., HARTLOV, H. 2000. Psychologick slovnk. 1. vyd. Praha: Portl, 2000. 776 s.
ISBN 80-7178-303-X.
(10) HAVLK, R., KOA, J. 2002. Sociologie vchovy a koly. Praha: Portl, 2002. 184 s. ISBN
80-7178-635-7.
(11) HUEBNER, E. S. 1994. Preliminary Development and Validation of a Multidimensional
Life Sadisfaction Scale for Children. In American Psychology Association, ro. 6, 1994. .
2, s. 149-158.
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I.vod
Medzi lohy uitea by mala patri schopnos rozli, i ide o diea, ktor sa sna svojimi
nevhodnmi prejavmi, impulzivitou i nepokojom ventilova svoju vntorn nepohodu alebo
i ide o prejavy poruchy pozornosti a hyperaktivity. Mali by dobre porozumie diagnostike,
etiolgii, pozna prejavy. Deti s touto poruchou sa nesprvaj zmerne nevhodne, a preto si
vyaduj pecifick prstup a porozumenie. Sprvna spoluprca me pomc deom aj
uiteom prekona stres. Avak treba zdrazni, e znan aktivita a ivos je u det
predkolskho veku ben. Aktvne a iv diea ete neznamen, e je hyperaktvne v zmysle
poruchy.
Poda americkho klasifikanho systmu chorb DSM V (Diagnostick a tatistick manul
duevnch chorb, piata revzia) je porucha pozornosti u det oznaen ako ADHD (Attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder) a poda eurpskeho systmu MKCH (10) ako hyperkinetick
syndrm. Hoci v prci pouvame pojem ADHD, na Slovensku v diagnostike dominuje
pouvanie klasifikanho systmu MKCH (10), ktor je striktnej ako DSM (V). Medzi
klasifikanmi systmami existuj rozdiely, o sa tka nzvu poruchy, vymedzenia
diagnostickch kritri, symptomatiky, subtypov a pridruench chorb, ich bliie porovnanie
uvdzame v tabuke . 1.
Poda Munden a Arcelus (2008, s. 47) ADHD je klasickm prkladom bio-psycho-socilnej
poruchy. Symptmy s vsledkom jedinenho biologickho a psychickho strojenstva
jednotlivca, jeho ivotnch sksenost a vplyvu prostredia, v ktorom sa nachdza.
Charakteristickou rtou tejto neurovvinovej poruchy je multikauzlna podmienenos, poda
ktorej sa mus stretn viac prin, aby sa syndrm rozvinul. Medzi zkladn symptmy
poruchy pozornosti patria: naruen autoregulcia, tenacita, vigilita, distribcia aj selektvna
pozornos. Hyperaktivita sa prejavuje neustlym chronickm nepokojom, a asto
bezelovm pohybom (Svoboda, Krejov, Vgnerov, 2001). Impulzivita je charakteristick
neschopnosou vhodnej i nevhodnej reakcie na impulz (Munden, Arcelus, 2008).
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5 6 %
Diagnostick kritri
Hyperkinetick syndrm
poda MKCH (10)
12%
6/9
6/9 povinne
6/9
0 povinne
2 - 3 (v kole, doma)
3/5 povinne
1/4 povinne
2 - 3 (v kole, doma)
Od 6 - 12 rokov
6-7
1.1.
ADHD v predkolskom veku
Symptmy sa u dieaa zva objavuj alebo zhoruj vtedy, ke sa diea ocit v situcii, pre
ktor je potrebn sstredenos, duevn silie, alebo pri jednostrannch, pre deti nudnch
aktivitch i v prostred s vm mnostvom psobiacich podnetov (krdlkov, 2015).
Symptmy poas ivota pribdaj i ubdaj, ale celkovo nie je mon ADHD odstrni
(Munden, Arcelus, 2008).
Diea predkolskho veku s ADHD je iv, neposedn, mus by stle pod dohadom (Murga,
et al., 2011). uba (2009) dodva, e u 50 % det s ADHD je prtomn tzv. syndrm
neobratnho dieaa, kedy u dieaa pozorujeme jemn naruenie motorickch schopnost,
o Konekov (2004) popisuje slovami nekoordinovan a neikovn. Tie uvdza, e s ast
razy kvli neovldatenej aktivite. Poda kritri pre ADHD diea neustle rozprva, aj
bezdvodne. V predkolskom obdob je vak normlne, e deti si stle nieo rozprvaj i
spievaj, zva sami pre seba, preto sa d o tomto prejave ADHD v predkolskom obdob
pochybova. U zdravch det sa zana rozirova asov predstavivos (vera, zajtra)
(Langmeier, Krejov, 2006), v porovnan s demi s poruchou, s to deti prtomnosti, maj
problm s asom, s netrpezliv (Lipnick, 2001/2002). V predkolskom obdob sa vyvjaj
socilne kontroly, normy sprvania, diea doke prostrednctvom vntornej rei ovlda
svoje nhle impulzy a poslchnu prkazy (Langmeier, Krejov, 2006). Diea s ADHD nie je
tieto normy schopn dodriava, ich osvojovanie je oneskoren, nevedia ovlda svoje
momentlne impulzy (Konekov, 2004). Vo veku dva a tyri roky je normlne obdobie
vzdoru, aj ke niekedy pretrv do predkolskho veku (krdlkov, 2015). U ADHD sa
vzdorovit sprvanie stupuje (Munden, Arcelus, 2008). Deti s ADHD maj problm s
empatiou, pretoe ne sa stihne diea vcti do druhho, jeho pozornos si zskaj alie
podnety (krdlkov, 2015). Deti s poruchou s pri hre impulzvne a agresvne, roztrit,
neriadia sa pravidlami, nevydria do konca, asto nedoku spolupracova a hraj sa radej
sam. Najradej maj pohybov hry (Konekov, 2004).
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II.Vskum
Cieom prce bola empirick tdia zameran na prieskum nzorov uiteov a uiteliek
v materskch kolch tkajcich sa prejavov poruchy pozornosti a hyperaktivity u det
v predkolskom veku. Zisovali sme, ako vnmaj uitelia a uiteky deti s ADHD, ak
charakteristiky a prejavy sprvania by tmto deom pripsali na zklade svojich sksenost
a poznatkov. Implicitn terie tkajce sa problematiky det s ADHD, ktor si uitelia
a uiteky utvraj pri prci s demi boli konfrontovan s poznatkami uiteov ohadom
diagnostiky ADHD u det v porovnan s diagnostickmi kritriami MKCH (10), priom bol bran
do vahy vek uiteliek a ich pedagogick prax.
Vskumn otzky:
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lohy, aktivity,
hry
Prejavy v
sprvan
80
4,05
4,08
4,08
0,453
2,67
5
80
3,64
3,67
2,78
0,464
2,5
4,5
Osobnostn
rty
80
2,79
2,83
2,56a
0,485
1,56
3,78
Fyziologick
prejavy
80
2,95
3
3
0,612
1,1
3,9
Uitelia sa takmer jednotne zhodli, e diea s ADHD ahko vyruia vonkajie podnety a je
nepokojn, nevydr dlho bez pohybu (tabuka . 3). Na druhej strane uitelia najmenej
shlasili s vrokom diea pri plnen aktivity vydr dokonca alebo vrokmi diea sa
pokakva a diea trp nadvhou (tabuka . 4).
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80
1,00
5,00
4,4750
,79516
80
1,00
5,00
4,3875
,96119
80
1,00
5,00
4,2750
,96751
80
2,00
5,00
4,2750
,76266
80
2,00
5,00
4,2625
,83808
80
1,00
5,00
4,2375
,98397
80
1,00
5,00
4,1125
,88581
80
1,00
5,00
4,1125
,95459
80
1,00
5,00
4,0250
1,00599
80
1,00
5,00
4,0125
,99992
Tabuka . 4, Vroky tkajce sa det s ADHD, s ktormi uitelia materskej koly neshlasili
Je zlomysen a mstiv.
Obviuje sa asto za problmy, cti sa
vinn.
Cti sa osamelo, nechcene, akoby ho
nikto nemal rd.
Boj sa (je ustrchan, zkostliv).
Sprva sa ohaduplne k ostatnm.
Pokakva sa.
Trp nadvhou.
Pri plnen loh/aktivity, zotrv do konca.
1,00
4,00
2,4875
,88581
80
80
80
80
80
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
2,4875
2,4250
2,4000
2,4000
2,3125
1,00623
,92470
,89443
1,12058
1,16482
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50
40
30
20
10
0
Nedoke
udra
pozornos
Neused
Je impulzvne
Je
neprimerane
agresvne
Je zkostliv
Medzi uitekami a uitemi s rznou dkou praxe neboli vrazn rozdiely v odpovediach na
otzky na jednotlivch klach dotaznka. Mierne rozdiely s badaten len v kle Aktivity,
lohy a hry, priom sksenej uitelia shlasili s uvedenmi vrokmi o deoch s ADHD
(Tabuka . 5)
Tabuka . 5, Rozdiely v priemernch odpovediach uiteov poda dky praxe
zanajci uitelia s uitelia
uitelia
praxou
experti
Subkaly dotaznka:
poet
20
30
30
Aktivity, lohy a hry
priemer
3,9750
3,9583
4,1972
SD
,54685
,46771
,33368
Prejavy sprvania
priemer
3,6111
3,6407
3,6481
SD
,45741
,40134
,53711
Osobnostn rty
priemer
2,8611
2,6889
2,8407
SD
,60093
,43023
,45174
2,9750
2,9533
2,9300
Fyziologick prejavy
priemer
SD
,63733
,47324
,72974
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no
nie
neviem
spolu
66,3 %
27,4 %
6,3 %
100,0 %
82,5 %
10,0 %
7,5 %
100,0 %
51,2%
36,5%
12,3%
100,0%
48,7%
35,0%
16,3%
100,0%
37,4%
32,5%
41,3%
43,7%
21,3%
23,8%
100,0%
100,0%
12,4%
51,3%
36,3%
100,0%
91%
9%
0,0%
100,0%
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Diskusia a zver
Implicitn terie uiteov a uiteliek s tvoren predovekm sksenosami, pozorovanm
a prcou s demi. Prve preto uitelia a uiteky shlasili najastejie s jednoznane
pozorovatenmi behaviorlnymi prejavmi sprvania v subkle lohy, aktivity a hry
a v subkle prejavy sprvania. as sledujca poznatky uiteov a uiteliek o problematike
ADHD ukzala, e uitelia a uiteky materskch kl maj nedostaton odborn informcie.
Poda zisten sa celkovo nzory uiteov a uiteliek v M priamo nezhodovali s MKCH 10
a odbornou literatrou. Sprvne odpovedali na poloky tkajce sa zkladnch symptmov
a podmienok ako prostredie (min. dve rzne) a obdobie (min. pol roka). Tento vsledok
pravdepodobne poukazuje na to, e naruen emocionalita det s ADHD je jav, ktor je bu
uiteom mlo znmy, prehliadaj ho alebo je menej ast. V asti zameranej na fyziologick
prejavy uitelia skr odpovedali neviem. S prejavmi porch zaspvania shlasili vetci
priemernou hodnotou 4. V poloke tkajcej sa nadvhy a ADHD sksenej toto tvrdenie viac
odmietali, menej sksen nevedeli. Vskum zaoberajci sa obezitou a ADHD zistil, e u 40 %
det s ADHD bola zaznamenan nadvha v porovnan zo zdravou vzorkou (Cortese et al.,
2015).
V tomto prieskume si a 82,23 % optanch uiteov a uiteliek myslelo, e ich poznatky
o prejavoch ADHD nie s dostaton a len 17,72 % ich povaovalo za dostaton. Monosti
vzdelva sa v oblasti problematiky det s ADHD je u uiteov vemi mal. Uitelia a uiteky
uvdzali, e svoje poznatky o problematike ADHD nadobudli prevane samotdiom.
Stormont & Stebbins (2005) zistili, e uitelia a uiteky sa o ADHD najastejie dozvedeli
s asopisu, polovica videla TV program zameran na ADHD, a menej ako polovica uiteov
pretala knihu o poruche, najmenej uiteov navtvilo kurz i workshop. Je pravdepodobn,
e nie len na Slovensku, ale aj v inch krajinch absentuje v pregradulnom vzdelvan
komplexnejia vuba zameran na problematiku porch pozornosti a hyperaktivity. Na
tomto mieste by bolo dobr uvaova, akm spsobom by sa informcie o problematike
ADHD dali obsiahlejie zaradi do kontinulneho vzdelvania, nakoko 91,14 % uiteliek a
uiteov by malo zujem o alie vzdelvanie. Ak by sa budci uitelia a uiteky mohli poas
pregradulneho vzdelvania bliie oboznmi s problematikou det s ADHD, boli by zdatnej,
o sa tka zvldania problmovho sprvani a komunikcie s demi s ADHD. Budci uitelia
a uiteky by mali by pripraven aj na komunikciu s rodimi det. Taktie je dleit, aby boli
iniciatvni, mali zujem informova sa a zskava nov poznatky.
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Referencie a citcie
(1) COHEN ZION, M., ANCOLI ISRAEL, S. 2004. Sleep in children with attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of naturalistic and stimulant intervention
studies. In: Sleep Medicine Reviews [online]. 2004, Volume 8, Issue 5, p. 379-402 [cit.
2016-02-11].Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2004.06.002. Dostupn na:
http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(04)00058-9/abstract
(2) CORTESE, S. et al. 2016. Association Between ADHD and Obesity: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. In: The American Journal of Psychiatry [online]. 2016,
Volume 173, Issue 1, p. 34-43 [cit. 2016-01-15]. ISSN 1535-7228. Dostupn na:
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020266
(3) URKOV, Z., et al. Neuveden. Metodicko-informan materil so zameranm sa
na profesionlne rozhodovanie iakov s poruchami aktivity a pozornosti, s poruchami
sprvania. [online] (bez vroenia), [cit. 2016-02-3].
Dostupn na:
https://www.komposyt.sk/pre-odbornikov/specialno-pedagogickacinnost/Metodick%C3%A9%20materi%C3%A1ly/preview-file/metodickoinfomacny-material-so-zameranim-sa-na-prof-rozhodovanie-sa-ziakov-s-adhd-s-ps721.pdf
(4) DRTLKOV, I. 2007. Hyperaktivn dt: ve, co potebujete vdt o dtti
s hyperkinetickou poruchou (ADHD). Praha: Galen, 2007. 87s. ISBN 978-80-7262-4478.
(5) DUPAUL, G. J.; ANASTOPOULOS, A. D. ; POWER, T. J.; Murphy, K. & Barkley, R. A.
1994. AD/HD Rating Scale-IV. Unpublished rating scale, Lehigh University.
(6) EISENBERG, D., SCHNEIDER, H. 2007. Perceptions of Academic Skills of Children
diagnosed With ADHD. In: Journal of Attention Disorders [online].2007, vol. 10, no.
4, p. 390-397 [cit. 2015-12-03]. Doi: 10.1177/1087054706292105. Dostupn na:
http://jad.sagepub.com/content/10/4/390.short
(7) CHEUNG WAI-ON, FOREST. 2007. Teacher reports of attention deficit in children aged
4-8 years in Hong Kong [online]. Hong Kong: Department of Community Medicine
The University of Hong Kong, 2007 [cit. 2015-12-02]. Dostupn na:
http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/50727
(8) GROHOL, J. H. 2015. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD/ADHD) Test. Dostupn online:
http://psychcentral.com/quizzes/addquiz.htm
(9) IVANKOV, L. 2015. Liek na ADHD. In: Prvny kurir, 2015 mj, ro. 10, s. 10-11.
ISSN 1337-0170.
(10) JURSOV ZACHAROV, Z., ANDRENSKA, V. CABANOV, K., VERNARCOV, J. 2015.
Are we able to create new educational Environment in the School Environment
suitable for all Children? In: eLSE2015 [elektronick zdroj]. Bucharest: Carol I
National Defence University, 2015. [8s] [CD- ROM].
(11) KONEKOV, . 2004. Patopsycholgia. 1.vyd. Preov: Lana, 2004. 224s. ISBN 80969053-4-1.
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I.vod
Predstava dokonalho loveka bola vdy pre udstvo atraktvna, mono preto m kad
jednotlivec tendenciu napredova v smere dokonalho a obdivova dokonalos. Tto
tendencia udskho sprvania sa stala aj predmetom skmania psycholgov a psychologiiek.
V psycholgii sa oznauje ako perfekcionizmus. Definova jednoznane perfekcionizmus nie
je jednoduch, vystihuj ho toti viacer charakteristiky. Mnoh autori skmali najm
negatvny dopad perfekcionizmu na osobnos a duevn zdravie (Blatt, 1995). Historicky sa
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II.Vskum
2.1. Ciele a priebeh vskumu
Cieom vskumu bolo v slovenskch podmienkach zisti zkladn psychometrick
charakteristiky multidimenzionlnej kly perfekcionizmu Perfectionism Inventory, porovna
zistenia s pvodnou tdiou autorov nstroja (Hill, Huelsman, Furr, Kibler, Vicente & Kennedy,
2004) a zisti vzah jednotlivch dimenzi perfekcionizmu k alm charakteristikm osobnosti.
Na zklade tohto ciea sme stanovili dve hypotzy:
H1: Medzi perfekcionizmom zameranm na vkon a svedomitosou je signifikantn pozitvny
vzah.
Na zklade defincie perfekcionizmu poda Hilla a kol. (2004) zodpovedaj charakteristiky
adaptvneho perfekcionizmu opisu dimenzie Svedomitos poda modelu osobnosti Big Five
(Hebkov & Urbnek, 2001). Preto predpokladme, e najm v dimenzii perfekcionizmu
zameranho na vkon (disciplinovanos, presnos, spoahlivos a pod.) bud ma tieto dve
charakteristiky tendenciu vyskytova sa spolone, teda, e bude medzi nimi pozitvny
korelan vzah.
H2: Medzi perfekcionizmom zameranm na seba a neuroticizmom je signifikantn pozitvny
vzah.
Perfekcionizmus zameran na seba je charakteristick vysokou sebakontrolou, nekritickm
pohadom na vlastn vkon a nespokojnosou so svojim vkonom (Hewitt & Flett, 1990). Tieto
charakteristiky s vemi blzke zkostnm tendencim osobnosti (Frost et al., 1995).
Prevanie zkosti, frustrcie i citov viny je jednm z prejavov neuroticizmu (Hebkov &
Urbnek, 2001), preto predpokladme vzjomn pozitvny korelan vzah medzi
perfekcionizmom zameranm na seba a neuroticizmom.
Vskum sme realizovali v priebehu oktbra 2015 a februra 2016 v rmci projektu zverenej
diplomovej prce. Pouili sme dostupn vber vskumnho sboru adolescentov a mladch
dospelch. astnci a astnky sa zapojili do vskumu dobrovone a boli oboznmen
s ciemi vskumu. Sasou demografickej asti dotaznka bol aj informovan shlas.
2.2 Vskumn vzorka
Vzorku vskumu tvorili adolescenti a mlad dospel vo veku od 19 do 32 rokov, spolu 173,
z toho 27 (15,61 %) muov a 146 (84,39 %) ien. Priemern vek skmanch osb bol 23,43
roka, priemern vek muov 24,62 roka a priemern vek ien 23,42 roka. Z hadiska veku tvorili
najviu as vzorky osoby vo veku 24 rokov, t. j. 15,03 %, osoby vo veku 25 a 21 rokov
dosiahli rovnak percentulne zastpenie 13,87 %, osoby vo veku 22 rokov 12,72 %, vo veku
23 rokov 12,14 %, vo veku 20 rokov 9,83 %, vo veku 26 rokov 6,94 %, vo veku 25 rokov 5,20
%, vo veku 27 rokov 4,05 %, vo veku 19 rokov 3,47 %, vo veku 29 rokov 1,19 %, na poslednom
mieste boli osoby vo veku 30, 31 a 32 rokov v percentulnom zastpen 0,58 %. Najviac
zastpenou skupinou, o sa tka vzdelania boli osoby s ukonenm 1. stupom
vysokokolskho tdia, tvorili 64,31 %. Vekos vskumnho sboru bola porovnaten
s pvodnou tdiou autorov vskumnho nstroja.
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III.Vsledky vskumu
Z porovnania vsledkov reliability nstroja v slovenskej a pvodnej americkej vzorke vyplva,
e nstroj v slovenskej verzii vo vine subkl vykazuje uspokojiv mieru spoahlivosti, no
hodnota Cronbachovho alfa je vo vetkch dimenzich okrem dimenzie Tlak rodiov niia ako
v pvodnom vskume (tabuka 1). Hoci nstroj ako celok dosiahol vntorn konzistenciu =
0,89 a mono ho z tohto pohadu povaova za reliabiln, v subklach P2 (Vysok nroky na
inch), P3 (Potreba potvrdenia) a P7 (Hbanie nad chybami) bolo < 0,7, km v pvodnej
tdii autori nstroja dosiahli vo vetkch subklach > 0,7.
Tabuka 1, Reliabilita dotaznka perfekcionizmu
Dimenzia perfekcionizmu
1
P1 Obavy z chb
.86
P2 Vysok nroky na inch
.83
P3 Potreba potvrdenia
.87
P4 Organizovanos
.91
P5 Tlak rodiov
.88
P6 Plnovanie
.86
P7 Hbanie nad chybami
.87
P8 Tba po dokonalosti
.85
P9 Perfekcionizmus zameran na vkon
.75
P10 Perfekcionizmus zameran na seba
.79
P11 Celkov skre perfekcionizmu
.83
2
.83
.42
.50
.74
.90
.80
.64
.79
.70
.72
.89
Slovensk astnci a astnky vskumu dosiahli, podobne ako americk, vyie skre
v dimenzii perfekcionizmu zameranho na vkon ne v dimenzii perfekcionizmu zameranho
na seba. V celkovom priemernom skre perfekcionizmus je u oboch skupn minimlny rozdiel
(tabuka 2). Najv rozdiel sme zaznamenali v dimenzii Tlak rodiov. Americk astnci
a astnky vskumu vnmali v tlak zo strany rodiov ako astnci a astnky vskumu
zo Slovenska. V dimenzich perfekcionizmu dosiahli obe skupiny najvyie skre v dimenzii
Organizovanos a najniie skre v dimenzii Obavy z chb.
Tabuka 2, Porovnanie priemernch skre dimenzi perfekcionizmu
Dimenzia perfekcionizmu
Priemer1 Priemer2
P1 Obavy z chb
2.46
2.59
P2 Vysok nroky na inch
2.83
3.10
P3 Potreba potvrdenia
3.22
3.15
P4 Organizovanos
3.50
3.45
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Tlak rodiov
Plnovanie
Hbanie nad chybami
Tba po dokonalosti
Perfekcionizmus zameran na vkon
Perfekcionizmus zameran na seba
Celkov skre perfekcionizmu
3.17
3.40
2.83
3.10
12.83
11.68
24.51
2.60
3.40
2.92
3.28
13.23
11.26
24.49
Priemern skre danej dimenzie perfekcionizmu v americkej vzorke (Hill et al., 2004)
Priemern skre danej dimenzie perfekcionizmu v slovenskej vzorke
P11
P12
P21
P22
P31
P32
P41
P42
P51
P52
P61
P62
P71
P72
P81
P82
P10: Perfekcionizmus
zameran na seba
P9: Perfekcionizmus
zameran na vkon
P6: Plnovanie
P4: Organizovanos
Dimenzia perfekcionizmu
1
.52**
.30**
.63**
.67**
.18**
-.02
.33**
.29**
.27**
.10
.73**
.65**
.46**
.21**
1
.25**
.11
.42**
.13
.30**
.26**
.29**
.14
.47**
.24**
.49**
.49**
1
.18**
.02
.19**
.29**
.35**
.18*
.67**
.69**
.33**
.18*
1
.19**
.14
.49**
.42**
.38**
.11
.59**
.38**
1
.17**
.11
.34**
.36**
31**
.30**
1
.43**
.31**
.39**
.41**
1
.52**
.40**
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.46**
.22**
.86**
.79**
.75**
.66**
.70**
.54**
.48**
.31**
.66**
.50**
.38**
.22**
.82**
.80**
.69**
.66**
.81**
.78**
25**
.11
.59**
.46**
.30**
.34**
.59**
.70**
.51**
.62**
.72**
.68**
.39**
.22**
.62**
.53**
.57**
.40**
.87**
.83**
.83**
.78**
.80**
.76**
.55**
.37**
.77**
.65**
1
.54**
.40**
.87**
.78**
1
.89**
.88**
V dotaznku Big Five NEO dosiahli astnci a astnky najvyie priemern skre prve
v dimenzii Svedomitos (AM = 34,73). Najniie priemern skre dosiahli v dimenzii
Neuroticizmus (AM = 23,51). Zkladn deskriptvnu tatistiku uvdzame v tabuke 4.
Tabuka 4, Deskriptvna tatistika dimenzi dotaznka NEO (Luptkov, 2016)
Priemer Medin Modus
SD
Min
Max
neuroticizmus
23.51
23
25
7.90
6
46
extraverzia
32.76
34
35
7.22
12
47
otvorenos
28.77
28
26
6.63
15
46
prvetivos
31.44
32
30
5.92
12
48
svedomitos
34.73
36
39
7.12
11
47
Skre v jednotlivch dimenzich oboch nstrojov sme porovnali pomocou korelanej analzy.
Signifikantn korelciu (vznamn na hladine 0,05) sme zaznamenali medzi dimenziami
perfekcionizmu Hbanie nad chybami a Perfekcionizmus zameran na seba. V ostatnch
dimenzich perfekcionizmu a osobnostnch charakteristk poda Big Five nie s vzjomn
korelcie vznamn (tabuka 5).
Potreba potvrdenia
Organizovanos
Tlak rodiov
Plnovanie
.15
-.04
.12
.02
.01
.12
-.10
.12
.07
.02
.12
-.04
.05
.02
-.02
-.16
.00
-.06
-.09
.12
.13
-.04
-.07
.00
-.08
.05
-.06
-.18
-.03
.04
Hbanie nad
chybami
Tba po
dokonalosti
Perfekcionizmus
zameran na vkon
Perfekcionizmus
zameran na seba
Celkov skre
perfekcionizmu
Vysok nroky na
inch
Neuroticizmus
Extraverzia
Otvorenos
Prvetivos
Svedomitos
Obavy z chb
.16*
-.12
-.00
.00
-.13
.08
-.09
.05
.05
-.02
.03
-.09
-.03
-.00
.06
.18*
-.08
.06
.01
-.07
.14
-.09
.00
.01
-.02
51
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Diskusia a zver
Cieom vskumu bolo v slovenskch podmienkach zisti zkladn psychometrick
charakteristiky multidimenzionlnej kly perfekcionizmu Perfectionism Inventory, porovna
zistenia s pvodnou tdiou autorov nstroja (Hill et al., 2004) a zisti vzah jednotlivch
dimenzi perfekcionizmu k alm charakteristikm osobnosti. Z naich zisten vyplva, e
pouit dotaznk perfekcionizmu v slovenskej vzorke adolescentov a mladch dospelch (N =
173) nevykazuje tak vysok skre reliability ako v pvodnej validizanej tdii autorov Hill et
al. (2004), ktor dotaznk overovali na vzorke americkch tudentov a tudentiek vysokej koly
(N = 250). V troch subklach (Vysok nroky na inch, Potreba potvrdenia a Hbanie nad
chybami) bola zisten niia reliabilita ( < 0,7), v ostatnch subklach aj v celkovom skre
nstroj vykazuje dostaton spoahlivos.
Napriek tomu, e viacer charakteristiky perfekcionizmu (Hill et al., 2004; Hewitt & Flett,
1991; Frost et al., 1995) s vemi blzke opisu dimenzie Svedomitos poda modelu osobnosti
Big Five (Hebkov & Urbnek, 2001), nezistili sme medzi tmi dimenziami pozitvny
korelan vzah. Tento vsledok svisie s tvrdenm, e sa asto neodliuj perfekcionistick
jednotlivci od ud vysoko schopnch a spench (Frost et al., 1990). Km dotaznky
perfekcionizmu zachytvaj skr charakteristiky zkostnho perfekcionizmu, dimenzia
svedomitosti pfaktorovho modelu osobnosti je viac sten charakteristikami spojenmi
s orientciou na vkon a spech.
Signifikantn vzah sa potvrdil medzi Perfekcionizmom zameranm na seba a Neuroticizmom.
Perfekcionizmus zameran na seba je charakteristick vysokou sebakontrolou, nekritickm
pohadom na vlastn vkon a nespokojnosou so svojim vkonom (Hewitt & Flett, 1991). Tieto
charakteristiky s vemi blzke zkostnm tendencim osobnosti (Frost et al., 1995).
K podobnm zisteniam dospeli aj De Cuyper, Claes, Hermans, Pieters a Smits (2015), ktor
pouili dotaznk perfecionizmu Hewitta a Fletta (1991) a zistili, e osoby, ktor skrovali vyie
ECOLETRA.COM SCIENTIFIC EJOURNAL, VOL. 2, 2016/ 04, ISSN 2377-9848
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Referencie a citcie
(1) ALEXYOV, D. 2012. Vzahy medzi stratgiami zvldania zae, diskrepancemi aspektov
self a perfekcionizmom. In: Psychologick dny 2012. Prostor v ns a mezi nmi
respekt, vzjemnost, sdlen. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackho v Olomouci, 2012. s. 217228. ISBN 978-80-244-3492-6
(2) BLATT, J. S. 1995. The destructiveness of perfectionism. Implications for the treatment
of depression. American Psychologist, vol. 50, 1995, vol. 12, pp. 1003-20.
(3) COSTA, P.T., MCCRAE, R. R. 1985. The NEO Personality Inventory. Manual Form S and
Form R. Oddessa: Psychological Assesment Resources. 1985.
(4) DE CUYPER, K., CLAES, L., HERMANS, D., PIETERS, G., SMITS, D. 2015. Psychometric
Properties of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale of Hewitt in a Dutch-Speaking
Sample: Associations With the Big Five Personality Traits. Journal of Personality
Assessment, vol. 97, 2015, no. 2, pp. 182-190.
(5) FROST, R. O., MARTEN, P., LAHART, C., ROSENBLATE, R. 1990. The Dimensions of
Perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol. 14., 1990, no. 5, pp. 449-468.
(6) FROST, R. O., TURCOTTE, T., HEIMBERG, R., MATTIA, J., HOLT, C. 1995. Reaction to
mistakes among subjects high and low in perfectionistic concern over mistakes. [online]
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 1995, s. 195-205. Dostupn na internete:
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ebsco.han2.savba.sk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=
de07aa2f-3ab3-4d40-bcbd-63a8e9fff284%40sessionmgr120&hid=117
(7) GREGERSEN, T., HORWITZ, E. K. 2002. Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious
and non-anxious language learners reactions to their own oral performance. [online].
The Modern Language Journal, vol. 86, 2002, pp. 562-570. Dostupn na internete:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ebsco.han2.savba.sk/doi/10.1111/15404781.00161/epdf
(8) HAMACHEK, D. E. 1978. Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. [online]
Psychology, vol. 15, 1978, pp. 2733. Dostupn na internete:
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I.vod
V ostatnom ase sa hovor o nraste odkladov nstupu do koly. Tento fenomn je
pozorovan nie len na Slovensku ale aj v inch krajinch (Janus & Offord, 2007; Grkan et al.,
2011). Vetky krajiny UNESCO pecifikovali existujci problm zodpovedajceho veku det
nastupujcich na povinn kolsk dochdzku. Poda tdie McEwan & Shapiro
(2008) priemern vek zanajcich kolkov v roku 2001 bol 6,92 rokov v porovnan
s vsledkami v roku 1999, kedy priemern vek dieaa bol 6,3 rokov. Dleitm faktorom pre
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Rok
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
Poet
vetkch
det, ktor
prili k
zpisu
% dievat
60 980
46,93
58 793
46,89
57 089
47,11
56 766
46,92
57 213
46,71
55 741
46,85
54 445
47,08
Z toho
% det s
odloenou
kolskou
dochdzkou1
8,25
8,08
8,00
8,58
8,51
8,51
7,94
56
% det
zaradench % det
do 0-tho nezakolench
ronka
v M
5,34
8,09
5,52
8,22
5,13
8,79
5,42
8,76
4,45
9,06
8,94
9,73
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53 791
56 261
58 962
59 782
61 730
62 355
48,14
46,97
47,29
47,35
47,10
46,97
8,61
8,22
8,01
8,13
7,80
8,47
9,08
8,91
8,89
9,19
10,43
9,33
Od roku 2011 je mon umiestovanie det do nultho ronka. Deti, ktor nedosahuj
kolsk zrelos mohli by umiestnen do nultho ronka. Tto domnienku potvrdzuje
skutonos, e km v Bratislavskom a Trnavskom kraji je viac det s odkladom PD (od 8,3 do
11 %), v Preovskom a Koickom kraji je len pribline okolo 6 % det s odkladom PD. Obrovsk
rozdiel je ale zaznamenan v pote det v nultch ronkoch. Tieto sa v Trnavskom kraji takmer
vbec neumiestuj do nultho ronka, no v Preovskom a Koickom kraji sa do nultho
ronka umiestuje pribline 12 14 % det. V tchto krajoch je aj dlhodobo najvyia miera
nezakolench det v M (v roku 2015 to bolo 14,72 % nezakolench det v M v Preovskom
kraji a 20,19 % nezakolench det v Koickom kraji oproti 1,88 % nezakolench det v M
v Bratislavskom kraji). Dvodom me by aj jedno z najvych zastpen det pochdzajcich
zo socilne znevhodnenho prostredia v Preovskom a Koickom kraji. Tieto deti vo vine
prpadov nenavtevuj predkolsk zariadenia a preto mnoh koly pristpili k vytvoreniu
nultch tried, v ktorch sa deti oboznamuj s fungovanm koly, zkladnmi pravidlami
hygieny a rozvjaj psychomotorick kompetencie, ktor s ben u det navtevujcich
predkolsk zariadenia.
Graf. . 1, Odklad kolskej dochdzky a umiestnenie det do nultch ronkov v rokoch 20032015
13.60
13.60
13.12
8.25
8.08
8.00
8.58
8.51
8.51
7.94
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
12.96
8.61
8.22
8.01
8.13
7.80
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
8.47
2003
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II.Vskum
Cieom vskumu je napsa Cieom vskumu je odhali nzory a postoje rodiov k odkladu
kolskej dochdzky. Vskum bol realizovan v rmci zverenej prce na PdF UK, Katedre
psycholgie a patopsycholgie. Autorky chceli overi teoretick vchodisk, ktor tvrdili, e:
1. Rodiia chlapcov astejie zvauj odklad povinnej kolskej dochdzky ako rodiia dievat
(Grkan et al., 2011, Janus, Offord, 2007, Berkov et al., 2014, Petrov et al., 2009, NCES,
1998).
2. Vysokokolsky vzdelan rodiia s viac naklonen k odkladu kolskej dochdzky ako rodiia
s nim vzdelanm (Grkan et al., 2011).
Zrove sme chceli zisti na zklade oho rodiia zanaj uvaova o odklade povinnej
kolskej dochdzky. Z tohto dvodu boli naformulovan nasledovn vskumn otzky:
1. S rodiia ovplyvnen inmi umi/odbornkmi v otzke uvaovania o odklade kolskej
zrelosti?
2. Ak vlastnosti alebo schopnosti dieaa zohrvaj lohu u rodiov pri uvaovan o odklade
povinnej kolskej dochdzky? Kedy a v akch svislostiach sa rodiia informuj o odklade?
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urite
no
skr no
skr nie
urite nie
SPOLU
Rado
kresl
M sprvny
chop
Pozn
farby
Pota
do 10
Je
Je rozumovo
samostatn
vyspel
38,89 %
46,67 %
58,89 %
47,78 %
47,78 %
45,56 %
30 %
43,33 %
8,89 %
8,89 %
100 %
23,34 %
12,22 %
17,77 %
100 %
17,77 %
11,12 %
12,22 %
100 %
25,56 %
13,33 %
13,33 %
100 %
46,67 %
1,11 %
4,44 %
100 %
44,45 %
5,55 %
4,44 %
100 %
51,11 %
4,44 %
14,45 %
100 %
59
Udr
pozornos
WWW.ECOLETRA.COM
60
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uvaujem o
odklade
nzor
uiteky M
rada
lekra
vyhadal
CPPaP
nzor
inch osb
uvaujem o odklade
ptal sa uiteky M na odklad
ptal sa detskho lekra
ptal sa v CPPPaP
ovplyvnen inmi osobami
1
0,590**
0,434**
0,305**
0,406**
0,590**
1
0,434**
0,410**
0,373**
0,434**
0,434**
1
0,596**
0,431**
0,305**
0,410**
0,596**
1
0,521**
0,406**
0,373**
0,431**
0,521**
1
*p 0,05
**p 0,001
2.2.2. Ak vlastnosti alebo schopnosti dieaa zohrvaj lohu u rodiov pri uvaovan
o odklade povinnej kolskej dochdzky?
K zodpovedaniu vskumnej otzky boli analyzovan vzahy medzi odpoveami rodiov na
otzku, i uvauj o odklade PD a alie otzky tkajce sa nzorov rodiov na zvldanie
kolskch poiadaviek ich dieaom a z vyjadrenie obv. Pomocou korelanej analzy boli
zaznamenan viacer signifikantn vzahy medzi odpoveami rodiov na otzky. Rodiia,
ktor uvauj o odklade kolskej dochdzky, prpadne konzultovali CPPPaP maj obavy, e ich
diea bude ma problmy naui sa ta, psa, alebo pota v prvej triede (r = 0,418; p
0,01), bude ma zl znmky (r = 0,344; p 0,01) a diea sa vyjadruje, e chce chodi do koly
s mamou (r = 0,388; p 0,01). V prpade, ak rodiia konzultovali a vyhadali radu lekra sa
tkaj ich obavy zlch znmok v kole a nespechu dieaa (r = 0,497; p 0,01) a obv, e
diea bude v kole unaven alebo ospal (r = 0,291; p 0,01). V tabuke . 5 s uveden
korelan vzahy medzi jednotlivmi premennmi.
Tabuka . 5, Obavy rodiov a vahy o odklade PD
uvauje o
premenn
rada lekra vyhadal CPPaP
odklade
Obavy - nenau sa ta
0,212*
0,437**
0,418**
Obavy - zl znmky,
0,157
0,497**
0,344**
nespech
Obavy - porozumie vkladu
0,217*
0,138
0,175
Obavy - ospal, unaven
0,238*
0,291**
0,131
Chce s do koly s mamou
-0,037
0,231*
0,388**
Obavy - slabie ako in deti
0,134
0,238*
0,209*
*p 0,05
**p 0,01
61
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Poslcha
pokyny
uiteky
Riei spory
medzi demi
Vie prija
kritiku
Te sa do
koly
M
problmy
rozli farby
Vie sa
podeli s
kamartmi
-0,054
0,086
-0,257**
-0,178
0,126
0,177
-0,067
0,069
-0,193
-0,422**
0,359**
0,244**
-0,184
0,228*
0,037
0,001
0,05
0,139
-0,303**
0,095
0,047
-0,182
0,046
0,132
*p 0,05
**p 0,01
III.Diskusia
Na zklade vskumov (Grkan et al., 2011, Janus & Offord, 2007, Berkov et al., 2014,
Petrov et al., 2009, NCES, 1998), sme predpokladali, e rodiia astejie uvauj o odklade
PD v prpade chlapcov. Tento predpoklad sa nenaplnil. Zrove sme zistili, e 58,9 % rodiov
uvauje o odklade PD a 8,9 % rodiov u kontaktovalo CPPPaP ohadom konzultcie tkajcej
sa odkladu kolskej dochdzky svojho dieaa. Ak s dvody ich uvaovania v tomto smere?
S dvody pre odklad kolskej dochdzky relevantn alebo ide len o svojvon manipulovanie
rodiov s odkladom kolskej dochdzky svojich det?
Pohad rodiov na odklad kolskej dochdzky s rznou vzdelanostnou rovou bol tmou
vskumov Grkan a kol. (2011). V tchto vskumoch bolo potvrden, e rodiia s vym
(vysokokolskm a stredokolskm) vzdelanm zvauj viac odklad kolskej dochdzky pre
svoje deti, pretoe viac uvauj a zhodnocuj kolsk zrelos svojich det. V predloenom
vskume sa tieto vsledky nepotvrdili. Vysokokolsky vzdelan rodiia neuvaovali o odklade
kolskej dochdzky. Menej sa ptali na nzor uiteky M, detskho lekra a ani neuvaovali
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Zver
Cieom tdie bola deskripcia prin vedcich rodiov k odkladu kolskej dochdzky. Vsledky
poukzali na vysok zujem u rodiov o odklad povinnej kolskej dochdzky. Otzkou stle
zostva, i priny rozhodnut rodiov o odklade kolskej dochdzke s adekvtne alebo
rodiia pre istotu svojvone manipuluj s termnom nstupu dieaa do koly bez relnych
a opodstatnench dvodov, pretoe je to pre rodiov vhodnejie. Zo zskanch dt je mon
usudzova, e rodiia sa zaujmaj o kolsk zrelos a monosti odkladu kolskej dochdzky
svojich det. Pri vyskytujcich sa monch problmoch kolskej zrelosti det i u fyzickej,
psychickej, socilnej alebo emocionlnej zrelosti, v prpade nedostatonch schopnost det
sa rodiia det informuj u uiteliek v M, detskch lekrov alebo v pedagogickopsychologickch centrch a iadaj si odborn konzultcie. Rodiia sami vyhadvaj
relevantn informcie v mdich, na internete, ktor im mu pomc pri ich rozhodovan.
Rozhodnutie rodiov o odklade kolskej dochdzky ich det bva asto ovplyvovan inmi
osobami, ako aj odbornkmi, najm ak diea prejavuje problematick sprvanie.
Z vsledkov vyplva, e odklad kolskej dochdzky iadaj viac rodiia det s niou rovou
vzdelania, ktor natoko nedveruj schopnostiam a sprvnej kolskej zrelosti svojich det.
Rodiia s vysokokolskm vzdelanm asto cieavedome podporuj svoje deti a tm pomhaj
svojim deom a poskytuj im potrebn informcie, m ich vedome pripravuj k nstupu do
zkladnej koly. Vysokokolsky vzdelan rodiia neuvaovali o odklade kolskej dochdzky
napriek tomu, e povauj kolu pre deti za vek za.
Predkladan vskum bol uskutonen len v jednej ttnej zkladnej kole v bratislavskom
kraji, preto nie s jeho vsledky celoplone aplikovaten a nie je mon tieto vsledky
generalizova na vetkch rodiov. Ide ale o zaujmav sondu, ktor aspo iastone
poodhalila rozhodovanie rodiov pred nstupom ich det do PD.
Referencie a citcie
(1) BERKOV, A., MELOV, E., STOLINSK, D. 2014. Uitel aktr edukanho procesu
pedkolnho vzdlvn. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackho, 2014. 77 s. ISBN 978-80-2444033-0.
(2) GRKAN, T., TUNA, K., DEMIR, I., WISE, A. M. 2011. Late Enrollment in Primary Education:
Causes and Recommendations for Prevention. First Edition. Ankara: MEB Primary
Education General Directorate, 2011. 278 s. ISBN 978-92-806-4577-4.
(3) JANUS, M., OFFORD, D. R. 2007. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Early
Development Instrument (EDI): A Measure of Childrens School Readiness. In: Canadian
Journal of Behavioural Science. 2007, Vol. 39, No. 1, Pg. 1-22, DOI: 10.1037/cjbs2007001.
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I.vod
Rodiovsk rola je dleitou sasou identity dospelho loveka. Je to rola primrne
biologicky podmienen, ktor m svoju psychick aj socilnu hodnotu. Tto rola je silne
asymetrick, nadraden. Rodi je dleitou autoritou a diea je odkzan na jeho opateru. V
porovnan s ostatnmi rolami nie je rodiovsk rola vratn. Ned sa presta by rodiom.
lovek, ktor sa u raz stal rodiom nm zostva navdy. Zrove, rodiovstvo predstavuje
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II.Vskum
2.1. Ciele a priebeh vskumu
Cieom vskumu je zisti, ak maj postoje k rodiovskej vchove mlad dospel a ako sa
v ranej fze rodiovstva formuje ich vchovn tl. Poloili sme si tyri vskumn otzky:
1. Ak vplyvy psobia na formovanie vchovnho tlu mladch rodiov?
2. Kde hadaj rodiia podporu vo vchove?
3. Ak s rozdiely vo vchovnch postojoch v rmci rodiovskho pru?
4. Ak rozdiely vnmaj rodiia vo vchovnej lohe matky a otca?
Vskum prebiehal v januri a vo februri 2016 v rmci projektu zverenej diplomovej prce.
astnci a astnky boli vybran zmernm vberom a vskumu sa zastnili dobrovone.
Dta sme zskavali v ich domcom prostred, v ktorom sa ctili bezpene a zrove v tomto
prostred nepsobili iadne ruiv vplyvy. astnci a astnky vskumu boli oboznmen
s ciemi vskumu a podpsali informovan shlas.
2.2. Vskumn vzorka
Vskumn vzorku tvorilo dev rodiov (Tabuka 1). Z toho boli tri manelsk pry, jeden
nezosoben pr a jedna slobodn matka. Vek astnkov a astnok vskumu sa
pohyboval od 25 rokov do 31 rokov. Rodiia mali jedno alebo dve deti a vek det sa pohyboval
od 5 mesiacov do 27 mesiacov. Vetci astnci a astnky vskumu pochdzali zo
zpadnho Slovenska (Trnavskho a Trenianskeho kraja).
slo
rodiny
1
2
3
Kd
rodia
MABA86
ANBA86
MAVR88
MIU85
MIOB85
ZUOB85
10 m.
2
29
vydat
10 m.
M
28
slobodn
1
13 m.
30
slobodn
M
30
enat
M
20 m.
2
30
vydat
5 m.
BABI87
28
slobodn
MIFA84
HAFA91
31
25
enat
vydat
70
9 m.
27 .
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III.Analza dt
Analza dt prebiehala v tyroch krokoch. V prvej asti sme z krtkeho dotaznka o rodiovi
graficky znzornili zkladn rodinn kontelciu (genogram) oboch rodiov, ukku
genogramu ilustruje obrzok 1.
Obrzok 1, Genogram rodiov MIOB85 a ZUOB85 (Babaov, 2016)
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Pozitvne
rodiovstvo
Dohad
Disciplna
Telesn tresty
MABA86
2.2
3.2
ANBA87
4.8
4.8
2.5
4.3
3.3
V tretej asti sme sa zamerali na analzu interview. Tu sme postupovali poda odporan
Gavoru (2006): a) usporiadanie zznamov, b) detailn tanie zznamov, c) kdovanie prepisu,
t. j. hadanie vznamovch kategri, ktor boli oznaen kdom, d) vznamov kategrie,
ktor sa najastejie poas analzy dt vyskytli tvorili zklad systmu kategri, e) nsledne
sme medzi kategriami navzjom hadali vzah, f) pomocou axilneho kdovania sme hadali
vzahy medzi kategriami, aby sme mohli spja rovnak charakteristiky. Na zklade tchto
krokov sme nali v interview rovnak kategrie oboch rodiov, ktorm bol pridelen rovnak
opis. Poslednou fzou analzy bolo njs stredn metaforu, ktor vystihuje vchovn tl
rodiovskho pru.
Validitu nho vskumu sme sa snaili zvi tzv. validizciou respondentom. Tto validizcia
prebiehala tak, e sme finlne spracovanie a analzu vsledkov jednotlivo poskytli
respondentom a respondentkm, ktor sa k nim mohli vyjadri a doplni ich. astnci
a astnky vskumu sa zhodne vyjadrili, e vsledky shlasia a zrove, e je to fajn si to
preta tak podrobn analzu. Vidme veci, ktor by sme si sami mono nevimli (MAVR88).
IV.Vsledky vskumu
Vsledky vskumu sme spracovali formou kazuistk jednotlivch rodiovskch prov
a nsledne sme sa zamerali na hadanie spolonch kategri. Z analzy genogramov
a hodnotenia vchovnch tlov vyplva, e mlad rodiia vnmaj sami seba ako
benevolentnejch rodiov v porovnan s vlastnmi rodimi. Otcovia sa hodnotia ako prsnej
rodiia ne matky. Idelny rodi by poda ich hodnoten nemal by extrmny prsny ani
extrmne benevolentn. Charakteristika idelneho rodia v ponman astnkov a astnok
nho vskumu sa bli opisu demokratickho rodia.
Porovnanie vsledkov v Alabamskom rodiovskom dotaznku naznauje, e rodiia maj
konzistentn pozitvny postoj najm k technikm pozitvneho rodiovstva a aktvneho
zapjania sa do vchovy. V postojoch k disciplinrnym technikm a telesnm trestom sa
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Diskusia a zver
Cieom vskumu bolo zisti, ak maj postoje k rodiovskej vchove mlad dospel a ako sa v
ranej fze rodiovstva formuje ich vchovn tl. Vsledky nho vskumu ukzali, e
najdleitejm faktorom, ktor ovplyvuje postoje mladch rodiov je medzigeneran
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Referencie
(1) ARNETT, J. J. 2000. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens
through the twenties. American Psychologist, 2000, ro. 55, . 5, s. 469-480.
(2) ARNETT, J. J. 2004. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from Late Teens through the
Twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 280 p. ISBN 978-0195309379.
(3) ATKINSON, R. L. a kol. 1995. Psychologie. Praha: Victoria Publishing, 1995. 864 s. ISBN
808560535X.
(4) BABAOV, S. 2016. Vchovn postoje mladch rodiov: diplomov prca. Bratislava:
Univerzita Komenskho v Bratislave, Pedagogick fakulta. 103 s.
(5) BADINTER, E. 1998. Matersk lska od 17. storoia po sasnos. Bratislava: ASPEKT,
1998. 277 s. ISBN 80-85549-04-2.
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I.vod
Po zmene reimu v roku 1993 sa stretvame postupne v echch aj na Slovensku s novmi
nzormi mladch ud, ktor maj monosti cestova, rozirova si svoje poznanie slobodne sa
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Zver
Nezabudni, e tvoja veta je in (Exupry,1975). Citcia od Exupryho by mala pripomna
kadmu uiteovi zodpovednos, ktor m nielen za vzdelvanie, ale aj za vchovu tudentov.
V dnenej dobe mlad udia akoby dospievali neskr a preto aj vchova by sa mala posun aj
do vyieho veku. Vo veku okolo 20 rokov vak u nefunguj direktvy a preto je dleit ui
sa nedirektvnej komunikcii a vnma potreby a poiadavky jednotlivch tudentov. Exupry
hovor: ...vdy som preto pozorne poval a snail som sa rozli re inn od takej, ktor
ni nevytvra... (Exupry,1975). Nem zmysel snai sa bojova proti tudentom, lebo oni
na zaiatku bud bojova s uiteom, ale treba ma na pamti, e na ceste za poznanm a
uenm sa, spolone budujeme priestor, kotr podnecuje rast kadho z ns. Vhodne je to
op zachyten v Exupryho citte (Exupry,1975). ...bojova me iba proti blznovi, ktor
Ti ponka utpie, ale nie proti tomu, kto mysl na budcnos a tie ju buduje. Uenie sa je
cesta, je spsob myslenia, poznvania sveta, prenikania do hbky, pohyb von zo seba, ale i do
svojho vntra. Uenie nemono nikomu nanti, uenie nem vzory, ktor sa daj koprova.
Je to proces bytostne subjektvny a vdy neopakovaten.
Teda ueniu mus predchdza slobodn rozhodnutie, ktor je v priebehu ivota podporovan
vou. Kad rozhodnutie je len prvm krokom na ceste. Cesta je teda poskladan z
diskrtnych bodov asovch rozhodnut a jej spojitos vidme iba v retrospektve. Cesta vedie
k dokonalosti, o ktorej Exupry napsal (Exupry,1975)
Dokonalos nie je mon dosiahnu. Dokonalos m zmysel len ako hviezda, ktor vedie tvoje
kroky. Dokonalos je smer a tiahnutie k nieomu. Cenu vak m iba chdza a neexistuje roda,
v ktorej by si sa mohol usadi. Lebo potom zanikne silov pole, ktor a oivuje a bude ako
mtvy .
Uenie sa je schopnos slobodne i.
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Referencie a citcie
(1) Rogers, C.R., A way of being, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-39575530-1
(2) Rogers, C., Lyon, H. C., & Tausch, R. 2013 On Becoming an Effective Teacher - Personcentered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and
Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4
(3) losr, R. a kol., Pedagogick vzdelvanie uiteov vysokej koly, Vydavatestvo
EKONM, 2012
(4) Exupry, A.S., Citadela, Vyehrad, Praha, 1975, ISBN 33-450-75
(5) Ziescheov, M.C., Dokonal svoboda, Portl, Praha, 1991, ISBN 80-85282-02-X
(6) Rogers C., Rogers Ninteen proposition, 2016 [online]. Dostupn na internete:
https://carl-rogers.wikispaces.com/+Rogers+Nineteen+Propositions
(7) Infed, Featured: post-modernism and post-modernity, Carl Rogers, core conditions and
education, [online]. Dostupn na internete: http://infed.org/mobi/carl-rogers-coreconditions-and-education/
(8) Kirschenbaum, H., Henderson, V. L., The Carl Rogers Reader, Houghton Mifflin Company,
New York, 1989, ISBN 0-395-51090-2, [online]. Dostupn na internete: http://
books.google.sk
(9) Panarchy, Rogers, C.R., Freedom to Learn, Personal Thoughts on Teaching and Learning
[online]. Dostupn na internete: http://www.panarchy.org/rogers/learning.html
(10) Piaek, J., Kravk, M., FILIT, Otvoren filizofick encyklopdia, 1999, [online]. Dostupn
na internete: http://ii.fmph.uniba.sk/~kravcik/filit/
(11) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Freedom Choice, [online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_choice
(12) The free dictionary, Directive communication, [online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/directive
(13) Gammon, K. What is a Freedom? LiveScience, 2012 [online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://www.livescience.com/21212-what-is-freedom.html
(14) Banduri, I., Rakovsk, E. Zklady teoretickej informatiky, Bratislava: Vydavatestvo
EKONM, 2013, ISBN 80-225-2004-7
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) = +*ln(xi)+i
(4)
kde je hodnota finannej sebestanosti, resp. jej logaritmovan hodnota v i-tom regine,
a s parametre regresnej rovnice, xi je hodnota HDP p.c., resp. jeho logaritmovan
hodnota v i-tom regine, i je nhodn zloka modelu a i je poet reginov. Prv model
vyjadruje aditvny vzah medzi premennmi a druh model vychdza z predpokladu o
multiplikatvnom vzahu. Platnos oboch tchto modelov preverme a vyhodnotme pomocou
podielu vysvetlenej variability modelmi. sx
Na meranie regionlnych rozdielov vo FA2 a HDP pc v SR v obdob rokov 2005-2012 sme
pouili varian koeficient VK poda vzahu (Hindls, Hronov, Seger, 2004, s. 42):
Vzorec varian koeficient
(5)
potan ako podiel smerodajnej odchlky a aritmetickho priemeru ukazovatea FA a HPD
pc. Varian koeficient patr medzi zkladn ukazovatele variability, ktor navye zohaduje
priemer sboru analyzovanch dt. Prve tto vlastnos nm pome lepie porovna vvoj
skmanch premennch medzi sebou.
Finann autonmiu miestnych samosprv sme skmali pomocou nasledovnch vzahov.
Vzorec FA1 finann autonmia, ktor zohaduje vlastn prjmy v irom zmysle
FA1 = (MD+PD+ BNP+VKP) / CP
(6)
Kde:
MD miestne dane
PD podielov da v SR vnos dane z prjmov fyzickch osb poukzan miestnej
samosprve
BNP ben nedaov prjmy
VKP vlastn kapitlov prjmy
CP celkov prjmy
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2005
0,2840
0,2094
0,2575
0,2053
0,1590
0,2014
0,1539
0,1818
2006
0,2817
0,1961
0,1508
0,2052
0,1870
0,1903
0,1082
0,1740
2007
0,2933
0,2203
0,1840
0,2214
0,1777
0,1980
0,1466
0,2072
2008
0,2416
0,2317
0,1874
0,2151
0,1725
0,1823
0,1378
0,1937
2009
0,2656
0,2265
0,1747
0,1965
0,1481
0,1713
0,1210
0,1755
2010
0,2791
0,2186
0,1697
0,1911
0,1370
0,1645
0,1129
0,1669
2011
0,2781
0,2276
0,1815
0,1958
0,1518
0,1769
0,1163
0,1675
2012
0,3443
0,2474
0,2038
0,2217
0,1845
0,1886
0,1335
0,1792
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0.70
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.56
0.58
0.28
0.26
0.52
0.57
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.26
0.21
0.22
0.20
0.24
0.29
0.17
0.10
0.00
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
V predchdzajcej prci (Kolota, Bolcrov, Flaka, 2013) sme odhalili zvislos medzi
ukazovatemi finannej kapacity a vybranmi ukazovatemi ekonomickej vkonnosti v rokoch
2008-2010. Na zklade vsledkov z tejto prce predpokladme, e oisten miera finannej
autonmie FA2 miestnych samosprv v reginoch NUTS III je zvisl od rovne HDP na
obyvatea, ktorho vvoj sa prejavuje aj na miere nezamestnanosti resp. zamestnanosti v
reginoch NUTS III.
Graf 4 zobrazuje pozciu jednotlivch reginov SR z hadiska dosahovanej rovne GDP p.c. a
FA2 v oboch sledovanch obdobiach. Bratislavsk regin (vpravo hore) dosahuje jasne
najvyie hodnoty oboch sledovanch ukazovateov a prirodzene tak uruje smer zvislosti,
avak zvislos medzi ukazovatemi mono pozorova aj z ostatnch reginov.
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FA 2
2.5
2
2005-2008
1.5
2009-2012
1
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
HDP pc
Nsledne sme preto kvantifikovali mieru zvislosti medzi FA2 a HDP na obyvatea v reginoch
NUTS III. Rok 2005 ako prv rok pre regresn analzu sme logicky zvolili z dvodu, e od tohto
roku zaal plati nov systm financovania miestnych samosprv. Argumentom za pozitvnu
zvislos medzi FA2 a HDP pc je pre miestne samosprvy v reginoch NUTS III monos zska
viac finannch prostriedkov v podobe vlastnch prjmov, pokia na ich zem bud
prosperova a rozvja sa podnikatesk subjekty, o pome zni nezamestnanos a umon
aj miestnym samosprvam zska vyie daov prjmy (umon zvi sadzby miestnych dan),
ako aj nedaov prjmy (naprklad prjmy z prenjmu majetku). Tento predpoklad plat aj na
vzorke smich reginov NUTS III v SR. Z tabuky 1 vytame, e FA2 stredne silne priamo
korelovala s HDP na obyvatea (p.c.) v reginoch NUTS III v obdob rokov 2005-2008 priom v
obdob rokov 2009 a 2012 dolo k vraznmu zosilneniu tejto relcie pre vzah FA2 k HDP
p.c. Modely a ich parametre s signifikantn na 0,1%-nej hladine vznamnosti.
Tabuka 2 Vsledky FA2 vo vzahu k HDP p.c.
asov rozptie
Koeficienty
2005-2008
2009-2012
FA2
ln (FA2)
FA2
ln (FA2)
Kontanta
0,67***
-0,086***
0,525***
-0,229***
HDP pc
0,248***
0,293***
0,387***
0,554***
0,762***
0,757***
0,881***
0,882***
0,58
0,573
0,777
0,778
32
32
32
32
ln (HDP pc)
R
2
106
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Zver
Vsledky analzy poukazuj na to, e vyprodukovan via hodnota HDP na obyvatea v
reginoch NUTS III v Slovenskej republike napomha k rastu oistenej miery finannej
autonmie miestnych samosprv v reginoch NUTS III. To naznauje, e v samosprvnych
krajoch SR - ktor s ekonomicky vkonnejie a je v nich lep potencil a podmienky na
podnikanie maj ich predstavitelia lepie predpoklady zvyova nedaov prjmy z vlastnej
podnikateskej a inej innosti (napr. prenjom) aj vaka vyiemu zahusovaniu ich zemia
ekonomickmi aktivitami.
Na overenie tohto predpokladu by bolo v budcnosti vhodn preetri, ktor faktory
vyplvajce z aktivt samosprvnych krajov a municipalt najviac ovplyvuj zloku vlastnch
prjmov vo vzahu k HDP na obyvatea reginu i alch makroekonomickch ukazovateov
ako napr. pridan hodnota v svislosti s hospodrskou truktrou reginu. Taktie, ako sa
odraj kvalita podnikateskho prostredia (ako shrnn ukazovate), podnikatesk
a podporn aktivity samosprvnych krajov, i kvalita manamentu zemnch samosprv na
zabezpeovan krytia bench vdavkov prostrednctvom vlastnch prjmov.
Vznamn faktor, ktor ovlyvuje monosti zvyovania finannej autonmie miestnych
samosprv vo vzbe na monosti ich ekonomickho rozvoja je ich vekos vzhadom na poet
obyvateov. Prevaujci poet malch obc ( 0-999 obyvateov) je koncentrovan do
juhovchodnej asti Slovenska priom jednoznan prvenstvo patr Preovskmu kraju a tto
skutonos ovplyvuje so svojimi sprievodnmi negatvnymi javmi aj finann autonmiu
miestnych samosprv v SR v reginoch NUTS III. V podmienkach SR stle rezonuje potreba
konsolidcie
truktry
osdlenia
znenm
potu
miestnych
samosprv.
Z nrodohospodrskeho hadiska by mala by komunlna reforma nastaven tak, aby sa
spjala s vytvorenm podmienok pre jej spen realizciu, pretoe celkovo me prinies
ekonomick vhody pre spolonos.
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Referencie a citcie
(1) Bilancie prjmov a vdavkov obc v rokoch 2011 - 2014. Ministerstvo financi Slovenskej
republiky.
(2) EBEL, R. D. 2001. The Political Economy of Fiscal Decentralization. Democracy,
Decentralization and Developmnet. Worldwide Perspective. World Bank Institute, 2001.
(3) HINDLS, R., HRONOV, S., SEGER, J. 2004. Statistika pro ekonomy. Praha: Professional
Publishing, 2004. 415 s. ISBN 8086419347.
(4) HORVTHOV, L. 2009. Dopad fiklnej decentralizcie na miestne rozpoty v SR In: XIV.
Ronk mezinrodn odborn konference. Teoretick a praktick aspekty veejnch financ.
Praha: VE. 10 s., ISBN 978-80-245-1513-7
(5) JLEK, M. 2008. Fisklni decentralizace. Teorie a empirie. Praha: ASPI Wolters Kluwer,
428 s. ISBN 978-80-7357-355-3.
(6) KOLOTA, S., BOLCROV, P., FLAKA, F. 2013. Stanovenie vzahu medzi vybranmi
ukazovatemi ekonomickej vkonnosti a finannej kapacity reginov NUTS III v Slovenskej
republike. XVI. Medzinrodn kolokvium o regionlnch vdch, Brno: Masarykova
Univerzita. s. 182-186, ISBN 978-80-210-6257-3.
(7) Komunlne vskumn a poradensk centrum. 2014.Zluovanie a spoluprca obc.
[online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://www.komunal.eu/images/Zlu%C4%8Dovanie_a_spolupr%C3%A1ca_obc%C3%AD.pdf
(8) PEKOV, J. 2004. Hospodaen a finance zemn samosprvy. Book. Praha: Management
press, Czech Republic, 375 p. ISBN: 8072610864
(9) SHAH, A. 2004. Fiscal Decentralization in Developing and Transition Economies. Progress,
Problems, and the Promise. World Bank Policy Research paper, Washington, DC USA, 47 p.
[online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/127931468764991332/pdf/wps3282decentral
ization.pdf
(10) tatistick databzy tastistickho radu SR. [online]. Dostupn na internete:
http://slovak.statistics.sk
(11) ttne zveren ty SR za roky 1998 2006. Ministerstvo financi Slovenskej
republiky.
(12) Vsledky hospodrenia ostatnch subjektov verejnej sprvy Slovenskej republiky v
rokoch 2004 2010. Ministerstvo financi Slovenskej republiky.
(13) Vstupy z databz DataCentra. Dostupn na objednvku z: http://www.datacentrum.sk
(14) Zkon SNR . 369/1990 o obecnom zriaden v znen neskorch predpisov.
(15) Zkon SNR . 416/2001 Z. z. o prechode niektorch psobnost z orgnov ttnej sprvy
na obce a na vyie zemn celky.
(16) Zkon SNR . 564/2004 Z. z. o rozpotovom uren vnosu dane z prjmov zemnej
samosprve v znen neskorch predpisov.
(17) Zkon SNR . 582/2004 Z. z. o miestnych daniach a miestnom poplatku za komunlne
odpady a drobn stavebn odpady v znen neskorch predpisov.
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in
Nitra,
Tr.
A.
Hlinku
2,
949
76
Nitra,
Abstract
The article is devoted to the description of the regulatory and legislative environment of
financial market, theoretical basis of regulation and it describes the situation on the financial
market in the short and long term from the aspect of decision-making by economic agents.
Based on the method of content analysis and cited literature, theoretical and practical
conclusions as well as apports from the research are formulated. The article is part of the
solution of the scientific project no 1/0964/15 Experimental investigation of the influence of
motivation of economic agents on the payment of taxes and of the scientific project no
1/0776/16 The taxation of the financial sector and harmonising tendencies in the European
Union.
Keywords
financial sector, globalization, stability of the financial sector, European Central Bank, macroprudential regulation, capital buffer
JEL Classification
E 58, F 65
Theoretical basis of regulation of the financial market
In the literature, the financial system is defined as an environment that serves as a channel
for transferring funds from those economic agents which show surplus (savers, creditors) to
those economic agents which show the lack of funds (debtors). We can find two types of
economic agents on the financial market:
economic agents that do not spend all funds and have them available
(creditors),
and those agents that spend more money than they have available (debtors).
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http://www.cnb.cz/miranda2/export/sites/www.cnb.cz/cs/verejnost/pro_media/konference_projevy/vystou
peni_projevy/download/erbenova_20050614_regularator_konference_VSFS_prednaska.pdf.
3
Vives, Xavier. 2010. La crisis financiera y la regulacin. Occasional Paper OP-179. September 2010. IESE Business
School Universidad de Navarra, 17 s.
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Sivk, R., Gertler, .: Teria a prax vybranch druhov finannch rizk : kreditn, trhov, operan. - Bratislava :
Sprint vfra, 2006. ISBN 80-89085-56-3
5
Vesel, Jitka. Investovn na kapitlovch trzch. 2., aktualiz. vyd. Praha: Wolters Kluwer esk republika, 2011.
ISBN 9788073576479.
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The NBS undertakes the integrated financial market supervision based on the Act no. 747/2004 on financial
market supervision. This caused the expansion of its scope to the supervision of the capital market and
insurance supervision, the capitalization pillar of the pension and supplementary pension insurance as well.
The NBS has also acquired competence in the field of financial market regulation.
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Vice Governor
(the first stage of decision-making)
Securities Market,
Services Supervision
Savings Supervision
Department
Department
The main reason why the NBS supervises the activities of all entities is the intersection of
activities of particular entities of the financial market and the emergence of financial
conglomerates. Currently, the NBS performs:
- Supervision of banking,
- Supervision of payment institutions,
- Supervision of electronic money institutions,
- Supervision of Securities Market,
- Supervision of insurance,
- Supervision of pension savings,
- Supervision of financial intermediation and financial advisory services,
- Foreign exchange supervision
- From January 1, 2015 the NBS took over the supervision of consumer protection.
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Macro-prudential regulation will be carried out by a new body, the European Systemic
Risk Board (ESRC) under the supervision of the European Central Bank (ECB).
Regulation at the micro-prudential level will be in the hands of colleges of supervisors
for each intergovernmental group which will be supervised by the three new European
audit institutions, the European Banking Authority (EBA), the European Securities and
Law no. 371/2014 on crisis management in the financial market. The priority of the proposed law is to
implement an effective crisis management system established by BRRD (Bank Recovery and Resolution
Directive) to incorporate in all EU Member States.
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the conflicting goals - too much regulation makes the sector less efficient and weakens
the competitive position of businesses,
moral hazard - governments often underestimate the moral hazard during the
economic upturn. Politicians and regulators take the necessary measures only in case
of emergency,
unregulated companies - one of the problems are unregulated or poorly regulated
parts of the financial market. The increase in non-regulated activities left unnoticed a
part of the financial market,
financial innovations on the one hand bring benefits but on the other hand they
increase the risk.
If the unregulated financial market is large, there is a risk of a spiral and heavy losses are
made. The monetary policy strategy of the European Central Bank is based on two analytical
pillars - economic and monetary pillar. The economic pillar focuses on fiscal targeting (ie,
analysis of economic growth, employment, price developments, exchange rate development
and foreign trade development). The monetary pillar focuses on a longer period than the
economic pillar. The monetary analysis draws from a wide range of monetary, financial and
economic data and it uses a range of complementary tools and techniques. Generally
accepted is the view that the monetary policy can contribute mostly to the economic welfare
by maintaining the price stability (the aim is to keep the inflation rate measured as year-toyear increase of the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) in the medium term close
to the 2 % level and M3 growth at 4,5 % per year).
Hanson, S.G. Kashyap, A.K. Stein, J.C. 2011. A Macroprudential Approach to Financial Regulation. In Journal
of Economic Perspectives. 2011, ro. 25, . 1, s. 3-28. ISSN 08953309.
9
The macro-prudential supervision of the financial system is undertaken by the European Systemic Risk Board.
The task of macro-prudential supervision is to analyze and monitor the links between countries and EU financial
institutions, analyze and monitor the joint behaviour of market participants and to hedge against common risks
in the financial market.
10
Peretz, P. Schroedel, J. R. 2009. PAR Symposium on the Financial Crisis: Financial Regulation in the United
States: Lessons from History. In Public Administration Review. 2009, ro. 69, . 4, s. 603-612. ISSN 00333352
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The European Systemic Risk Board has no legal personality and tasks related to its performance are provided
by the European Central Bank (by the by-law of Council of the EU no.1096 / 2010 of November 17, 2010 specific
tasks concerning the functioning of the European Systemic Risk Board are transferred to the European Central
Bank).
12
illkov, J. - Pnze, P. 2013. K niektorm otvorenm otzkam jednotnho mechanizmu dohadu
v E. Biatec 1/2013, Bratislava, ISSN 1335-0900.
13
European Newspapers. Brusel- trasburg Bratislava. ECB nechce dovoli alie zrtenie bnk eurozny,
testuje ich vdr. Uverejnen da 14. 1. 2015. Available at:
http://www.europskenoviny.sk/2015/01/14/ecb-nechce-dovolit-dalsie-zrutenie-bank-eurozony-testuje-ichvydrz/
14
Processed according to NBS data and the interview of the economist Morgan Stanley Roach for the diary Die
Welt.
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Based on the data of graph 1, consumer prices fell year-on-year to minus (- 0.2 %) and the
euro area has thus fallen into deflation for the first time since 2009. Whereby, the ideal
situation is a two-percent inflation rate whose achievement is one of the essential objectives
of the ECB.
Quantitative easing, resp. pushing money into the economy runs from March 2015 to
September 2016, and it will reach 1,14 trillion. Quantitative easing (QE) is the strategy of
the European Central Bank, by which it seeks to stimulate the domestic economy in situation
when holding the interest rates at zero level. The European Central Bank will purchase
securities from commercial banks (and other financial institutions) in order to increase the
money supply in the economy. The ECB makes this step to encourage banks to lend, thereby
contributing to faster lending. Loans will be directed primarily to the business sector, which
will lead to a faster pace of economic recovery. Consequently, more employment will support
household consumption and finally beat the deflation in the euro area. So pushing money
into the economy could cause two scenarios, namely the promotion of busines activity or
attenuation of the business activity. Economic theory states that healthy economic growth
comes only when entrepreneurs effectively meet the needs of their customers. The market
situation is adverse, because there is a huge number of regulations and high taxes in the
market. Currently, tax cuts and reducing the regulatory burden can contribute to sustainable
growth. Nobel laureate in economics Milton Friedman was also aware of tax cuts benefits in
all conditions (Im for tax cuts in any condition and under any pretext, whenever it is
possible). ECB decision on blowing money into the economy, many economists equate to
regulatory actions of the Federal Reserve System in the United States. Regulatory targeting
of the ECB was put in doubt by the economist of the Bank of England, Nick Butt, as the
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A comparison of unemployment curves shows that the labour market remains one of the
major challenges for the euro area. Also prolonged persistence of inflation at a low level, resp.
the onset of deflation, would have a negative impact on the real economy, including the euro
area financial sector. According to the economic theory - deflation means a decrease in prices
and employment. If people did not have a job, they would not be able to pay loans. At the
same time, real estate prices would also fall. During 2014 the ECB regulatory measure reduced
the interest rate on the main refinancing operations from 0,25% to 0,05%. Table 1 shows the
impact of the fall in the main interest rate on selected indicators.
15
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Beginning of 2014
Change in %, resp.
in percent points
(p.p.)
0,25%
0,05 %
- 0,20 p.p.
0,56 %
0,33 %
- 0,23 p.p.
1,62 %
0,40 %
- 1,22 p.p.
1,3763
1 206
19,4
1,2511
1 197
15,7
- 9,1 p.p.
- 0,7 %
- 19,0 %
Reduction of the ECBs interest rate on MRO to 0,05 % was reflected in the reduction of all
selected indicators. The rate of the ECB was reflected in lower interest rates in the interbank
market in 2014. The reduction of the interest rate was also reflected in weakening of the euro
against other currencies. Low interest rates caused pressure on the formation of risk appetite.
Investors are focusing increasingly on higher-risk assets in order to improve the profitability
of their portfolios, ie they are at an increased risk - credit, liquidity or product risk17.
Moreover, financing the purchase of riskier assets is cheap at low interest rates, leading to an
increase in risk appetite. This trend is also reflected in global financial markets. Especially in
the US financial markets credit instruments are promoted, that were frequently used at the
top of the cycle before the crisis. The example is the so called Cov-lite loans - loans with a
lesser degree of protection for creditors18. But on the other hand, higher interest rates would
be a problemm for the euro area from the aspect of the real economy. On the one hand, the
demand for credits would be reduced, which would weaken the investment demand. At the
same time the increased interest burden could bring a part of businesses in financial
difficulties and set off a wave of credit defaults.
Financial Market Infrastructure in Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is characterized by bank-oriented economy as banks dominate on the
financial market. New innovative financial instruments are created on the financial market
and they obscure the financial flows and give rise to new risks in financial markets, that are
reflected in weakening the performance of companies. Financial market infrastructure is
17
Sivk, R., Gertler, .: Teria a prax vybranch druhov finannch rizk : kreditn, trhov, operan. - Bratislava
: Sprint vfra, 2006. - 248 s. : diagr., grafy, sch., tab. - ISBN 80-89085-56-3.
18
Financial Stability Report. NBS, May 2014, s. 12. ISSN 1338-6123.
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Department of Regulation and Methodology of Risk Management evaluates the risk profile of the financial
sector in order to develop a rating system for risk-oriented supervision. It is responsible for preparing reports
on the situation in the different sectors of the financial market. The amendment to the Act on the Supervision
of the Financial Market gave space for creation of the Department of Supervision which supervises particular
subjects of the financial market as follows: - supervision for banking groups 1, - supervision for banking groups
2, - supervision for insurance groups, - supervising the capital market, - supervision of insurance and
reinsurance intermediation and foreign exchange supervision.
20
Financial conglomerates financial groups that consolidate investment (broker), banking and insurance
services under one holding.
21
abkov, I.: Finann trh v kontexte podnikateskej sfry. In Financie a riziko: elektronick zbornk
prspevkov z XV. ronka medzinrodnej vedeckej konferencie. - Bratislava : Vydavatestvo EKONM, 2013. ISBN 978-80-225-3765-0.
22
abkov, I.: Finann trh v kontexte podnikateskej sfry. In Financie a riziko: elektronick zbornk
prspevkov z XV. ronka medzinrodnej vedeckej konferencie. - Bratislava : Vydavatestvo EKONM, 2013. ISBN 978-80-225-3765-0.
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23
European Newspapers. Brusel- trasburg Bratislava. ECB nechce dovoli alie zrtenie bnk eurozny,
testuje ich vdr. Published on January 14, 2015. Available at:
http://www.europskenoviny.sk/2015/01/14/ecb-nechce-dovolit-dalsie-zrutenie-bank-eurozony-testuje-ichvydrz/
24
For using the countercyclical capital buffer it is necessary to describe the financial cycle and at the same time
to evaluate if it is uniform across sectors, industries or products.
25
Rychtrik, .: Analytical background for the counter-cyclical capital buffer decesions in Slovakia. Biatec,
4/2014. ISSN 1335-0900.
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The graph 3 shows a declining curve of cyclogram during the reporting period from 2004 to
2013. According to the available data from the National Bank of Slovakia, the stagnation of
the countercyclical figure lies in the decline of corporate loans from local banks in the majority
of sectors, relatively low real estate prices, more conservative credit standards, as well as
continuing labour market problemms linked to the slow growth of the economy. On the basis
of a detailed decomposition of the cyclogram and the course of different curves (Graph 3),
we can see that the curve of the macroeconomic developments in 2012 and 2013 showed
little progress, while all other curves show steep increase. The slope of the curves is visible on
the debt curve, which was caused by an increase in foreign debt of companies and the
developments in the retail (consumer) sector. Despite the low level of financial cycle the
development in the retail sector is very dynamic. The growth in housing loans caused an
increase in indebtedness of households - ie, total debt of the household sector grew faster
than their disposable incomes. According to the laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics, Eric
Maskin26, the main problem of the Eurozone, which weakens the stability of the financial
sector, is the low production measured by GDP growth and high unemployment. According
to Eric Maskin, reducing public expenditures in the EU is becoming counterproductive. It
tends to attenuate the economy and when the economic activity declines, tax revenues are
falling and debts rising. This situation is especially true in times of recession. The right time to
reduce debts and raising taxes is when the economy is at the top. Government policy should
be countercyclical. That is, increasing taxes and reducing expenditures is required if the
26
Maskin, E.: Preo vznikaj finann krzy a ako ich riei. Sympzium Nadcie Tatra banky, da 25.04.2013
Bratislava.
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2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
0,625
1,25
1,875
2,5
4,5
5,125
5,75
6,375
7,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,625
9,25
9,875
10,5
Basel Capital Accord (Basel I) set capital requirements for banks for credit risk of at least 8%.
In financial markets, creation of new types of risks (operational risk) occurred, therefore new
methods of measuring the market were introduced and Basel I was replaced by Basel II (NBCA
- New Basel Capital Accord). Basel II did not work during the financial crisis, therefore Basel III
has been implemented. A conservative capital cushion and countercyclical capital buffer were
introduced into practice in order to avoid the liquidity problem and to ensure sufficient capital
for banks, and in the case of systemically important banks the capital requirement for capital
adequacy will increase. Banks will create conservative capital cushion of 2,5 % for future
adverse events. Countercyclical capital buffer will be applied at the level of 0,625 % since
2016. The creation of countercyclical cushion will only be required in a country with excessive
risks. In the case of applying countercyclical cushion of 2,5 % the total capital requirement
will reach 13 % of the banks capital.
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27
From the perspective of climate changes California is an interesting country, it is the eighth most powerful
economy in the world. In July 2014 it showed loss of billions of dollars (about $ 2 billion) because of water
shortage. According to climatologists the cause is the climate change made by humans, and the trends suggest
that a similar drought will be repeated in the future.
28
Sivk, R., Ochotnick, P., ambalov, A.: Fiklna udratenos penzijnch systmov. In Politick ekonomie :
teorie, modelovn, aplikace. - Praha : Vysok kola ekonomick, 2011. - ISSN 0032-3233. - Ro. 59, . 6 (2011),
s. 723-742.
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Financial Stability Report. May 2014, National Bank of Slovakia. ISSN 1338-6123.
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indicators of the growth of the public debt in the medium run. The period of a very
low inflation rate is dangerous for the stability of the financial market,
quantitative easing by the European Central Bank from March 2015 to September
2016, is empirically associated with the creation of risks like inflation bubbles,
overheating of the economy and major risks for banks,
maintaining the stability of the financial system will be difficult, because the banking
union represents a safety net for countless number of subjects, such as business and
the banks themselves, but especially for the 500 million EU citizens,
the banking union is built on three pillars. The core is a single supervisory mechanism,
which gives the central bank the power of control over more than 150 largest banks
in the EU. Rescue tools and fund, which currently shows 55 billion, are understood
under a unified mechanism of crisis management. The third pillar is represented by
the Deposit Guarantee Fund, up to 100 000. Member States have used 1.6 trillion
from 2011 onwards to rescue bankrupt banks30.
ECB regulatory measures will influence the decision-making of banks and economic actors.
ECBs strict regulatory measures will make banks to raise their own resources, which will be
reflected in the increase in fees, the rise in price of credits and financial products in financial
markets.
Conclusion
We have pointed out the specifics of financial market regulation in the EU in times of crisis,
and we have assessed the impact of financial market regulation on the behaviour of economic
agents. In times of uncertainty risk factors are the increasing globalization, weakening the
European currency Euro and product orientation of enterprises. In times of globalization,
companies seek to increase their competitiveness using innovative approaches. Reengineering is becomeing an important tool31, which would help to enhance business
efficiency while eliminating emerging risks in the financial market. Despite the fact that in the
European Union the protection of financial consumers is regulated, financial markets are
highly fragmented in investment services and products. A new framework for prevention and
dealing with potential crises in the financial market has been introduced. Council for crisis
resolution and the national fund for the collection of monetary contributions of selected
institutions arose. From January 1, 2015 the NBS took over the supervision and protection of
financial consumers. Financial institutions, particularly banks, are currently undergoing some
risks, which is essentially beneficial to the development of investment and technology. Banks
to fund projects usually use foreign funds. A dangerous phenomenon is that financial
institutions use of leverage effect in the practice - ie the ratio of capital to equity exceeds high
30
European Newspapers. Brusel- trasburg Bratislava. Bankov nia postavila na nohy 110 krachujcich
bnk. Uverejnen da 9.6. 2014. Available at:
http://www.europskenoviny.sk/2014/06/09/bankova-unia-postavila-na-nohy-110-krachujucich-bank/
31
Hamscher, W. 1994. AI in business-process reengineering. AI Magazine. Winter 1994, Zv. 15, 4.
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References:
(1) BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS: Basel committee: Proposal to issue
a supplement to the Basel Capital Accord to cover market risks. [online]. Dostupn na:
http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs15.htm
(2) BEOV, E. a kol.: : Financie a mena.- 2. dopln. a preprac. vyd. - Bratislava : Iura Edition,
2007. - 391 s. - ISBN 978-80-8078-142-2
(3) CASEY, Jean-Pierre; LANNOO, Karel. The MiFID revolution. 1. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2009. 228 p. ISBN 9780521518635.
(4) ILLKOV, J. - PNZE, P. [2013] K niektorm otvorenm otzkam jednotnho
mechanizmu dohadu v E. Biatec 1/2013, Bratislava, ISSN 1335-0900
(5) ERBENOV, Michaela. Globalizace finannch trh a integrace dozoru nad finannm
trhem esk republiky. In Aktuln vvoj finannch trh, jejich regulace a dozor [online]
2005 [cit. 05-02-2012] Dostupn na:
(6) <http://www.cnb.cz/miranda2/export/sites/www.cnb.cz/cs/verejnost/pro_media/konfe
rence_projevy/vystoupeni_projevy/download/erbenova_20050614_regularator_konfer
ence_VSFS_prednaska.pdf>.
(7) HAMSCHER, W. 1994. AI in business-process reengineering. AI Magazine. Winter 1994,
Zv. 15, 4.
32
An example from the past is the fall of Enron (leverage effect of 60: 1, resp. 70: 1).
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2014
2015
2016
Krajina
2014
2015
2016
Belgicko
Bulharsko
Cyprus
esk republika
Chorvtsko
Dnsko
Estnsko
Fnsko
Franczsko
Grcko
Holandsko
rsko
Litva
Lotysko
33,99
10,00
12,50
19,00
20,00
24,50
21,00
20,00
33,33
26,00
25,00
12,50
15,00
15,00
33,99
10,00
12,50
19,00
20,00
23,50
20,00
20,00
33,33
29,00
25,00
12,50
15,00
15,00
33,99
10,00
12,50
19,00
20,00
22,00
20,00
20,00
33,33
29,00
25,00
12,60
15,00
15,00
Luxembursko
Maarsko
Malta
Nemecko
Posko
Portugalsko
Raksko
Rumunsko
Slovensko
Slovinsko
Spojen krovstvo
panielsko
vdsko
Taliansko
29,22
19,00
35,00
29,58
19,00
23,00
25,00
16,00
22,00
17,00
21,00
30,00
22,00
31,40
29,22
19,00
35,00
29,65
19,00
21,00
25,00
16,00
22,00
17,00
20,00
28,00
22,00
31,40
29,22
19,00
35,00
29,72
19,00
21,00
25,00
16,00
22,00
17,00
20,00
25,00
22,00
31,40
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1.9
poanielsko
Slovinsko
Slovensko
1.2
Portugalsko
Nrsko
Holandsko
Luxembursko
1.4
2.6 2.5
Spojen krovstvo
3.0 2.9
1.9
vdsko
3.5
Posko
3.0
Taliansko
rsko
Nemecko
Franczsko
Fnsko
Estnsko
Dnsko
esk republika
Belgicko
0.5
1.3 1.4
2.2 2.4
Island
1.7 1.6
2.5
Maarsko
2.1
2.7
Grcko
3.1 3.4
Raksko
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
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Faktory ovplyvujce
daov uznatenos
vdavku
Typ vdavku
el jeho pouitia
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Z aspektu hodnoty darov meme identifikova dary daovo uznaten v plnej alebo
limitovanej vke. Z pohadu dopadu darov na hospodrenie spolonosti rozdeujeme dary,
ktor s polokami zniujcimi vsledok hospodrenia spolonosti a dary zniujce samotn
daov povinnos. Vybran krajiny E dary v plnej vke povauj za nedaov nklady
a spolonosti ich venuj z istho zisku.
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Podmienka
preukzatenosti
Podmienka zaevidovania
Podmienka rozsahu
Z pohadu praxe vak meme daov vdavkov charakterizova ako vdavok, ktor je
spolonos v procese daovej kontroly schopn odborne, kvalitne a efektvne obhji. Kad
daovo uznaten vdavok mus sasne spa tyri zkladn podmienky zobrazen na
schme 2.
pecifickou podmienkou monosti uznania vdavku za daov vo vybranch prpadoch je
splnenie podmienky hradou vdavku. Ide o situciu, e vdavok u spa jednu z vyie
spomenutch podmienok, avak sasne je jeho daov uznatenos podmienen
uskutonenm jeho hrady najneskr k poslednmu du zdaovacieho obdobia. Ide najm o
prspevky zaplaten inm prvnickm osobm, ak povinnos ich platenia vyplva zo zkona a
poplatky vzahujce sa na innosti, z ktorch prjmy podliehaj dani. Medzi alie daov
vdavky podmienen ich hradou patria aj:
njomn za prenjom hmotnho a nehmotnho majetku dlnka,
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bol vynaloen na
daov ely, avak
nebol dostatone
preukzan
bol vynaloen v
rozpore so zkonom
o DzP alebo s
osobitnmi predpismi
nesvis so
zdanitenm
prjmom PO
Nedaov
vdavok
presahuje limity
ustanoven daovm
zkonom alebo
osobitnmi predpismi
bol vynaloen na
prjmy nezahan do
zkladu dane PO
definovan priamo
v zkone o DzP
Daovo neuznaten vdavky spolonosti meme na zklade zkona o dani z prjmov rozdeli
na trval a doasn. Trval nedaov vdavky neslia k dosiahnutiu, zabezpeeniu alebo
udraniu zdanitench prjmov spolonosti. Ide tie o nklady, ktor s limitovan bu
zkonom o dani z prjmov, alebo inm osobitnm predpisom. Veobecn znaky nedaovho
vdavku zobrazuje obrzok 3.
Pozitvne vymedzenie nedaovch vdavkov obsahuje priamo zkon o dani z prjmov, ktor
definuje nasledovn daovo neuznaten vdavky:
na obstaranie hmotnho a nehmotnho majetku vylenho z odpisovania,
platky alebo in neoprvnen vhody poskytnut inej osobe priamo alebo
sprostredkovane,
vdavky na reprezentciu,
vdavky na osobn potrebu daovnka vrtane vdavkov na ochranu osoby daovnka a
blzkych osb daovnka, na ochranu majetku daovnka, ktor nie je sasou
obchodnho majetku daovnka a majetku blzkych osb daovnka,
vdavky na tvorbu rezervnho fondu a ostatnch elovch fondov,
vdavky na tvorbu nedaovch rezerv a opravnch poloiek.
Pri vybranch prvnickch osobch platia z pohadu daovej uznatenosti vdavkov aj pravidl
nzkej kapitalizcie. Ide o prepojen prvnick osoby, tuzemsk aj zahranin, a uznvanie ich
vzjomnch rokov z verov a piiek. Spolonosti si mu daovo uzna len roky do vky
25 % hodnoty ukazovatea, ktor vznikne stom vsledku hospodrenia pred zdanenm,
rokov a odpisov.
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Cieom reklamnch
vdavkov je zvenie
prjmov spolonosti
Zver
Pre realizciu rozsiahlejej harmonizcie dane z prjmov prvnickej osoby je potrebn
identifikova pozitva a negatva spojen s tmto procesom. Vchodiskovmi prvkami by mali
by podpora hlavnch zmerov politika E, snaha zjednoduenia podnikania na vntornom
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Poakovanie
Prspevok je spracovan v rmci rieenia vedecko-vskumnho projektu VEGA . 1/0443/15
Daov politika a jej vplyv na efektvny vber dan a eliminciu daovch nikov. Doba
rieenia projektu 2015 - 2018.
Referencie a citcie
(1)
(2)
ALTSHULER, R., DIETZ, R. D. 2012. Tax Expenditure Estimation: Challenges and Reforms.
Conference Incentive and Distributional Consenquences od Fax Expenditures, 2012.
BORNHOFEN, M. a kol. 2012. Steuerlehre 1, Trchtslage 2012. Wiesbaden: Springer
Gabler 2012. ISBN 987-3-8349-3325-6.
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(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
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(1)
= =1
where:
VHL - the general value of companies and their parts determine its settlement method ( in
EUR )
n
VHZMi
i=1
- The sum of all components of the universal values of assets which are the
subject valuation (in EUR )
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b) The general value of the company at the end of business bankruptcy is determined by the
liquidation method as follows:
n
(2)
VHLK = kS .
VHZMi + VHF
i=1
where:
VHLK - the general value of the company determined the liquidation method (in EUR)
VHZMi - universal values of all components of the property subject to assessment (in EUR)
VHF - The market value of financial accounts, which means cash in hand and cash
equivalents, accounts in banks (excluding short-term financial assets) (in EUR)
ks - a summary coefficient of realization assets as a whole taking into account the special
specifications, which are not taken into account in determining the universal values of
individual assets and have an impact on the final general value of the property as a whole.
The amount of the aggregate coefficient and realization includes specifics extremely expert
organization reviewed and justified. As a rule, realization coefficient equal to about 1,0.
The market value of the property that is used to secure claims of secured creditors and goods
under customs supervision, the expert report determined separately ( 69 of Act no. 7/2005
on bankruptcy and restructuring ) .
When determining the general value of the company must sponsor an expert to know the
intention of determining what the value of the company is the sponsor interest. The proper
question in this case is very important to know the expert to answer it correctly. In
determining the liquidation value of a company general method is the result of the probable
value of the firm determination of the sum of the universal values of the components after
deducting foreign resources and remuneration of the liquidator and decommissioning costs.
This value is higher than 0. A value of less than zero points to the inability to meet its payment
obligations and thus a proclamation for bankruptcy. When using the method of liquidation at
the end of business bankruptcies in the individual assets affected by the coefficient of
realization is not counted the value of financial accounts which said coefficient is not affected
- has a constant value. Determine the value of a company by the above method is in the
process of opening of insolvency proceedings and the resulting value tells us about the
possible proceeds from the realization of a bankruptcy before paying the costs associated
with bankruptcy.
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In addition to this static method, it is possible to use other dynamic method of determining
the value of a company in insolvency proceedings. In this case, the equity has not a method
but a method of yield.
When applying the dynamic method a prerequisite for determining the value of the company
that is not in insolvency proceedings the infinite life of the company, ie the assumption of
continued business. This assumption is mainly used the yield method of determining the value
of a company, even in the simplest form of this method, now little used form of perpetual
annuity. In this case, the yield value determined by the ratio Vh consistently achievable profit
after tax Zr and a capitalization rate ik.
(3)
Vh=
On infinite lives are built more complex formula for the valuation of income, where the largest
part of value is determined by continuous annuity, both in times of growth, as well as in times
of crisis. Life also brings situations where infinity estimated life of the enterprise is becoming
increasingly only fiction. Everyday experience brings us the experience that the company
Insolvency is common practice. This fact should be incorporated into the procedures for
determining the company's value. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish the value of fixed
enterprise value of enterprises unstable.
Insolvency the company itself is not a new concept. It is impact on the value of the business
to be considered, so that the results of the strategic and financial analysis and financial
planning included the estimate of the useful life of the company. For the company with
limited service life it is appropriate to use the method of calculating the company value.
Method of calculating the amortized value of the business was originally developed in the
USA. Its aim was to set a ceiling on debt. The basic character corresponds to the revenue
method, so it is possible to use amortization method for determining the value of a company.
The basic character corresponds to the revenue method, so it is possible to use amortization
method for determining the value of a company. Unlike conventional discounted cash flow
method but in this case we find out, how much cash we can drain off the enterprise,
regardless of whether they come from the results of its own management or from disposal.
In use of amortization methods for determining the value of a company is more of a rarity. In
practice is preferred equity rather the method for determining the value of a company
especially the liquidation method.
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Hn==1
(1+)
(1+ )
where:
Hn - net value of the company (i enterprise value for the owners)
FCFEt
- free cash flow to equity in a year t
ik - The discount rate at the cost of own capital
LnT - Liquidation value of the company at the time of disposal at the end of year T , converted
to the level of equity
This process however has obvious shortcomings:
- An estimate of the liquidation value of 5-10 years
- The main problem, however, is an estimate of the remaining life.
Difficulty estimated useful remaining life is one of the main reasons why foreign theory and
practice applied to the infinite life. The logic of calculation is not entirely correct. It is
impossible to be satisfied with alternation in the event that a determination of the useful life
period of enterprise infinite life, although it is obvious that the company doesnt have a great
perspective. This error is acceptable for large enterprises, concerns, where we do not expect
a quick closure due to insolvency. For smaller and weaker enterprises, however, that risk is
much higher.
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2007
775
153
329
2008
841
169
378
2009
1060
182
518
2010
1248
221
597
2011
1408
339
672
2012
1251
351
445
2013
1326
481
379
2014
1388
550
360
2015
1470
687
294
1408
1400
1388
1326
1200
1060
1000
841
800
600
1251
1248
775
687
672
645
597
550
518
400
373
200
113
329
378
339
445
351
2011
2012
481
379
360
294
221
153
169
182
2007
2008
2009
0
2006
2010
2013
2014
2015
From the graph it is clear that despite the decline in the number of proposals for bankruptcy
in 2012 a trend line is steadily growing number of proposals character. We see, however, a
change in the number of insolvency of legal persons whose number of proposals from 2011
is decreasing, even though the number of the natural person is growing sharply.
Restructuring proceedings:
2006 2007
Year
9
Received proposal 10
10
9
Debtor filed
Crediter filed
1
Proceeding FO
10
8
Proceeding PO
1
Bankruptcy
2
rp approved
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
15
78
129
135
115
148
142
116
15
78
120
131
107
145
132
113
10
17
16
15
13
21
13
73
112
119
100
141
129
95
15
18
24
11
24
19
17
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12
49
71
49
54
90
76
Source: www.justice.gov.sk
RESTRUCTURING PROCEEDINGS:
180
NUMBER OF PROPOSALS
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
2006
2007
2008
2009
-40
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
YEAR
For efficient scientific research I have abstracted from the insolvency proceedings, which for
this part of the research are not sufficiently explanatory power. In future scientific research,
I focused mainly on restructuring proceedings.
Of the 897 submitted proposals for restructuring I have examined 448 submissions. The actual
filing consists of restructuring report, which includes the determination of the value of the
company and comparing the amount of satisfaction of creditors in bankruptcy and
restructuring proceedings.
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Conclusion:
Research itself is determining the value of a company in insolvency proceedings pointed out
on the enormous weaknesses of each method of application in practice. The main cause is
the direction of individual opinions in restructuring the legal plane. Assessments submitted
are treated at the court therefore they are written especially for the understanding of
lawyers.
With practical calculations on ongoing scientific research we confirm needs to change the
method of calculating the possible level of satisfaction of the creditors and therefore we show
a substantial need for actual research.
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Z vyie uvedenho je zrejm, e okrem inch oblast socilna kuratela na Slovensku pracuje
s odsdenmi u poas, ako aj po vkone trestu odatia slobody, prioritne sa vak zameriame
na osoby po prepusten z vkonu trestu odatia slobody. Prca socilneho kurtora s takouto
osobou je vymedzen do niekokch oblast. Prvou je socilne poradenstvo zameran hlavne
na poskytovanie informci o monostiach rieenia socilnej situcie. Ako uvdza M.
avrnochov (2011, s. 65), me sa poskytova v troch rovniach zkladnej, odbornej
a pecializovanej. Tie je v rmci socilnej kurately potrebn pomc klientovi pri nvrate do
rodiny, pokia ju m.
E. poov (2008) kladie v oblasti socilnej kurately na prv kontakt odbornka s klientom.
Prax potvrdzuje, e na lepiu spoluprcu s klientom me nadviaza prve socilny kurtor,
ktor si s nm vytvoril vzah u poas vkonu trestu odatia slobody. Zkladnmi
predpokladmi efektvnej prce s klientom je pozna ho, no zrove rozliova a prihliada i na
osobitosti jednotlivch kategri odsdench (mui, eny, mladistv). Postpenitencirna
starostlivos preto mus by vysoko individulna s ohadom na jedinenos, osobitosti
a potreby klienta. V pomhajcom vzahu je potrebn zvoli akceptujci prstup. Vznamn
miesto zastva i empatia, mobilizcia a motivcia klienta k tomu, aby naiel v odbornkovi
oporu pri rieen svojej aktulnej situcie. Postpenitenciarista vyuva pri svojej prci
s klientom najm metdy a techniky distribcie, klasifikcie, ventilcie a povzbudzovania,
priom sa zameriava na poskytovanie informcii a usmerovanie klienta. Najm
prostrednctvom rozhovoru zskava odbornk objektvne poznatky o klientovi, priom u
klienta zrove pozoruje jeho motorick prejavy, emocionalitu a sociabilitu.
Ako upozoruje I. Pipkov (2008), z pohadu praxe je postpenitencirna starostlivos jednou
z najach oblast, ktor si vyaduje odbornka s udskm rozmerom, schopnho vyui
vetky metdy, techniky a dostupn formy pri prci s takmto klientom. Vznamn lohu
socilneho kurtora vidme nielen v oblasti poskytovania socilneho, ale i edukanho
poradenstva pre odsdench, kedy by mal odsdenho sprevdza i pri vobe alieho
vzdelvania. Odsden asto po prepusten na slobodu disponuj len minimom prostriedkov
a ocitaj sa v hmotnej ndzi. Z dvodu, e niekoko rokov prpadne a desaro ili v socilnej
izolcii, asto nevedia, ako mu svoj problm riei. Preto im socilny kurtor aj asistuje pri
podan iadosti na dvku v hmotnej ndzi alebo naprklad pri hadan zamestnania, i pri
hadan tulku, ak klient nem ubytovanie.
Okrem uvedenho me socilny kurtor na uahenie resocializcie osb po prepusten z
vkonu trestu odatia slobody alebo z vkonu vzby poskytn resocializan prspevok,
pomocou ktorho mono riei aktulnu situciu klienta. Resocializan prspevok sli na
el vybavenia osobnch dokladov, zabezpeenia nevyhnutnch vec osobnej potreby,
cestovania alebo zabezpeenia ubytovania na nevyhnutne dlh asov obdobie. Poiada o
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Zver
Ako upozoruje A. Fbry (2006), ani penitencirna, ani postpenitencirna starostlivos nie s
samoeln. Formy ntenej postpenitencirnej starostlivosti s sce represvnymi
prostriedkami, ale ich vznam je predovetkm preventvny. Kee postpenitencirna
starostlivos m za lohu zabezpei dovenie npravy pchatea a pomc mu v reintegrcii
do spolonosti, v podstate ju zrove i chrni pred novmi trestnmi inmi a stva sa tak
jednm z prostriedkov prevencie kriminality. Kontrola kriminality je v sasnosti
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Referencie a citcie
(1) ANTOLOV, V. 2006. Socilna kuratela plnoletch fyzickch osb. In Socilna politika
a zamestnanos. Mesank stredia prce, socilnych vec a rodiny a Ministerstva prce,
socilnych vec a rodiny, ro. 2, 2006, ISSN 1336-5053, . 11, s. 7 9.
(2) BAKOV, D. 2012. Reflexia histrie a sasnosti socilnej prce vo vzniciach. In
HUDEKOV, M., PETROVIOV, S., KVRNOV, J.. Sbornk II. studentsk konference na tma
Sociln prce v zazench vkonu trestu. Hradec Krlov : Gaudeamus, 2012, s. 16-25. ISBN
978-80-7435-215-7.
(3) BALKO, E., FLDEI, D. 2004. Penitencirna pedagogika II. as. Bratislava : Akadmia
Policajnho zboru, 2004. 149 S. ISBN 80-8054-312-7.
(4) BERNEK, L. 2006. Inovace program zachzen. In esk vzenstv, ro. 14, 2006, ISSN
1213-9297, . 5, s. 14 15.
(5) EMMEROV, I. 2011. Penitencirna a postpenitencirna starostlivos. In HRONCOV, J.,
EMMEROV, I., WALANCIK, M. a kol.: Pedagogika socilnej starostlivosti. Bansk Bystrica: PF
UMB, 2011. 220 s. ISBN 978-80-557-0306-0.
(6) FBRY, A. 2006. vod do penolgie. Bratislava: O. z. Socilna prca, 2006. 174 s.
ISBN
80-89185-23-1.
(7) FBRY, A., NOVK, I. 1995. Zklady penolgie. Bratislava: PF UK, 1995. 60 s.
ISBN 80-7160-079-2.
(8) JUSKO, P. 2003. Proban a median sluba ako forma socilnej prce v trestnej justcii.
In Acta Universitatis Matthaei Belii Pedagogick fakulta: Zbornk vedeckovskumnch prc
. 7. Bansk Bystrica: PF UMB, 2003. ISBN 80-8055-873-6.
(9) JUSKO, P. 2009. Socilna prca s mldeou a socilnopatologick javy. Bansk Bystrica: PF
UMB, 2009, 217 s. ISBN 978-80-8083-705-1.
(10) JUSTOV, M. 2005. Cisr je nah. Represia verzus prevchova. Bratislava : Vydavatestvo
Oto Nmeth, 2005. 119 s. ISBN 80-88949-79-3.
(11) KELLER, J. 1996. Sociologie byrokracie a organizace. Praha : SLON, 1996. 191 s.
ISBN 80-85850-15-X .
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Introduction
Economic journalistic texts are considered to be a part of both the professional and mass
media communication, as they are intended not only to narrow professional community but
also to the wider public. For this reason specific expressive means are significant for this type
of texts. On one hand they include highly specialized terminological vocabulary; on the other,
expressive means and stylistic devices typical for the journalistic style. This fact is most
significantly reflected in the use of figurative language, in particular metaphors and
metonymy, within the general vocabulary; however, a considerable increase in the
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Similar classification of metaphors has been introduced by Sipko, J. In: Teoretick a socilno-komunikan
vchodisk lingvokulturolgie. Preov: FA PU, 2011, pp. 228-263. Within cognitive linguistics the terms concepts
or frames are used.
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In example (7) a., thanks to the development of shipping, Dunajsk Streda is compared to one
of the worlds largest ports, Hong Kong.
In example (7) b., we can find an allusion to the famous American series that enjoyed great
popularity in Slovakia, particularly in the 1990s. The dramatic story of the Ewing family, oil
tycoons, was watched in many Slovak households. Slovensk Dallas stands here for the more
modest Slovak company Nafta Gbely, which together with another company, Slovnaft, was
the subject of many business transactions among the government and private investors.
However, with the arrival of German investors the situation has changed.
In the weekly Trend there was an interesting comparison to the famous figure in the French
history, the prime minister of Louis XIII (as seen in example (7) c.), who is also well-known
from Dumas novel. The Russian Richelieu is none other than Vladislav Surkov, the Russian
deputy prime minister and longtime adviser to Vladimir Putin. The cardinal, also called the
gray eminence, mainly because of the novel, is most often related to negative associations,
because of the fact that he was the one who ruled instead of the king. However, only the
important position of Vladislav Surkov is highlighted here. In the same article there is another
interesting comparison Skolkovo is called rusk Silicon Valley Russian Silicon Valley.
Russias Gold Rush is based on illegal amber mining by ordinary citizens in order to obtain an
extra income. The comparison (example (7) d.) is extremely popular now also with regard to
the financial markets. Many investors have made quick and easy money through Burzov
Klondiky Klondike stock markets.
The productivity of the metaphor combining a geographical attribute with a proper name not
only in Russian, but also in Slovak economic journalism can be demonstrated also by the fact
that similar model was published twice in the last six months on the cover of the weekly Trend
in the issue number 45 in 2013: Viem, kto je slovensk Google I know who the Slovak Google
is as well as in the issue number 21 in 2014: Slovensk Kennedy? The Slovak Kennedy? (the
headline is accompanied with the picture of the new Slovak president wearing an American
smile on his face).
Besides the general contextual and lexicalized metaphors, the metaphorical professional
terms can be frequently found in economic texts, but they gradually have lost their novel
appeal and have been included in the terminology of the field.34
The metaphorical professional terms coming from proper nouns are quite frequent: a)
expressions based on geographical names, for example, americk opcia an American option,
anglick draba an English auction, grcka nkaza a Greek contagion, holandsk draba a
34
Classification of metaphors including the general metaphors and the metaphorical professional terms can be
found in: DEKANOV, E. and MOLNROV, L., 2013. Ekonomick texty v terii a praxi prekladu. XLinguae
Journal, Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 48-58. ISSN 1337-8384.
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In the introductory paragraph of the article Delo o rashienii strategieskih zapasov Case of
plunder of strategic stocks there are numbers 3 and 9 that are allocated and enlarged, so
they serve as a headline. These figures miss an upper part, which is used to demonstrate the
main theme of the article, i.e. squandering of strategic reserves:
A similar case of playing with letters can mainly be found in Russian texts. The analysis of
our quite extensive research corpus has revealed that in contemporary Russian journalism
this style of writing headlines is very frequent (for example, all the issues of the weekly
Kommersant" Den'gi published in 2013 contained at least one).
Currently, a number of texts reflect the intermedial nature of human communication and in
many cases they have been perceived as a unit of linguistic features accompaniedby extralinguistic means and images. Besides the content (meaning) of the text, its form gets to the
forefront, which can greatly affect its overall perception. Verbal and visual elements form a
coherent unit, while the relationship between the verbal and the visual components of a
creolized (polycodal) text is relevant (cf. Chernyavskaya, 2009, 83 97). Verbal and visual
elements are closely related. In our research corpus of economic affairs two kinds of relations
between them have been observed complementary and integral.
Within the complementary relationship a visual component functions not only as a
decorative part of the presented verbal information, but it also enhances the coding of the
information in the text, for example in the introduction of the article entitled Akciov fondy
sa utrhli z reaze Stock markets have burst out there is a picture of cyclist on the background
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References
(1) ALYS, L., WILSON, CLARE, CLARKE, J. and TOMAN, P. 2009. Understanding accounting
through conceptual metaphor: ACCOUNTING IS AN INSTRUMENT? In: Critical Perspectives on
Accounting, ro. 20, . 8, p. 875-883. ISSN 1045-2354.
(2) ANISIMOVA, E.E. 1996. O celostnosti i svyaznosti kreolizovannogo teksta (k postanovke
problemy). In: Filologicheskie nauki, 5, pp. 74-85. ISSN 1991-3087.
(3) BERNACKAYA, A. A., 2000. K probleme "kreolizacii" teksta: istoriya i sovremennoe
sostoyanie. In: Rechevoe obshenie: Specializirovannyi vestnik Krasnoyarskii Gosudarstvennyi
univesitet. Red..P. Skovorodnikov. Vyp. 3 (11). Krasnoyarsk, pp. 104-110.
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infratruktra
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sluba,
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vod
Mobilita je oraz astejie sa vyskytujcim pojmom a nielen pojmom v oblasti informanch
a komunikanch technolgi (IKT). Je to fenomn, ktor podstatne pretvra pohad na
doterajie fungovanie firemnch siet. Zamestnanec vo firme spravidla disponuje viacermi
zariadeniami aspo jednm potaom, smartfnom alebo tabletom, priom tieto
zariadenia pre svoj beh vyuvaj rozlin operan systmy spravidla od windows phone
cez android a po iOs. Fungovanie a beh aplikci si vyaduje tvorbu a samostatn
prispsobenie aplikcie pre konkrtnu platformu. Mnostvo dt urench pre spracovanie
neustle narast najm z dvodu nrastu sledovanch velin a frekvencie zberu takchto
dajov. Pouvatelia zbieraj a vyhodnocuj daje z rznych oblast. Enormn nrast si
vyaduje rieenia, ako a hlavne kde dta uklada vysokokapacitn loisk, ako ich
spracovva vpotov kapacity a ako nsledne prena vsledky analz tchto dt s cieom
ich alieho vyuitia. Potencilnym rieenm v tejto situci je vyuvanie hardvru a softvru,
ktor nemus nevyhnutne spada do skromnho vlastnctva organizcie zaujmajcej sa o
takto sluby, teda vyuvanie zdieanej, najastejie vpotovej siete gridu, alebo cloud
computingu. Cloud predstavuje ete abstraktnej pohad na situciu, v ktorej objednvate
sluieb ani nemus tui, kde sa jeho loha bude vykonva. Dleit je, e bude splnen, a
dospeje k poadovanm vsledkom a vstupom.
Rozsiahly nrast vplyvu sektora IKT na vetky oblasti a podstatn rozirovanie jeho
infratruktry v poslednch desaroiach, podnietilo mnoh firmy k aktvnemu vyhadvaniu
novch netradinch rieen, ktor by so sebou priniesli viu efektivitu pri nich nkladoch.
K tmto inovatvnym rieeniam meme zaradi aj fenomn cloud computing.
Technologick pokrok je nezadraten a poiadavky spolonost na vpotov vkon sa
neustle zvyuj. V ase globalizcie spolonost je vekou vzvou rieenie problmu
dynamickej spoluprce potaov. Samozrejmosou je rchly vvoj v informanch
technolgich, vaka ktorm sa zvyuje efektvnos spracovvania rznych typov informci.
V minulosti bola technolgia prevane domnou oddelen informanch technolgi, ale v
sasnom svete plnom internetovch aplikci, je technolgia sasou kadho
z pouvateov. Distribuovan spracovanie dt umouje globalizciu procesov, vyuvanie IKT
v kadodennom ivote, zjednoduenie prce a efektvne vyuvanie asu. Vznik stle viac
globlnych spolonost, ktorch tmy a pracovnci s umiestnen po celom svete a vaka
globalizcii informanch technolgi doku pracova efektvne ako celok. Grid a cloud
computing zaloen na flexibilnom spjan potaov, vysokej klovatenosti a flexibilnom
vyuvan externch zdrojov, maj vysok potencil poskytova IT infratruktru ovea
efektvnejie a s nimi nkladmi.
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1. Cloud computing
V poslednom obdob sa asto stretvame s pojmom cloud computing, ktor sa stal jednm
z najvch trendov, od ktorho sa odvjaj aj alie poskytovan sluby a inovcie. Ete pred
jednm desarom sa v oblasti IT zujem sstreoval hlavne na segment aplikci, ale
v sasnosti nrast objemu dt a potreby ich vyuitia sa v spolonostiach zmenili a smeruj
k implementcii novch trendov, ktorm sa stal aj cloud computing. Popredn IT spolonosti
na trhu, ktor poskytuj sluby zaloen na cloud computingu alebo sa zaoberaj touto
tmou, maj svoje vlastn defincie. Vskumn a poradensk spolonos v oblasti
informanch technolgi Gartner definuje cloud computing ako tl prce s potaom,
ktor je klovaten a prispsobiten IT monostiam a zkaznkom je poskytnut ako sluba
beiaca cez internet. (GARNTER, Inc., 2009). Obdobne definuje cloud computing aj organizcia
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Za cloud computing povauj model s
prstupom k zdieanm konfigurovatenm vpotovm zdrojom cez internet, na ktor sa
meme pripoji pohodlne a odkiakovek. Zdiean zdroje s prispsobiten s minimlnymi
poiadavkami na sprvu siete alebo komunikcie s poskytovateom. (Brown 2011)
Poda Microsoftu je cloud computing "spsob, ako poskytova kompletn alebo iaston
softvrov rieenia ako sluby cez internet, kde s tieto sluby hostovan v dynamicky
klovatenom virtulnom prostred". (MICROSOFT, o je Cloud Computing?, 2010).
Najvstinejie je mon popsa cloud computing na zklade jeho charakteristickch znakov,
ktor ho odliuj od bench, konvennch technolgi. Existuj dva zkladn koncepty, ktor
tvoria jadro cloud computingu:
Abstrakcia: Cloud computing oddeuje detaily implementcie systmu od pouvateov
a vvojrov. Aplikcie sa realizuj na fyzickch systmoch, ktor nie s pecifikovan, dta s
uloen na miestach, ktor s asto neznme, sprva systmov je zveren inm a prstup
pouvateov je z hadiska ich lokalizcie neobmezen (Sosinsky, 2011).
Virtualizcia: Cloud computing virtualizuje systmy spjanm a zdieanm zdrojov. Systmy
mu by sprstupnen v takej miere, ako to je potrebn z centralizovanej infratruktry,
nklady s kalkulovan na meratenej bze, multitenancy (multiprenjom) a zdroje s
jednoducho klovaten (Sosinsky, 2011).
Ak urobme zhrnutie, meme hovori o tchto defininch atribtoch cloud
computingu: zaloen na poskytnut sluby, internetovch technolgich,
klovaten, meraten poda pouitia. Cloud computing je alou etapou evolcie
internetu. Poskytuje prostriedky od vpotovho vkonu na potaov
infratruktru, aplikcie, obchodn procesy a po osobn spoluprcu a me by
dodan ako sluba kdekovek a kedykovek je potrebn. Tto flexibilita znamen, e
pouvatelia mu poadova dodaton zdroje a rovnako jednoducho sa tchto
zdrojov zbavi, ak u nie s potrebn. Tto flexibilita je jeden z hlavnch dvodov
jednotlivcov, obchodnch a IKT pouvateov prechdzajcich na cloud. Ekonomick
situcia m hlbok dopad na IT. CIO asto bojuj s problmom, e znan as
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Zdroj: (http://cloudko.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/cloud-computing-na-platforme-microsoft-ii/)
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Na zaiatku je dleit identifikova a stanovi si, ktor z aspektov ideme plnova. alej
musme predpoveda predpokladan za (nroky kladen na systm) me s o poet
konkurentnch pouvateov systmu, maximlnu dobu odozvy na poiadavku, poet
sbench procesov alebo nroky na operan pam. Tretm krokom je zska prehad o
situcii na trhu, a zostavi viacer kombincie cloudovch produktov, ako aj zvoli
najvhodnejiu ponuku (kombinciu produktov).
Kapacitn plnovanie sa zaober sttm vo fronte a akanm na obsluhu, teda okamih, kedy
bude poadovan zdroj von. Prinou vzniku takchto radov je fakt, e zdroje s obmedzen,
a poiadavky na ne v relnom ase kolu. Typickm prkladom mu by prichdzajce
poiadavky na zobrazenie ponuky v eshope, alebo zaevidovanie faktry do systmu, ktor
nikdy neprichdzaj v rovnakom intervale. S prichdzajcimi poiadavkami sa as strven vo
fronte akanm na obsluhu predluje. Je vemi dleit sprvne identifikova a zmera
poiadavky na systm a zamera sa v podstate na tri hlavn otzky:
Ak je poadovan doba odozvy jednotlivch sluieb?
Ak je poadovan rove dostupnosti sluieb?
Ak rove elasticity je potrebn dosiahnu, a ako rchlo mus by systm schopn
reagova na zmenu?
Elasticita predstavuje schopnos systmu reagova na poiadavku pre rchle zvenie alebo
znenie vkonu. Ak poiadavka prde prli skoro, cloud strca svoju vhodu klovatenosti.
Naopak, ak prichdza neskoro, je pravdepodobn, e vysok poiadavky na systm u
pominuli, priom trpeli nedostatkom vkonu. Idelna je takzvan just-in-time
klovatenos. V praxi teda mu nasta tri mon prpady alokcie zdrojov:
Prli neskoro JTL (just too late).
Vpotov kapacita, ako aj samotn poiadavka je zaslan a po zisten preaovania
zdrojov.
Pre istotu JIC (just in case).
Tento prstup m za nsledok nrast nkladov na vpotov zdroje, z dvodu
poistenia sa pred prpadnmi vkyvmi (prudkm nrastom). To m za nsledok, e
dodaton zdroje s vinu asu nevyuit, ale na druhej strane vdy pripraven
pokry nhly dopyt po slube.
Prve v ase JIT (just in time).
Tento idelny stav predstavuje maximlnu sporu finannch prostriedkov.
Podmienkou je vysok miera elasticity. Hardvrov prostriedky s
alokovan ihne po zisten zae, alebo preventvne (s vemi presnm odhadom)
krtko pred oakvanm nrastom zae.
Kvalitn, vasn a relevatn dta s nevyhnutnou podmienkou pre sprvne predpovedanie
budcej situcie. Pre tento el existuj na trhu viacer softvrov rieenia.
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4.
5.
Vek dta bud poha adaptciu. Vek dta a analytika maj pomerne
komplexn prepojenie s cloudom. Km systmy samotn s pomerne ahko
dostupn v cloude, spolonosti mu ma problm dosta vek mnostvo dt do
cloudu. Preto AWS (Amazon Web Services) a al cloudov poskytovatelia ponkaj
spolonostiam monosti na fyzick odoslanie psok alebo diskov k nim a oni sa u
postaraj o ich uloenie do cloudu. Navye z obv o uloenie vekho obsahu
dvernch dt do cloudu, bude fungova takzvan hybridn analytick systm, ktor
umon cloudovm slubm prstup k dtam v priestoroch spolonosti cez na to
uren pripojenie.
Cloud bude motivova technolgie SDN (Software-Defined Networking) a NFV
(Network Functions Visualisation) pre tvorbu efektvnejch sieovch architektr
a implementciu najnovch poznatkov do poskytovania sluieb.
Pohad na bezpenos sa zmen - ako dvod preo nes do cloudu na dvod preo
s do cloudu. Ldri v poskytovan cloudovch sluieb s vynikajci v bezpenosti
a poskytuj rovnak rove ochrany kadmu za rovnak cenu. Tento spolon
prstup povedie spolonosti k orientcii na cloud, potencilne kvli lepej
bezpenosti za niiu cenu. Existuje aj vea start-upov v tejto oblasti, ktor poskytuj
bezpenostn prvky navye k existujcim cloudovm bezpenostnm slubm. Je
potrebn zamyslie sa nad zvenou cenou bezpenosti dt, ktor s v priestoroch
spolonosti.
ZVER
Z pohadu podnikovej informatiky predstavuje cloud computing evolun krok k viemu
uvoneniu vzahov medzi informanm systmom a podnikom samotnm. Tento koncept je
dsledkom postupnej premeny pohadu na podnikov procesy, ale taktie je zko previazan
s ekonomickmi zmenami. V sasnej dobe ekonomickch problmov je potrebn ma
informan systm, ktor je dostatone klovaten a je schopn sa prispsobi zmenm,
a to bez ohadu na geografick pozciu, odvetvie alebo vntorn truktru firmy. Aj ke cloud
computing nie je prostriedkom, ktor zbav organizciu vetkch problmov s informanmi
systmami, umouje zlepi poskytovanie podnikovch aplikci vaka lepiemu prepojeniu
na podnikov procesy pri zachovan kvality poskytovanch sluieb a astokrt s nimi
nkladmi. Cloudov rieenia umouj firmm prunejie reagova na situciu na trhu,
urchova inovan procesy, zvyova konkurencieschopnos a zniova nklady. Mnoho
firiem zatia nezskava z cloudovch rieen vetko, o im tieto rieenia mu poskytn. Cloud
prina benefity v troch hlavnch oblastiach, ktormi s rchlos a agilita, integrcia
a erpanie prakticky vetkch aplikci a svisiacej technolgie formou sluby. Podobne ako
v prpade roztrietenosti klasickch IT rieen je potrebn uvedomi si, e ani vyuvanm
hybridnch cloudovch rieen sa firma nevyhne problmom s integrciou a sprvou
pouvanch systmov. Dostupnos cloudovej formy kancelrskych balkov spsob postupn
znik ich desktopovch verzi. Jednoducho u nebud viac potrebn.
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Referencie a citcie
(1) BROWN, E. Final Version of NIST Cloud Computing Definition Published, 2011. [online]
Dostupn na internete: <http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/cloud-102511.cfm>
(2) KEENE,
Chris.
What
Is
Platform
as
a
service
(PaaS)?.
[online].
Dostupn na internete: http://cloud.dzone.com/articles/what-platform-service-paas
(3) KROLK, P.: Cloud computing prichdza ste pripraven? eFOCUS, ronk X, rok 2010,
slo 4, str. 13 ISSN:1336-1805
(4) LACKO, . 2011. Prehad rieen SaaS [online]. 2011. Dostupn na internete:
(5) <http://www.itnews.sk/tituly/infoware/2012-01-23/c146120-prehlad-rieseni-saas>
(6) LINTHICUM, S. 2009. Cloud Computing and SOA Convergence in Your Enterprise: A Stepby-Step Guide. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 2009. 265s. ISBN 9780136009221
(7) LOEBL, Z. 2011. Cloud Computing zajmav monosti, ale i velk prvn rizika [online].
2011. Dostupn na internete:
(8) <http://cfoworld.cz/analyzy/cloud-computing-zajimave-moznosti-ale-i-velka-pravnirizika-306>
(9) MICROSOFT, o je Cloud Computing?, 2010. [online] Dostupn na internete:
<http://www.microsoft.com/slovakia/windowsazure/cloud-computing.aspx>
(10) MARKS, E. A. - LOZANO, B. 2010. Executive s Guide to Cloud Computing. New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010. 302s. ISBN 978-0-470-52172-4.
(11) MASHEMI, M.S., BARDSIRI, K.A. 2012. Cloud Computing Vs. Grid Computing.
In AJSS Journal [online]. 2012. Dostupn na internete: < http://scientificjournals.
org/journalofsystemsandsoftware/archive/vol2no5/vol2no5_4.pdf > ISSN 2222-9833.
(12) MOSCO, V. 2014. To the Cloud. Paradigm 2014. 284 s. ISBN: 9781612056166
(13) SARNA, David E.Y. Implementing and Developing Cloud Computing Applications. Boca
Raton: CRC Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4398-3082-6.
(14) SOSINSKY, B.: Cloud Computing Bible. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing,2011. 532 p.
ISBN 978-04-709-0356-8.
(15) VELTE, A., ELSENPETER, R. 2011. Cloud computing. Praha: CPRESS, 2011. 344 s.
(16) ISBN 9788025133330
(17) 14. ZIKMUND, M. Co je to Cloud computing a pro se o nm mluv, 2010. [online]
Dostupn na internete: <http://www.businessvize.cz/software/co-je-to-cloudcomputing-a-proc-se-o-nem-mluvi>
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PROFESSIONS: MEDICINE
CHARAKTERISTIKA ANATOMICKCH ODCHLOK
RAMENNEJ SPLETE: ANATOMICK TDIA
NADKNEJ
ASTI
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I.vod.
Ramenn sple (plexus brachialis) zabezpeuje senzitvnu i motorick inervciu hornej
konatiny (okrem musculus trapezius). Vznik spojenm prednch vetiev tyroch poslednch
krnch miechovch nervov (C5, C6, C7, C8) a prvho hrudnho (T1). Tchto p koreov
pletenca sa spja vytvoriac tri kmene splete (trunci plexus brachialis) (Holomov, 2003):
- horn kme (truncus superior): vznik spojenm prednch vetiev C5 a C6
- stredn kme (truncus medius): vznik z prednej vetvy C7
- doln kme (truncus inferior): vznik spojenm dolnch vetiev C8 a T1.
Kad z tchto kmeov sa potom del na dve vetvy- predn a zadn- tieto sa spoja
vytvoriac znova tri zvzky splete (fasciculi plexus brachialis):
- bon zvzok (fasciculus lateralis), tvoren spojenm prednch vetiev hornho
a strednho kmea,
- prstredn zvzok (fasciculus medialis), tvoren dolnm kmeom,
- zadn zvzok (fasciculus posterior), tvoren spojenm troch zadnch vetiev zo
vetkch troch kmeov pletenca (Holomov, 2003).
Ramenn sple je tvoren celkovm potom 120 000 a 150 000 myelnovch vlken (u
dospelho) a a 25% z nich inervuje ramenn sple. Najmen poet myelnovch vlken
obsahuj piaty krn (C5) a prv hrudn (T1) miechov nerv, okolo 15 000-20 000 Najv je
smy krn miechov nerv (C8) obsahujc okolo 30 000 myelnovch vlken. Najv poet
motorickch vlken je v C5, nasleduje C8 a najmen poet je v C7 a T1. Senzorickch vlken
je najviac v C7, potom v C6 a najmenej v C8. Zkladnmi nervami tvoriacimi sple celou svojou
hmotou prednch vetiev s: C6, C7, C8 (Obr. 1).
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Vina vetiev ramennej splete (plexus brachialis) vychdza zo zvzkov (fasciculi). Niektor
supraklavikulrne vetvy mu vychdza z koreov alebo kmeov (trunci). Vetvy
vychdzajce zo zvzku (fasciculus) nemusia nevyhnutne obsahova inervciu zo vetkch
koreov tvoriacich zvzok. Odchlky v anatomickom usporiadan ramennej splete (zva
zisten poas operci) ns podnietili k tdi sledujcej variabilitu vzniku a formovania sa
ramennej splete. Sledovali sme as korea C4 (alebo T2) na jeho formovan sa, ako aj rzne
odchlky od vstupu jednotlivch koreov pletenca a jeho vetiev z chrbtice, cez variabilitu
vzniku nervovch kmeov, zvzkov a koncovch vetiev. Venovali sme pozornos aj ich
priebehu, anastomzam, hrbke a prpadnej absencii, ako aj mechanizmom a morfologickm
dvodom vzniku uritch druhov poranen.
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Miechov kore je najmenej odoln v mieste jeho odstupu z miechy. Motorick korene maj
men poet koreovch vlken (fila radicularia) a s tenie ako senzitvne korene- preto s
vytrhvan astejie. Obaly spinlneho nervu s pevne spojen s durlnym vakom (saccus
durae matris spinalis) a preto sa ah prena na jeho nlevkovit vyklenutie do
medzistavcovch otvorov (foramina intervertebralia), kde s korene C8 a T1 vone pohybliv.
Na rozdiel od koreov C5, C6 a C7, ktor s v sulcus nervi spinalis pevne upevnen silnm
fibrznym vzivom a chrnia intrateklne (intradurlne) korene. S usporiadan tak, e s
menej zraniten pri traknch silch (na rozdiel od koreov C8 a T1, ktor fixovan nie s).
Pri trakcii sa preto horn korene pokodzuj distlnejie- perifrnejie a ak m djs k avulzii,
musia sa naviac pretrhn ich fixcie alebo zlomi prieny stavcov vbeok. Prtomnos
avulzvnych zlomenn na tejto rovni je silne podozriv z toho, e nervov korene s
vytrhnut z miechy. Prce zaoberajce sa variabilitou formovania sa ramennej splete nm
umonili popsa niektor jedinen, dosia nepozorovan anatomick odlinosti vo vzniku
nervovch koreov splete, jej kmeov, zvzkov a koncovch vetiev (Matejk, 2003a;
Matejk, 2003b; Matejk, 2003c).
Nae sledovanie sme zamerali na zistenie topografie anatomickch odchlok formovania sa
ramennej splete od jej nervovch koreov a po odstup koncovch vetiev.
V dostupnej literatre sme sa stretli len s ojedinelmi prcami venujcimi sa tejto
problematike (Eglseder, 1997; Rao, 2001; Roberts, 1992; Sargon 1995; Vyshneposkij, 2001;
Zapalowicz, 2000).
II.Materil a metodika.
Nae pozorovania sme realizovali na 50 udskch kadveroch (bez zaznamenho
predchodzieho ochorenia perifrneho nervovho systmu), u kadho z nich sme preskmali
ramenn sple obojstranne- spolu sme teda preskmali 100 ramennch splet. Kad telo bolo
v polohe poleiaky s mierne odtiahnutou hornou konatinou. Kon rez bol veden od hornej
tretiny bonej strany musculus sternocleidomastoideus do medilnej tretiny knej kosti
(clavicula) a odtia pozd knej kosti k jej laterlnej asti a cez delto- pektorlnu ryhu (sulcus
deltoideo-pectoralis) na vntorn plochu ramena po jeho doln tretinu. Kou a podkoie sme
odchlili nabok. Najprv sme obnaili nadknu as ramennej splete (pars supraclavicularis
plexus brachialis). Odkrytie miechovch koreov na intraforaminlnej rovni a k okraju dura
mater spinalis sme realizovali resekciou koncov proccessus transversus. V prpade, ak bolo
potrebn izolova doln as splete (ako napr. miechov kore C7 alebo C7 ako stredn kme
splete alebo C8 a T1 dolnho kmea) sme odstrnili pon musculus scalenus anterior. Odstup
nervus thoracicus longus sme zisovali nadvihnutm korea C6 dopredu.
Po vypreparovan koreov a ich vetvenia nasledovala alia fza, spovajca v oddelen
musculus pectoralis major v rozsahu 2-3 cm od knej kosti a oddelenia knej kosti od jej
medilnej po laterlnu tretinu. V tomto tdiu sme odhalili klavikulo-pektorlnu a axillrnu
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III.Vsledky.
Rovnako ako v infraklavikulrnej, tak aj v supraklavikulrnej oblasti sme pozorovali zloit
spojenia medzi nervami. Varicie, i u supraklavikulrne alebo infraklavikulrne, boli
astejie vavo. Sasn as koreov C4 a T2 na vzniku ramennej splete sme nepozorovali.
Dispozcia splete nebola rovnak z oboch strn, neexistovala dokonal symetria. U starch
tiel (kadverov) bola vrazne znen elasticita nervu a jeho pevnos. Pri preparcii sa ahie
pokodili, boli akoby mandrav- chab.
Zaznamenali sme viacer varicie vetiev odstupujcich z kmeov (trunci) nadknej oblasti
ramennej splete. Nervus subclavius vychdzal z hornho kmea (truncus superior), sledujc
na rznych miestach konvergenciu C5 a C6. Distlnejie pozd hornho kmea sa nachdzal
odstup ikmo prebiehajceho nervus suprascapularis, v 3 prpadoch odstupoval z korea C5.
Varicie formovania sa nervovch kmeov splete a ich vetvenia sme pozorovali na 25 telch
(kadveroch) celkovo spolu 32 krt (z toho 7-krt obojstranne), bliie vi daje v Tabuke
(Tab.). V 3 prpadoch sa nevytvoril horn kme. V jednom prpade nenastalo spojenie koreov
C5 a C6. V dvoch prpadoch sa korene C5 a C6 rozdelili na predn a zadn vetvu, nsledne sa
spjali predn vetvy C5, C6, C7 a zadn vetvy C5, C6 a C7. Stredn kme sa v dvoch prpadoch
spjal s hornm kmeom- v oboch prpadoch obojstranne (obr. 2). V troch prpadoch sa zas
stredn kme spjal s dolnm kmeom. V jednom prpade vznikal dojem, akoby vetky vetvy
strednho a dolnho kmea odstupovali z tohto spojenia a zadn zvzok sa nevytvoril. Po
rozpreparovan pod lupou sme zaznamenali okrem prednej vetvy k prednej vetve hornho
kmea aj 4 predn vetviky k dolnmu kmeu. Zadn vetva strednho kmea bola tenia ako
predn, dostvala zadn vetvu z hornho a dolnho kmea (obr. 3). Najv poet variabilt
v nadknej asti ramennej splete sme pozorovali v oblasti formovania sa dolnho kmea
(vi Tab.)
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a ich vetvenia.
rove
kmea
horn
kme
(truncus
superior)
stredn
kme
(truncus
medius)
strana
typ varicie
1
1
1
2
11
4
7
2
7
IV.Diskusia.
Hlavn supraklavikulrne odchlky popsan v literatre sa tkaj asti koreov C4 alebo T2
(Standring, 2008). S prcami tkajcimi sa odchlok vzniku a formovania sa nervovch
koreov, kmeov a zvzkov sme sa v nm dostupnej literatre stretli len zriedka. V 6
prpadoch sme a po rozpreparovan variabilnho vzniku kmeov a zvzkov stanovili skuton
odstup koncovch vetiev ramennej splete. Pozoruhodn bolo riedke vzivov tkanivo,
tvoriace rukvce, asto viacvrstvov. Najvraznejie bolo v oblasti vetvenia kmeov a vzniku
zvzkov (hlavn medilneho), menej v oblasti formovania sa koncovch vetiev. Jeho lohou
v uvedench lokalitch bolo pravdepodobne zabrni pokodeniu nervov medzi sebou alebo
o cievy a kostn truktry pri pohyboch hornej konatiny. Vo viacerch prpadoch sme
pozorovali fibrotick zmeny v uvedenom tkanive. Najvraznejie fibrotick zmeny
v uvedench lokalizcich boli u ako fyzicky pracujcich, bvalch portovcov a v prpadoch
po zavedench kavlnych kattroch.
V tureckej kazuistike autori pozorovali jednostrann (na avej strane) abnormlne formovanie
sa hornho kmea na kadvere 75ronho mua: vystupujce korene pokraovali distlne
pribline v dke 4 cm a nsledne sa spjali do abnormlneho hornho kmea, ktor bol
tvoren fziou koreov C5, C6 a C7. Tento abnormlny kme vydval nervus suprascapularis
a nervus subclavius. Stredn kme (truncus medius) nebol vytvoren (chbal) alebo bol
spojen s hornm kmeom. Vetky vetvy laterlneho a zadnho zvzku odstupovali z tohto
abnormlneho kmea, priom laterlny zvzok bol ten ako zadn zvzok. Doln kme bol
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Zver
Varicie vzniku (formovania sa) ramennej splete maj klinick a chirurgick vznam. Vedomosti o jeho
anatomickch variabilitch mu prispie k vysvetleniu nepochopitench klinickch znakov
(symptmov). Predpoklad sa, e odchlky vo formovan sa ramennej splete s spsoben poruchou
normlneho vvojovho procesu. Mechanizmy vedce k takejto poruche vak dosia ostvaj nejasn.
Niektor anatomick zvltnosti s obzvl dleit pre chirurgick disciplny zaoberajce sa
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